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AffordancesbyMadsSoegaard.Howtociteinyourreport.

TheconceptofanaffordancewascoinedbytheperceptualpsychologistJames

J.Gibson in his seminal bookThe Ecological Approach to Visual Perception.

The conceptwas introduced to theHCI communitybyDonaldNorman inhis

bookThePsychologyofEverydayThings from1988.Therehashoweverbeen

ambiguity in Norman's use of the concept, and the concept thus requires a

moreelaborateexplanation.

Norman'suseofthetermAccording to Norman (1988) an affordance is the design aspect of an object

whichsuggesthowtheobjectshouldbeused;avisualclue to its functionand

use.Normanwrites:

"...the term affordance refers to the perceived and actualproperties of the thing, primarily those fundamental properties thatdeterminejusthowthethingcouldpossiblybeused.[...]Affordancesprovide strong clues to the operations of things. Plates are forpushing. Knobs are for turning. Slots are for inserting things into.Balls are for throwing or bouncing. When affordances are takenadvantageof, theuserknowswhattodojustby looking:nopicture,label,orinstructionneeded."(Norman1988,p.9)

Norman thus defines an affordance as something of both actual and

perceivedproperties.Theaffordanceofaball isbothitsroundshape,physical

material, bouncability, etc. (its actual properties) as well as the perceived

suggestion as tohow theball shouldbeused (its perceivedproperties).When

actual and perceived properties are combined, an affordance emerges as a

relationship thatholdsbetween theobjectand the individual that isactingon

the object (Norman 1999).AsNormanmakes clear in an endnote inNorman

(1988), this view is in conflict withGibson's idea of an affordance (explained

next).

Gibson'suseofthetermAs opposed to Norman's use of his term, Gibson intended an affordance to

mean"anactionpossibilityavailableintheenvironmentto

anindividual,independentoftheindividual'sabilityto

perceive this possibility" (McGrenere and Ho, 2000). Unlike

Norman's inclusion of an object's perceived properties, or rather, the

informationthatspecifieshowtheobjectcanbeused,aGibsonianaffordanceis

independentoftheactor'sabilitytoperceiveit.Adoorcanhavetheaffordance

of 'openability' (its affordance relative to the actor) but can be hidden,

camouflaged or likewise (the information specifying its affordance are not

availabletotheactor).Ontheotherhand,whenboththeaffordance(thedoor

can be opened by the actor) and the information in the environment that

specifies the affordance (the door is visible, has a handle etc.) are present, a

stateofdirectperceptionisreached."Forexample,onewillperceive

Abouttheauthor

MadsSoegaard

Previously,I'veworkedatTheDanishNationalTechnologicalInstituteworkingwithresearchinindustryUntilMarch2000IwasoneofthreepartnersinCsite.com,awebdevelopmentcompanyofabout11people.Itwentoutofbusinessin2009.I'veworkedintheeBusinessThinkTankofDaimlerinthecorporateheadquartersinBerlin(DaimlerChryslerFinancialServices).I'...

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Gibson'sAffordancesActionpossibilitiesinthe

environmentinrelationto

theactioncapabilitiesofan

actor

Independentoftheactor's

experience,knowledge,

cultre,orabilityto

perceieve

Existenceisbinaryan

affordanceexistsoritdoes

notexist.

Norman'sAffordancesPerceivedpropertiesthat

maynotactuallyexist

Suggestionsorcluesasto

howtousetheproperties

Canbedependentonthe

experience,knowledge,or

cultureoftheactor

Canmakeanaction

difficultoreasy

Figure 1: Comparison of affordances as defined by Gibson and

Norman(McGrenereandHo,2000).

that one can walk forward when one sees a solid, opaque

surface that extends under one's feet. The affordance is

walkabilityandtheinformationthatspecifieswalkability

is a perceived invariant combination of a solid, opaque

surfaceofacertainsizerelativetooneself"(McGrenereand

Ho, 2000: p.2). Direct perceptionmeans that the information in our sensory

receptors is enough to perceive anything. We do not need any higherlevel

cognitive processes to mediate between our sensory experience and our

perception(Sternberg1997).

AnaffordanceaccordingtoGibsonexistsrelativetotheactioncapabilities

of particular actors. Therefore, to a thief an open window can have an

affordance of "climbing through" (and subsequently stealing something), but

notsotoachildwhoisnottallenoughtoreachthewindowandthereforedoes

nothavetheactionpossibility.

Affordances, according toGibson, should furthermorenot be viewed as

dependantonculture,priorknowledgeorexpectationsoftheindividual,which

Norman suggests. By disregarding knowledge and expectations of the actor,

Gibsonfocusesonlyontheactioncapabilitiesoftheactorandnot,likeNorman,

on the perceptual and mental capabilities. However, the information that

specifies the affordance is indeed dependant on the actor's experience and

culture.

In otherwords, themisunderstanding regarding the definition of affordances

has arisen because of Norman's ambiguous use of the term and his lack in

separating affordances from the perceptual information that specifies the

affordances. Gaver (1991) has contributed with a framework for separating

affordancesfromtheperceptualinformationavailableaboutthem.Seefigure2:

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Figure 2: Seperating affordances from the perceptual information

thatspecifiesaffordances.AdaptedfromGaver(1991).

May30th,2008

Infigure2,a'falseaffordance'existswhenthereisnoactionpossibilitybutthe

informationthatspecifiesitis(forexample,achairthatlooksturdy,butwhich

ismadeof cardboard).A 'correct rejection' existswhen there isno affordance

andnoperceptualinformationtospecifyitwhereasa'hiddenaffordance'exists

when the affordance is there but the specifying perceptual information is not

(for example, a hidden door). To compare the above classification of

affordances to Norman's sense of the term, both 'false' affordance' and

'perceptible affordance' is comparable with Norman's 'perceived affordance'.

