advanced thermal control technologies for “cev” (new name
TRANSCRIPT
Adv
ance
d T
herm
al C
ontr
ol
Tec
hnol
ogie
s fo
r “C
EV
”(N
ew N
ame:
OR
ION
)Er
ic
Eric
Gol
liher
Gol
liher
NA
SA G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rN
ASA
Gle
nn R
esea
rch
Cen
ter
Dav
id
Dav
id W
esth
eim
er
Wes
thei
mer
and
Mic
hael
an
d M
icha
el E
wer
tEw
ert
NA
SA J
ohns
on S
pace
Cen
ter
NA
SA J
ohns
on S
pace
Cen
ter
Moj
ib H
asan
Moj
ib H
asan
NA
SA G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rN
ASA
Gle
nn R
esea
rch
Cen
ter
Mol
ly A
nder
son
and
Geo
rge
Tuan
Mol
ly A
nder
son
and
Geo
rge
Tuan
NA
SA J
ohns
on S
pace
Cen
ter
NA
SA J
ohns
on S
pace
Cen
ter
Dua
ne B
each
Dua
ne B
each
NA
SA G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rN
ASA
Gle
nn R
esea
rch
Cen
ter
Spac
ecra
ft Th
erm
al C
ontr
ol W
orks
hop
Spac
ecra
ft Th
erm
al C
ontr
ol W
orks
hop
Aer
ospa
ce C
orpo
ratio
nA
eros
pace
Cor
pora
tion
Mar
ch 1
, 200
7M
arch
1, 2
007
The
opin
ion
and
stat
emen
ts m
ade
are
my
own
and
do n
ot n
eces
sari
ly re
flect
NAS
A's p
ositi
on
22
Abs
tract
NA
SA
is c
urre
ntly
inve
stig
atin
g se
vera
l N
AS
A is
cur
rent
ly in
vest
igat
ing
seve
ral
tech
nolo
gy o
ptio
ns fo
r adv
ance
d hu
man
te
chno
logy
opt
ions
for a
dvan
ced
hum
an
spac
eflig
ht.
This
pre
sent
atio
n co
vers
sp
acef
light
. Th
is p
rese
ntat
ion
cove
rs
som
e re
cent
dev
elop
men
ts th
at re
late
som
e re
cent
dev
elop
men
ts th
at re
late
to N
AS
Ato
NA
SA
’’ s O
rion
spac
ecra
ft an
d fu
ture
s O
rion
spac
ecra
ft an
d fu
ture
Luna
r mis
sion
s.Lu
nar m
issi
ons.
33
Act
ive
The
rmal
Con
trol
Sys
tem
s (A
TC
S)
Con
trol a
nd m
aint
ain
a su
itabl
e an
d co
mfo
rtabl
e C
ontro
l and
mai
ntai
n a
suita
ble
and
com
forta
ble
envi
ronm
ent f
or th
e cr
ew a
nd v
ehic
le h
ardw
are
envi
ronm
ent f
or th
e cr
ew a
nd v
ehic
le h
ardw
are
Has
bee
n on
eve
ry h
uman
rate
d sp
ace
vehi
cle
Has
bee
n on
eve
ry h
uman
rate
d sp
ace
vehi
cle
His
toric
ally
hav
e ut
ilized
sin
gle
His
toric
ally
hav
e ut
ilized
sin
gle --
phas
e (li
quid
), pu
mpe
d ph
ase
(liqu
id),
pum
ped
fluid
loop
sflu
id lo
ops
Tech
nolo
gies
und
er d
evel
opm
ent h
ave
been
targ
eted
Te
chno
logi
es u
nder
dev
elop
men
t hav
e be
en ta
rget
ed
for t
he C
rew
Exp
lora
tion
Veh
icle
(CE
V),
Luna
r Sur
face
fo
r the
Cre
w E
xplo
ratio
n V
ehic
le (C
EV
), Lu
nar S
urfa
ce
Acc
ess
Mod
ule
(LS
AM
), an
d a
Luna
r Out
post
(LO
)A
cces
s M
odul
e (L
SA
M),
and
a Lu
nar O
utpo
st (L
O)
Thre
e m
ain
func
tions
Thre
e m
ain
func
tions
Hea
t Acq
uisi
tion
Hea
t Acq
uisi
tion
Hea
t Tra
nsfe
r H
eat T
rans
fer
Hea
t Rej
ectio
nH
eat R
ejec
tion
44
Adv
ance
d H
ardw
are
Res
earc
h an
d D
evel
opm
ent
Sup
port
NA
SA
Sup
port
NA
SA
’’ s E
xplo
ratio
n S
yste
ms
Mis
sion
s
Exp
lora
tion
Sys
tem
s M
issi
on
Dire
ctor
ate
Dire
ctor
ate
Col
labo
ratio
ns
Col
labo
ratio
ns
John
son
Spa
ce C
ente
r, G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
r, Jo
hnso
n S
pace
Cen
ter,
Gle
nn R
esea
rch
Cen
ter,
God
dard
Spa
ce F
light
Cen
ter,
and
the
Jet P
ropu
lsio
n G
odda
rd S
pace
Flig
ht C
ente
r, an
d th
e Je
t Pro
puls
ion
Labo
rato
ryLa
bora
tory
Indu
stry
Par
tner
sIn
dust
ry P
artn
ers
Ham
ilton
Sun
dstra
ndH
amilt
on S
unds
trand
Jaco
bsJa
cobs
-- Sve
rdru
p S
verd
rup
Mai
nstre
amM
ains
tream
Oce
anee
ring
Oce
anee
ring
Spa
ce S
yste
ms
Spa
ce S
yste
ms
Par
agon
Spa
ce D
evel
opm
ent C
orpo
ratio
nP
arag
on S
pace
Dev
elop
men
t Cor
pora
tion
Sun
danz
erS
unda
nzer
, Inc
., I
nc.
