BOOK RE VIEWS 435

Mr. Lawes. The natives of Niue formerly believed that all of the dead went to the underworld, the home of the hero Maui. There was no conception of the “Bad” going to Maui and the “Good” going above to the second heaven, called the Island of Hina, or Aho-hololoa (eternal daylight). Hina (the Hawaiian moon goddess) according to old Niuean mythology lived in this pleasant place with her family, and I am quite certain would not have welcomed visitors. In another citation Miss Moss states that Niue commoners went to the under- world, whilechiefs went toPo, or its equivalent, acrossor under the sea. These two statements of Miss Moss contradict each other. Besides, the word “Po” was introduced by Samoans proselytizing for Christ- ianity. Chiefsandcommoners went to the same underworld in Old Niue. The Niuean chiefs did not have the divinity of Polynesian chiefs in general. Burials in Niue were either in caves, or else the body was set adrift in a canoe. Warriors and chiefs were given private and secret caves, the bones of commoners were piled together in common caves or chasms. In certain cases bodies were thrown into the sea. Earth burial never occurred. With the coming of the Samoan teachers of Christianity earth burial became universal. A heathen custom wasalso introduced a t this time, that of catching the soul of the dead in the form of an insect, and burying both the body and the insect together under a tree. This custom is mentioned by Miss Moss as occurring in both Niue and Samoa.

The work of Miss Moss would have been greatly improved if she had mapped out the distribution of certain of the more prominent features of burials and beliefs in her area. Maps of this nature aid not only the reader in absorbing material a t a glancebut also the writer in drawing conclusions on matters of distribution, correlation, and dif- fusion.

E. M. LOEB

AFRICA

Felsgravierungen der sudajrikanischen Buschmanner auj Grund der von Dr. Emil Holub mitgebrachten Originale und Kopien. J. V. h i f z K o . 28 pp., 28 pls., of which 20 are in heliotype. Quarto. Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus (1925). Much has been written concerning the art of the Bushman and its

possible relationship to the art of the Paleolithic period in western’ Europe. ielizko has profited by all this and expecially by intimate contact with the late Dr. Emil Holub, one of the earliest and best-

436 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. s., 28, 1926

known investigators of the subject in question. In fact his work is based largely on the collections brought back by Holub from his two expeditions to South Africa. These include originals chiseled from the rocks as well as copies.

The late Professor Felix von Luschan, who had given much thought to the problem of the Bushman petroglyphs, finally came to the conclusion that they were pre-Bushman. The author doesnot share this opinion. With Holub he believes that the petroglyphs belong to four different epochs recognizable also through differences in tech- nique. He believes that the youngest of these four epochs came to an end only recently, perhaps not more than 100 years ago. It is also pointed out that representations of the human form are of the Bush- man type.

Both author and publisher are to be congratulated on the fine quality of the plates, which transmit the essence of the originals to a remarkable degree, Two pages of bibliography make it possible for the student to become acquainted with the subject from the view- points of various authors and to draw his own conclusions as to the significance of the so-called Bushman art.

GEORGE GRANT MACCURDY

This work on Bushman art is based on Dr. Emil Holub’s originals and copies brought to Vienna before 1902, forming a sufficient and the largest body of data comprising the corpus inscriptionum of these interesting natives. Mr. ie lhko has classified the Bushman petroglyphs into 6 groups:

1. Antelopes and other game animals; 2, Fur clothing, beads, etc.; 3, Human figures; 4, Ostrich (70 per cent), snakes, spiders, insects; 5 , Various objects, as weapons, sticks, trees, sun, etc.; 6, Entire groups, hunting and battle.

In’cidentally, many of the animals depicted are not now found ranging in South Africa, indicating a more extended previous dis- tribution of certain animals.

Mr. ielfzko points out that like the Paleolithic man of Central Europe, the Bushman depicted contemporary animals, frequently in action and always adequately conveying the artist’s meaning, so that if the Bushman passed away we should still have a rather com- plete record of the life of these natives and of the fauna of the locality. Mr. gelizko has not beclouded the subject with surmises connecting the Bushman with prehistoric artists of Europe. On the contrary, he