admath project work_13-1 (1)

7/27/2019 Admath Project Work_13-1 (1)

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CONTENT

CONTENT 1

APPRECIATION 2

OBJECTIVES 3

QUESTION 2 4

PART 1 4

PART 2 14

PART 3 18

FURTHER EXPLORATION 20

REFLECTION 29


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APPRECIATION

Grateful to Allah SWT for enabling my Additional Mathematics project work Form 5 2013 to be

finished successfully.

Thanks to my teacher, Puan Ruhaya Bt Awang Ahmad for helping me in the process of

completing this project work. Indeed, without the help of his, this project work is certainly very

difficult for me to finish in the given time.

Not forgotten, thanks also goes to my parents who always give help and support to me to

complete this project. All the support, advice and criticism they give very much appreciated.

Thanks go out to all the employees of Aktif Supermarket, Tong Fat Value Mart and Giant

Supermarket that taking the time to be interviewed by me. Indeed, without the cooperation

from them, I am very sure that this project will not be completed.

Thank you also goes to my classmates who were working together to complete this project

with me. All the assistance they provide very meaningful to me. Surely this is the memories I

will not forget until the end of my life.


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OBJECTIVES

Every student taking Additional Mathematics is required to carry out a project work while they

are in Form 5. This year, the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education hasprepared two tasks. Students are to choose and complete only one task based on their area of

interest. Upon completion of the Additional Mathematic Project Work, it is hoped that students

will gain valuable experiences and able to:

Apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve routine and non-routineproblems,

Experience classroom environments which are challenging, interesting and meaningfuland hence improve thinking skills,

Experience classroom environments where expressing ones mathematical thinking,reasoning and communication are highly encouraged and expected,

Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and writing and to use thelanguage of mathematics to express mathematical ideas correctly and precisely,

Prepare students; for demands of their future undertakings and in workplace, Train students not only to be independent learners but also to collaborate, to

cooperate, and to share knowledge in an engaging and healthy environment,

Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively, Train students to appreciate the intrinsic values of mathematics and to become more

creative and innovative, Realize the importance and beauty of mathematics.


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QUESTION 2

BACKGROUND

The prices of goods sold in shops vary from one shop to another. Shoppers tend to buy goods

which are reasonably priced, giving value for their money. We, as consumers, should learn to

spend wisely and keep our daily expenses to the minimum.

PART 1

I have carried out a survey on three different items based on the following categories which are

food, detergent and stationary. The survey has been done in three different shops.

a) I have collected pictures, newspapers cuttings or photos on items that I have chosen. Ialso have design a collage to illustrate the chosen items.


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FOOD

Original TIGER Biscuit

AYAMAS Chicken Nugget

FernleafSolivite


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DETERGENT

BREEZE Detergent

ATTACK Detergent

XTRA Detergent


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STATIONARY

FABER-CASTELL 0.7 Polymer Leads

Gsoft Correction Fluid

STABILO Highlighter


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b) I have record the items and their prices systematically as in Table 1(a), 1(b) and 1(c).Since items may be differently packed, I have taken precaution by always use consistent

measurements for each item selected so that comparison can be done easily and

accurately.

Category Item

Price (RM)

Shop A

Aktif

Supermarket

Shop B

Tong Fat Value

Mart

Shop C

Giant

Supermarket

Food

Original TIGER

Biscuit

(198 gm)

1.55 1.79 1.90

AYAMAS

Chicken Nugget(850 gm)

8.55 9.15 8.90

Fern leaf

Solivite

(5x125ml)

4.10 3.55 3.59

Total Price 14.20 14.49 14.39

Table 1(a)

Category Item

Price (RM)

Shop AAktif

Supermarket

Shop BTong Fat Value

Mart

Shop CGiant

Supermarket

Detergent

BREEZE

Detergent

(1000 ml)

6.50 6.20 6.90

ATTACK

Detergent

(1000 ml)

7.10 7.50 7.90

XTRADetergent

(1000 ml)

5.30 5.15 5.50

Total Price 18.90 18.85 20.30

Table 1(b)


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Category Item

Price (RM)

Shop A

Aktif

Supermarket

Shop B

Tong Fat Value

Mart

Shop C

Giant

Supermarket

StationaryFABER-CASTELL

0.7 Polymer

Leads

0.90 1.00 0.80

Gsoft

Correction

Fluid

4.20 3.90 4.50

STABILO

Highlighter 4.30 4.20 4.60

Total Price 9.40 9.10 9.90Table 1(c)


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c) I have created two suitable representations to compare and contrast the prices of eachcategory.