55
Hea
t A
cqui
siti
onC
olle
ct w
aste
hea
t fro
m s
ourc
es s
uch
as C
rew
life
sup
port,
C
olle
ct w
aste
hea
t fro
m s
ourc
es s
uch
as C
rew
life
sup
port,
av
ioni
cs, m
otor
s, a
nd re
frige
ratio
n sy
stem
sav
ioni
cs, m
otor
s, a
nd re
frige
ratio
n sy
stem
s
Liqu
id c
oole
d co
ldpl
ates
Use
d on
eve
ry h
uman
rate
d ve
hicl
e th
at h
as fl
own
Mor
e ef
ficie
nt to
tran
sfer
hea
t dire
ctly
into
flui
d lo
op
with
out
hea
ting
cabi
n ai
rM
ore
impo
rtant
for C
EV
due
to re
quire
men
t to
depr
essu
rize
the
cabi
nP
rovi
de c
oolin
g fo
r ele
ctro
nics
Pot
entia
l Res
earc
h A
reas
: C
ompo
site
col
dpla
tes
Inte
grat
ing
cold
plat
esin
to v
ehic
le s
truct
ure,
Th
erm
al in
terfa
ce m
ater
ials
66
Hea
t A
cqui
siti
onC
olle
ct w
aste
hea
t fro
m s
ourc
es s
uch
as C
rew
life
sup
port,
C
olle
ct w
aste
hea
t fro
m s
ourc
es s
uch
as C
rew
life
sup
port,
av
ioni
cs, m
otor
s, a
nd re
frige
ratio
n sy
stem
sav
ioni
cs, m
otor
s, a
nd re
frige
ratio
n sy
stem
sA
ir to
liqu
id h
eat e
xcha
nger
sC
ontro
l cab
in a
ir te
mpe
ratu
re a
nd h
umid
ityC
onde
nsat
e re
mov
al a
nd p
hase
sep
arat
ion
with
eith
er p
orou
s m
ater
ial (
Apo
llo) o
r rot
ary
sepa
rato
r (S
huttl
e, IS
S)
Liqu
id to
liqu
id h
eat e
xcha
nger
sTr
ansf
ers
ener
gy fr
om o
ne fl
uid
loop
to a
noth
er w
ithou
t m
ixin
g of
flui
dsIn
tern
al to
ext
erna
l flu
id lo
ops
on S
huttl
e an
d IS
SS
crut
iniz
ed a
s a
pote
ntia
l fai
lure
sou
rce
A s
ingl
e fa
ilure
cou
ld a
llow
flui
ds to
mix
Pot
entia
l Res
earc
h A
reas
:H
eat e
xcha
nger
s w
ith tw
o ba
rrie
rs to
pre
vent
flui
ds fr
om m
ixin
g
77
Hea
t T
rans
port
Cur
rent
sta
te o
f the
art
incl
udes
:S
huttl
e an
d IS
S u
se tw
o flu
id
loop
s co
nnec
ted
by a
liqu
id to
liq
uid
heat
exc
hang
erIn
tern
al w
ater
loop
sE
xter
nal F
reon
or A
mm
onia
loop
S
huttl
e an
d IS
S u
se W
ater
-Fre
on o
r W
ater
-Am
mon
ia In
terc
hang
er
Tran
spor
t hea
t fro
m h
eat a
cqui
sitio
n ha
rdw
are
to h
eat
Tran
spor
t hea
t fro
m h
eat a
cqui
sitio
n ha
rdw
are
to h
eat
reje
ctio
n ha
rdw
are
reje
ctio
n ha
rdw
are
•IS
S
•Shu
ttle
88
The
rmal
Con
trol
Sys
tem
Flu
ids
Obj
ectiv
e: F
ind
a flu
id th
at c
an fl
ow
Obj
ectiv
e: F
ind
a flu
id th
at c
an fl
ow in
side
insi
deth
e th
e cr
ew m
odul
e as
wel
l as
crew
mod
ule
as w
ell a
s ou
tsid
eou
tsid
e , e
limin
ate
the
, elim
inat
e th
e in
terc
hang
erin
terc
hang
erTe
chno
logi
es U
nder
Dev
elop
men
tTe
chno
logi
es U
nder
Dev
elop
men
tP
ropy
lene
Gly
col
Pro
pyle
ne G
lyco
l ““ P
GPG
”” (D
OW
FRO
ST
(DO
WFR
OS
T ►►
”” Inhi
bite
dIn
hibi
ted ””
) ) 60
/40
mix
