after independence- pandit nehru held that castism as well ...•considering india as prismatic...

After independence- Pandit Nehru held that Castism as well as

communalism are threat to National unity

However, According to scholars like... Andre Beteille, it is not understandable as to how Pandit Nehru was aiming to

establish and achieve caste free India by making caste as a unit of public policy in

the Constitution.

One of the earliest studies on the interaction between caste and Politics is of Andre Beteille, who has analyzed the

role of caste in Politics of Tamil Nadu.

SHORT NOTE

• Professor Rajni Kothari ,contribution... When other scholars have been critical of the role of caste in Indian Politics.

• Rajni Kothari has established that caste has been the major factor behind success of India's Democracy.

Why?

Caste has been the basis of political modernization.

In a traditional society like India caste acted as a basis for integrating people with the Democratic Politics.

People may not be knowing the purpose of elections or nature of the political system, But come out to vote, to

support the member of their caste or biradari

Why?

It gradually started having the trickle-down affect and people started getting connected with

Democracy.

Even Professor Yogendra Yadav, believe that caste based mobilization

Has strengthened Democracy by bringing awareness among the disadvantaged sections

Professor Yogendra Yadav, calls it as "Democratic- Upsurge."

1. Democratic Upsurge

• Democratic Upsurge was in 1960’s which led the rise of OBC factor in Indian Politics.

• It lead to the breakdown of Congress system.

2. Second Democratic upsurge

• Took place by 1990’s this was the time when Dalits also formed their own party.

• And come out of Congress.

• Thus, reducing Congress to the party of minorities.

Thus, According to Rajni Kothari caste has strengthened democracy in India

According to professor Rajni Kothari not only caste has impacted Politics’.

RAJNI KOTHARI

• Politics has also impacted caste as a phenomena known as politicization of caste.

• In the words Rajni Kothari not only Politics has become "caste ridden".

• Even caste has become politicized.

RAJNI KOTHARI

• According to him, Secularization of caste has happened.

• At present caste is important not in ritualistic Sense but for Secular benefits/ political benefits.

• He has explained the interaction between caste and Politics in three forms

1) Secularization-

• Caste is important for Secular benefits rather than for ritual purpose.

• In the world of Rajni Kothari, Secularization denote the breakdown of old political order.

2) Integration-

• Caste is not only divisive, it integrates for purpose of political power.

• There is a process of fusion and fission in caste pointing towards caste coalitions.

2) Integration-

• Example- Coalition like...AJGAR (Ahir, Jat, Gurjar and Rajput) Initially by sir Chhotu ram later on by

• Ch. Charan Singh Tewatia.. AJGAR later on become majgar with combination of Muslims.

• Similarly coalition made by coalition in Gujarat[ kshatriya,harijan, adivasi, Muslims]or Muslim, Yadav coalition in up and Bihar.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahir

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurjar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput

3. Consciousness- Caste enters into Politics develop new consciousness and

then gets Politicized.

Contribution of Christophe Jafferlot.

According to Christophe Jefferlot,caste forms the mosaic of Indian Politics

CHRISTOPHE JEFFERLOT VIEWS

• Even Linguistic reorganization was the feature of caste Politics.

• It had nothing to do with language, the idea was to strengthen the position of certain caste in smaller states it is easy to emerge as the dominant caste.

• Linguistic reorganization has led to the emergence of different dominant castes.

• It also means consolidation of their powers.

CHRISTOPHE JEFFERLOT VIEWS

• With the formation of Linguistic states.

• We see the phenomenal rise of regional parties. Each regional party can be associated with a particular caste .

• Thus, language or region is a discourse, behind the discourse the ultimate determinant has been the caste.

• .

YogendraYadav

Lloyd Rudolph

SusaneHoeberRudolph

• Similar views have been represented by Scholars like Yogendra Yadav. (Democratic Upsurge)

• Similar views have been represented by Scholars like Lloyd I Rudolph and Susane Hoeber Rudolph in Book(Pursuit of Lakshmi)

PURSUIT OF LAKSHMI

• Lloyd I Rudolph and Susane Hoeber Rudolph Book

• According to them the interaction of caste in Democracy has resulted into modernization of the tradition..

• (i..e.. Means caste becoming modern) traditionalization of Modernity "

• (i .e. It means Democracy becoming traditional..)

Question

• Is role of caste good for Politics?

Answer

There is a Lack of Consensus

• 1. Scholars like C P Bhambri considered caste as worse than religion.

• Politics of caste result into the Politics of communalism.

• When one party mobilize On the basis of caste other mobilize on the basis of religion.

• Thus, it is against National unity.

Answer


• 2. Scholars like Andre Beteille, Pratap Bhanu Mehta also believe that the role of caste is not in the long term interest of the country.

• They even oppose caste based reservation in higher educational institutions.

Answer


• 3. On the other hand Scholars like a Rajni Kothari, YogendraYadav look caste based mobilization as the strengthening of Indian Democracy.

Co

ncl

usi

onThe role of caste and religion in Indian Politics are inevitably considering India as "Prismatic Society".

Though, at present caste is increasing, Democratic consciousness and role of caste and religion can be

considered as an essential stages in churning of Indian Democracy.

But we can hope that with modernization and rationalization caste will become "Relic of Past".

• We should not forget Ambedkar who in his book "Annihilation of Caste" has mentioned that "caste has killed the public spirit ,caste has taken away the sense of charity, caste has made public opinion impossible, virtue has become caste ridden, morality has become caste bound."

Question

• Religion Is Still An Important Factor In Indian Politics?

• Thomas Hansen Blom in his book the "Saffron Wave" has explained the phenomenal rise of BJP since 1990’d.

• From 2 seats in 1984 to 280 in 2017.

Answer

Saffron Wave

• Thomas Hansen Blom’s book the "Saffron Wave"..

Answer

Answer

• Since 1990’d , Mandal and kamandal have become the idioms of Indian Politics.

• Though, it is believed that Politics in India has never been free from the influence of religion and caste considering the fact that India is not only a prismatic society but also highly religious.

• Where religion is a way of life.

Answer

• Hence, Indian leaders like a Gandhi rejected the Western model of Secularism and supported the Indian model based on communal harmony.

Answer

• Though, Constitution proclaims India as a Secular State electoral laws section 123(3)of RPA (1951) declares use of religion and caste as corrupt practice

• Yet there is a huge Reliance on these factors for voters mobilization.

