African Step Towards African Step Towards DevelopmentDevelopment

Challenges of Newly Challenges of Newly Independent African NationsIndependent African Nations

Challenges to building Challenges to building governments governments

Building national unityBuilding national unity– Loyalty was with family, village, and ethnic group rather than

distant government Tribalism – regionalismTribalism – regionalism Artificial boundaries splintered large ethnic groupsArtificial boundaries splintered large ethnic groups Tension between “tradition” and “modernity”Tension between “tradition” and “modernity” Economic differencesEconomic differences ConflictConflict

– Radical Islam – John Green Boko Haram Video – 7:00Radical Islam – John Green Boko Haram Video – 7:00 DebtDebt Corruption – to hold powerCorruption – to hold power

Problems in Building GovernmentsProblems in Building Governments– Civil WarCivil War

1. Economic divisions and ethnic conflict has 1. Economic divisions and ethnic conflict has led to civil war in many areas of Africa.led to civil war in many areas of Africa.

2. Many ethnic groups have tried to secede or 2. Many ethnic groups have tried to secede or break away from countries.break away from countries.

3. In 1994, ethnic tensions between Hutus and 3. In 1994, ethnic tensions between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda resulted in the massacre of Tutsis in Rwanda resulted in the massacre of 800,000 people.800,000 people.

4. Civil Wars have also broke out in countries 4. Civil Wars have also broke out in countries like Ethiopia, Somalia, Rwanda, and Liberia in like Ethiopia, Somalia, Rwanda, and Liberia in the 1980’s and 1990’s.the 1980’s and 1990’s.

Rwandan Genocide Rwandan Genocide Video Video

background background 3:14 Vid3:14 VidVideo 3:18Video 3:18

From April to July 1994, From April to July 1994, Members of the Hutu ethnic majority in the east-central African nation of Members of the Hutu ethnic majority in the east-central African nation of

Rwanda murdered as many as 800,000 people, mostly of the Tutsi minority. Rwanda murdered as many as 800,000 people, mostly of the Tutsi minority. Begun by extreme Hutu nationalists in the capital of Kigali, the genocide spread Begun by extreme Hutu nationalists in the capital of Kigali, the genocide spread

throughout the country with staggering speed and brutality, as ordinary citizens throughout the country with staggering speed and brutality, as ordinary citizens were incited by local officials and the Hutu Power government to take up arms were incited by local officials and the Hutu Power government to take up arms against their neighbors. against their neighbors.

By the time the Tutsi-led Rwandese Patriotic Front gained control of the country By the time the Tutsi-led Rwandese Patriotic Front gained control of the country through a military offensive in early July, hundreds of thousands of Rwandans through a military offensive in early July, hundreds of thousands of Rwandans were dead and many more displaced from their homes. were dead and many more displaced from their homes.

The RPF victory created 2 million more refugees (mainly Hutus) from Rwanda, The RPF victory created 2 million more refugees (mainly Hutus) from Rwanda, exacerbating what had already become a full-blown humanitarian crisis.exacerbating what had already become a full-blown humanitarian crisis.

Explanation ArticleExplanation Article

Parliamentary System Parliamentary System system of government system of government

– where in the ministers of the executive branch are where in the ministers of the executive branch are drawn from the legislaturedrawn from the legislature

– the executive and legislative branches are the executive and legislative branches are intertwinedintertwined

tthe party (or a coalition of parties) with the greatest he party (or a coalition of parties) with the greatest representation in the parliament (legislature) forms the representation in the parliament (legislature) forms the governmentgovernment– its leader becoming prime ministerits leader becoming prime minister– Political parties hold power to appoint Prime MinisterPolitical parties hold power to appoint Prime Minister

Prime minister may be removed from power whenever Prime minister may be removed from power whenever he loses the confidence of a majority of the ruling he loses the confidence of a majority of the ruling party or of the parliamentparty or of the parliament

Parliamentary Republics Parliamentary Republics – Should be democraticShould be democratic

purpose of one-party purpose of one-party rule rule Build national unityBuild national unity one-party system could achieve one-party system could achieve

democracy = reflected African democracy = reflected African tradition of consensustradition of consensus

Other parties limitedOther parties limited Supported by Julius NyerereSupported by Julius Nyerere

Dominant Party RuleDominant Party Rule

military rule military rule

Government controlled by the Government controlled by the militarymilitary

Used to restore orderUsed to restore order Get rid of corrupt leadersGet rid of corrupt leaders Short term resultsShort term results Creates personal ruleCreates personal rule

– General Joseph MobutuGeneral Joseph Mobutu

autocratic rule autocratic rule

Rule with absolute authorityRule with absolute authority Seen as necessary because of Seen as necessary because of

general weaknesses = many general weaknesses = many African nationsAfrican nations

Robert Mugabe – video 5:10Robert Mugabe – video 5:10

democratization democratization

1980’s1980’s Movement towards a free system Movement towards a free system

of governmentof government Article – “Why Western-style Article – “Why Western-style

Democracy is not suitable for Democracy is not suitable for Africa”Africa”

Government Government stability=stability=progressprogress

Establishing Establishing Economic Systems Economic Systems

Key issue and goal Key issue and goal

How much government control How much government control over the economyover the economy

Economic self relianceEconomic self reliance

Socialism Socialism

State control to best meets need of peopleState control to best meets need of people Way to end privilege/rejected colonialismWay to end privilege/rejected colonialism Reflected African TraditionsReflected African Traditions Government owns and operate major Government owns and operate major

businesses and controls other parts of the businesses and controls other parts of the economyeconomy

Few successesFew successes

mixed economies mixed economies

Most African nations todayMost African nations today Promote private ownershipPromote private ownership Build factories and produce good Build factories and produce good

for their own usefor their own use– Multinational companiesMultinational companies

Economic Choices Economic Choices and Challenges and Challenges

Structural LegaciesStructural Legacies

--Economies based on raw material --Economies based on raw material exportsexports

--Aid/dependency--Aid/dependency

--Migrant labor/labor compounds--Migrant labor/labor compounds Cultural LegaciesCultural Legacies

--Public Health--Public Health

--Education--Education

--Tension between “tradition” and --Tension between “tradition” and “modernity”“modernity”

Challenges to Challenges to developing agriculture developing agriculture

Focus on cash crops for export – not Focus on cash crops for export – not food cropsfood crops

Artificially low food prices by Artificially low food prices by governmentsgovernments– so people can afford foodso people can afford food

Population growthPopulation growth DroughtDrought

economic dependence economic dependence and trade and trade Try to diversify: agriculture and Try to diversify: agriculture and

industryindustry Reduce dependence and limit Reduce dependence and limit

expensive imports (oil)expensive imports (oil) Influenced by external factors Influenced by external factors

especially world Market prices for especially world Market prices for productsproducts– Debt, drought, conflict Debt, drought, conflict

Controlling Population Controlling Population

cause of population explosion cause of population explosion – Tradition and health careTradition and health care

Strains on governmentStrains on government– Need for school, jobs, housing, Need for school, jobs, housing,

healthcare, family planninghealthcare, family planning

Closure Quiz Section 2Closure Quiz Section 2

1.1. CC

2.2. DD

3.3. EE

4.4. BB

5.5. AA

6. D6. D

7. A7. A

8. B8. B

9. D9. D

10. A10. A