of P
G/w
ater
60/4
0 m
ix o
f PG
/wat
erV
ery
low
toxi
city
, esp
. DO
WFR
OS
T H
DV
ery
low
toxi
city
, esp
. DO
WFR
OS
T H
DC
orro
sion
resi
stan
t to
Alu
min
um, e
sp. D
OW
FRO
ST
Cor
rosi
on re
sist
ant t
o A
lum
inum
, esp
. DO
WFR
OS
TH
owev
er: r
elat
ivel
y hi
gh v
isco
sity
at l
ow te
mpe
ratu
res
How
ever
: rel
ativ
ely
high
vis
cosi
ty a
t low
tem
pera
ture
sM
ains
tream
is d
evel
opin
g ot
her f
luid
s un
der a
n S
BIR
M
ains
tream
is d
evel
opin
g ot
her f
luid
s un
der a
n S
BIR
co
ntra
ct w
ith J
SC
cont
ract
with
JS
CV
ery
Goo
d S
umm
ary
of n
on-P
G C
andi
date
s:
Long
Life
Mec
hani
cal F
luid
Pum
p fo
r Spa
ce A
pplic
atio
ns,S
hen,
Dro
len,
Pra
bhu,
Har
per,
Eic
hing
er, N
guye
n
99
The
rmal
Con
trol
Sys
tem
Flu
ids
•Mat
eria
ls/F
luid
s C
ompa
tibili
ty•A
lum
inum
–gr
eat h
eat t
rans
fer
•Dow
frost
/Sta
inle
ss S
teel
: G
ood
•Dow
frost
/Alu
min
um:
N
ot a
s go
od
•Sta
inle
ss –
grea
t cor
rosi
on re
sist
ance
, low
er c
ondu
ctiv
ity
•Unm
anne
d/M
anne
d S
pace
craf
t ha
ve c
omm
on c
once
rns:
Sta
inle
ss o
r A
lum
inum
? O
r bot
h?
•Sta
inle
ss/A
lum
inum
W
eld
in V
CH
P
Sw
ales
(née
Dyn
athe
rm)
1010
The
rmal
Con
trol
Sys
tem
Flu
ids
Rec
ent A
ctiv
ities
Rec
ent A
ctiv
ities
Eva
luat
ions
hav
e be
en p
erfo
rmed
E
valu
atio
ns h
ave
been
per
form
ed
on a
queo
us
on a
queo
us D
owfro
stD
owfro
stH
D (i
nhib
ited
HD
(inh
ibite
d pr
opyl
ene
prop
ylen
e --gl
ycol
) sol
utio
ns w
ith
glyc
ol) s
olut
ions
with
re
spec
t to
the
follo
w:
resp
ect t
o th
e fo
llow
:Lo
w te
mpe
ratu
re p
erfo
rman
ceLo
w te
mpe
ratu
re p
erfo
rman
ceC
ompa
tibili
ty w
ith li
fe s
uppo
rt C
ompa
tibili
ty w
ith li
fe s
uppo
rt eq
uipm
ent
equi
pmen
tFl
amm
abili
ty (A
pollo
1 fi
re:
Flam
mab
ility
(Apo
llo 1
fire
: eth
ylen
eet
hyle
negl
ycol
glyc
olH
igh
tem
pera
ture
dec
ompo
sitio
n H
igh
tem
pera
ture
dec
ompo
sitio
n byby
-- pro
duct
spr
oduc
tsM
ater
ials
com
patib
ility
Mat
eria
ls c
ompa
tibili
tyE
spec
ially
crit
ical
for a
lum
inum
E
spec
ially
crit
ical
for a
lum
inum
tu
bing
and
hea
t exc
hang
ers
tubi
ng a
nd h
eat e
xcha
nger
sP
oten
tial f
or m
icro
bial
act
ivity
Pot
entia
l for
mic
robi
al a
ctiv
ityP
oten
tial R
esea
rch
Are
asP
oten
tial R
esea
rch
Are
asId
entif
y or
dev
elop
new
flui
dsId
entif
y or
dev
elop
new
flui
dsM
etho
ds to
min
imiz
e co
rros
ion
in
Met
hods
to m
inim
ize
corr
osio
n in
sy
stem
s w
ith m
ultip
le m
etal
s sy
stem
s w
ith m
ultip
le m
etal
s (a
lum
inum
, SS
, nic
kel)
and
(alu
min
um, S
S, n
icke
l) an
d pr
opyl
ene
glyc
olpr
opyl
ene
glyc
ol
Spar
ks G
ener
ated
Whe
n Et
hyle
ne