Answer

• Under Pandit Nehru religion and communalism could be subsided for a short period.

• The amphoras nature of Secularism and the preference of elites for identity Politics has made religion a permanent factor.

• Now even communal violence incidents are associated with the electoral polities.

• (Paul Brass) resulting into the loss of human life and property.

• Thus the role of religion cannot be considered as desirable and there is a need for Politics of development.

Answer

Interaction has been analysis by four schools of thought

1. Essentialists

2. Instrumentalists

3. Institutionalisms

4. Social constructivists

Regionalism in Indian Politics

Question

• Regionalism In Indian Politics?

Answer

Introduction

1. What is regionalism.

2. Why regionalism in India( Theoretical Explanation).

3. Types of regionalism.

4. Is there any policy of government to deal with regional challenges.

5. India's record on dealing with regionalism.

Answer

According to Paul brass regionalism has been the long term trend of

Indian political system whereas Nationalism is occasional

phenomena.

Answer

According to Sanjeev Baruah, our identity has a Bengali or Punjabi

centuries old wherever our identity as Indian is just around of 70 years.

Answer

According to Yogendra Yadav,in India we have State-Nation rather

than Nation-State".

Question

• What Is Regionalism?

What Is Regionalism?

• Like any other "Isms" Regionalism is also a political ideology.

• Hence, regionalism along with castism, communalism, Linguism is the basis of political mobilization in India.


• Considering India as Prismatic society, It is a natural for the vast polity like India to have different regions.

• Region in geography may be objective and physical fact but in political discourse it is a highly subjective and politicized phenomena.

Answer

Sanjeev Baruah The term region has territorial connotation.

Answer


• Hence, regional movements are often considered as Sub-National movements which can challenge the traditional integrity and hence a cause of concern.

Question

• Is Regionalism Unique To India?

• According to Sanjeev Baruah,

It is neither unique to India nor unique to post colonial societies facing the crisis of Nation building such movements are also found in advanced countries for example movement for Catalonia in Spain, Cubec in Canada, Scotland in UK.

Answer

https://en-gb.facebook.com/public/Sanjeev-Baruah

Answer

Is Regionalism Unique To India?

• However there is a huge difference in the way governments in developing countries and the governments in advanced countries deal with the challenges.

• Neither India Nor China will ever go for Democratic devices like refrendum to determine the course of action.

Answer

Is Regionalism Unique To India?

• There is Greater Reliance on force in developing countries because developing countries Nation building is still in progress and primary each developing country face crisis

History and Type of Regional Movements.

India is facing regional challenges since Independence.

The regional movements can be categorized in following types:-

1. Secessionist Movements: Kashmir, Khalistan, ULFA movement in north east


2. Movements for separate statehood like Gorkhaland, Bodoland and Vidarbha.


3. Movement for Greater autonomy from time to time, different states lead by non Congress governments.

For e.g... Government of West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Punjab had demanded greater regional autonomy in

1980s.


4. Bhoomiputra Moments (Son of Soil)... Movements against outsider for example movements by Shivsena,

AGP Assam, Bodoland movement.


5. Linguistic movements there are two expressions..

1) With the respect to the official language

2) Linguistic reorganization

Question

• Causes For Regionalism In India?

Answer

Answer

1. Size

2. Diversity

3. Lack of Balanced development

4. Centralized Federation

5. Misuse of `Article 356 and Institution of Governor Rule.

Answer

Answer

6. Democratic mobilization / consciousness.

7. People's aspirations for participation in governance that is power sharing

8. Rise of Regional parties

9. External factors.

Answer

Theoretical Explanations

• 1. Modernization Theory.... Lloyd I Rudolph & Susane Hoeber RudolphIntroduction of Democracy in traditional Prismatic society.

Answer


• 2. Culture Of Scarcity /Poverty: Marc Jürgen

• Answer-

• For example regional movements in North East.

http://scholar.google.no/citations?user=qfN0SFkAAAAJ&hl=en

Answer


• 3. Culture Of Effluence

• Example

• Khalistan Movement

• Scholar Thomas Januzzi.

Answer


• 4. Uneven Development.

• Example-

• Telangana.

• Vidhrba.

• Robert Hardgrave.

Answer


• 5. Son Of Soil Theory.

• Scholar- Myron Weiner

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/000271628145300132

Answer


• 6. Politics Of Opposition

• Scholar professor Iqbal Narain.

• The real factors is political power aspirations.

Question

• How India Tackles Regionalism?

Answer

1. Constitutional

Provision.

A. DemocracyB. Independent

JudiciaryC. Federalism

Answer

• Secularism has been to counter communalism and federalism to counter regionalism.

Question

• What is Federalism?

What is Federalism?

• Federalism is power sharing arrangement, the objective of federalism is to achieve Unity without compromising diversity.

• Two unique features of Indian federalism keeping in mind the religion aspirations are, A. Asymmetrical federalism and B. Centralized Federation.

Features of Indian federalism

A. Asymmetrical

federalism.

B. Centralized Federation.

What is Federalism?

• Is there any formal policy of government to deal with regional movements ?

• There is no formal policy, Yet the way government tackles regional movements in effective way.

We can observe following Salient Features

1. Government is accommodative of regional aspirations, However any solution has to be within the

framework of Constitution.


2. Government is ready to negotiate but no talks with arms.


3. If secessionists will use force, government will use bigger force.


4. Government is more accommodative if demand is expressed in Linguistic terms and is more insecure if

demand is in religious terms.


5. Guru Harpal Singh gives core and periphery approach.

Govt. Of India is more concerned and conscious when the demand comes from peripheral lands.


6. Govt. of India offer political power sharing and economic packages.

According to Atul Kohli regional movements in India follow (inverted U-curve ....Starts....and....Falls....⛰)

India's Record In Tackling Regional Challenges

• India has performed much better (above average) in tackling with regional challenges.

• Since independence, India has been able to maintain a traditional integrity.

India's Record In Tackling Regional Challenges

• India's record is much better if we see how Pakistan and Sri Lanka dealt with regional aspirations.

• Not only in the non Western world India is much better if we compare with former USSR and Yugoslavia

Views Of Alfred Stephen

• Article.... Federalism and Democracy beyond USA model

• Indian federalism rather than usa federalism should be an ideal for developing countries with respect to managing diversity and sub National challenges.

Question

• Is Regionalism Crisis Of Development Or crises Of Nation Building?

