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. J ,, African on Development

African Perspectives on Development

Controversies, Dilemmas & Openings Edited by Ulf Himmelstrand Kabiru Kinyanjui & Edward Mburugu

E.A.E.P. NAIROBI

Mkuki na Nyota DAR ES SALAAM

Baobab ZIMBABWE

Fountain Publishers KAMPALA

St Martin's Press NEW YORK

James Currey LONDON

James Currey Ltd Mkuki na Nyota Publishers 54b Thornhill Square P.O. Box 4205 Islington, London N11BE Dar es Salaam

St Martin's Press, Incorporated East African Educational Publishers 175 Fifth Avenue P.O. Box 45314 New York, New York 10010 Nairobi

Baobab Books Fountain Publishers P.O. Box 1559 P.O. Box 488 Harare Kampala

© James Currey Ltd 1994

First published 1994

2345989796

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data African Perspectives on Development: Controversies, Dilemmas and Openings

I. Himmelstrand, Ulf 330.96

ISBN 0-85255-221-1 (cloth) ISBN 0-85255-220-3 (paper)

All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly and Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010

First published in the United States of America in 1994

ISBN 0-312-12087-7

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data African perspectives on development . controversies, dilemmas &

openings / edited by Ulf Himmelstrand, Kabiru Kinyanjui & Edward Mburugu.

p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-312-12087-7

1. Africa-Economic policy. 2. Africa-Economic conditions- 1960-

3. Economic development. 4. Economic development-Social aspects- Africa. 5. Africa-Social policy. 6. Africa-Social conditions-1960- 7. Africa-Politics and government- 1960- I. Himmelstrand, Ulf. II. Kinyanjui, Kabiru. III. Mburugu, E. K. HC800.A5685 1994

338.96-dc20 93-39358 CIP

Typeset in Bembo and Optima display by Colset Pte Ltd, Singapore

Printed in Britain by Villiers Publications, London N3

Contents

Acknowledgements List of Contributors

Introduction

Ulf Himmelstrand, Kabiru Kinyanjui & Edward Mburugu In Search of New Paradigms? 1

Part I: Theoretical Perspectives

1. Ulf Himmelstrand Perspectives, Controversies & Dilemmas in the Study of African

Development

2. Samwel E. Chambua The Development Debates & the Crisis of Development Theories: The Case of Tanzania with Special Emphasis on Peasants,

State & Capital

16

37

3. C.S.L. Chachage

Discourse on Development among African Philosophers 51

Part II: Population

4. Uche C. Isiugo-Abanihe Demographic Transition in the Context of Africa's Development 61

5. Edward K. Mburugu The Persistence of High Fertility in Africa & Prospects for Fertility Decline 74

V

vi Contents

Part III: The Economy

6. Benedict S. Mongula Development Theory & Changing Trends in Sub-Saharan African Economies 1960-89 84

7. Ernest N. Maganya

Of Large-Scale and Small Farms: A Comparative Paradigmatic Inquiry into the Agricultural Policies of Zimbabwe, Malawi & Tanzania 96

8. Patrick O. Alila Smallholder Credit for Rural Development in Kenya: Origins &

Future Perspectives 107

9. Gerrishon K. Ikiara Entrepreneurship, Industrialization & the National Bourgeoisie in

Africa 118

10. Mahmood Mamdani A Critical Analysis of the IMF Programme in Uganda 128

Part IV: Social Differentiation Ethnicity, Gender & Class

11. Eghosa E. Osaghae Ethnicity in Africa or African Ethnicity: The Search for a Contextual Understanding 137

12. Masipula Sithole Is Multi-Party Democracy Possible in Multi-Ethnic African States? The Case of Zimbabwe 152

13. Marjorie Mbilinyi Restructuring Gender & Agriculture in Tanzania 166

14. Jimi O. Adesina Unions, Workers & the Development Process: Controversy, Dilemmas and New Openings 183

15. Maria Nzomo Women in Politics & Public Decision-Making 203

Part V: State & Society

16. Jeannette Hartmann The State in Tanzania: Yesterday, Today & Tomorrow 218

Contents vii

17. Peter P. Ekeh

The Public Realm & Public Finance in Africa 234

18. Ernest Wamba-dia-Wamba Africa in Search of a New Mode of Politics 249

Part VI: Social Institutions & Social Organization Public Administration, Education & Mass Communications

