Advanced Chemistry

Organic Chemistry:Functional Groups

Derivatives of Hydrocarbons Halides Alcohols Ethers Aldehydes Ketones Esters Carboxylic

Acids Amines Amides

Functional Groups

Functional Groups (FG) Atom or group of atoms that can be a

substituent on a carbon chain These groups greatly modify the

behavior of the hydrocarbon There are many kinds of FG – most

contain different arrangements of oxygen and nitrogen

Types of Functional GroupsHalides – hydrocarbons plus a halogen EX: 1-chlorobutane

C – C – C – C - Cl

EX: 2,2-dibromopropaneBr

C – C – C

Br

Types of Functional Groups

Halides Number chain so halide has lowest

number If more than one halide use prefix

di-, tri-, etc If more than one halide on same

carbon write the # twice in the name 2,2-dibromopropane

Types of Functional Groups

Alcohols – hydrocarbons w/ an OH group

Number so OH group gets lowest number possible

General Formula: R – OH R represents the rest of the carbon chain

Types of Functional Groups

Alcohols Name of hydrocarbon changes by

adding the suffix to –ol.Ethane Ethanol

Types of Functional Groups

Alcohol If more than one OH group, then use

prefix indicating how many OH there are

Also indicate the location of the OH groups using numbers EX: 1,1-propandiol

C – C – C – OH

OH

Types of Functional Groups

Ethers – organic compounds with an “oxygen bridge.”

General Formula: R – O – R EX:

Types of Functional Groups

Ethers The name of the ether includes the names

of the alkyl groups on each side of the oxygen and then the word ether on the end. Name alphabetically Symmetrical ethers get prefix

EX: Methyl Propyl EtherC – O – C – C – C

Types of Functional Groups

Aldehydes – organic compounds that contain a double bonded oxygen at the terminal carbon

General Formula: O

R – C – H

Types of Functional Groups

Aldehydes Name of hydrocarbon changes by

adding the suffix –al. EX:

Butane Butanal

Types of Functional Groups

Ketone – a compound that has a double bonded oxygen attached to a carbon that is not at the end of the carbon chain.

General Formula: O

R1 – C – R2

Types of Functional GroupsKetones The name of the keytone is derived from the

name of the alkane, the –e ending is switched to –one. For chains over four carbons, the location of the

double bonded oxygen is denoted by a numerical prefix.

EX:Pentane 3-Pentanone

C C C

Types of Functional Groups

Carboxylic Acids – organic compounds that have a carboxyl group (COOH) at the end of the carbon chain.

General Formula: O

R – C – O – H

Types of Functional GroupsCarboxylic Acid The –e ending of the alkane is changed to –

oic, and the word acid is added. EX:

Butane Butanoic Acid

When numbering the carbon chain, the chain starts at the end with the carboxyl group

Types of Functional Groups

Esters – organic compounds derived from carboxylic acids

An ester is a carboxylic acid that replaces the –OH group with an –OR group

General Formula: O

R – C – O – R

Types of Functional Groups

Esters Name the R part of the –OR group

first, followed by the name of the acid, with the –ic ending changed to ate.

EX: ethanoic acid methyl ethanoate

Types of Functional Groups

Amines – organic compounds that have an amino group (NH2) attached somewhere on the carbon chain.

General Formula (variations on NH3)

R – N – H R – N – R R – N – R

H H H Primary amine Secondary amine Tertiary amine

Types of Functional Groups

Amines The amine group is named as a

substituent on the carbon chain If more than one amino group a prefix

is used and a number denotes position

EX: propanamine (aminopropane or propyl amine)

Types of Functional Groups

Amines Name primary amines as

alkanamines (e.g. methanamine)

There are several ways to name amines (seen below)

Types of Functional Groups

Amines Name secondary amines by using

longest carbon chain for root name, the other chain becomes the substituent When the two alkyl groups are the same

it can also be named as a dialkyl amine. EX: Diethyl amine

Types of Functional GroupsAmines Name tertiary amines similar to the

secondary amines, the longest chain of carbons takes the root name and the other chains become a substituents located on the N When the three alkyl groups are the

same it can be named as a trialkyl amine Ex: trimethyl amine

Types of Functional Groups

Amines In more complex molecules with multiple

substituents, or ones containing higher priority functional groups, the amine is named as an amino- substituent.

It is located by numbering the longest chain of carbons and locating the NH2 group by this

numbering scheme EX: 3-amino-2,6-dimethyl-4-propyloctane

Types of Functional Groups

Amides - organic compounds derived from carboxylic acids

An amide is a carboxylic acid that replaces the –OH group with an amino group

General Formula: O

R – C – O – NH2

Types of Functional Groups

Amides When naming amides, replace the –ic

with amide. EX: Ethanoic acid Ethanaminde

Summary

Definition of Functional Groups Types of Functional Groups