According to Norman, the decisive factor is the perceptual information, so

whenitisthere,regardlessofwhethertheactualaffordancealsois,wemaytalk

about aperceivedaffordance inNorman's senseof the term (indicatedby the

blue,dashedline).

Doesestablishingaclearmeaningthedistinctionmakeadifference?ThedistinctionbetweenGibson'sandNorman'ssenseofaffordancesallowsus

todistinguishbetweentheutility/usefulnessand theusabilityofanobject:We

bothdesignforusefulnessbycreatingaffordances(thepossibilitiesforactionin

thedesign)thatmatchthegoalsoftheuser(therelativityoftheaffordancevis

vis theuser)andwe improve theusabilitybydesigning the information that

specifies the affordances (perceptual information as shadows on buttons to

affordclickabilityetc.).

Wanttolearnmoreaboutaffordances?Ifyouwantto learnmoreaboutaffordancesagoodplacetostartwouldbeto

readGaver(1991).AfterthatyoumayreadtheoriginalworkbyGibson,which

ischapter8inGibson(1979).Ifyouwouldliketomorethoroughlyunderstand

affordances in the light of Gibsons Direct Perception theory you may read

chapters3,5,6,7,8,12,13,and14inGibson(1979)whichshouldbeenoughto

understandhistheory(youcan,ofcourse,alsoreadthewholebook).

UsercontributednotesGiveusyouropinion!Doyouhaveanycomments/additions

thatyouwouldlikeothervisitorstosee?

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Win$500byhelpingus

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Informative,Ithought.

TheEnglishversionofthistexthassomegrammaticalfuzzinesswhich,ifcorrected,couldmakethemeaningclearer.Onthewhole,Ifoundthecontributionhelpful.

Uxdesign.com(mc(at)uxdesign(dot)com)says:

Athoroughexpositionofthetermsorigin.Thankyou,Mads.However,statingthattherehasbeen"ambiguityinNorman'suseoftheconcept"isaneditorialopinionthatdoesnotservethereaderspurposes.Gilbert'sandNorman'stwoapproachesmerelyrepresentanageoldargument,inthiscaseaverysecondaryone,betweentheoriesofdirectrealismversusindirect,representationalrealism.Gibsonisclearlyinthedirectrealismcamp,thatis,thatthesensesprovideuswithdirectawarenessoftheexternalworld.WhileNormanisalignedwith(themoreconventional)representationalrealism,positingthatweperceivetheworldonlythroughourassumptionsandinterpretations.Regardlessoftheirphilosophicaldifferences,bothGibsonandNormanpointtotheessentialnotionthatthepropertiesandattributesofthingsafford(support)inussomedegreeofcomprehensionofopportunitiesforinteractionwiththem.Thebackgroundarguments,whileofcoursepartofthetermshistory,arefairlysuperfluoustoapprehendingausefuldefinitionofthisentry.

Viveka(interactiondesign(at)viveka(dot)id(dot)au)says:

It'sworthnotingthatNormanhasretractedhisredefinitionof"affordances",writing"Partoftheblamelieswithme:Ishouldhaveusedtheterm"perceivedaffordance".

Also:thisvariationhasnotcaughtonintheotherdisciplinesthatusetheterm(e.g.cognitivepsychologyandAI).UsingthetermthatGibsoncoinedinawaythat'scountertohisdefinitionleadstosomeconfusingconversationsbothwithinthedisciplineofHCIandespeciallywhentalkingacrossdisciplines.

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ReferencesStandard format what'sthis?

Gaver,WilliamW.(1991):TechnologyAffordances.In:Robertson,ScottP.,

Olson,GaryM.andOlson,JudithS.(eds.)ProceedingsoftheACMCHI91

HumanFactorsinComputingSystemsConferenceApril28June5,1991,

NewOrleans,Louisiana.pp.7984.

Gibson,JamesJ.(1979):TheEcologicalApproachtoVisualPerception.New

Jersey,USA,LawrenceErlbaumAssociates

McGrenere,JoannaandHo,Wayne(2000):Affordances:Clarifyingand

EvolvingaConcept.In:ProceedingsofGraphicsInterface2000May1517,

2000,Montreal,Quebec,Canada.pp.179186.

Norman,DonaldA.(1999b):Affordances,Conventions,andDesign.In

Interactions,6(3)pp.3841.

Norman,DonaldA.(1988):TheDesignofEverydayThings.NewYork,

Doubleday

Norman,DonaldA.(1999a):InvisibleComputer:WhyGoodProductsCan

Fail,thePersonalComputerIsSoComplexandInformationAppliances

AretheSolution.London,MITPress

Sternberg,RobertJ.(1996):CognitivePsychology.2nd.Ed..HarcourtBrace

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c. IfanyprovisionofthisLicenseisinvalidorunenforceableunderapplicablelaw,itshallnotaffectthevalidityorenforceabilityoftheremainderofthetermsofthisLicense,andwithoutfurtheractionbythepartiestothisagreement,suchprovisionshallbereformedtotheminimumextentnecessarytomakesuchprovisionvalidandenforceable.

d. NotermorprovisionofthisLicenseshallbedeemedwaivedandnobreachconsentedtounlesssuchwaiverorconsentshallbeinwritingandsignedbythepartytobechargedwithsuchwaiverorconsent.

e. ThisLicenseconstitutestheentireagreementbetweenthepartieswithrespecttotheWorklicensedhere.Therearenounderstandings,agreementsorrepresentationswithrespecttotheWorknotspecifiedhere.LicensorshallnotbeboundbyanyadditionalprovisionsthatmayappearinanycommunicationfromYou.ThisLicensemaynotbemodifiedwithoutthemutualwrittenagreementoftheLicensorandYou.