19. Afrifa K. Gitonga Development Theory & Public Administration in Africa:

Controversies, Dilemmas & Openings 262

20. Kabiru Kinyanjui African Education: Dilemmas, Challenges & Opportunities 280

21. Adigun Agbaje The Nigerian Newspaper Press, the Reproduction of Consciousness, & the Development Process: An Analysis of Perspectives

Part VII: Conclusion

295

22. Goran Hyden Changing Ideological & Theoretical Perspectives on Development 308

23. Samir Amin The Issue of Democracy in the Contemporary Third World 320

Index 336

Acknowledgements

This book could not have been produced without a grant from The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation which enabled one of the editors to travel to the African countries where we recruited co-authors to this book, to discuss with them the guiding principles for their contributions, and to pay them their honoraria.

We also wish to acknowledge the financial help of The Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC) in holding a Workshop with all the co- authors in Nairobi in July 1989, and for enabling James Currey Publishers to co-publish this volume together with a number of East African publishers. In addition the Ranfurly Library Trust has been able to distribute copies to university and other libraries throughout Africa.

Finally we are most grateful to all our co-authors for their willingness to revise their chapters on the basis of our discussions at the Nairobi Workshop mentioned above. It goes without saying that we also highly appreciate the help of the copy-editors at James Currey Publishers in getting our manuscript in publishable form.

The Editors

viii

List of Contributors

Jimi O. ADESINA - Lecturer in Sociology, and Research Fellow at the Centre for Econo- metric and Allied Research, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Author of Labour Movements and Policy-Making in Africa. (Dakar: CODESRIA 1992). Several articles on labour processes and industrial relations in books, and in Nigerian journals.

Adigun AGBAJE - Senior Lecturer of Political Science at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Visiting Commonwealth Fellow, Oxford University, 1991-2. Recent publications: The Nigerian Press. Hegemony and the Social Construction of Legitimacy. (Lewiston, N.Y.: The Edwin Mellen Press 1992); also articles on state and market, on civil society and the state, and on culture, corruption and development.

Patrick O. ALILA - Associate Professor at the Institute for Development, University of Nairobi, Kenya. Recent articles on informal and formal credit in rural Kenya; on the Kenyan experience of local level institutions and their participation in changing political and economic environments, and on grassroots participation in small- and large-scale irrigation agriculture.

Samir AMIN - Professor of Economics, and presently Director of Third World Forum, Dakar, Senegal. Recent book on Empire of Chaos. (New York: Monthly Review Press 1992). Recent articles on US militarism in the New World Order, on economic calculations concerning environmental problems, on thirty years of critique of the Soviet system, and on South Africa in the global system.

C.S.L. CHACHAGE - Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Recent publications in Tanzanian and International journals and books on African development and development theories, on past colonial experience and the present socio-economic crisis in Tanzania, on publishing and literacy in Africa, and on new forms of accumulation under structural adjustment in Tanzania.

Samwel E. CHAMBUA - Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Recent articles deal with topics such as

the problems beyond state-centered development, the choice of technique as related to the underdevelopment of Tanzania, and cases of tea and sugar production in Tanzania.

Peter P. EKEH - former Professor of Political Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; presently Professor at the Department of African American Studies, State University of New York, Buffalo. Author of Social Exchange Theories. The Two Traditions. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1974), and more recently several articles concerning the

ix

x List of Contributors

historical impact of colonialism on ethnicity and politics in Africa, on the fragmented cultures in South Africa, and on social-anthropological interpretations of `tribalism'.

Afrifa K. GITONGA - Lecturer at the Department of Government, University of Nairobi, Kenya. Recent book on The Science of Election Campaigning; How to Win Elections. (Cosmo- politan Publishers, Nairobi 1991), and articles dealing with democratic theory and practice in Africa.

Jeannette HARTMANN - former Senior Lecturer of Sociology at the University of Dar es Salaam; Visiting Research Fellow at Christian Michelsen Institute, Bergen, Norway 1990-2. Died in May 1992.

Ulf HIMMELSTRAND - Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Uppsala, Sweden; former President of the International Association of Sociology; former Vice- President of the International Social Science Council, Paris; Visiting Professor of Sociology at the University of Nairobi, Kenya, 1988-93. Recent publications deal with the so-called paradigmatic crises of sociology, with the Interfaces of economic and social analysis, (London: Routledge 1992), and with lexicographic preference structures in attitudes toward environ- mental problems of big cities in Kenya and Sweden. Co-editor of the present book African Perspectives on Development.

