aerospace nanotechnology

A Technical Seminar on “Aerospace Nanotechnology” in partial fulfillment for the award of degree Masters in Technology - Aerospace Engineering

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Dedicated to “Missile Man of India ’’- Dr. A.P.J ABDUL KALAM

Look at the sky. We are notalone. The whole universe isfriendly to us and conspiresonly to give the best to thosewho dream and work.

Overview

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Introduction

Literature

Future scope

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IntroductionLiterature Involved in Nanotechnology for A.E?

Nano materials for aerospace applications.

Specifically focuses on carbon nanotube-reinforced

polymers and materials produced by severe plastic

deformation (SPD).

Future Scope ?WeightFunctionality / PerformanceDurability


Nanotechnology for Aerospace

Materials that are:LighterStrongerMore Durable(fatigue and corrosion)Resistant to Extreme Conditions

Also interested in materials that have unique properties. Advanced Composites Materials Space Elevator Aerospace Paint Deicing Materials Jet engine applications.

Nanotechnology• A nano meter is one-billionth or 10-9 of a meter

• Nanotechnology is the Design, Fabrication and Utilization of Materials, Structures and Devices which are less than 100nm. For comparison, 10 nanometers is 1000 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair.

• Why nanotechnology?Ultra small(miniaturized) sensors, communication and navigation systems with very low mass, volume and power consumptions are needed.



Nanotechnology already making today’s products

o Lightero Stronger o Fastero Smallero More Durable

WHAT IS NANOSCALE?

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0.22 m

Fullerenes

C60

22

cm0.7 nm

10 millions times smaller

1 billion times smaller

12,756 km

1.27 × 107 m 0.7 × 10-9 m

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1 2 3


How small is Nano - ?

Units in nanometers (µm)

Nanotechnology spans many Areas


Compared to Human Hair

A Human Hair is about 100,000µm wide

This is an electron microscope image of multiwall carbon nanotubes.

Applications of Nanotechnology


Nano Materials


1.CARBON BASEDThese nonmaterial's are composed mostly of carbon, most

commonly taking the form of a hollow spheres, ellipsoids, or tubes.Spherical and ellipsoidal carbon nonmaterial's are referred to asfullerenes, while cylindrical ones are called nanotubes.

2.METAL BASEDThese nonmaterial's include quantum dots (closely packed

semiconductor crystal comprised of hundreds or thousands of atoms, andwhose size is on the order of a few manometers to a few hundredmanometers), nanogold, nanosilver and metal oxides, such as titaniumdioxide. Changing the size of quantum dots changes their opticalproperties.

Nanotechnology for Aerospace Applications :

• Diamonded material

• Price of diamondedvehicles compared to thatof titanium vehicles

• Carbon nanotubes have aYoung’s moduluscomparable to diamond



There are four distinct forms of carbon

Fullerene

GraphiteDiamond

Nanotube

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CZ_brilliant.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CZ_brilliant.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Carbon_nanotube.svg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Carbon_nanotube.svg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/GrafitaEZ.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/GrafitaEZ.jpg

• Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) arecarbon structures with specialproperties that make them usefulin a wide range of scientific andeveryday applications.

• CNTs are extremely strong. A one-inch thick rope made of CNTs is100 times stronger than steel andis 1/6 the weight of steel. Can youimagine a building built with ropesinstead of steel or an elephant ona platform supported by CNTropes?


Whats on earth are carbon nanotubes?

Each form of carbon has its own unique properties determined by the arrangement ofatoms within it. CNTs exist in three different forms. Even though the differences arevery small, they cause each one to have its own unique properties.


Zigzag

Armchair

Chiral

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Types_of_Carbon_Nanotubes.png







Advanced Composites Materials

Schematic section of a helicopter rotor blade

Composites materials are combinations of two or more organic or inorganic components

Consist of high strength nano fibers embedded in a matrix

Materials are:o Matrix material: material that holds everything

together.

e g . epoxy, bismaleimide, or polyimide.

o Fibers: serve as a reinforcement, embedded in the matrix.

e g. glass fiber, boron fiber, carbon fiber

Composite Layers


• Nano Fibers are laid out in tape or fabric form

• put in a mold under heat and pressure.

• The resin matrix flows over nano fibers

• Heat is remover and it solidifies.

• It can be formed into various shapes. In some cases,

• the fibers are wound tightly to increase strength.


• Traditionally used: Aluminum metal

• Aluminum made planes heavier, consume more fuel

• Fiberglass was first used in the Boeing 707 passenger jet in the 1950s, only 2% of the structure.

• Now , about one-third of the structure of the commercial planes uses composites

• Composites are stronger

• Composites makes aircrafts lighter :~ 20% lighter

• Fuel efficient


Its body is made from carbon composites instead of aluminum.Nanotubes are stronger and lighter.

During the testing phase of the aircraft, the wings were stressed as much as they would be in the worst conditions of flight

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The wings were tested to 150% of the stress that was expected during flight. Planes are going to be lighter and stronger because of the tiny nanotubes.



