adverbs and the advp
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ADVERBS AND THE AdvP. PRACTICE CLASS #3 (#4) 2012-03-13. Today …. … is the day when we finish (off) adverbs and adjectives!. WHAT WE FAILED TO DO LAST WEEK. PAGE 108 – exercise 14. FIRST. LAST. HIGH. IN A SILLY WAY / MANNER. EARLY. LATE. IN A MOTHERLY WAY. MORE CLEARLY. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
ADVERBS AND THE AdvP
PRACTICE CLASS #3 (#4)2012-03-13
Today …
… is the day when we finish (off) adverbs and
adjectives!
WHAT WE FAILED TO DO LAST WEEK
PAGE 108 – exercise 14
MORE CLEARLY
LAST
HIGH
IN A SILLY WAY / MANNER
EARLYLATE
IN A MOTHERLY WAY
FIRST
PAGE 106 – exercise 11 (a,b,c,d)
The Stock Exchange reacted quite calmly.
These almonds taste bitter.
She smiled bitterly.
To a European, Chinese sounds strange.
PAGE 106 – exercise 11 (e,f,g,h)
The sports committee meets monthly / once a month / on a monthly basis.
Her mother had slapped her hard.
She walks in an ugly way/manner.
You acted in a cowardly way/manner.
PAGE 107 – exercise 11 (i,j,k,l)
Bob works much harder than Tom.
The play impressed me considerably.
He approaches the subject less scientifically.
She glanced at me slyly.
NOW JUST ADVERBS!!!THIS IS STILL FROM LAST
WEEK
page 109 – exercise 16
“NEW STUFF”: WARM UP
page 109 – exercise 18 (a-c)
The lecturer spoke too fast for me to (be able to) take notes.
The subject is too difficult for us to go into (it) now.Better: It is too difficult a subjet for us to go into now.
Helen is too outspoken for most people to like her.
page 109 – exercise 18 (d-f)
He was old enough to be her father.
She was honest enough not to try to deny all responsibility for the accident.
Would you be kind enough to book a room for me?
INVERSIONS: locative and negative
THEORY AND PRACTICE
LOCATIVE INVERSION is mainly limited to:◦ Adverbials of place◦ Verbs such as BE, COME, GO, SIT, LIE, STAND
LOCATIVE INVERSION is used to put FOCUS on the subject, which is the most important part of the sentence.
ADVERBIAL +VERB +SUBJECTHere comes the taxiIn the town square stands the market hallUp went the prices
LOCATIVE INVERSION
To EMPHASIZE A NEGATIVE, we can place it AT THE FRONT OF THE CLAUSE. However, this triggers an obligatory change of word order, i.e. inversion:
She at no time mentioned her earlier marriage.→ At no time did she mention her earlier marriage.
He hasn’t once offered to help.→ Not once has he offered to help.
NEGATIVE INVERSION
SCARCELY & HARDLY vs. NO SOONERScarcely / hardly + PAST PERFECT, WHEN + SIMPLE PAST
Scarcely had I arrived at the station when the train came in.Scarcely had I passed from them, when I found her whom my soul
loveth.
No sooner + PAST PERFECT, THAN + SIMPLE PAST
No sooner had I put the phone down than it rang again.No sooner had I left the house than it started raining.
NEGATIVE INVERSION 2 special cases
PAGE 110 – exercise 19 (a-d)
Never have I met such a man.
On no account should you sign the document.
Only later did I realize what happened.
Seldom does she invite us to her place.
PAGE 110 – exercise 19 (e-h)
So terrified was I that I tried to hide under my umbrella.
Bang went the starter’s gun and off went the runners at a good pace.
No other person would I give this to.
Well do I remember Plunger’s look when Ken passed him ten…
PAGE 110 – exercise 19 (i-l)
So old was the document that we didn’t dare to touch it.
Only in the country can one get really fresh vegetables.
Along the road came Jim.
On a hill outside the town stands the castle.
