adquisicion sismica 3d_1
TRANSCRIPT
esources Ltd.
Presenta
Ofrecido porNorman M. Cooper, P.Geoph
Julio,2004
Muico
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Presldente,
por
M. Cooper, P.Geoph.
Muetagh Regourceg lrtd.
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s,F Overview of 3D Method
NORM COOPERMUSTAGH RESOURCES LTD.
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Basics of Seismic Operations
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Single Shot - 2-D Record
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The Need for 3D Seismic
2-D Seismic,
rSparse control - may miss anomaly
rCross-line and Out-of-Plan e effects
rVelocity analysis only along line of section
rlncomplete Migration
Swath Shooting
. a . a . a ' a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a
-l-y*l} *f:ths9irBetter control - every second line "Free"
oGood for LINEAR features
oVelocity analysis stil l only good along
line of section
olnterpolated migration
3-D Metho{.
rComplete subsurface imaging
rCoupled Statics solutions - better structure
oFull velocity analysis accounting for dip
r3-D migration - "Focused" view ofsubsurface
oBetter S/N ratio due to de-emphasis of
The Need for Large 3D's
The Cost of 2-D
High Rcs 500 50 t0 SS h a l l o w 6 8 0 2 0 3 4 8 , 5
P¡ leo U/C 960 12 80 t0D - 3 t . t 0 0 t r 1 0 0 1 2 . 5
D e e p 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 t 2 . 5Footh i l l s .1000 . t0 foo t2 .5
¡7 ,500$6,500ss ,500s5,000$ 5 , 0 0 0
¡30,000
Play Of&ct Fo td Sourcc CDp Cor t!¡ lntenel SLc (pcrkm)
The Cost of 3-D
t l l gh Rcr 500 20 100 5 t700,000Sha l low 700 l0 200 15 S. t0 ,000
Pafeo U/C 1000 14 210 20 $24,000D - 3 1 4 0 0 1 8 2 9 0 2 5 $ r E , 0 0 0
D e e p 2 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 0 3 0 5 1 2 . 0 0 0Poo i ¡ ¡ l l ! __ , , f000 l0 l t lo 40 ¡ 100 58 ,000
Pl ¡y O lÉca Fo ld l in ¡ B io Cora
Typu (dcp th) ' / t Spec ing S ize ( rq km)
2-D Activity in Canada in 1997
r about30,000 km of2-D recorded
o utilizing approx. 200 crew monthsaveraging 200 channels per crew
. average cost 95,000 per km
o Total expenditure about 9150,000,000
trii¡
g¡'rF3-D Activity in Canada in 1997
r about 1200 3-D programs recorded(approx. 24,000 square km)
r util izing approx. 350 crew monthsaveraging 1200 channels per crew
. average cost $350,000 per program
r Total expenditure about
2-D Results in Canada in 1997
r 1 wel l per 10 km of 2-D seismic3000 wells drilled on 2-D ?
$50,000 per wel l
. completion rate of perhaps 60%
r only moderate economics for mostcompletions
3-D Results in Canada in 1997
o 1 well per 3 sq km of 3-D seismic8000 wells drilled on 3-D ?
$52,500 per wello completion rate of perhaps 80o/o
o improved economics for mostcompletions
A reminder about subsurface coverase
TCDP I¿tarwal
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A 3-D program contains receiver lines . . .
A 3-D program also contains source l ines .
An example of an Orthogonal 3D grid. . .
3D Survey with the Bin Grid Superimposed
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Statistical Measures of TracesContributing to a Common Bin
r Fold is the total count of all traceswhose midpoints fal lwi thin a bin.
I Offset Distribution measures thevariety of the separation of theindividual source-receiver pairs creatingtraces within a bin.
r Azimuth Distribution measures thenment of the source receiver
Superposition Principleo
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Types of Noise
* Time variant
* Offset variant
* Source variant
* Receiver variant
Noise = f 1t,r,=,r¡
How is Fold Determined ?
o The Fold is built by overlapping areas ofsubsurface coverage.
r The overlap is a function of the subsurfacearea of the patch and the size of the jumpsfrom salvo to salvo (in the in-line direction)and from swath to swath(in the cross-linedirection)
r Let's review the subsurface patch . . .