Answer

Regionalism Crisis Of Development

• Regionalism is a complex phenomena, the ultimate determinant is power

• However the demands of regionalism legitimized in the name of backwardness, poverty or preservation of culture.

• Regionalism itself will not be crisis we are able to do successful crisis management.

Answer

Regionalism Crisis Of Development

• Hence developmental crisis may create an opportunity that it becomes crisis of Nationalism

• But if effectively tackled it is not to be treated as crisis, it can also result into tackling economic backwardness.

Question

• How India Looks At Regional Challenges At Present?

Answer

• In 1961 PM Nehru from the platform of National Integration Council held that Regionalism, communalism, castism are challenges to National unity and integrity.

• Former P.M MMS speaking from the same platform- as a pluralistic society and polity we have adequate space for regional and sub regional identities and cultures.

Answer

• They are not necessarily inimical to our concept of Nationhood who we must rejoice at the blossoming of the diversities.

• We must lay emphasis on harmony and not uniformity .

• We have to ensure that diversity become diverse mosaic in harmonious way rather than cause for divisiveness and exclusion.

Role Of Ethnicity

Question

• Role Of Ethnicity In Indian Politics?

Answer

According to Horrowitz , ethnicity was once in the backwaters of Social

Science Research but now it has become the core area of research.

Answer

According to him ,ethnicity is a term which denotes a sense of collective consciousness based on common, descent ,language ,history culture

and race.

Answer

Role Of Ethnicity In Indian Politics?

Ethnicity is not equal to Nationalism because there can be many ethnic groups within a Nation ethnic groups

without Nations and same ethnic group present in more than one Nation.

Answer

James manor In his book on ethnic Politics in India suggests that ethnicity in India can be defined at

least in 4 Ways... Race, language, religion, caste.

ETHNIC POLITICS IN INDIA

• James manor suggests that ethnicity in India can be defined at least in 4 Ways...

• Race

• Language

• Religion

• Caste

Role Of Ethnicity In Indian Politics?

Ethnicity in India is not a threat to the Nation because Indians do not have single ethnic identity. Indian ethnic identity is multi layered.

Indians can be united and at the same time divided According to political convenience.

PAUL BRASS SUGGESTED THAT,

• Ethnic mobilization takes place at three levels…

• 1. Struggle within groups for material and symbolic free sources.

• 2. Struggle between groups

• 3. Struggle between group and the State.

Question

• Causes Of Ethnic Politics?

Answer

1. Charles Taylor

2. RajniKothari

3. NeeraChandoke

4. Professor SD Muni

5. Professor Dipankar

Gupta

Answer

1. Charles Taylor

• Ethnic mobilization is rooted in the urge for the recognition of "authenticity" and dignity in a diverse societies from the perspective of the marginalized sections.

Answer

2. Rajni Kothari

• Ethnic movements are the consequences of exclusive modernization and homogenizing Trends by Indian trade.

• It means it is a response to Excess of modernization and excess of homogenization.

Answer

3. Neera Chandoke

• She also suggested that homogenization and ethnic mapping is responsible for increasing the use of ethnic identity in Politics.

Answer

4. Professor SD Muni

• At present there is a growth of ethnic Politics because ideologies have lost relevance in the age of globalization.

• There is a lack of viable political and economic programs and Hence, political parties are left with the only option of mobilization on the cynical use of ethnicity.

Answer

5. Professor Dipankar Gupta

• Ethnicity in Indian Politics is Less to do with popular passion rather it is guided by vested interest.

Question

• Impact Of Ethnic Mobilization?

Answer

• Thought, ethnic mobilization is considered as detrimental to National Unity by Scholars like SP Bhambri, PB Mehta Yet some Scholars believe that it strengthens Democracy in the country...

• For Example:- Yogendra Yadav, Gopal Guru, Christopher Jaffrelot

Answer

Answer

1. Yogendra

Yadav

2. Gopal Guru

3. Christopher

Jaffrelot

Answer

According to Yogendra Yadav, caste based mobilization has lead to

Democratic upsurge.

Answer

According to professor Gopal Guru Ethnic Mobilization has contributed

towards silent revolution.

BOOK " INDIA'S SILENT REVOLUTION "

• The participation of lower caste have contributed in India the silent Revolution where a political system dominated by single party has changed into multiparty regional system.

Answer

Answer

According to Badri Narayan Politics of Identity has dual effects and empowering some various dis-

empowering other who are yet to understand the language of

Democratic State.

Contribution of AtulKohli On Democracy And

Ethnicity

• The interaction between Democracy and ethnicity remains a contested issue some Scholars consider that there should be no space for ethnic identities in Democratic Politics.

• On the other hand communitarians cultural-relativist, multiculturalist believe that man is situated self.

(Article Can Democracy accommodate

ethnic challenges ?)

• Hence, Politics is always the Politics of community. • In fact, Democracy has Strengthened Ethnic

identities. • Elites use mobilization based on ethnicity to retain

their privileges.

(Article Can Democracy accommodate

ethnic challenges ?)

Answer

According to Atul Kohli, we cannot avoid ethnic mobilization in a

country like India.

• However, at the same time Democracy offers opportunity for addressing ethnics challenges.

• If Democracy is a problem only Democracy is a solution.

• We need more Democracy and not less Democracy.

• Ethnic challenges can be addressed only when we create space for people's aspirations of power sharing.

• He gives comparison between Nehru tackling Tamil Nationalism.

• Tamil Nationalism and Gandhi dealing with ethnic movements in Punjab.

Nehru was successful because he dealt with the issue in Democratic

manner. Nehru could do so because he was

confident of his position.

Indira Gandhi was never secure like Nehru within Congress.

Indira Gandhi dealt Punjab issue in a undemocratic manner and Hence

crises continued for longer duration and ultimately resulted into civil war.

• However, He also suggested that central leadership can deal with ethnic challenges in a Democratic manner only when the central leadership is secure.

• Another successful example is how Rajiv Gandhi is dealt with the Mizo issues as well as movement of all Assam Students Union.

Views Of Sarkaria Commission

• Answer-

• Ethnics movements are not purely ethnic.

• There is an overlapping of economic and political deprivations.

Views Of Sarkaria Commission

• Answer-

• Sarkaria Commission as well as Punchhi Commission on centre and State relation suggest that only by Democratic De- Centralization we can address secessionist challenges.

Party System.