f. Therightsgrantedunder,andthesubjectmatterreferenced,inthisLicenseweredraftedutilizingtheterminologyoftheBerneConventionfortheProtectionofLiteraryandArtisticWorks(asamendedonSeptember28,1979),theRomeConventionof1961,theWIPOCopyrightTreatyof1996,theWIPOPerformancesandPhonogramsTreatyof1996andtheUniversalCopyrightConvention(asrevisedonJuly24,1971).TheserightsandsubjectmattertakeeffectintherelevantjurisdictioninwhichtheLicensetermsaresoughttobeenforcedaccordingtothecorrespondingprovisionsoftheimplementationofthosetreatyprovisionsintheapplicablenationallaw.IfthestandardsuiteofrightsgrantedunderapplicablecopyrightlawincludesadditionalrightsnotgrantedunderthisLicense,suchadditionalrightsaredeemedtobeincludedintheLicense;thisLicenseisnotintendedtorestrictthelicenseofanyrightsunderapplicablelaw.

ii.TheInteractionDesignFoundationAddendumtotheCreativeCommonslicence

TheInteractionDesignFoundationAddendumtotheCreativeCommmonslicenceisaplaceholderforadditionstotheCreativeCommonslicence,whicharedeemednecessarytoincludeinconsiderationofDanishlawandtheoperationofthissiteandTheInteractionDesignFoundation.

1.Attribution

Ifthisworkisusedunderthelicencingconditionssetforthhere,attributionmustbeclearlygiven,i.e.theauthor'sname,thetitleandURLofthiswork/publication/webpagemustclearlyappear.Theattributionmustbegiveninamannerappropriatetothemediuminwhichitisgiven:Forexample,electroniccopiesmustincludeaclickableURL,whichdoesnotusethenofollowattributevalue.

2.Updates

Internettechnology,publishingtechnology,andtheapplicablelaws,rules,andregulationschangefrequently.Accordingly,TheInteractionDesignFoundationreservestheunilateralrighttoupdate,modify,changeandalteritsSiteTermsandConditionsaswellasCopyrightTermsatanytime.Allsuchupdates,modifications,changesandalterationsarebindingonallusersandbrowsersofInteractionDesign.org,readersofelectronicandnoneletronicversionsofthepublicationsproducedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundation.SuchupdateswillbepostedonInteractionDesign.org.

iii.Exceptions

Exceptions

ManymaterialspublishedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundationbothinprintandelectronicallymaycontainmaterialswherethecopyrightisownedbyathirdparty,e.g.anotherpublisher.Inthiscase,thecopyrightstatusdependsonthethirdparty,i.e.thecopyrightowner,andmayforexamplebe"allrightsreservedusedwithpermission".Whenthisisthecase,weclearlylabelthecontent.Forimages,webothwritethespecificcopyrightlabel(includingattribution)underneaththecaptioninbothelectronicandprintcopiesaswellasincludethecopyrightlabel(includingattribution)insidetheimagefile(i.e.thefullresolutionversion)inmetadatatypeslikeEXIF,IPTC,andXMP.Weonlyincludeandlabelcontentwiththefollowingcopyrightterms:

a. Pd:PublicDomain(informationthatiscommonpropertyandcontainsnooriginalauthorship)LegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain

b. FairUse:CopyrightedmaterialsthatmeetthelegalcriteriaforFairUsewhenusedbytheInteractionDesignFoundationThemostcommoncasesofFairUseare:1)Coverart:Coverartfromvariousitems,foridentificationonlyinthecontextofcriticalcommentaryofthatitem(notforidentificationwithoutcriticalcommentary).2)Teamandcorporatelogos:Foridentification.3)Otherpromotionalmaterial:Posters,programs,billboards,ads:Forcriticalcommentary.4)Filmandtelevisionscreenshots:Forcriticalcommentaryanddiscussionofthecinemaandtelevision.5)Screenshotsfromsoftwareproducts:Forcriticalcommentary.6)Paintingsandotherworksofvisualart:Forcriticalcommentary,includingimagesillustrativeofaparticulartechniqueorschool.7)Imageswithiconicstatusorhistoricalimportance:Assubjectsofcommentary.8)Imagesthatarethemselvessubjectofcommentary.LegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use

c. AllRightsReservedUsedWithoutPermission:AllRightsReserved.Nonfree,copyrightedmaterialsusedwithoutpermission.ThematerialsareusedwithoutpermissionofthecopyrightholderbecausethematerialsmeetthelegalcriteriaforFairUseand/orbecauseTheInteractionDesignFoundationhasnotbeenabletocontactthecopyrightholder.ThemostcommoncasesofFairUseare:1)Coverart:Coverartfromvariousitems,foridentificationonlyinthecontextofcriticalcommentaryofthatitem(notforidentificationwithoutcriticalcommentary).2)Teamandcorporatelogos:Foridentification.3)Otherpromotionalmaterial:Posters,programs,billboards,ads:Forcriticalcommentary.4)Filmandtelevisionscreenshots:Forcriticalcommentaryanddiscussionofthecinemaandtelevision.5)Screenshotsfromsoftwareproducts:Forcriticalcommentary.6)Paintingsandotherworksofvisualart:Forcriticalcommentary,includingimagesillustrativeofaparticulartechniqueorschool.7)Imageswithiconicstatusorhistoricalimportance:Assubjectsofcommentary.8)Imagesthatarethemselvessubjectofcommentary.

d. AllRightsReserved:AllRightsReserved.Materialsusedwithpermission.PermissiontousehasbeengrantedexclusivelytoTheInteractionDesignFoundationand/ortheauthorofthegivenwork/chapter,inwhichthecopyrightedmaterialisused.Thispermissionconstitutesanontransferablelicenseand,assuch,onlyappliestoTheInteractionDesignFoundation.Therefore,nopartofthismaterialmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,recordingorotherwisewithoutpriorwrittenpermissionofthecopyrightholder.