Offset Limited 3-D Fold
r Usually, we can only use certainsource-receiver offsets. Any traces
generated from longer offsets will bediscarded in processing.
o We generally try to design our recordingpatch as a square or rectanglelarge enough to encompass theMaximum Useable Offset.
How is Fold Determined ?
r Therefore the ln-Line Fold will be:patch heiqht
2 x source line spacingrAnd the Gross-Line Fold will be:
oatch width2 x receiver line spacing
r The Nominal Fold of the 3D will be theproduct of the In-Line and Cross-Line Fold
Nominal 3-D Fold
r The product is:oatch heiqht x patch width
2 x S L x 2 x R LWhere SL is the source line spacingand RL is the receiver line spacing
r O r :patch area
4 x S L x R L
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Calculation of 3-D Fold
r The rectangular fold will be:
Surface Patch Area
Calculation of 2-D Fold( CDP redundancy )
o Subsurface coverage is l/2 of sur face coverage. f requency of shoot¡ng is Group Interval d iv ided
by Source Interval
rFo ld = #Traces X Group ln teña l2 Source Interval
Or:
r Fold = Maximum Useable OffsetSource Interval
2-D Design versus 3-D Design
l Source interval drives the cost of 2-D:
Source Interval = *$"tg-ueslreq t,olo
r Grid density drives the cost of 3-D:
Clean Record - Tilley Area
2-D Design - Example 1
Assume desired fold of 24Assume useable offsets to 1200 m
Sourcelnterval - ry = 50m
Or 20 shots per km
3-D Design - Example I
Assume desired fold of 15Assume useable offsets to 1200 m
For SL=RL = 275 m
2-D Design - Example 2
Assume desired fold of 24Assume useable offsets to 800 m
Sourcelnterval * # - 33.3m
Or 30 shots per km
3-D Design - Example 2
Assume desired fold of 15Assume useable offsets to 800 m
For SL=RL = 183 mOr 29.9 boxes per sq km
Summary of Data examples"R" for design=
"R" for processing =
Desired Fold =2-D Si =
DensitY =Processed Fold =
Des¡red Fold =3-D Line Spacing =
DensitY =
Processed Fold =
12001200
2450.0020.0024;00
800800
2433.3330.0024.00
1 5183
29.8415.00
2-D Design - Example 3
Assume source interval of 50 metersAssume useable offsets to 800 m
F o l d - # - 1 6
Or 213 of expected fold for
3-D Design - Example 3
Assume SL = RL = 275 mAssume useable offsets to 800 m
Or 419 of expected fold
Summary of Data examples"R" for design= 800 1200"R" for processing = 1200 800
Desired Fold =2-D Si =
DensitY =Processed Fold =
Desired Fold =3-D Line Spacing =
DensitY =Processed Fold =
"R ' fo rdes¡gn= 800 i 1
"R" for processing = 1200 800
Dés¡rEd Fold =
2-D S¡=DensitY =
Processed Fold =
Des¡red Fold =3.D Line Spacing =
DensltY =
Process€d Fold =
cost factor = 1.50 0.872-D fold factor= 1.50 , 0,97
S/Nfactor- 1,22 0.92
cost factor = 2.25 0,/t03-D fold factor = 2,26 0,¡14
fastor =
24 2433.33 50.0030.00 20.0036.00 16.00
1 5 1 5183 275
29.t¡1 13,2033.75 3;67
Line Spacing
Avo id : SL /RL = 1 .0S L / R L > 2 . 0S L / R L < 0 . 5
A Typical2-D Field Monitor
A Typical 2-D Field Monitor
3D Naturally Emphasizes Far Offsets
3-D Patch
2-DSpread
Narrow Aperfure Patches
o Often, our patch is not sufficienfly wideto record all useable traces in the crossl ine direct ion.
o This is usually the result of limitedrecording equipment and can becompensated by "double shooting"patches from sides.
Narrow Aperture 3-D Fold
r The surface area of a narrow aperture patchw i l l b e :
7[ R2 - 2 (R2 Cqs't (r / R) - r (R2 - 12)1/2 )
And the fold wil l be :
sur face areal (4 x SL x RL )
Offser Limited 3-D Fold
rThe next two slides illustrate thedifference between fold using alloffsets, and fold using limited offsets.
r Flick back and fcrth between them andnote the differences.
