Advances in design and construction of freshwater hatcheries

Jitendra KumarPh.D. Scholar

Dept. of Fisheries Resources and ManagementCollege of Fisheries, Mangalore

INTRODUCTION• Quality of seed is the basic requirement for successful

aquaculture.

• Till early seventies, riverine spawn collection accounted for about 92%.

• Induced breeding and bundh breeding in hatcheries through hypophysation has gained tremendous momentum.

• Several hatcheries designed for hatching of fertilized egg.

Status of carp seed production

Basavaraja, N. (2007)

Carp hatcheries in both private and public sectors have contributed for the increase in seed production from 6,321 million fry in 1985-86 to over 37,000 million fry presently.

Fish production in last Seven Year

Contribution of Fisheries sector to GDP (at current Prices)

(Rs. in crores)

History of fish seed production

As early as more than 2400 years ago, an ecological method for natural spawning of common carp was conducted by Fan Li, a fish culturist in China.

Seed was collected from natural water resources after breeding season and used as stocking material.

In past years the major source of fish seeds was wild collection.

The concept of Bundh Breeding of carps originated after fish farmer named Manu Teli observed breeding of major

carps in Sorabati bundh of West Bengal in 1882.

twentieth century, Chinese scientists succeeded in egg collection, fertilization and hatching of eggs of

silver carp, grass carp etc., caught from rivers.

The present day concept of induced breeding of fish can be traced back from the work of Houssay (1930) of Argentina

who attempted the application of pituitary hormons for spawning of fish.

Brazil was the first country to develop the technique of hypophysation (Von Inhering, 1935).

Experiments of artificial fertilization of cyprinid eggs were tried during 1937 by Porbst in Germany and at same time by

Steinmann and Surbeck in Switzerland.

In India, ovulation in Cirrhinus mrigala was induced by administration of mammalian pituitary hormone in 1938, but the

eggs were not fertilized.

The Chinese also succeeded in induced propagation of big head and black carp from the wild.

These achievements are known as semi-artificial propagation methods.Chaudhari (1955) successfully induced spawing, for the first time, in an Indian

major carp species using pituitary gland extract.

The pioneering success in induced breeding of major carps achieved by Dr. Hiralal Chaudhuri and Prof. Alikunhi on the 10th July 1957,

In China the first success of artificial propagation of Chinese carps was achieved in 1958 by stimulating favourable ecological conditions and

gonadotropin hormone injection.

The circular model hatchery was developed in China during 1960, which could provide a suitable environment for induced breeding and egg incubation

operation.

In India, induced breeding of Chinese caps was successful in 1962 by employing a similar technique by

Chaudhari and Sukumaran.

Important considerations in design and construction of hatchery

• Biological• Economical• Target of production• Minimization of operating costs- e.g. labour• Minimization of stress• Disease prevention

Design and Construction• Site selection

• Planning of Layout

• Listing out of various requirements

• Specifications

• Construction of hatchery- correct placement

Developments in Carp Hatcheries

1. Hatching pits

2. Hatching Happa

3. Floating Hapa

4. Glass jar hatchery

5. LDPE- model

6. Transparent polythene jar hatchery

7. Chinese Circular Hatchery

8. Potable circular Hatchery

HATCHERY PITS

Most primitive type of hatching device.

Used in the Bundh type of breeding in W.B.

Dug in the ground ( 3´ x 2´x 1´)

Inner wall plastered with mud.

Capacity/ pit : 30,000 to 40,000 eggs.

DISADVANTAGES:• Not suitable for large

scale spawn production.• Leads to mass mortality

of the spawn.

Earthen Pot Hatchery• Used in association with

bundh type breeding system.

• Earthen pots arranged at different levels.

• Flowing current of water, cooled by surface evaporation of the porous earthen pots in which the carps eggs hatched.

HATCHING HAPA• Introduced by Dr. Alikunhi• Two separate Hapa 1. Outer hapa (1.8 x 0.9 x 0.9m, markin cloth)2. Inner hapa ( 1.75 x 0.75 x 0.5m, mosquito net )

• Capacity : 0.75 to 1 lac eggs

MERITS

• Used for very small scale spawn production

• Cheap

• Requires less technical knowledge

• Separates egg shell from the hatchling effectively

DEMERITS

• Water quality cannot be controlled.