Gly
col D
rips
on S
ilver
Cla
d W
iring
1111
Vap
or C
ompr
essi
on C
ycle
H
eat
Pum
p
Obj
ectiv
e: D
emon
stra
te g
ravi
ty in
depe
nden
t O
bjec
tive:
Dem
onst
rate
gra
vity
inde
pend
ent
perfo
rman
ce o
f 50
perfo
rman
ce o
f 50 °°
C li
ft to
a h
eat s
ink
abov
e C
lift
to a
hea
t sin
k ab
ove
300
K30
0 K
Tech
nolo
gies
Und
er D
evel
opm
ent
Tech
nolo
gies
Und
er D
evel
opm
ent
Vap
or c
ompr
essi
on h
eat p
ump
syst
emV
apor
com
pres
sion
hea
t pum
p sy
stem
15 k
W c
apac
ity15
kW
cap
acity
CO
P ~
3.0
CO
P ~
3.0
Can
ope
rate
in lo
w to
mic
rogr
avity
C
an o
pera
te in
low
to m
icro
grav
ity
envi
ronm
ents
envi
ronm
ents
App
licab
le to
Lun
ar L
ande
r and
Lun
ar O
utpo
stA
pplic
able
to L
unar
Lan
der a
nd L
unar
Out
post
Hot
env
ironm
ents
dur
ing
Luna
r day
Hot
env
ironm
ents
dur
ing
Luna
r day
1212
Vap
or C
ompr
essi
on C
ycle
H
eat
Pum
pR
ecen
t Act
iviti
esR
ecen
t Act
iviti
esE
valu
atin
g Fa
irchi
ld 5
4 m
m
Eva
luat
ing
Fairc
hild
54
mm
Hel
iroto
rH
eliro
tor
Com
pres
sor f
or p
erfo
rman
ce in
diff
eren
t C
ompr
esso
r for
per
form
ance
in d
iffer
ent
grav
ity e
nviro
nmen
tsgr
avity
env
ironm
ents
Trad
ing
com
pact
pla
teTr
adin
g co
mpa
ct p
late
-- fin
vers
us tu
befin
ver
sus
tube
-- inin--
tube
hea
t exc
hang
ers
tube
hea
t exc
hang
ers
Per
form
ed ti
lt te
sts
on p
late
fin
heat
P
erfo
rmed
tilt
test
s on
pla
te fi
n he
at
exch
ange
rsex
chan
gers
Per
form
ance
dec
reas
ed a
s a
func
tion
of ti
lt P
erfo
rman
ce d
ecre
ased
as
a fu
nctio
n of
tilt
angl
e an
gle
Pot
entia
l Res
earc
h A
reas
Pot
entia
l Res
earc
h A
reas
Eva
pora
tors
, con
dens
ers,
and
two
Eva
pora
tors
, con
dens
ers,
and
two --
phas
e ph
ase
mix
ing
devi
ces
for u
se in
low
to m
icro
grav
ity
mix
ing
devi
ces
for u
se in
low
to m
icro
grav
ity
envi
ronm
ents
envi
ronm
ents
Ana
lysi
s an
d te
stin
g te
chni
ques
to e
valu
ate
Ana
lysi
s an
d te
stin
g te
chni
ques
to e
valu
ate
syst
em c
ompo
nent
s an
d co
mpl
ete
syst
ems
syst
em c
ompo
nent
s an
d co
mpl
ete
syst
ems
for p
erfo
rman
ce in
diff
eren
t gra
vity
fo
r per
form
ance
in d
iffer
ent g
ravi
ty
envi
ronm
ents
envi
ronm
ents
Com
pres
sors
that
can
ope
rate
in d
iffer
ent
Com
pres
sors
that
can
ope
rate
in d
iffer
ent
grav
ity e
nviro
nmen
ts o
r orie
ntat
ions
grav
ity e
nviro
nmen
ts o
r orie
ntat
ions
Lubr
icat
ion
and
bear
ing
desi
gnLu
bric
atio
n an
d be
arin
g de
sign
Effe
cts
of g
ravi
ty o
n sy
stem
per
form
ance
Effe
cts
of g
ravi
ty o
n sy
stem
per
form
ance
Sta
rt up
and
shu
tdow
nS
tart
up a
nd s
hutd
own
Sys
tem
oil
man
agem
ent
Sys
tem
oil
man
agem
ent
Plat
e Fi
n H