e. CCAtt1:CreativeCommonsAttribution1.0UnportedLegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/

f. CCAtt3:CreativeCommonsAttribution3.0UnportedLegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

g. CCAtt2:CreativeCommonsAttribution2.0UnportedLegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

h. CCAtt:CreativeCommonsAttribution3.0UnportedLegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

i. CCAttND3:CreativeCommonsAttributionNoDerivs3.0UnportedLegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bynd/3.0/

j. CCAttND2:CreativeCommonsAttributionNoDerivs2.0UnportedLegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bynd/2.0/

k. CCAttND1:CreativeCommonsAttributionNoDerivs1.0UnportedLegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bynd/1.0/

l. CCAttND:CreativeCommonsAttributionNoDerivs3.0UnportedLegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bynd/3.0/

m. CCAttSA1:CreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlike1.0UnportedLegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bysa/1.0/

n. CCAttSA3:CreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlike3.0LegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bysa/3.0/

o. CCAttSA2:CreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlike2.0UnportedLegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bysa/2.0/

p. CCAttSA:CreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlike3.0UnportedLegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bysa/3.0/

q. Unknown:Copyrightstatusunknown

r. Trademarksandlogos:Alltrademarks,logos,servicemarks,collectivemarks,designrights,personalityrightsorsimilarrightsthatarementioned,usedorcitedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundationanditsauthorsarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.TheuseofanytrademarkinourmaterialsdoesnotvestintheauthororTheInteractionDesignFoundationanytrademarkownershiprightsinsuchtrademarks,nordoestheuseofsuchtrademarksimplyanyaffiliationwithorendorsementofTheInteractionDesignFoundationanditsauthorsbysuchowners.AssuchTheInteractionDesignFoundationcannotgrantanyrightstouseanyotherwiseprotectedmaterials.Youruseofanysuchorsimilarincorporealpropertyisatyourownrisk.Wordswhichwehavereasontobelieveconstitutetrademarksmayormaynothavebeenlabelledassuch.However,neitherthepresencenorabsenceofsuchlabelsshouldberegardedasaffectingthelegalstatusofanytrademarks.

WhilemostmaterialproducedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundationisfreetouseunderitsrespectivelicenseasoutlinedabove,somematerialsmaybesubjecttoadditionallegalrestrictionswhentheyareusedinparticularcircumstancesorinparticularways.Theselimitationsmayarisefromlawsrelatedtotrademarks,patents,personalityrights,politicalcensorship,oranyofmanyotherlegalcauseswhichareentirelyindependentfromthecopyrightstatusofthework.Forexample,ifyouuseapublicdomainimage(i.e.uncopyrighted)ofanappletosellcomputers,youwillviolatethetrademarkrightsofAppleComputer,Inc.

Inaddition,contentlinkedfromapage/chapter/book(intheonlineversions)isnotcoveredbyoneofourlicensesunlessspecificallynoted.Forexample,pagesmaylinktovideosorslidedecksthatarenotcovered.ThedesignofInteractionDesign.org(graphics,html,clientsidescripts,etc.)iscopyrightofMadsSoegaard.

iv.TheSiteTermsandConditionsTheseSiteTermsandConditions("Terms")isalegallybindingagreementmadebyandbetweenTheInteractionDesignFoundationandyou,personallyand,ifapplicable,onbehalfoftheentityforwhomyouareusingthiswebsiteoranyofitsservices(collectively,"you").TheseTermsgovernyouruseofTheInteractionDesignFoundation'swebsite,www.interactiondesign.org,andTheInteractionDesignFoundation'sservicessopleasereadthefollowingcarefully.

Byaccessingorusinganypartofthewebsite,youagreethatyouhaveread,understand,andagreetobeboundbythisTerms.ifyoudonotagreetobesobound,donotaccessorusethewebsite.

Internettechnologyandtheapplicablelaws,rules,andregulationschangefrequently.Accordingly,TheInteractionDesignFoundationreservestherighttomakechangestotheseTermsatanytime.YourcontinueduseofthewebsiteconstitutesassenttoanynewormodifiedprovisionofthisTermsthatmaybepostedonthewebsite.

TheseTermsaddressesyourlegalrightsandobligationsandincludesimportantdisclaimersandchoiceoflawandforumprovisions.

1.ChoiceofLawandForumProvisions(GoverningLaw)

InteractionDesign.orgisrunbyTheInteractionDesignFoundation,aprivatelyheldcorporationresidinginAarhus,Denmark.YouagreethattheseTermsandyouruseofInteractionDesign.organdthematerialsproducedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundationaregovernedbythelawsofDenmark.Youherebyconsenttotheexclusivejurisdictionandvenueofthecourts,tribunals,agenciesandotherdisputeresolutionorganizationsinDenmarkinalldisputes

a. arisingoutof,relatingto,orconcerningInteractionDesign.org,TheInteractionDesignFoundation,and/ortheseTerms

b. inwhichInteractionDesign.org,TheInteractionDesignFoundation,and/ortheseTermsisanissueoramaterialfact

c. orinwhichInteractionDesign.org,TheInteractionDesignFoundation,and/ortheseTermsisreferencedinapaperfiledinacourt,tribunal,agencyorotherdisputeresolutionorganization.

TheInteractionDesignFoundationhasendeavouredtocomplywithalllegalrequirementsknowntoitincreatingandmaintainingInteractionDesign.organdTheInteractionDesignFoundation,butmakesnorepresentationthatmaterialsonInteractionDesign.orgorproducedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundationareappropriateoravailableforuseinanyparticularjurisdiction.Youareresponsibleforcompliancewithapplicablelaws.AnyuseincontraventionofthisprovisionoranyprovisionoftheseTermsisatyourownriskand,ifanypartoftheseTermsisinvalidorunenforceableunderapplicablelaw,theinvalidorunenforceableprovisionwillbedeemedsupersededbyavalid,enforceableprovisionthatmostcloselymatchestheintentoftheoriginalprovisionandtheremainderoftheseTermsshallgovernsuchuse.