Party System

• Que. 1) Discuss the evolution of party system in India?

• Que. 2) How party system and Indian federalism impact each other?

• Que. 3) Causes of rise of Regional parties and impact of Regional parties on Indian political system?

• Que. 4) Nature of coalition Politics in India?

• Que. 5) Unique feature of Indian party system?

Question

• Que. Discuss the importance of political parties in Democracy and what are the unique feature of Indian parties?

Answer

Importance of Political Parties in Democracy

• Role of political parties in Democracy is not just limited to electoral calculus.

• Political parties act as a agent of social transformation and INC is itself and an example which led India towards the freedom movement.

Answer


• However ,the sad truth about the parties in India is that they have been reduced to electoral Calculus and political machines.

• The health of the Democratic political system depends on the health of political parties.

Laski considered, political parties is indispensable for the efficient

functioning of Democracy.

Parties perform Multiple Roles

1. Formation of Government.

2. Acting as Opposition.

3. Political Modernization.

4. Political Socialization.

Parties perform Multiple Roles

5. Political Requirement.

6. Political Communication, Creation of Public Opinion.

7. Transformation.

Answer


• As mentioned by election Commission from time to time political parties in India represent paradoxical situation.

• Participation in Democratic Politics without being Democratic transparent in their internal functioning

Zoya Hasan Has Given Unique Feature Of

Parties In India

UNIQUE FEATURE OF PARTIES IN INDIA

• 1) Least regard for ideology, the entire focus on acquiring power.

• 2) The growth of catch all parties.

UNIQUE FEATURE OF PARTIES IN INDIA

• 3) Disconnect with the people and greater connect with the corporate class including left parties.

• 4) Parties lack Grand Design some parties have unique nomenclature E.g AIADMK, National Conference party (Kashmir).

• 1) Political parties in India are going to the institutionalization and deinstitutionalization simultaneously.

• On one hand their scope and reach is increasing geographically but at the same time there is huge Disconnect between parties and common man.

According to Professor Yogendra Yadav

• 2) Parties have reduced themselves to the instrumental Act of voting and have overlooked that broader agenda of transformation and Nation building.

According to Professor Yogendra Yadav

Paul Brass Says,Parties In India Represent

Paradoxical Features.

ANSWER

• 1) Though they are creations of modernization.

• Yet they represent Traditional features, they are built around the lines of caste and religion

ANSWER

• 2) They have modern bureaucratic internal organizational structures but do not follow modern practices.

• There is no internal Democracy , internal debates, respect for freedom, of speech and expression.

ANSWER

• 3) Lack of institutionalization, too much dependent on either families or charisma.

Question

• Discuss The Silent Feature Of Indian Party System?

Answer

According to Sartori, party system does not depend on number of

parties rather number of parties having systematic relevance.

Answer

Indian Party System

• India is exception to duverger's law.

• As per Duverger’s Law, India should have two party system because India's electoral system is simply majoritarian type.

Answer

Indian Party System

• India foremost of time either had One- party dominant system or multi party system.

• However recently there has been emergence of the two stable coaltions--UPA & NDA.

• At the union level though the composition keeps on changing and the future remains uncertain.

We Can Discuss The Nature Of Indian Party System In Following 6

Phases:-

We Can Discuss The Nature Of Indian Party System In Following Phases:-

1st Phase-

Up Till 1967 Congress System.


2nd Phase-

1967 To 1977 Breakdown of Congress System.


3rd Phase-1977 To 1979 Two Party System


4th Phase-

1979 To 1989 The Phase of Decline of Congress


5th Phase-

1989 Till 2017 Elections Multi Party System


6th Phase-From 2014 Onwards

Answer

Though, debatable yet Scholars like Suhas Palshikar the emergence of

BJP system

1st Phase-

Congress System

Question

• Discuss the unique features of the Congress system factor for the rise of Congress system and factor for the decline of Congress?

Answer

Introduction

• At the time of independence India had multi parties.

Answer

Introduction

• However Morris Jones called Indian party system as a one party dominant system.

Answer

Introduction

• Later on professor Rajni Kothari, popularized Indian party system as Congress system, distinguish Congress system from the one party dominant hegemonic system found in other developing societies

• What Was Uniqueness Of Indian System.

Question

• Though, system was dominant by one party yet it was not authoritarian it retained its Democratic character.

Answer

Question

• How Democracy Was Retained?

How Democracy Was Retained?

1) The role of election commission ensured that electoral process remained Democratic.


2) Role of opposition parties- despite knowing that there are no chances of forming government there have

been active participation.


3) The Democratic style of functioning of Pandit Nehru, He preferred to Act by forming consensus.

FEATURES OF CONGRESS SYSTEM

• 1) Congress was Rainbow coalition, Grand coalition.

• 2) He calls Congress as party of consensus and other parties are parties of pressure.

FEATURES OF CONGRESS SYSTEM

• 3) Even the real opposition to leadership come from the Congress itself.

• 4) Opposition was on the margin of political system.

• 5) With the exception of J and K, Kerala all states were ruled by Congress.

Reasons For Congress System

Establishment

1) Legacy of Freedom

Movement

2) Role of Gandhi who made Congress

Mass Party

3) Role of PanditNehru

Answer

3. Role of Pandit Nehru

• a) Charisma.

• b) Soft power

• c) He maintained intellectual climate in the party, respected freedom of speech and expression and build consensus.

Answer


• d) Retained intra party Democracy.

• e) Was able to win the trust of minorities.

• f) Adopted centrist agenda rejected both communalism and communism.

Answer


• g) Nehru was successful in communicating that the survival of India as a Nation depends on Congress.

• Syndicates opposed Indira Gandhi and expelled her from the party on the disciplinary matters.

Question

• Decline of Congress?

Answer

Decline of Congress

Internal Factors External Factors

There is a bigger role of internal factors than external factors

Answer

Internal Factors

• 1) Indira Gandhi did not enjoy the legitimacy.

• Which Nehru had Shastri had in the party

• There was internal opposition to Indira Gandhi leadership.

Answer

Internal Factors

• 2) There was factionalism within Congress.

• Congress split into Congress o- and Congress ® (Requisition) Indira

• However Indira Gandhi was successful in gaining the control over the party. Though she got the control yet she remained insecure

Answer

Internal Factors

• Hence, she started centralization of power in her hands fearing opposition she abandoned the practice of internal elections, did not support the leaders, With support in the Grass root, relied on loyalist.