X
Tube
-in-T
ube
HX
1313
Vap
or C
ompr
essi
on C
ycle
H
eat
Pum
p
•Sin
da/F
luin
tmod
el
•Com
pres
sor
•Eva
pora
tion
•Con
dens
atio
n
1414
Hea
t R
ejec
tion
Cur
rent
sta
te o
f the
art:
Cur
rent
sta
te o
f the
art:
Alu
min
um ra
diat
ors
Alu
min
um ra
diat
ors
Shu
ttle
and
ISS
use
dep
loya
ble
radi
ator
sS
huttl
e an
d IS
S u
se d
eplo
yabl
e ra
diat
ors
Gem
ini a
nd A
pollo
use
d bo
dy m
ount
ed
Gem
ini a
nd A
pollo
use
d bo
dy m
ount
ed
radi
ator
sra
diat
ors
Silv
er T
eflo
n or
ZS
ilver
Tef
lon
or Z
-- 93
coat
ing
93 c
oatin
g
Rad
iato
rs u
se h
eat t
rans
fer v
ia ra
diat
ion
to re
ject
ene
rgy
to s
pR
adia
tors
use
hea
t tra
nsfe
r via
radi
atio
n to
reje
ct e
nerg
y to
sp a
ceace
1515
Adv
ance
d R
adia
tor
Dev
elop
men
ts
Obj
ectiv
es:
Dec
reas
e ra
diat
or
Obj
ectiv
es:
Dec
reas
e ra
diat
or
mas
s an
d op
erat
e du
ring
mis
sion
m
ass
and
oper
ate
durin
g m
issi
on
trans
ient
stra
nsie
nts
Tech
nolo
gies
Und
er D
evel
opm
ent
Tech
nolo
gies
Und
er D
evel
opm
ent
Car
bon
com
posi
te ra
diat
ors
Car
bon
com
posi
te ra
diat
ors
Coa
tings
and
coa
ting
appl
icat
ion
for
Coa
tings
and
coa
ting
appl
icat
ion
for
com
posi
te ra
diat
ors
com
posi
te ra
diat
ors
Inte
grat
ing
flow
cha
nnel
s in
to
Inte
grat
ing
flow
cha
nnel
s in
to
com
posi
te p
anel
sco
mpo
site
pan
els
MM
OD
impa
cts
on c
ompo
site
radi
ator
sM
MO
D im
pact
s on
com
posi
te ra
diat
ors
Stru
ctur
ally
Inte
grat
ed R
adia
tor
Stru
ctur
ally
Inte
grat
ed R
adia
tor ––
Par
agon
Spa
ce D
evel
opm
ent C
orp
Par
agon
Spa
ce D
evel
opm
ent C
orp
Sta
gnat
ion
flow
radi
ator
des
igns
Sta
gnat
ion
flow
radi
ator
des
igns
App
licab
le to
all
spac
ecra
ftA
pplic
able
to a
ll sp
acec
raft
JPL/
Cal
Tec
h H
yper
velo
city
Test
Cha
mbe
r
Tube
Bon
ding
Tes
t Cou
pon
Shut
tle R
adia
tor M
MO
D
Dam
age
1616
Adv
ance
d R
adia
tor
Dev
elop
men
tsR
ecen
t Act
iviti
esR
ecen
t Act
iviti
esE
nviro
nmen
tal t
estin
g nu
mer
ous
coat
ing
coup
ons
Env
ironm
enta
l tes
ting
num
erou
s co
atin
g co
upon
sA
pplic
atio
n on
car
bon
com
posi
te a
nd a
lum
inum
sub
stra
tes
App
licat
ion
on c
arbo
n co
mpo
site
and
alu
min
um s
ubst
rate
sC
oatin
gs in
clud
e Li
thiu
m b
ased
whi
te p
aint
s,
Coa
tings
incl
ude
Lith
ium
bas
ed w
hite
pai
nts,
OS
Rs
OS
Rs ,
, E
lect
roch
rom
icE
lect
roch
rom
icth
in fi
lms,
Z93
, Z93
with
diff
eren
t th
in fi
lms,
Z93
, Z93
with
diff
eren
t ov
erco
ats,
Silv
er T
eflo
n, a
nd S
13ov
erco
ats,
Silv
er T
eflo
n, a
nd S
13E
nviro
nmen
ts in
clud
e th
erm
al c
yclin
g, c
ombi
ned
UV
and
E
nviro
nmen
ts in
clud
e th
erm
al c
yclin
g, c
ombi
ned
UV
and
S
olar