2.Liability

YouruseofandbrowsingInteractionDesign.orgisatyourownrisk.TheInteractionDesignFoundationdoesnotwarrantthatthesoftwareusedforInteractionDesign.org,andtheinformation,material,andcontentonit,oranyotherservicesandmaterialsprovidedbymeansofInteractionDesign.orgorbyTheInteractionDesignFoundationareerrorfree,orthattheirusewillbeuninterrupted.TheInteractionDesignFoundationexpresslydisclaimsallwarrantiesrelatedtotheabovementionedsubjectmatter,including,withoutlimitation,thoseofaccuracy,condition,merchantabilityandfitnessforparticularpurpose.NotwithstandinganythingtothecontraryonInteractionDesign.org,innoeventshallTheInteractionDesignFoundationbeliableforanylossofprofits,revenues,indirect,special,incidental,consequential,orothersimilardamagesarisingoutoforinconnectionwithInteractionDesign.orgoroutoftheuseofanyoftheservicesproposedbymeansofInteractionDesign.org.

3.Updates

Internettechnology,publishingtechnology,andtheapplicablelaws,rules,andregulationschangefrequently.Accordingly,TheInteractionDesignFoundationreservestheunilateralrighttoupdate,modify,changeandalteritsSiteTermsandConditionsaswellasCopyrightTermsatanytime.Allsuchupdates,modifications,changesandalterationsarebindingonallusersandbrowsersofInteractionDesign.org,readersofelectronicandnoneletronicversionsofthepublicationsproducedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundation.

SuchupdateswillbepostedonInteractionDesign.org.

4.LegalDisclaimer

TheInteractionDesignFoundationanditsauthorsmakenorepresentationsastoaccuracy,completeness,currentness,suitability,orvalidityofanyinformation,material,orcontentonInteractionDesign.org.

THEMATERIALANDCONTENTPOSTEDONINTERACTIONDESIGN.ORGANDANYCONTENTPROUDCEDBYORPUBLISHEDTHROUGHTHEINTERACTIONDESIGNFOUNDATIONAREPROVIDED"ASIS"WITHOUTANYEXPRESSWARRANTYORIMPLIEDWARRANTYOFANYKINDINCLUDINGWARRANTIESOFMERCHANTABILITY,NONINFRINGEMENTOFINTELLECTUALPROPERTY,ORFITNESSFORANYPARTICULARPURPOSE.INNOEVENTSHALLTHEINTERACTIONDESIGNFOUNDATIONBELIABLEFORANYDAMAGESWHATSOEVER(INCLUDING,WITHOUTLIMITATION,DAMAGESFORLOSSOFPROFITS,BUSINESSINTERRUPTION,LOSSOFINFORMATION)ARISINGOUTOFTHEUSEOFORINABILITYTOUSETHEMATERIALS,EVENIFTHEINTERACTIONDESIGNFOUNDATIONHASBEENADVISEDOFTHEPOSSIBILITYOFSUCHDAMAGES.

Becausesomejurisdictionsprohibittheexclusionorlimitationofliabilityforconsequentialandorincidentaldamages,theabovelimitationmaynotapplytoyou.Furthermore,TheInteractionDesignFoundationdoesnotwarranttheaccuracyorcompletenessofinformationoflinksorotheritemscontainedwithinthesematerialsthathavebeenprovidedbythirdparties.

5.Provisionregardingchangeinattributionofcopyrightedmaterials

Pleasecontactusatmads@interactiondesign.orgifyou,oryourorganization,wishtocorrectorchangeattributionorpresentationofanyimage/materialusedonInteractionDesign.org,whichyou,oryourorganization,aretherightfulcopyrightholderof.Wewillrequestthatyousubmitproofofyourownershipofthecopyrightonthismaterialbutwillactimmediatelyonanyreasonablerequest.

6.Noticeandprodecureforclaimsofcopyrightinfringement

EveryefforthasbeenmadebytheindividualcontributingauthorsaswellasTheInteractionDesignFoundationtodiscoverandcontactcopyrightholdersofartwork/illustrations/contentusedonInteractionDesign.org.Totheextentthatacopyrightholdercouldnotbefoundoraninadvertentpermissionsorcopyrighterrorwasmade,TheInteractionDesignFoundationstandsreadytoremovecontentuponnoticeandrequestbyacopyrightholder.InthecasethatyoubelievethatanycontentorothermaterialprovidedthroughInteractionDesign.orginfringesyourcopyright,youshouldnotifyTheInteractionDesignFoundationofyourinfringementclaiminaccordancewiththeproceduresetforthbelow.

WewillprocesseachnoticeofallegedinfringementwhichTheInteractionDesignFoundationreceivesandtakeappropriateactioninaccordancewithapplicableintellectualpropertylaws.Anotificationofclaimedcopyrightinfringementshouldbeemailedtomads@interactiondesign.org(subject:"TakedownRequest").Youmayalsocontactusbymailat:

TheInteractionDesignFoundationChr.MolbechsVej4DK8000AarhusC.Denmark

Tobeeffective,thenotificationmustbeinwritingandcontainthefollowinginformation:

a. anelectronicorphysicalsignatureofthecopyrightownerorthepersonauthorizedtoactonbehalfoftheownerofthecopyrightinterest

b. adescriptionofthecopyrightedworkthatyouclaimhasbeeninfringedc. adescriptionofwherethematerialthatyouclaimisinfringingislocatedonInteractionDesign.org

thatisreasonablysufficienttoenableustoidentifyandlocatethematerial;d. howTheInteractionDesignFoundationcancontactyou,suchasyouraddress,telephonenumber,

andemailaddresse. awrittenstatementbyyouthatyouhaveagoodfaithbeliefthatthedisputeduseisnotauthorized

bythecopyrightowner,itsagent,orthelawf. ifyourepresentapublisher,awrittenstatementbyyouthatyouhaveagoodfaithbeliefthatthe

materialhasnotbeenplacedinthepublicdomain,orlicencedunderanotherlicence,beforeyouacquiredthecopyrightasthiswouldpossiblyinvalidateyourcopyright

g. andastatementbyyou,madeunderpenaltyofperjury,thattheaboveinformationinyournoticeisaccurateandthatyouarethecopyrightownerorauthorizedtoactonthecopyrightowner'sbehalf.