Answer

Internal Factors

• 3) Under Indira Gandhi Congress lost the touch with grassroot. prominent regional leaders came out of the party and formed their own parties.

• Since Congress lost hold on Grass root and State leaders Congress started relying on the criminal elements. Thus, the use of money and muscle power started.

Answer

Internal Factors

• 4) Congress also started populist policies to retain the mass appeal like Garibi hatao.

• Thus, the internal factor led the weakening of the organization and led the decline of Congress.

Answer

External Factors (The Prominent External Factors Are)

1. Linguistic reorganization and rise of dominant caste

Answer


2. Green Revolution

Answer


3. Rise of regionalism

Answer


4. Emergence of Regional parties

Answer


5. Growth of Democratic consciousness or Democratic upsurge.

As suggested by Yogendra Yadav in 1960 and 1970 the grand Coalition of Congress show the exit of OBCs, in

1990’s it saw the exit of Dalits.

Answer

• Thus, Congress has been reduced to the status of party of minority, gradually Muslim vote also started shifting out to other parties like SP, RJD, BSP.

• In 2014 elections Congress receive only 35% of minority vote.

Question

• Present Status Of Congress?

Answer

According to Suhas palshikar, Congress is not in the State of

decline, Congress is in the State of demise.

Answer

• In 2014 elections Congress even lost the so-called Congress states like Delhi, Haryana, Maharashtra, Assam.

• The performance of party in 2014 elections have been worse than its performance after emergency.

Answer

According to Suhas palshikarCongress has passed three phase in

his life.

Congress passed Three Phase

1. Phase of dominance-

Till 1967.

2. Phase of Confrontation-

Till 1987.

3. Phase of Survival-

From 1987.

Present phase is dismise.

Question

• Future Prospects Of Congress?

Answer

Views of Pratap Bhanu Mehta, Congress should leave majority

minority Complex.

VIEWS OF PRATAP BHANU MEHTA

• Congress should know strategic alliances.

• Congress should take a break and stay away from electoral Politics.

• Congress should dedicate itself for social movements it should not restrict itself to electoral calculus.

• Congress should become the party of transformation rather than party of Defense.

Answer

Question

• Discuss the rise of regional parties and the impact of regional parties on Indian political system?

Answer

According to Milan Vaishnav Of "Carnegie Foundation“,

The rise of Regional parties has been an internal feature of Indian

political system.

Question

• Which Parties Are Regional Parties?

Which Parties Are Regional Parties?

Regional parties are those parties which have regional agenda and whose influence is limited to some region.


This description of Regional parties differ from the way EC categories National and State parties


Example-Of National parties in above sense are Congress, BJP,

CPI and CPIM.


Example-Of Regional parties like DMK, TMC aiadmk ,Shivsena,

National Conference etc.


Example-Local leaders as they are aware of local problems and

they are more linked to grass roots.

6. Democratic Upsurge-Views of Scholars

1. Professor Iqbal Narain

2. Sudha Pai

1. PROFESSOR IQBAL NARAIN

• Regionalism is Important basis of party formation.

• Besides other ethnic factors so long alternative secular basis of loyalty does not emerge.

• (Natural for Prismatic Society)

2. SUDHA PAI

• Regional parties should not be seen as just the byproduct of regionalism.

• It is a phenomenon on its own right.

• Lingustic reorganization, decline of congress, uneven development, increased level of Mobility, entry of new groups in politics led to regionalization of Indian Party system.

E Sridharan-He gave following

factors -

Fact

ors

1. De-linking of elections.

2. Emergency

3. Increasing competitiveness

4. Greater use of religion and caste

5. Growing politicization of social cleavages.

6. Social heterogeneity getting reflected more and more.

Consequences-there is a difference of opinion among Scholar over the consequence.

• According to Scholars like Yogendra Yadav, Gopal Guru it represents Democratic upsurge / silent revolution.

• It has Strengthened India's Democracy, made Democracy more representative, forced democracy to change from majoritarian to consociationalism.

• It has brought attention towards regional issues

• It has highlighted the voice of subaltern classes.

• According, to the critics like Paul brass it has transformed the traditional class Politics into mass politics.

• A phenomena which can be called as Plebianisation of Indian Democracy.

• It has resulted into the regionalization of the party system and coalition Politics at the union level.

• It has increase the problem of defections, it made competition cut throat,

• Hence , greater use of money and muscles power increased the role of Identity Politics.

According to Paul Brass,Regional parties have weekend the tight mould in which Constitution

was framed. It has strengthened the bargaining

position of State government.

Question

• Explain the nature of coalition Politics and the unique feature of Indian coalition experiment?

INTRODUCTION

• The term coalition denotes growing together

According to professor Ogg, Coalition is a cooperative

arrangement in which distinct political parties come together to

form the government.

According to William H. Riker, Coalition is power sharing arrangement, coalition is a

characteristic of parliamentary form of government.

• In parliamentary form of government, the ruling party requires simple majority in lower house.

• In a situation of hung assembly.

• When no party is able to form the government on its own they enter into coalition to form the government.

According to William H. Riker, Since Coalition is a power sharing arrangement party would like to keep the number of constituents

minimal.

Question

• History Of Coalition Politics In India?

Answer

ANSWER

• Coalition Politics is not new in India.

• Coalition is inevitable in a large heterogeneous society like India.

• Congress itself as a brand Rainbow coalition.

• In formal sense Coalition experiment is older at the State level.

Answer

ANSWER

• Hence, Coaltion Politics is more mature and partnership is more stable in some states like Kerala and West Bengal.

• In formal sense, Coalition Politics at the National Live started in 1989.

Answer

According to professor Bidyut Chakrabarty, Indian Coalition experiment can

be divided into two phase.

Answer

Two Phase of Indian Coalition

1st Phase between 1989 to 1999

2nd Phasefrom 1999 onwards

• Coalition politics was more immature and unstable.

• In the first phase, there was political instability frequent elections., defection and corruption.

• Coalition experiment started getting stabilized from 1999.

Answer

• Vajpayee Led NDA govt. Was the 1st experiment of the successful completion of the full form of Coalition government.

• NDA experiment was followed by another successful experiment under the leadership of MMS.

• Though, present govt. Is also coalition govt. Yet BJP has a clear Cut Majority.

Answer

Answer

Some scholars like Suhas Palshikarbelieve that BJP has put a temporary

halt on coalition. It is to be noted that coalition is Inevitable in India.