Win
d, a
nd la
unch
pad
wea
ther
ing
Sol
ar W
ind,
and
laun
ch p
ad w
eath
erin
gA
naly
sis
and
test
ing
of s
tagn
atio
n ra
diat
or c
once
ptA
naly
sis
and
test
ing
of s
tagn
atio
n ra
diat
or c
once
ptTe
stin
g of
tube
to p
anel
bon
d co
upon
sTe
stin
g of
tube
to p
anel
bon
d co
upon
sD
esig
n an
d an
alys
is o
f com
posi
te, s
andw
ich
pane
l D
esig
n an
d an
alys
is o
f com
posi
te, s
andw
ich
pane
l ra
diat
orra
diat
orTh
erm
al a
nd s
truct
ural
test
ing
for S
truct
ural
Rad
iato
rsTh
erm
al a
nd s
truct
ural
test
ing
for S
truct
ural
Rad
iato
rsP
oten
tial R
esea
rch
Are
asP
oten
tial R
esea
rch
Are
asA
pply
ing
coat
ings
to c
ompo
site
sA
pply
ing
coat
ings
to c
ompo
site
sIn
tegr
atin
g flo
w c
hann
els
with
com
posi
tes
Inte
grat
ing
flow
cha
nnel
s w
ith c
ompo
site
sC
oatin
g de
grad
atio
n in
ant
icip
ated
env
ironm
ents
, inc
ludi
ng
Coa
ting
degr
adat
ion
in a
ntic
ipat
ed e
nviro
nmen
ts, i
nclu
ding
Lu
nar d
ust
Luna
r dus
tFl
ow c
ontro
l met
hods
for m
ultip
le ra
diat
or s
yste
ms
that
use
Fl
ow c
ontro
l met
hods
for m
ultip
le ra
diat
or s
yste
ms
that
use
pr
opyl
ene
glyc
ol b
ased
flui
dspr
opyl
ene
glyc
ol b
ased
flui
dsLo
w te
mpe
ratu
re v
isco
sity
driv
en s
tagn
atio
nLo
w te
mpe
ratu
re v
isco
sity
driv
en s
tagn
atio
n
Stag
natio
n R
adia
tor M
anifo
ld
Coa
ting
Test
s at
KSC
C
orro
sion
Tes
t Fac
ility
1717
Hea
t R
ejec
tion
Cur
rent
sta
te o
f the
art:
Cur
rent
sta
te o
f the
art:
Sub
limat
ors
Sub
limat
ors
Use
d on
Ext
rave
hicu
lar M
obili
ty U
nit (
EM
U)
Use
d on
Ext
rave
hicu
lar M
obili
ty U
nit (
EM
U)
and
Apo
llo L
unar
Mod
ule
and
Apo
llo L
unar
Mod
ule
Sel
f reg
ulat
ing
Sel
f reg
ulat
ing
Sen
sitiv
e to
con
tam
inat
ion
of p
orou
s S
ensi
tive
to c
onta
min
atio
n of
por
ous
subl
imat
ion
regi
onsu
blim
atio
n re
gion
Flui
d E
vapo
rato
rsFl
uid
Eva
pora
tors
Pre
viou
s de
sign
s ha
ve u
sed
wat
er, a
mm
onia
, P
revi
ous
desi
gns
have
use
d w
ater
, am
mon
ia,
and
othe
r flu
ids
and
othe
r flu
ids
Shu
ttle
Flas
h E
vapo
rato
r Sys
tem
(FE
S)
Shu
ttle
Flas
h E
vapo
rato
r Sys
tem
(FE
S)
spra
ys w
ater
ont
o a
heat
ed s
urfa
cesp
rays
wat
er o
nto
a he
ated
sur
face
Shu
ttle
Am
mon
ia b
oile
r is
used
bel
ow
Shu
ttle
Am
mon
ia b
oile
r is
used
bel
ow
120,
000
ft du
ring
re12
0,00
0 ft
durin
g re
-- ent
ry a
nd p
ost l
andi
ng
entry
and
pos
t lan
ding
Evap
orat
ive
heat
reje
ctio
n tra
nsfe
rs e
nerg
y in
to a
flui
d, c
ausi
nEv
apor
ativ
e he
at re
ject
ion
trans
fers
ene
rgy
into
a fl
uid,
cau
sin g
g th
e flu
id to
eva
pora
te a
nd th
e va
por i
s ve
nted
to s
pace
the
fluid
to e