7.Trademarksandotherrights

Alltrademarks,logos,servicemarks,collectivemarks,designrights,personalityrightsorsimilarrightsthatarementioned,usedorcitedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundationanditsauthorsarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.TheuseofanytrademarkinourmaterialsdoesnotvestintheauthororTheInteractionDesignFoundationanytrademarkownershiprightsinsuchtrademarks,nordoestheuseofsuchtrademarksimplyanyaffiliationwithorendorsementofTheInteractionDesignFoundationanditsauthorsbysuchowners.AssuchTheInteractionDesignFoundationcannotgrantanyrightstouseanyotherwiseprotectedmaterials.Youruseofanysuchorsimilarincorporealpropertyisatyourownrisk.Wordswhichwehavereasontobelieveconstitutetrademarksmayormaynothavebeenlabelledassuch.However,neitherthepresencenorabsenceofsuchlabelsshouldberegardedasaffectingthelegalstatusofanytrademarks.

8.Screenshots

Screenshotsofcopyrightedcomputersoftware,forwhichthecopyrightisheldbytheauthor(s)orthecompanythatcreatedthesoftware,isbelievedtofallunderthefairusedoctrineintheUS(andsimilarlawsinothercountries).Itisbelievedthatreproductionforpurposessuchascriticism,comment,newsreporting,teaching,orresearchisnotcopyrightinfringement.Ifyoureusescreenshots,aswellasanyotherinformationprovidedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundation,youdosoatyourownriskandunderthecopyrightlawsofyourcountry.

9.CopyrightofAbstracts

AbstractsintheWikiBibliography(/references/)aresubmittedbytheirauthorswhousethewikitomaketheirresearchasaccessibleaspossible.WhenapageonInteractionDesign.orgcites/references/listsaworkfromthebibliography,itsabstractisincluded.However,abstractshavevaryingcopyrightsdependingwhichpublishertheworkispublishedthrough.Youshouldassumethatanabstractiscopyright,allrightsreserved,ofitspublisherand/orauthorandthereforealwaysuse/citeabstractsaccordingtoFairUse.Youmayvisitthepublisher'swebsitetolearnaboutthespecificcopyrightterms(e.g.ACM,IEEE,orSpringer)orcontacttheauthordirectly.Bottomline:Cite/useabstractsaccordingtotheprinciplesoffairuseasitmayotherwisebeconstruedasacopyrightinfringementandsubjecttolegalaction.

10.UserSubmissions/UserContent

YouunderstandandacknowledgethatadditionstotheWikiBibliography(includingarticleabstracts),additionstheConferenceCalendar(includingconferencedescriptions),usercontributednotesoneachpage(includingtext,photographs,graphics),orothermaterialspostedbyusersonInteractionDesign.org("Content")arethesoleresponsibilityofthepersonfromwhomsuchContentoriginated.Thismeansthatyou,andnotTheInteractionDesignFoundation,areentirelyresponsibleforallContentthatyouupload,postorotherwisemakeavailabletootherusersofInteractionDesign.org.

WhensubmittingcontenttoInteractionDesign.org,youagreetonot:

a. impersonateanypersonorentityorfalselystateorotherwisemisrepresentyouraffiliationwithapersonorentity;

b. upload,postorotherwisemakeavailableanyContentthatyoudonothavearighttomakeavailableunderanylaworundercontractualorfiduciaryrelationships(suchasinsideinformation,proprietaryandconfidentialinformationlearnedordisclosedaspartofemploymentrelationshipsorundernondisclosureagreements);

c. upload,postorotherwisemakeavailableanyContentthatinfringesanypatent,trademark,tradesecret,copyrightorotherproprietaryrights("Rights")ofanyparty;

d. upload,postorotherwisemakeavailableanyContentthatisunlawful,harmful,threatening,

abusive,harassing,tortious,defamatory,vulgar,obscene,libelous,invasiveofanother'sprivacy,hateful,orracially,ethnicallyorotherwiseobjectionable;

YouacknowledgethatTheInteractionDesignFoundationshallhavetherighttoremoveanyContentthatviolatestheseSiteTermsandConditionsorisotherwiseobjectionable.

11.ThirdPartyWebsites

Ifweprovidelinksorpointerstootherwebsites,noinferenceorassumptionshouldbemadethatTheInteractionDesignFoundationoperates,controls,orisotherwiseconnectedwiththesewebsites.WhenyouclickonalinkwithinInteractionDesign.org,wewillnotwarnyouthatyouhaveleftaSiteandaresubjecttothetermsandconditions(includingprivacypolicies)ofthedestinationwebsite.InsomecasesitmaybelessobviousthanothersthatyouhaveleftaSiteandreachedanotherwebsite.Pleasebecarefultoreadthetermsofuseandprivacypolicyofanywebsitebeforeyouprovideanyconfidentialinformationorengageinanytransactions.YoushouldnotrelyontheseTermsforanotherwebsite.TheInteractionDesignFoundationisnotresponsibleforthecontentorpracticesofanyotherwebsite.ByusingInteractionDesign.org,youacknowledgeandagreethatTheInteractionDesignFoundationisnotresponsibleorliabletoyouforanycontentorothermaterialshostedandservedfromanythirdpartywebsite.