• The predatory fishes from outside can damage the hatchling through the hapa layers.

Floating Hapa

2.1×1.1×1.2 m fitted in frame of plastic pipe

•Outer- 2×1×1 m

•Inner- 1×0.5×0.5 m

•Capacity, 75,000 to 1,00,000 eggs

GLASS JAR HATCHERY• Introduced in India by Dr. Bhomic

• Designed by CIFRI.

• Comprises of 4 parts: 1) Water supply system 2)Breeding tank 3)Incubation or hatching jars 4)Spawnery

Glass Jar carp hatchery at fish seed farm, T B Dam (HOSPET) KARNATAKA

BREEDING TANKSOverhead showers are fitted2-3 breeding tanks are required for 20 glass jar Dimension – 2 x 1 x 1 or 1.8 x 0.9 x 0.9m

INCUBATION JARSCylindrical towards top and bottom funnel shapeCylindrical part is 40.5 cm length, 13 cm dia.Inner and outer diameter at the bottom end are 1 and 1.27

cm respectively Capacity of each jar - 6.35 l and accommodates 50000 developing eggs

Water supply is through the bottom and regulated by bibcock.

SPAWNERYOverhead showers are also fitted in it.Dimension- 1.8x0.9x0.9m. a nylon hapa is fitted on a frame placed inside

cement system.

OPERATIONIt takes 12-15 hrs to hatch out at normal water of 26-

27˚CFor IMC 0.6 to 0.8L/min EMC 0.8 to 1L/min

MERITSCan be adopted for large scale operation.Easy view of egg and larvae.Do not require much waterSimple in designWater quality can be controlled

DEMERITSNeed constant vigil and careCan breakPossibility of escape of egg through outlet

TRANSPERENT POLYTHENE HATCHERY

• Same as glass jar hatchery, but polythene is used for hatching jar

• Jar is 27cm in ht. and 10 cm dia• Can hold 2 l of water• Provision of egg container• Flow of water is 1 l/min

LDPE MODEL

• Designed by Dr. S.N. Dwivedi.• Higher version of vertical jar hatchery• Hatchery units made of LDPE• Major component: 1) Breeding cum spawnery 2) Hatching unit 3) Air compressor with distribution system

1) Overhead tank – 5000 L2) Cooling tower 3)1/2 or1 HP water pump4)Two large portable plastics pools of 0.9 to 2.5m

dia, 0.6 to 1.2m height or 2000 to 3000 l capacity– It can be either rectangular or circular in shape

with water sprayer.

BREEDING UNIT

HATCHING UNIT

• It consist of 6/12/24/48 conical bottom hatchery jars

• Water inlet is from the bottom• There is a provision of egg container and

aeration• And it can hold 8 to 10 lakhs of egg• The outlet is at the top portion of jar

• It is a fiber glass or copper container of 6 m dia. And 1m height

• Incubation in this hatchery is 13 to 14hr.• A definite speed of water is maintained

SPAWNERY

FRP/ metallic container6 feet in dia & 1 m in heightHapa is fixed to the frame

MERITS•Distribution of oxygen is effective •Water quality can be maintained•Additional aeration is possible•Easy to repair without dismantling•Not very expensive to install

DEMERITS•Can not lead to large scale production•Needs vigil and care to operate

CHINESE CIRCULAR HATCHERY

• Popular type of hatchery• It comprises of different components 1)over head tank 2)spawning pool 3)incubation tanks 4)spawn collection tankOverhead tank• Made of R.C.C.• Capacity is 10000 to 15000L• It must be kept at a height

Spawning pool• The dia is 5 to 8m• Bottom is slope towards the

center where the outlet is located

• This outlet leads to egg collection chamber if any or goes to the incubation tank directly

• Inlet pipes are fitted on the wall of the tank at an angle of 600 the pipe dia-2 to 3 inch.