vapo
rate
and
the
vapo
r is
vent
ed to
spa
ce
Shut
tle F
ES
1818
Con
tam
inan
t In
sens
itiv
e S
ublim
ator
Obj
ectiv
e: I
mpr
ove
subl
imat
or re
liabi
lity
by d
ecre
asin
g O
bjec
tive:
Im
prov
e su
blim
ator
relia
bilit
y by
dec
reas
ing
sens
itivi
ty to
con
tam
inat
ion
in fe
edw
ater
sens
itivi
ty to
con
tam
inat
ion
in fe
edw
ater
Tech
nolo
gy U
nder
Dev
elop
men
tTe
chno
logy
Und
er D
evel
opm
ent
Dev
elop
ing
desi
gn o
f a s
ublim
ator
with
a tw
o st
age
feed
wat
er
Dev
elop
ing
desi
gn o
f a s
ublim
ator
with
a tw
o st
age
feed
wat
er
dist
ribut
ion
dist
ribut
ion
Sm
all p
ore
size
d m
ater
ial c
ontro
ls th
e w
ater
dis
tribu
tion
Sm
all p
ore
size
d m
ater
ial c
ontro
ls th
e w
ater
dis
tribu
tion
Free
zing
and
sub
limat
ion
occu
r in
mat
eria
l with
larg
er p
ore
size
Free
zing
and
sub
limat
ion
occu
r in
mat
eria
l with
larg
er p
ore
size
App
licab
le to
CE
V a
nd L
unar
Lan
der
App
licab
le to
CE
V a
nd L
unar
Lan
der
1919
Con
tam
inan
t In
sens
itiv
e S
ublim
ator
Rec
ent A
ctiv
ities
:R
ecen
t Act
iviti
es:
Fabr
icat
ed a
nd te
sted
min
iFa
bric
ated
and
test
ed m
ini -- s
ublim
ator
subl
imat
orO
cean
eerin
gO
cean
eerin
gS
pace
Sys
tem
s fa
bric
ated
a
Spa
ce S
yste
ms
fabr
icat
ed a
re
pres
enta
tive
scal
e su
blim
ator
eng
inee
ring
unit
repr
esen
tativ
e sc
ale
subl
imat
or e
ngin
eerin
g un
itTe
sted
at J
SC
Test
ed a
t JS
CR
esea
rch
Are
as:
Res
earc
h A
reas
:Fl
ow a
nd p
hase
cha
nge
in p
orou
s m
edia
Flow
and
pha
se c
hang
e in
por
ous
med
iaM
ultip
le p
ore
size
sM
ultip
le p
ore
size
sFl
ow d
istri
butio
n be
twee
n
Flow
dis
tribu
tion
betw
een
po
rous
dis
ks a
nd p
orou
s pl
ate
poro
us d
isks
and
por
ous
plat
eE
vapo
ratio
n, fr
eezi
ng, a
nd
Eva
pora
tion,
free
zing
, and
su
blim
atio
nsu
blim
atio
n
Subl
imat
or T
estin
g
2020
Mul
ti-e
nvir
onm
ent
Eva
pora
tive
Hea
t S
ink
Obj
ectiv
e: D
evel
op e
vapo
rativ
e O
bjec
tive:
Dev
elop
eva
pora
tive
heat
sin
ks th
at c
an o
pera
te b
oth
heat
sin
ks th
at c
an o
pera
te b
oth
in s
pace
vac
uum
and
in th
e in
spa
ce v
acuu
m a
nd in
the
Ear
thE
arth
’’ s a
tmos
pher
e po
sts
atm
osph
ere
post
-- land
ing
land
ing
Tech
nolo
gy U
nder
Dev
elop
men
t Te
chno
logy
Und
er D
evel
opm
ent
Mul
tiM
ulti --
Flui
d E
vapo
rato
r Fl
uid
Eva
pora
tor ––
uses
diff
eren
t us
es d
iffer
ent
fluid
s fo
r eva
pora
nt d
urin
g di
ffere
nt
fluid
s fo
r eva
pora
nt d
urin
g di
ffere
nt
mis
sion
pha
ses
mis
sion
pha
ses
Flow
boi
ling
devi
ceFl
ow b
oilin
g de
vice
Und
er d
evel
opm
ent b
y H
amilt
on
Und
er d
evel
opm
ent b
y H
amilt
on
Sun
dstra
nd
Sun
dstra
nd