Answer

According to BidyutChakrabarty, coalition culture in India, when

compared with western countries show following

features,

• 1) Coalition in western countries are coalition by design.

• Coalition in India is based on political Calculation and still in search of design.

• 2) In western countries parties go for ideological coherence, but in India rainbow coalitions.

Answer

• 3) In western countries coalition is formed to Run the government, in India there are many examples of negative coalition.

• Coalitions are formed not to run the government but to oppose others from forming the government.

Answer

• EXAMPLE- Janata Party experiment was just to stop Indira Gandhi from coming to power.

• Hence, when the Core goal is achieved, it is not possible for parties with diverse social and ideological background to stay together.

Answer

• 4) Since coalition is a power sharing arrangement, parties would like to have minimum partners in western countries minimal winning coalition are formed.

Answer

• However, In India oversized coalitions. Since partners are not reliable.

• Parties have to keep surplus.

• There are some Indian inventions and contribution to coalition politics.

• EXAMPLE- Concept of common minimum program or national agenda for governance in Indian innovation.

Answer

Answer

• Consequences of coalition.

• there is a mixed impact of coalition

• However Negative Consequences are more in case of India.

Answer

Negative Consequences

1. Political instability

2. Policy paralysis

3. Defections4. Greater use of Money and Muscle power

Answer

Negative Consequences

5. Decline of institution of

PM.

6. Judicial activism

7. Presidential activism.

Positive Impacts

1. Strengthening of Democracy.

2. Make Democracy representative and consociational.

3. Strengthening the federal areas of Indian political system.

Is Coalition Desirable In India?

• The question is not whether coalition is desirable but weather coalition is avoidable since it is unavoidable .

• We have to think how to make coalition work.

• Coalition in itself is not a problem, lack of healthy coalition culture is a problem.

Question

• How To Build Healthy Coalition Culture?

Answer

• We need to build healthy Democratic culture by bringing ethics into Politics.

• However, certain institutional measures are also required.

Answer

• 1. Reform anti defection law.

• 2. De- Politicize the office of speaker.

• 3. Bringing transparency in decision making can protect from political bargaining.

• 4. Regular contact with the members of government or coalition partners.

• 5. Introduction of constructive vote of no confidence to prevent arbitrary no confidence motion.

Certain institutional measures are

Answer

• At times some extreme measures have been proposed like introduction of the presidential form of government.

• However , presidential system is Neither possible nor desirable.

Answer

• Not possible because parliamentary system is basic structure of the Constitution nor desirable

• Because with the exception of USA is no other country presidential system could retain its Democratic character

Rise Of Right BJP By Thomas Blom

(Saffron Wave)

Question

• Discuss the ideological orientation of BJP and factors responsible for the rise of BJP. Are we moving towards BJP system?

• Thomas Hansen has explained the phenomenal rise of BJP and calls the phenomena as "saffronisation of Indian Politics".

Answer

• Suhas Palshikar in his article India’s the second dominant party system published in EPW mentioned that the present moment is undeniably the movement of India second dominant party system.

Answer

Answer

History of BJP

• It is a new avatar of JanSangh.

• JanSangh was formed in 1951 by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee and pandit deendayal upadhyay.

• Purpose- they were fully aware that JanSangh will not be in position to form the government.

• Yet, According to the founders, There is a need of opposition in Democracy.

Answer

History of BJP

• Their objective was to provide critique to Nehruvian consenus.

• In 1952 elections JanSangh vote share was 3.1%, In the same election left got 7% votes, in the 4th general elections 1967 , the first general election without Pandit Nehru, the vote share of Jana Sangh become 9.4%

Answer

History of BJP

• Jan Sangh was the component of Janata Party government formed in 1977.

• There were some objections with respect to their connection with RSS.

Answer

Hence, they came out of the Janata Party and

formed BJP, the ideology of BJP has following

components:

Answer

Components

1) Cultural Nationalism

2) Gandhian socialism

3) Integral Humanism

4) Hindutva

and Positive

Secularism.

5) National integration

Question

• Short note on integral humanism?

Answer

• Integral humanism is based on the philosophy of Sanatan Dharma.

Answer

According to DD Upadhyay, we should not blindly follow the

western way of life and western model of development.

• India's greatest asset is India's culture.

• Western theories are based on western experience in the formulation of such theories there has never been the inclusion of the India's perspective like japan.

• India should adopt western science without adopting western values and way of life.

Answer

• He suggested the developmental model which takes into account India's own conditions.

• India has vast population and plenty of natural resources.

• The rate of utilization of natural resources should be such that nature can be replenished.

• Developmental model should aim at giving the life of dignity.

Answer

• To the poorest of the poor, we should provide a system where people can achieve freedom which is social, political and economic.

• Our model should preserve India's diversity.

• Integral Humanism is a philosophy which looks at the integrated view of life.

• It is called Integral Humanism because it aims to integrate four dimensions of personality... That,

Answer

Four Dimensions of Personality

1. Body 2. Mind 3. Heart 4. Intellect

• Person should pursue Four Integrate Goals...

• That is -

• Dharma,

• Artha,

• Kama,

• Moksha.

Answer

FourIntegrate Goals

Dharma Artha Kama Moksha

Where

1. Rajneeti Should be Ethical

2. Arth NitiShould be Sustainable and

Equitable

3. Samaj NitiPreservation of Indian Values and

Specifically Family System

4. Rashtra NitiWhich employs the Protection

and Preservation of Nation.

Integral humanism talks an integrated view of life.

Rise of BJP

1. 1984

2 seats at 7.4 % vote

share.

2. 1989

88 seats and 11.56% vote share.

3.1991

120 seats 20.9 % vote

share.

4.1996

161 where 20.3 % vote

share.

5.1998

182 seats 25% of vote

share

Rise of BJP

6. 1999

183 seats 23.9 % vote

share

7. 2004

138 seats 22.16% vote

share

8. 2009

116 seats 18.8% vote

share.

9. 2014

282 seats 31% vote

share.

Question

• Factors For The Rise Of BJP?