• There is provision of water showers

• At a time 150 to 200 kg male and female can be introduced

• Can get 9 to 12 million eggs in one operation

• Water current is kept at 0.2 to 0.5m/sec

Incubation pools• It comprises of two tanks• Outer tank (3 to 6 m dia)• Inner tank (0.8 to 1.5m dia)

• Water holding capacity is 9 to 12 cubic meter• Circular wall separates the outer wall to inner

wall and is fitted with fine mesh • Center of inner pipe has outlet pipe• Inlet pipes are located in the bottom • These are duck mouthed and fitted at an

angle of 45 degree • Pool can hold 7 lakh egg /m3

Speed• 0.4 to 0.5m/sec • Increased to 0.3 to 0.4 and continued• From the incubation pool there is a pipe

leading to spawn collection tank

Spawn collection tank• It is a rectangular tank

PORTABLE CIRCULAR HATCHERY• It is devised for small scale

farmer• low cost hatchery• It is made of galvanized iron.

80cm dia and 60 cm height• Water holding capacity-300L• The hatchery unit comprises of 2

chambers1. Outer is larger and there is a

provision of 8 inlet jets in the bottom made of copper of 0.8cm dia at 60 degree

• At the bottom there is a outlet of 3cm which is pluggable

• Inner chamber is 28cm in dia and is separated by iron mesh grill guarded by monofilament cloth of 40-60 meshes

• There is a PVC pipe in the middle acting as overflow pipe

• Entire unit supported by 2.5cm iron frame stand

Rate of flow• 8-10L/min

Portable FRP Carp Hatchery Technology • Under AICRP centre at CIFA on Application of Plastic in

Agriculture (ICAR) ,Bhubaneshwar has designed and developed the complete set of hatchery system in FRP for carp fish breeding and hatchery rearing of seed.

• In one cycle -1.0-1.2 million spawn

Components of FRP Hatchery1. Breeding /Spawning pool 2. Hatching / Incubation pool 3. Egg /Spawn collection chamber4. Over head storage tank/water supply

Breeding /Spawning pool

• Cylindrical shape• Dia - 2.15m,Height - 0.9m• Bottom slope-1:22 (Outlet at centre)• Capacity - 3,400 lit.• 15mm dia. Rigid PVC elbow are fitted

with PVC nipples (15x75mm) are fitted at bottom of the side wall at equal spacing in the same direction.

• Provision of shower points at the top of the tank to sprinkle water and aerate it.

• Holding capacity of Brooder: 10-12 Kg• Flow rate: 1 to 1.5 lit/sec.

Incubation pool

Hatching /Incubation Pool

• Cylinderical shape• Dia -1.4m, Height-0.98m• Bottom slope-1:22 (Outlet at centre)• Capacity-1,400 lit.• Net egg incubation volume: 1,200 lit.• Inner Chamber: Dia.0.4m, height: 89 cm• Nylon Bolting cloth mesh:0.25mm• Duck mouth fitted at bottom at 45o :5nos.

(15mm dia )• Egg Hatch -14 -18 h• Remain spawn in pool -72 hrs.• Hatching capacity-1.0-1.2 million egg per

operation• Hatching percentage: 80-95• Flow rate maintained :0.3-0.4 l/sec

Eggs/Spawn Collection Tank:

• Rectangular tank size:1.0x 0.5 x0.5m• Capacity:250 lit.• Wall Thickness:3mm• Water level height:0.45m• Net Capacity : 225 lit.

ReferenceBasavaraja, N. 2007. Freshwater fish seed resources in India, pp. 267–327. In: M.G.Bondad-Reantaso (ed.). Assessment of freshwater fish seed resources for sustainable aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 501. Rome, FAO. 2007. 628p.

Jhingran , V.G. and R.S.V pullin. 1985. A hatchery manual for the common, Chinese and Indian Major carps. ICLARM studies and reviews 11,191p. Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines and International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines.

Nalini rajan kumar and M. Krishnan, 2011. Farmers focused startegies to enhance local availability of quality fish seed for commercial aquaculture. pp 78-88. In: Krishnan, M., Anantha, P.S., R.S. Biradar and W.S. Lakra. (eds.). Farmers as stakeholders in commercial aquaculture, A ompedium of lectures of CIFE golden jubilee mini symposium held on 30 April 2011 CIFE, Mumbai. pp 109.

Sarangi, N. Jena, J.K.,Das, B.K, Sahoo,P.K., Mohapatra, B.C. (eds).2004. CIFA Technologies. CIFA. Orissa. India.pp.57

Thomas, P.C., Suresh Ch. Rath, Kanta and Das Mohapatra.2003. Breeding and Seed Production of finfish and shell fish. Daya publishing House. Delhi, India.

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