G6ran HYDEN - former Professor of Political Science in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, former Director of the Ford Foundation Branch in Nairobi, Kenya, presently Professor in the Department of Political Science, and Center for African Studies at the University of Florida, USA. Author of No Shortcuts to Progress. (London and Nairobi: Heinemann 1983). Recent works deal with Human Rights, governance and politics in Africa, and with population growth and agricultural change in Africa, published by American publishers.

Gerrishon K. IKIARA - Senior Lecturer in the Department of Economics, and at the Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies (IDIS), the University of Nairobi, Kenya. Co-editor of Industrialization in Kenya. In Search of a Strategy and The Industrialization Dilemma (Nairobi: Heinemann 1988 and 1991). Several papers published on self-employment in small enter- prises, on state intervention in industrialization, and on public sector retrenchment and redeployment.

Uche C. ISIUGO-ABANIHE - Senior Lecturer in Department of Sociology, and Consultant at the Centre for Econometrics and Allied Research, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Several recent papers on factors and consequences related to nuptiality patterns and marital fertility in sub-Saharan Africa, as seen in anthropological and sociological perspectives.

Kabiru KINYANJUI - former Director of Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi; Associate Research Professor of Sociology at that Institute, and currently on leave as Senior Programme Officer with International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Nairobi, Kenya. Recent articles deal with the politics of women's education, challenges to the churches of Africa, and problems of African refugees. Co-editor of the present book African Perspectives on Development.

Ernest N. MAGANYA - Formerly a Research Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; presently a Senior Development Fellow at the Institute of African Alternatives, Johannesburg, South Africa. His Doctoral Thesis (Leipzig 1967) dealt with agricultural policies in Tanzania; he has also published arti- cles on the efects of structural adjustment programmes on agricultural development in Tanzania.

Mahmood MAMDANI - Professor of Political Science at Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, and Director of the Centre for Basic Research, Kampala. Author of Politics and

List of Contributors A

Class Formation in Uganda. (London: Heinemann 1976). Several recent articles on Ugandan politics and economy under the impact of IMF policies, on pastoralism, and on US Africanist studies.

Marjorie MBILINYI - Professor of Education at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Author of Big Slavery, Dar es Salaam University Press 1992. Several articles on women in Tanzania, on education in a gender perspective, and on grass-roots adult education.

Edward K. MBURUGU - Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Nairobi, Kenya; has recently published on a social and geographical assessment of historical origins and changing functions of `central places' in a Kenyan community, on demographic and migra- tion aspects of children in especially difficult circumstances, and on Kikuyu bridewealth and polygyny today. Co-editor of the present book African Perspectives on Development.

Benedict S. MONGULA - Senior Lecturer at the Institute of Development Studies, Univer- sity of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Recent publications deal with questions regarding science and the technological policy of Tanzania (also published in Hungarian), and on technological change and the labour movement in Africa, published in German.

Maria NZOMO - Senior Lecturer of Political Science and International Studies, in the Depart- ment of Government, and the Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies, respec- tively, of the University of Nairobi. Many articles on Women and Politics, Democracy and Development, the political economy of multi-national corporations, on environmental issues, the Third World and international peace, and on so-called structural adjustment programmes. Since 1988 she has served as research coordinator in Eastern and Southern Africa for Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN). Currently she is executive member of the steering committee of AAWORD, the Association of African Women for Research and Development.

Eghosa E. OSAGHAE - Senior Lecturer in Political Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Author of The Federal Solution in Nigeria. (Lagos: Malthouse Press 1993); editor of Between the State and Civil Society in Africa: Perspectives on Development. (Dakar: CODESRIA 1993). Articles on ethnicity and inter-elite competition in Africa.

Masipula SITHOLE - Professor of Political Science, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. Several recent papers and books on state, ethnicity and society. Visiting Professor 1991-92 at Muskingum College, New Concord, Ohio, USA.

Ernest WAMBA-DIA-WAMBA - Associate Professor of History, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and President of the Executive Committee of CODESRIA, Dakar, Senegal. Recent publications are about the elite politics of democracy in Africa - and beyond; on culture, development and revolution in Africa; and on the colonial legacy and African historiography.