Factors For The Rise Of BJP

1. Decline of Congress

2. Organizational strength

3. Leadership

4. Ideology of Nationalism

5. Globalization ideological compatibility in economic policies.

Factors For The Rise Of BJP

06. Support from NRIs.

07. Support from foreign governments.

08. Support from media.

09. The fear of Islamic fundamentalism.

10. Rise lower middle class

View of Scholars

Thomas Blom Hansen

Christopher Jaffrelot

Ramachandra Guha

Milan Vaishnav

SuhasPalshikar

View of Scholars

1. Thomas Blom Hansen

• Rise of BJP is not just a religious phenomena.

• It is a Political Phenomena.

• Consequence of the emergence of amorphous middle class.

View of Scholars

2. Christopher Jaffrelot

• The sense of insecurity and dissatisfaction because of Congress policy of minority appeasement.

3. Ramachandra Guha

• The sense of insecurity and dissatisfaction because of Congress policy of minority appeasement.

View of Scholars

3. Milan Vaishnav

• BJP's ability to make strategic Alliance and BJP's victory is a watershed in the voting behavior of Indian voters.

• It shows that they are not just voting there caste, they also want good economics and good governance.

View of Scholars

Suhas Palshikar suggests that BJP has emerged as the dominant party

system not just in numeric sense but in substantive sense.

• BJP’s presence is stretched to large number of states cross section of society.

• BJP is able to Usher a new hegemony. The hegemony of new Hindutva which is a confluence of new Hindutva and Nationalism.

• BJP is able to communicate that being anti BJP is being Anti National.

View of Scholars

Left in India

Question

• Discuss the causes of Decline of Left?

Answer

Praful Bidwai

BOOK- CAN INDIAN LEFT SEIGE ITS PHOENIX MOMENT

• In his book, he had explained the factors for decline of Left in India.

• The term left is used for the group of parties like CPI, CPI (M), CPI (M-L) MAOIST parties which are influenced by ideas of marx, Lenin and Mao

Answer

The political terms "Left" and "Right" were coined during the French

Revolution (1789–1799), referring to the seating arrangement in the French

Estates General:

those who sat on the left generally opposed the monarchy and supported the revolution, including the creation

of a republic and secularization.

Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in

opposition to social hierarchy

BOOK- CAN INDIAN LEFT SEIGE ITS PHENIX MOMENT

• Some of the leftist parties like CPI (M-L), MOISTS are banned under ULPA because they have the revolutionary aims.

• Despite mass poverty the left in India could never attract masses.

• The following of left is Limited to small section of middle class.

Answer

Answer

There are following reasons for the decline of Left in India

1) Unlike China where leaders like Mao have given communism a direction which has been in accordance

to the indigenous requirements.

Left in India never had any indigenous idea, they continued to rely on imported doctrines.

Answer


2) The controversial role Left played in freedom struggle, they have been critical of Congress, even

supported imperialist and were getting directions from outside.

Answer


3) In 1962 war with China, section of Left in India had Pro China stand.

Answer


4) Organizational weakness, Democratic centralism is just for name sake, there is a rigid hierarchy and

authoritarianism inside the party.

Answer


5) Lack of leadership, none of the left leaders were among the top 10 preferences for prime ministerial

position for 2014 elections. As depicted in various surveys.

Left leader in India do not have base in The Grass root, most of them have jumped into National Politics from

universities.

Answer


6) Neither their economic doctrine nor they are foreign policy matches to the aspirations of new India.

Answer


7) Left in India had also played caste and religion card and has been the second grade version of Congress.

Question

• Current Status of Left?

Answer

Current Status

• Left constituted the second largest party after Congress at time of first general election.

• 2014 elections has been the worst performance, they could register only token presence.

• 12 seats and a vote share of 4.8 %, just 3% of agricultural labours and 5% of working classes voted for the Left.

Answer

Current Status

• The best performance of Left was in 2004 when they got 64 seat .

• At present left lacks confidence and prefer to play the junior role in third front.

• They have failed to keep pace with the changing pulse of the Nation.

Question

• What they should do?

Answer

What they should do?

• 1) Left should also take a break from electoral Politics and start from where they Left.

• 2) They should go for transformational Politics that is the Politics of social movement.

Question

• III Front in India?

III Front

Answer

III Front

• Third front is a fluid category, it primarily denotes the assortment (a miscellaneous collection of things or people) of Regional parties.

• Third front is not insignificant Force, It continuous to hold significant vote share.

Answer

Third front has even formed the Government at the union level

1) National Front Government (1989)

Support of BJP

2) United Front Government(1996)

Support for Congress and CPI (M)

Answer

IIIrd Front

• Third front has been in power in many states in India.

• However third front could not provide stable government.

• It is a fluid category.

• It primarily emerges before elections.

Answer

III Front

• For Example- In 2008 they formed United National Progressive Alliance against UPA and NDA.

• In 2014 elections,14 parties formed third front as an alternative to corrupt Congress and communal BJP.

Answer

However, third front got dissolved within 24

hours

the problem of third front is:-

Answer

Problem of Third Front

1. Too many leaders

2. regional/parochial in their approach

3. Lack of Nationalist agenda

4. Considered as opportunists.

AAPPhenomenon

AAP can be considered as new Left, it is a big

product of globalization, not

unique to India

Other examples include Tehreek-i-Insaaf

in Pakistan, people's movements in Hong

Kong, workers party in brazil.

AAP Phenomena

• It is an urban phenomena. It is a result of economic inequality.

• Democratic consciousness and growing awareness about good governance.

• It has emerged out of anti corruption movement, it was formed in 2012.

Ideology

1. Anti Politics 2. Anti power3. Anti

Ideology.

• They are against High Command culture, they are against dynasty Politics, they stand for intra party Democracy and they believe in Swaraj.

• According to them, they are not for power but for change.

However, they have understood that only by remaining within the system,

they will be able to change the system

Trends In Electoral Behaviour

Introduction

• The study of electoral behavior has been the main area of interest for behavioral political Scholars, electoral behavior helps in formulating the strategies and manifestos.

Question

• Study of electoral behavior in India?

Answer

According to Milan Vaishnava, the study of electoral behavior in India is

challenging task because of below reasons-

Answer

Challenging Task Because

1. Size of electorate

2. Diversity

3. Multidimensional nature of Indian Politics like caste, religion, class.

4. Presence of large number of parties.

Question

• Kenneth arrow's impossibility theorem of voting behaviour.?

Kenneth Arrow

• It is difficult to determine the preference to the voters when there are more than three choices.

• However, the study of electoral behaviour of Indians is a very interesting task.

According to scholars like professor M P Singh, the voting behaviour of

Indian voters is very mature in comparison to voters in mature

Democracies.