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Offset Limited 3-D Fold
r Note the patterns of higher and lowerfold which are evident in the offsetlimited display.
rThese patterns may produce falseimages in the final stacked data sincedata quality depends partly on fold.
o We refer to this as Geometriclmprinting or as seeing a Footprint of
The Fold Histoeram
rThe next diagram is a histogramshowing the relative number of binswhich are imaged by each fold for theoffset limited modet.
r The fairly broad distribution indicatesthat we might expect geometricimprinting in this modet.
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4ro. 79.68e0,km I 30.77sq.ni. )4822sq.k¡ ( 18.63sc.íd. I
60.5 i6
Fold Cout tl vi Nomin.l s¡o¡t, i¡ot.é i6 S¡qn.t /ttu¡¡.LowFold 180 -f43% 121 -7.1%
Nom¡rl Fold 21 0 0.096 4.SB O.O%Hlch Fold 2,1.0 l¿.3% ,[90 0.9%
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"Fold Driven"2-D Design versus 3-D Design
Source Interval = #k
"Bin Driven"2-D Design versus 3-D Design
Source Interval = Receiver Interval
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3D Parameter Desien
NORM COOPERMUSTAGH RESOURCES LTD.
Design Overview
rOverall suruey size and shaperDeciding on the desired foldoOffset considerationsoSource / Receiver line
spacrngsoBin sizeoBin geometry, scatter
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5 x 180 km : 900 km2 :)
- Not large
10 li;; p-",.t'¡o -> 1000 channels
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30 x 30 km:900 km2 ;";- very lTg. _.
ro lt* p*ftlO rn ni, -
> 6000 channels
One Section of land to be imaeed
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- with 800 m low fold margin
Model Before Migration
Detail of Model Before Migration
One Trace Migrated
One Trace Migrated
Three Traces Mierated
Five Traces Migrated
Nine Traces Mierated
Eleven Traces Migrated
Thirteen Traces Migrated
Fifteen Traces Migrated
Seventeen Traces Mierated
Nineteen Traces Migrated
Twentythree Traces Migrated
Twentynine Traces Migrated
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Detail of Model Before Mieration
Model Before Migration
Migration Aperture
Migration Aperture
The horizontaldistance a trace will be movedby migration in a homogeneous medium
would be:
Migration Aperture = Depth x Tan(dip)
For a reflector at 1000 m with a dip of 30 degrees
Migration Aperture = 1000 x Tan(30) = 977 ¡¡
Fresnel Zone
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Grid Orientation versus Bin Spacing
spacing = 1.414 x b¡n spacing
trace spacing : 1.0 x bln spaclng
Fresnel Zoner The radius around a reflection point where
irregularities on the reflecting éurface areexpected to effect the nature of the reflection
Fresnel Radius = Sqrt [ ( o * 1t2]u ¡z - gz7
and l, = Vavg I rreq
For a reflector at 1000 m with a velocity of 3OO0 m/sec anddominant frequency of 50 Hz
- (¡, = 60 m)
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Out of Plane Effects
Overall Survey Size and Shape
aCover beyond the anomalyrMargin of poor statisticsoMigration aperture and Fresnel ZonerAlignment with Strike / Dip
or Land BoundariesoAvoid irregular shapes (inside
Design Overview
oOverall survey size and shapeoDeciding on the desired foldrOffset considerationsasource / Receiver line
spac¡ngstBin sizeoBin geometry, scatter
r'{ffi
3D Natural ly Emphasizes Far Offsets
. .3-D Patch
2-DSpread
Fold Decimation Experiment (Bouska)
Fold Decimation Experiment (Bouska)
7 fold
\-,Deciding on the Desired Fold
rSignal to noise enhancemento3-D advantages of migrationo3-D advantages of offset
distr ibutionols fold our most important
parameter ?