App
licab
le to
CE
V a
nd L
unar
Lan
der
App
licab
le to
CE
V a
nd L
unar
Lan
der
Mul
ti-Fl
uid
Evap
orat
or C
once
pt
2121
Mul
ti-e
nvir
onm
ent
Eva
pora
tive
Hea
t S
ink
Rec
ent A
ctiv
ities
Rec
ent A
ctiv
ities
Com
plet
ed fl
ow te
stin
g to
sel
ect
Com
plet
ed fl
ow te
stin
g to
sel
ect
fin m
ater
ials
fin m
ater
ials
Com
plet
ed te
stin
g of
C
ompl
eted
test
ing
of
engi
neer
ing
unit
to m
ap th
erm
al
engi
neer
ing
unit
to m
ap th
erm
al
perfo
rman
cepe
rform
ance
Fabr
icat
ing
a pr
otot
ype
Fabr
icat
ing
a pr
otot
ype
Pot
entia
l Res
earc
h A
reas
P
oten
tial R
esea
rch
Are
as
Eva
pora
ting
flow
thro
ugh
heat
E
vapo
ratin
g flo
w th
roug
h he
at
trans
fer f
ins
and
poro
us fo
ams
trans
fer f
ins
and
poro
us fo
ams
Hea
t exc
hang
er m
anuf
actu
ring
Hea
t exc
hang
er m
anuf
actu
ring
with
com
posi
tes
w
ith c
ompo
site
s
MFE
Eng
inee
ring
Uni
t
2222
Com
pact
Fla
sh E
vapo
rato
r S
yste
m
Obj
ectiv
e: P
rovi
de th
e m
axim
um h
eat f
lux
per m
ass
for
Obj
ectiv
e: P
rovi
de th
e m
axim
um h
eat f
lux
per m
ass
for
an e
vapo
rativ
e he
at s
ink
by s
pray
ing
evap
oran
t ont
o a
an e
vapo
rativ
e he
at s
ink
by s
pray
ing
evap
oran
t ont
o a
heat
ed s
urfa
ce.
heat
ed s
urfa
ce.
Tech
nolo
gy U
nder
Te
chno
logy
Und
er
Dev
elop
men
tD
evel
opm
ent
Com
pact
Fla
sh E
vapo
rato
r C
ompa
ct F
lash
Eva
pora
tor
Sys
tem
(CFE
S)
Sys
tem
(CFE
S)
Spr
ays
onto
a fl
at m
icro
S
pray
s on
to a
flat
mic
ro
chan
nel h
eat e
xcha
nger
chan
nel h
eat e
xcha
nger
Util
izes
bot
h si
des
Util
izes
bot
h si
des
Can
spr
ay m
ultip
le
Can
spr
ay m
ultip
le
evap
oran
tsev
apor
ants
for b
oth
in s
pace
fo
r bot
h in
spa
ce
and
post
land
ing
cool
ing
and
post
land
ing
cool
ing
PG
/wat
er
inle
t man
ifold
Sol
enoi
d va
lve
Mul
ti-no
zzle
spr
ay p
late
s
PG
Flow
PG
Flow
Par
alle
l min
i-cha
nnel
heat
exc
hang
er
Feed
wat
erIn
2323
Com
pact
Fla
sh E
vapo
rato
r S
yste
m
Rec
ent A
ctiv
ities
Rec
ent A
ctiv
ities
Sin
gle
nozz
le a
nd n
ozzl
e S
ingl
e no
zzle
and
noz
zle
arra
y sp
ray
test
s in
ar
ray
spra
y te
sts
in v
accu
mva
ccum
Sin
gle
nozz
le R
134
a sp
ray
Sin
gle
nozz
le R
134
a sp
ray
test
ste
sts
CFE
S d
esig
nC
FES
des
ign
Pot
entia
l Res
earc
h A
reas
Pot
entia
l Res
earc
h A
reas
Spr
ay o
ptim
izat
ion
over
a
Spr
ay o
ptim
izat
ion
over
a
rect
angu
lar s
urfa
cere
ctan
gula
r sur
face
Con
trol m
etho
ds fo
r C
ontro
l met
hods
for
evap
oran
tev
apor
ant
Cor
rela
tions
for h
eat
Cor
rela
tions
for h
eat
trans
fer o
f spr
ays
in
trans
fer o
f spr
ays
in
redu
ced
grav
ityre
duce
d gr
avity
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