12.Emailcommunication:Confidentialandproprietaryinformationnotice

EmailmessagessentfrommembersofTheInteractionDesignFoundation,includingemailsgeneratedfromtheuseoftheinteractiondesign.orgwebsite,areproprietarytoTheInteractionDesignFoundation,andareintendedsolelyfortheuseoftheindividualtowhomtheyareaddressed.Suchmessagesmaycontainprivilegedorconfidentialinformationandshouldnotbecirculatedorusedforanypurposeotherthanforwhattheyareintended.IfyoureceiveamessagefromamemberofTheInteractionDesignFoundationinerror,pleasenotifythesenderimmediately.Ifyouarenottheintendedrecipient,youareherebynotifiedthatyouarestrictlyprohibitedfromusing,copying,altering,ordisclosingthecontentsofthemessage.TheInteractionDesignFoundationacceptsnoresponsibilityforlossordamagearisingfromtheuseoftheinformationtransmittedbyemailmessageincludingdamagefromvirus.

13.Usageconditions

PleasemakesurethatyouunderstandthattheinformationprovidedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundationisbeingprovidedfreely,andthatnokindofagreementorcontractiscreatedbetweenyouandtheowners,partners,users,orauthorsofthissite,theownersoftheserversuponwhichitishoused,theindividualcontributorsoftheTheInteractionDesignFoundation,anyprojectadministrators,sysopsoranyoneelsewhoisinanywayconnectedwiththisproject.IfyouchoosetouseorcopyanythingfromfromthissiteitdoesnotcreateorimplyanycontractualorextracontractualliabilityonthepartofTheInteractionDesignFoundationoranyofitsmembers,partners,sponsors,contributorsorotherusers.Youruseofanysuchorsimilarincorporealpropertyisatyourownrisk.

14.Termination

TheInteractionDesignFoundationwillhavetherighttoterminateyouraccesstotheWebSiteifitreasonablybelievesyouhavebreachedanyofthetermsandconditionsoftheseTerms.Followingtermination,youwillnotbepermittedtousetheWebSite.IfyouraccesstotheWebSiteisterminated,TheInteractionDesignFoundationreservestherighttoexercisewhatevermeansitdeemsnecessarytopreventunauthorizedaccesstotheWebSite,including,butnotlimitedto,technologicalbarriers,IPmapping,anddirectcontactwithyourInternetServiceProvider.TheseTermswillsurviveindefinitelyunlessanduntilTheInteractionDesignFoundationchoosestoterminatethem,regardlessofwhetheranyaccountyouopenisterminatedbyyouorTheInteractionDesignFoundationorifyouhavetherighttoaccessorusetheWebSite.

15.ForceMajeure,websitedowntime,andserviceoutages

TheInteractionDesignFoundationwillnotbeliableforfailingtoperformundertheseTermsbecauseofanyeventbeyonditsreasonablecontrol,including,withoutlimitation,alabordisturbance,anInternetoutageorinterruptionofservice,acommunicationsoutage,failurebyaserviceprovidertoTheInteractionDesignFoundationtoperform,fire,terrorism,naturaldisaster,orwar.

16.LimitationofActions

Youacknowledgeandagreethat,regardlessofanystatuteorlawtothecontrary,anyclaimorcauseofactionyoumayhavearisingoutof,relatingto,orconnectedwithyouruseoftheWebSite,mustbefiledwithinonecalendaryearaftersuchclaimorcauseofactionarises,orforeverbebarred.

17.Payments

OnlinepaymentisacceptedbyPaypal.TheInteractionDesignFoundationdoesnotprocesscreditcardpaymentsdirectlyoreversee,retain,oruseyourcreditcardinformation.

18.TaxesandVAT

InthenameofSimplicityforourmembers/clientsandtheonlineUserExperience,ourpricesalwaysincludeVATwhenapplicable.TheInteractionDesignFoundationisbasedinDenmarksowepay25%VATofpaymentsdependingonwhichoriginatingcountrythememberorcustomerisfrom.

19.OwnershipofInteractionDesign.org,TheInteractionDesignFoundation,anditsservices

InteractionDesign.orgisownedandoperatedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundation,aprivatelyheldcorporationincorporatedunderthelawsofDenmark,withofficeinAarhus,Denmark.

Address:TheInteractionDesignFoundationChr.MolbechsVej4DK8000AarhusC.Denmark

20.ChangestotheWebSite

TheInteractionDesignFoundationmay,initssolediscretion,change,modify,suspend,makeimprovementsto,ordiscontinueanyaspectoftheWebSite,temporarilyorpermanently,atanytimewithoutnoticetoyou,andTheInteractionDesignFoundationwillnotbeliablefordoingso.

21.AdditionalTerms

TheseTermscontaintheentireunderstandingofyouandTheInteractionDesignFoundationregardingtheuseoftheWebSiteandtheservicesofTheInteractionDesignFoundation,andsupersedesallpriorandcontemporaneousagreementsandunderstandingsbetweenyouandTheInteractionDesignFoundationrelatingthereto.TheseTermswillbebindinguponeachpartyheretoanditssuccessorsandpermittedassigns.TheseTermsandallofyourrightsandobligationsunderthemmaynotbeassignableortransferablebyyouwithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofTheInteractionDesignFoundation.Nofailureordelaybyapartyinexercisinganyright,power,orprivilegeundertheseTermswilloperateasawaiverthereof,norwillanysingleorpartialexerciseofanyright,powerorprivilegeprecludeanyotherorfurtherexercisethereofortheexerciseofanyotherright,power,orprivilegeundertheseTerms.YouandTheInteractionDesignFoundationareindependentcontractors,andnoagency,partnership,jointventure,employeeemployerrelationshipisintendedorcreatedbytheseTerms.TheinvalidityorunenforceabilityofanyprovisionoftheseTermswillnotaffectthevalidityorenforceabilityofanyotherprovisionoftheseTerms,allofwhichwillremaininfullforceandeffect.