We cannot say that voters in India have ever given the

wrong verdict.

India decides one of the earliest work on electoral behaviour by Pronoy Roy, David Butler and Ashok Lahirialso highlight the mature voting behaviour of Indians.

Pronoy Roy David Butler Ashok Lahiri

Mukulika Banerjee has conducted entho-graphics survey of Indian

voters to find out why India votes.

• It is a big Puzzle for the scholars as to why Indians vote in such a huge number when they know that nothing will change it is also a big?

• As despite huge voting nothing Gets translated into any concrete achievement either in governance or development

The survey of voters show following Interesting facts

1. Many voters feel that when election Commission is taking so many pains, it is their duty to go and vote.


2. Somewhat because they consider it as their citizenship right and duty.


3. Some vote because some member of their community or caste is standing


4. Some vote out of feeling of revenge.


5. Some vote because they think that is better to choose or reject those who govern them.

Answer


6. Elections are the time when power inversion take place. Power comes to hands of voters.


7. Some feel that Democracy in India will not survive if they will not vote.

• According to the study poor are more sophisticated and strategic voters than the rich, since poor have higher dependency on government.

• They are found to do more aware of government programs as well as the importance of value of their vote.

According to a Survey of Lokniti (CSDS).

• 1. Caste and Religion remain the long-term determinant.


• 2. Corruption and anti incumbency does not matter much.


• 3. There is no difference in the voting preference of men and women, rural and urban.


• 4. According to Yogendra Yadav, electoral behavior shows that India is moving from identity Politics to identify + Politics.

Changing Social And Economic Profile Of Legislatures

Que. Why To Study Profile?

• Parliament is the mirror of society.

• Hence, understanding the profile of legislatures help in understanding the direction of the social change in the society.

Approach to Study Profile

• India is a federal system with bicameral legislature.

• There is not much difference in the profile of union parliament and state legislatures.

• There is also not much difference in the profile of members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

Approach to Study Profile

• Hence, we can consider the profile of Lok Sabha as a standard to explain changing profile.

• The Indian Parliament: - B L Shankar, Valerian Rodrigues, in their study on india parliament divide the changing profile of mp into three phases

https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-indian-parliament-9780199453368?lang=en&cc=nl

1st Phase (1967)

A) In terms of caste, Brahmins dominated. women minorities, backwards were

underrepresented.

B) In terms of profession lawyers were first and agriculturalist were second.

C) In terms of education most of the members were graduate from foreign

universities including SC members.

2nd Phase (1967 to 1989)Phase of Transition

1) OBC came to dominant

2) Women and minorities remain underrepresented

3) In terms of profession most of the members were from agriculture background and social service

• In 1970’s, new trend started in india by which people joined politics in their youth at the time of their career building .

• Hence, full time politicians whose profession is politician emerged.

3rd Phase (From 1989) Phase of politicization of

Indian democracy

1. In terms of Caste, OBC dominated.

2. In terms of Profession, agriculture and social workers.

3. No change in women and minority representation.

• Since 1990’s, There has been too much Presence of persons having criminal background and phenomenon known as criminalization of Indian Politics and decline in Prestige of Parliament.

Profile of 16th LokSabha

1. 27% Agriculture

Background.

2. 24% Social Workers.

3. 20% Business

Background.


4. Most educated LS 75%

Graduates.

5. 42% are Post Graduates.

6. 17% are Non Metric.


7. In terms of age group the average age is 50 to 55 years.

8. 58% of MP first terms.

9. Highest representation of women so far- 11.3%, 62 women MPs.


10. Highest number of persons with criminal

background, 16% accused of heinous crimes like rape

and murder.

11. No change w.r.t minorities.

Conclusion

OBC are dominant groups in parliament.

Pressure groups.

Pressure Groups

Introduction-

• They are known as invisible empires.

• Gabriel almond has classified pressure groups into four types.

• (Note- Refer comparative Politics).

Role of Pressure Groups

Interest articulation.

Political modernization

Political socialization

Political requirements.

Political communications.

Changing trends in Pressure Group Politics

1st Phase

Before 1990- Not very dynamic pressure

group Politics.

1st Phase

• (Before 1990s)

1st Phase (Before 1990)

There was a domination of

1. Institutional pressure groups since India has been a over developed

State.

2. Non associational community based pressure groups

dominated.


Why groups?

• Since India prismatic and traditional society


Among Associational Pressure Groups

1.. Workers Unions and Students Union played junior role as they have been associated with the political

parties.

Hence, neither India has witnessed any independent workers movement or students movement.



2. Business organization exist but their roles have been limited as India's economy was State controlled



3. Among associational pressure groups farmer unions like Bhartiya Kisan Sabha lead by Mahendra Singh

Tikkat have been influential in shaping State’s agriculture policies w.r.t subsidiaries or non taxing

agricultural income.



4. Associations of poor farmers like ShetkariSanghatana lead by Sharad Joshi also played significant

role in some regions like Maharashtra.

2nd Phase

• From 1990s

2nd Phase (From 1990s)

As a result of LPG reforms, we see new activism in pressure

group Politics.



1. Proliferation in the Voluntary Associations.



2. Self Help Groups



3. The importance of Corporate groups increased, they got new legitimacy, number of times these groups

accompany government delegations to foreign countries. Parallel Summits have been organized.



4. Greater presence of Foreign Lobbies.



5. Greater presence of developmental pressure groups like Human Rights organization, Environmental NGOs.



Government has included various NGOs in policy making Institutions like NAC or Niti Ayog.

Observation Of Scholars

1. Professor Rajni Kothari

2. Professor Anand

Chakraborty

3. Robert Hardgrave

4. Stanley Kochanek

• 1. Professor Rajni Kothari

• Pressure groups have acted as agents of modernization and reservoir of leadership.

• Initially overshadowed by Congress system and Nehruvianconsensus.


• 2. Professor Anand Chakraborty

• Government of India should have shown greater accommodation towards pressure groups.

• It would have helped in addressing the secessionist and regional trends in a better way.

• There has been a General trend to ban those pressure groups which are critical of government activities. Many interest and pressure groups have been banned under ULPA.


• 3. Robert Hardgrave And Stanley Kochanek

• They suggest that India has moved from State dominated pressure group Politics to more pluralist pressure group Politics.


after independence- pandit nehru held that castism as well ...•considering india as prismatic...

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