Design Overview
rOverall suruey size and shaperDeciding on the desired foldrOffset considerationsasource / Receiver line
spacingsoBin sizerBin geometry, scatter'{"ffi
Some Events on a Field Record
- - - . . tMax Offset = Depth ??? iI
Oñ!.r (ml
. 3 B 8 g g $ n * g g g g $ e g0 000
0.500
1.0{x)
: 1 . 5 0 0
2.000
2.500
Stretch Mute(1s%)
A slow layer overlying a fast layer
Air 300 mrs
What happens to the reflected energy ?H C o c f . 4 g
1?oo. loo A¡r roo o/s
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Clean Record - Tilley Area
Noisv Record - Guided Wave
3D Naturally Emphasizes Far Offsets
3-D Patch
2-DSpread
=vgg,
Common Offset Stack - Tunisia
Offset Considerations- Maximum Limits
olnterference with muted first breaksoMoveout stretch muterMode conversionaEnergy loss due to spherical
divergence
Yff i_.7ff
Semblance vs Offset
5000
VELOCITYm / g
2000
0.500
0.600 r'
OFFSET
Offset Considerations- Minimum Limits
oSufficient moveout for velocitvanalysis
rSufficient moveout for multiplediscrimination
oRefraction analysisrAmplitude vs Offset analysis
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Offset Considerations - Multi Zone
Design OverviewoOverall survey size and shaperDeciding on the desired foldoOffset cons¡derationsasource / Receiver line
spacingsoBin sizeoBin geometry, scatter
Shallow Zone X maxand desired fold
determine Grid Density (Sr and Rr)
Patch Size is determined bythe larger of
Shallow Zone X maxor Deep Zone X min
:'f .ffi,:al/ -.jg
lf a patch cannot be full aperture for all zones,it 's minimum dimension must exceed
X min for the deepest zone of significance t!
"Fold Driven"2-D Design versus 3-D Design
Evolut ion of Megabin 3D
Instructor's Option
Open E:\Courses\Fu I l_Wavefie I d_to_Meg ab i n. ppt
Alternatlvely, openE:\Courses\MegaUn_vs_Orthogonal.pptfor a case hlstory fromsw Ontario
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Source / Receiver Line Spacings
oDesired fold within offset limitsrFold at shallow eventsoAspect ratiorDesired wavefield sampling in
a l l doma ins ??
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"Bin Driven"2-D Design versus 3-D Design
Source Interval = Receiver Interval
SL = RL = 4xSubsurfaoe Bin= 2x Receiver Interval
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Design Overview
rOverall survey size and shapeoDeciding on the desired foldr Offset considerationsasource / Receiver line
spacingsoBin size
20 Hz as traces in space
Spatial Sampling at the Surface
X "ppr.nt = },l stnqcg
= Vel / Freq i sin(Cf)
Spatial Sampling at the Surface
Surface Interval=2 x Velocityou.,uu.
,3 x Freqru* x Sin o,
/Desire s ámpes per wavelength.
Surface ¡nterval = 2 x CDP interval
Asymmetric Bins - linear features
$lin ao x zoo m
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Asymmetric Bins - linear features
B i n 4 0 x 8 0 m
YffiffiffiWffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi,
Requ¡red Group Intorvel vs Otfsotfor Olffractlons
To = 1.20O ..c, Vavg ¡ 3(x)0 m/r, Fm.¡ ' 10o lk
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More independence oftraces within bins
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Mid-Point Focused
l-imited lndependence oftraces witi'¡in bins
,: . ,,. ,. ' .,.