22.LegalDisputes

AnydisputearisingfromtheuseofInteractionDesign.orgortheinterpretationofthetermsisgovernedbythelawsofDenmark,andshallbesettledbythecourtsofDenmark.Allcommunicationsregardinglegalmattersmustbemadeinwritingto

TheInteractionDesignFoundationChr.MolbechsVej4DK8000AarhusC.Denmark

iv.SitePrivacyPolicy

1.Summary

TheInteractionDesignFoundationcollectsnomoredataaboutyouthanmostotherwebsites.

Anymembershipinformationyouprovidetouswillbeusedbyusinordertomaintainaregisterofmembersandsupplyyouwithanygoodsandservicesyouhaverequestedfromourwebsite.

Edits,comments,commentariesandothercontributionsarepublished,andexceptinverylimitedcircumstances,willbeapermanentpartofthissite.Ifyoudecidecontribute,youmustkeepthisinmind.YourcontributionswillbesubjecttotheSiteTermsandConditionsandourSiteIP/Copyrightpolicy.

Under"TheActonProcessingofPersonalData",incorporatedunderDanishlaw,youmayrequestacopyoftheinformationweholdonyou(forwhichwemaychargeafeetooffsetouradministrationcosts)bywritingtous.

Thisprivacypolicywillbereviewed,andmayberevised,fromtimetotime.Youmaywishtorevisititregularly.

2.Nosellingofinformation

Wedonotshareorsellemailaddresses,obtainedviacommunicationwithvisitors,withanyone.Neitherwillanyidentifyingdatabedisclosedorsoldtoanythirdpartyforanypurpose.Datawecollectthroughloggingvisitstooursite(orginatingIP,referraldata,browserandplatformtype,trafficflows,geographicalareaofrequest,etc.)isonlyusedinanaggregatedform,whichmeanswewillnotmakeanyefforttoidentifyusersofInteractionDesign.org.Thedataisonlyusedforserveradministration,faultfinding,siteimprovement,etc.asisdoneonmostwebsites.

Aggregate(andthuscompletelynonidentifying)statisticsgeneratedfromtheselogsmaybereportedaspartofresearchresultsormaybepublishedonthissiteasacuriosity.

3.Cookies

Oursitesmayusecookies.Thisisoftenasaconvenienceforyoutoenablecertainsitefeatures.

Youmaywishtoclearthesecookiesandthebrowsercacheifyouwishtorefrainfromrevealinganyidentifyinginformation,especiallyifyouareusingapublicorsharedcomputer.Youmayalsowishtodisableyourbrowserfromacceptingcookies.

4.Privatelogging

Anytimeyouvisitapageontheinternet,yousendquiteabitofinformationtotheserver.Thewebserversthathostthissitemaintainaccesslogswiththeinformationthatyousend.Thisinformationisusedtoprovidesitestatisticsandtogetanideaofpopularpagesandwhatsiteslinkhere.Wedonotintendtousetheselogstoidentifylegitimateusers.

Thedataloggedmaybeusedbyustosolvetechnicalproblemswiththesiteand,incasesofabuseofthissite,toinvestigatetheabuse.

WealsousewebanalyticsservicestogetageneralideaofthekindsoftrafficourwebsitesgetinordertoprovidebetterservicesandtosetbenchmarksforhowwearedoinginmeetingtheOKFNsgoals.

Again,ifyouareconcernedaboutattemptstomatchyourIPaddresstoyouridentity,youmaywishtouseananonymousbrowsingserviceorattemptsomemeanstoobfuscateyourrealIPaddress.

5.Datareleasepolicy

Ourpolicyisonlytoreleasethedatawecollectinthefollowingcircumstances:

Asrequiredbylaw,suchasinresponsetoavalidrequestfromlawenforcement.

Todesignatedthirdpartiestoresolveorinvestigateabusecomplaints.

Whentheinformationisrelatedtospidersorbots,usuallywheninvestigatingtechnicalissues.

Forabusiveusers,wemayreleaseinformationtoassistinattemptingtoblocktheabusiveuserorto

complaintothatusersInternetServiceProvider.

Ifnecessarytodefendlegalclaimsagainstusbythirdparties.

Whenwedeemitnecessarytoprotectthepropertyorrightsoftheusercommunity,orthiswebsite.

6.Publicdataandpublishing

Browsingthissitedoesn'trevealyouridentitypublicly,thoughseePrivateLogginglaterinthisdocumentformoreinformation.

7.Authoridentification

Whenmakingcontributionstothissite(e.g.postingacomment,commentaries,editingapageinthewiki,etc),anameandemailaddressmayberequired.Youdonothavetoselectyourrealnameoruseyourregularemailaddress.Ifyouareconcerned,youmaywishtogetafreeemailaccountorattempttousearemailservice.

YouractivityonourwebsitemaybeidentifiedbyyourIPaddress.Thesenumberscouldpotentiallybetraceabletoidentifyinginformationaboutyou,whetheritisyourhomeISPortheUniversityorWorkaccountwheretheIPaddressisregistered.YourIPaddresscouldpotentiallybeusedinconjunctionwithotherdatatoidentifyyou.

IfyouareconcernedaboutattemptstomatchyourIPaddresstoyouridentity,youmaywishtouseananonymousbrowsingserviceorattemptsomemeanstoobfuscateyourrealIPaddress.

Ifso,youmightliketotryTor,ananonymousbrowsingservice.

8.Informationsecurity

Wemakenoguaranteethattheinformationthatyouprovideuswillbesecure.

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