PAGE 110 – exercise 20 (a-d)
do I come home in the evening, than I switch on the TV.
did Jane give him the use of her flat, but she lent him…
did we know what she was planning at that time.
had I paid for the gadget, when I regretted spending so…
PAGE 111 – exercise 20 (e-h)
had they made the announcement, than prices began to rise.
had all my money disappeared, but my clothes had gone as well.
did she say.
in a thousand years would I go there.
PAGE 111 – exercise 20 (f-h)
had they made the announcement, than prices began to rise.
had all my money disappeared, but my clothes had gone as well.
did she say.
in a thousand years would I go there.
PAGE 111 – exercise 20 (i-l)
until he apologizes will I go.
hangs a plastic chandelier.
had he lain down, than he heard a strange noise.
had I gone to bed, when the phone started ringing.
PAGE 111 – exercise 20 (m-n)
he reached the front door, did he discover that he had lost…
would I doubt his integrity.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
TYPES OF COMPARISON
Comparison of equivalence
Comparison of non-equivalence
to a higher degree
to a lower degree
comparison of
sufficiencycomparison of excess
COMPARISON OF ADJs & ADVs:semantic analysis
Comparative – for comparison between 2 persons, items etc.Superlative – for comparison between more than 2 persons, items, etc.Basis of comparison – either overt or implied
Ana is cleverer/more clever than Jane (is).John is the politest of the students.
Adjective Phrase with complementation:◦ AP=A+PP John is as tall as Peter.◦ AP=A+clause John is as tall as Peter is.
Adverb Phrase with complementation:◦ AdvP=AdvP+PP I can play tennis much better than Joe.◦ AdvP=AdvP+cl I play tennis much better than he ever will.
Noun Phrases with complementation:◦ NP=Q+N+PP I have more friends than Bill.◦ NP=Q+N+clI have more friends than Bill does.
Comparative clauses are complement clauses of ADJs, ADVs and Ns used for expressing comparison:
I love you AdvP [more than you think].He is not AP [as clever as she is].She has NP [more friends than you can imagine].
STRUCTURES USED TO EXPRESS COMPARISON
page 109 – exercise 17 (a-c)
APComparison of equivalence – to the same extentStructure: AP = A + Clause
AdvPComparison of non-equivalence – to a higher degree
Structure: AdvP = Adv + PP
NP
Comparison of non-equivalence – to a higher degree
Structure: NP=Q+N+PP
page 109 – exercise 17 (d-f)
AdvP
Comparison of non-equivalence – to a higher degreeStructure: AdvP = Adv + Clause
AP
Comparison of non-equivalence – comparison of sufficiency
Structure: AP = A + Adv + Clause
NP
Comparison of non-equivalence – comparison of excess
Structure: NP = discontinuous AP + Det + Ndicontinuous AP = Adv + A + Clause
page 109 – exercise 17 (g-i)
AdvP
Comparison of non-equivalence – comparison of excessStructure: AdvP = Adv + Adv + Clause
AdvP
Comparison of equivalence NOTE: negated comparison of equiv.Structure: AdvP = Adv + PP
NP
Comparison of non-equivalence – to a higher degree
Structure: Q + N + Clause
Now, let’s really…
…finish off ADVs and As!
SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS (pg. 99)
SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS
INDEPENDENTDEPENDENT (PART
OF OTHER PHRASES)
ADVERBIAL:He speaks slowly.
MODIFIER:extremely slowvery slowlyrather a messstraight through the wallover ten victims
COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION:over heretill thenfrom inside
INDEPENDENT ADVERBS = ADVERBIALS
ADVERBIALS
INTEGRATED into the CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Primarily NON-LINKING:Provide speaker’s comment
PERIPHERAL in the CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Primarily LINKING:connect sentences
DISJUNCTS
CONJUNCTS
ADJUNCTS
PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (a-k)
DISJUNCTModifier of AdvP
/ADJUNCTCONJUNCT
Modifier of NPModifier of PP
Modifier of APADJUNCTADJUNCTModifier of AP
Modifier of APModifier of NP
PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (l-q)
Modifier of PPDISJUNCT
Modifier of AP
Modifier of APModifier of NP (such [lovely weather]) OR Modifier of AP ([such lovely] weather)
ADJUNCT /
Modifier of NP
Modifier of AP
THE ENDActually, to be continued…