t t
S L x R L =4 x Desired Fold
S L = 1 . 5 x R L
= 1.5 RL2 - o'r'ul='
1 x 1 5
= R L : 5 2 . 3 m
= S L - 7 8 . 5 m
f 13 Natural Bins (4 x 5 m)
More traces - No better resolution- limit due to bandwidth is about 7 meters
Mid Point vs Reflectin
Bin Balancing - off,set intelligence
Fractionation of bins bymid-point scattering
r I nterleaving orthogonal geometriesrFlexibility in bin sizerFlexibility in bin geometryrFlexibility in foldtBin balancing
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Statistics and Surface Consistent Algorithms
> Diverse statistics come from diversewavefield sampling
> Surface consistent algorithms requirelinearly independent (diverse) statistics
. Amplitude recovery> Deconvolution
> Statics
Simultaneous Equations - Under Constrained
X + Y = 5
oToo many variables, not enough equationsI no unique solution
X = almost anythingY = 5 - a l m o s t a n y t h i n g
Simultaneous Equations - Properly Constrained
X + Y = 5X - Y = 1
o Number of independent variables matchesnumber of equations - one unique solution
X = 3 Y = 2
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Simultaneous Equations - Over Constrained
X + Y = 5X - Y = 1
X I Y = 1 . 4
o Seldom all measurements agreer No solution
X= 3 Y =2 doesnot f i tex t raequat ion
Simultaneous Equations - Over Constrained
X + Y = 5 + e r r O r lX - Y = 1 + e r r o r 2X i Y = 1 . 4 + e r r o r 3
o Recognize errors in measured valueso Each error becomes another variable
o Now we have 3 equations and 5 variableso Now we are Under Constrained again !!
o Too many solutions - none unique
Simultaneous Equations - Over Constrained
X + Y = 5 + 0 . 0 = 5X - Y = 1 + 0 . 0 = 1X / Y = 1 . 4 + 0 . 1 = 1 . 5
a average absolute error = 0.033
X = 3 Y = 2
Observed = Structure + NMO + Receiver + Source
Example
10 km 2-D l ine100 channels (traces) per SP
Source Interval = 100 m (10 per km)Receiver Interval= 20 m (50 per km)
CDP fold = 10
Statistics and Surface Consistent Algorithms
. t . : , : , : : i
Simultaneous Equations - Over Constrained
X + Y = 5 + 1 . 0 = 6X _ y = 1 + - 1 . 0 = 0X / Y = 1 . 4 + - 0 . 4 = 1
aaverage absolute error = 0.80
X = 3 Y = 3
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Surface Consistent Algorithms
rFeed on statistical diversity
l3-D's provide more dimensions ofstatistics and greater diversity
rSome models generate redundantstatistics and should be avoided
Design Considerations - Offset
rShallow objective and first breaksrDeep objective and Velocity Analysis.Deep target and Multiple SuppressionoEnergy Loss.AVO effectsoRefraction Analysis
Observed : Structure + NMO + Receiver * Source
Recorded traces = 10 x 10 x 100 = 10,000Receiver stations = 50 x 10 = 500
Source stations = 10 x 10 = 100C D P l o c a t i o n s = 2 x 5 0 x 1 0 - 1 , 0 0 0Unique Offsets = channels = 100
10,000 equat ions1,000 + 100 + 500 +100 = 1700 variables
we require 10,000 errorterms to be minimized
Design Considerations - Fold
rStatistical Redundancy for processingtGeneral Signal to Noise Ratio of areatEconomicstOffset and Source interual for 2DtOffset 2 and grid density for 3D
Design - Group Interval
rSpatial Aliasing of dipsrSpatial Aliasing of Diffraction patternsoSpatial Aliasing of Coherent NoisetFresnelZoneoTarget SizelNumber of Geophones, Array
Design - Source Interval
aFrom Fold, Offsets, channelslrounded down to integer multiple
of group interval in 2-Daequal to group interval for stack arrayotwice bin size for 3-Dasource Array ?
t-
\-,Design - Spread Geometry
rDetail versus ReconnaissancetDominant dip versus line orientationlRefraction analysis (near offsets)aLand boundaries
Design - Channels Required
.From useable Offset & Group IntervaloFull aperture 3-D Patch (line spacing)oRecording Equipment available
Design - Source Type
tSurface conditionsoProximity to Cultural obstructionsrEquipment availabilityrStack Array - full wavefield sampling ??
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Design - Dynamite
Charge SizeHole depth
Surface charge??Single or pattern holes
Pentolite versus NG versus Gelconventional versus shaped charge
SummarytAccount for wavefield samplingtCustom tailor to available
instrumentationtAllow for realistic implementationrOptimize for economics
-the best data comes from surveyswhich are not just designed but arealso recorded !!
Design - VibroseisSize and number of vibrators
Bandwidth of sweepUpsweep or DownsweepDrive Levelversus THDSweep length and tapers
Linearity and tapersNumber of Sweeps
Total effort versus pad time
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