Space Elevator

• A space elevator is a proposedtype of space transportationsystem .

• Its main component is a ribbon-like cable anchored to the surfaceand extending into space.

• It is designed to permit vehicletransport along the cable from aplanetary surface, such as theEarth's, directly into space ororbit, without the use of largerockets.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch


Aerospace Paint and Sealant

• Sealants to seal the structureslike fuel tanks, aerodynamicsealing, and windshieldinstallation

• PPG Aerospace chromate-freede-paint/repaint processincludes a epoxy primer

• Based on nanotechnology – Environment friendly– Better adhesion– Corrosion resistant


•When a plane is in the air, icing can occur•plane’s performance suffers and disasters can occur. •Currently used techniques:

•use bleed air: heating the surface with engine bleed air•mechanical boot: breaking the bond between surface and ice

• Issues: •Too complex, •too heavy •draws too much power to be effective

Deicing

• Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture lighter, stronger,and programmable materials that– require less energy to produce than conventional material

– and that promise greater fuel efficiency in land transportation, ships, aircraft,and space vehicles.

• The future of nanotechnology could very well include the use ofnanorobotics in Aerospace.

• These nanorobots have the potential to take on human tasks as well astasks that humans could never complete. The rebuilding of the depletedozone layer could potentially be able to be performed.


Possibilities for the future


Concept of Information

• The applications of nanotechnology in aerospace were veryinteresting. Some of the applications appear to be so far in thefuture that they are not worth mentioning, such as the space

elevator.

• Would have liked to see an analysis for the time estimate toimplement the carbon nano-tubes in the replacing copper wires.

• Since there are other advancing aerospace programs, we wouldhave liked to know about any other applications that theseprograms are exploring. We would like to know if these programsare progressing in this research more rapidly then NASA.

Pro’s

“Miniaturisation has obvious advantages in terms ofreducing the weight of cables and thus the overallweight of the aircraft, helping to lower fuel costs. Thehuge number of cables installed in a modern militaryaircraft can have a significant impact on an its weight.”



Con’s– Nano-particles can get into the body

through the skin, lungs and digestivesystem, thus creating free radicals thatcan cause cell damage.

– Once nano-particles are in thebloodstream, they will be able to crossthe blood-brain barrier.

– The most dangerous Nano-applicationuse for military purposes is the Nano-bomb that contain engineered selfmultiplying deadly viruses that cancontinue to wipe out a community,country or even a civilization.

• Even though nanotechnology is a fairly new area, it has incredible potential and is a reallyexciting area to be involved in.

• Many of the applications discussed here are speculative to say the least. However, they do notappear to violate the laws of physics.

• The time-to-nanotechnology will be measured in decades, not years. While a few applicationswill become feasible in the next few years.

• The time-to-nanotechnology is very sensitive to the level of effort expended. Resources allocatedto developing nanotechnology are likely to be richly rewarded, particularly in the long term.

• In recent years every country is showing a lot of interest regarding the space explorationprograms . And, hence let's expect a faster growth of nanotechnology in aerospace-applications.


Future Scope :

Future Needs and Opportunities in Nanotechnology for Aerospace Applications

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Future Needs and Opportunities in Nanotechnology for Aerospace Applications


AIM


Finally,My intention towards “Nanotechnology in Aerospace “ is to become a

Research scientist to develop , Innovate a new Nano-coated compositematerial consisting of very lighter, stronger , more durable and cost effectiveand that composite material can be used by Different Aerospace Industries,Military & Defense aircrafts as well Worldwide….!!!

If I get a chance am eagerly wanted to work in the Research &Development department in NASA or Indian Defense sector, For my furtherResearch Programme.

“ Aim for the moon. If you miss, you may hit a star. “

http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/w/wclements137807.html?src=t_aim

Conclusion

• We can conclude after all the research thatthe field of Nanotechnology has made seriousand positive inroads in the field of spaceexploration. The various technologies used inrobots have made space research costeffective and efficient also.



• This module is one of a series designed to introduce faculty andhigh school students to the basic concepts of nanotechnology.Each module includes a PowerPoint presentation, discussionquestions, and hands-on activities, when applicable.

• Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendationsexpressed in the material are those of the author and do notnecessarily reflect the views of the IARE Education Initiative.

Disclaimer

References• http://science.howstuffworks.com/nanotechnology3.htm

• Research Gate web page.

• http://crnano.org/whatis.htm

• http://www.wifinotes.com/nanotechnology/introduction-to-nanotechnology.htm

• http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100531082857.htm

• http://www.technobuzz.com/applications of nano-technology in aerospace

• http://http://education.mrsec.wisc.edu/104.htm

• http://nspires.nasaprs.com/external/solicitations/summary.do?method=init&solId=%7B3351C810-DEAF-4F2F-ED2E-C150772DDA2F%7D&path=open By NASA.

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For your cherished time…

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