Graph 1(a)

14.2

14.49

14.39

Total Price

Aktif Supermarket

Tong Fat Value Mart

Giant Supermarket

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Original TIGER Biscuit AYAMAS Chicken

Nugget

Fernleaf Solivite

Aktif Supermarket

Tong Fat Value Mart

Giant Supermarket


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Graph 1(b)

18.9

18.85

21.3

Total Price

Aktif Supermarket

Tong Fat Value Mart

Giant Supermarket

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

BREEZE Detergent ATTACK Detergent XTRA Detergent

Aktif Supermarket

Tong Fat Value Mart

Giant Supermarket


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Graph 1(c)

9.4

9.1

9.9

Total Price

Aktif Supermarket

Tong Fat Value Mart

Giant Supermarket

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

FABER-CASTELL 0.7

Polymer Leads

G'soft Correction Fluid STABILO Highlighter

Aktif Supermarket

Tong Fat Value Mart

Giant Supermarket


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d) Based on the graphical representations that I have constructed in Part 1(c), we can seethat there are large and small price different among three shops that are Aktif

Supermarket, Tong Fat Value Mart and Giant Supermarket in each category.

In the food category, we can see that the largest price difference is the AYAMAS ChickenNugget while the smallest price different is FernleafSolivite. In the detergent category,

we can see that a large price different for BREEZE Detergent and the small price

different for the other two detergents. In the stationary category, a large price different

can be seen for Gsoft Correction Fluid while the other two items just show a small price

different.

Next when we compared the total price for each category, we can see that for food

category the highest total price is Tong Fat Value Mart while the lowest total price is

Aktif Supermarket. In the detergent category, the highest total price is Giant

Supermarket while the lowest total price is Tong Fat Value Mart. In the last category

which is stationary, the highest total price is Giant Supermarket while the lowest total

price is once again Tong Fat Value Mart.

As a conclusion, we as a consumer can see that different shops offer different prices for

the same product. So, we must think carefully before buying anything. We are

encouraged to compare the prices between any shop before buying anything. The

decision is in our hand. So remember to make a right decision.

e) I have identified an item that has a large price difference among the shops. Detergenthas a large price difference among the shops. In my opinion the situations occur due to

a few relevant reasons. First of all, it is about the location of the shop. The shop located

in the big city such as Giant Supermarket sold their goods in higher prices while the

other two shops that are located in the sub-city offer a lower price.

Secondly, it is about the quality of product. The more quality product will have a

higher price. The more you pay, the more quality the detergent you will get.


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PART 2

Every year my school will organizes a carnival to raise fund for school improvement projects.

This year my school plans to install CCTV in order to enhance its security. Last year, during thecarnival, my class made and sold nasi lemak. Due to the popularity of this local food, my class

has decided to carry out the same project for this years carnival.

a) I have observed the prices of the given items in making nasi lemakfor the year 2013. Ihave recorded it in Table 2.

Items

(for 10 packets ofNasiLemak)

Quantity Price in the year

2012(RM)

Price in the year

2013(RM)

I

For the flavoured rice :

Rice 1 kg 2.70 3.40

Santan 150 g 1.40 2.00

Onion 10 g 0.15 0.30

Ginger 10 g 0.15 0.25

Salt 2 g 0.05 0.10

II

For the Sambal:

Red Onion 10 g 0.05 0.15

Garlic 5 g 0.04 0.10

Dried Chillies 100 g 1.00 1.60IkanBilis 200 g 2.00 2.80

Cooking Oil 100 g 0.25 0.60

III

Miscellaneous :

Fried groundnuts 200 g 0.50 0.70

Fried crispy IkanBilis 150 g 1.50 2.40

Cucumber 200 g 0.20 0.50

5 Eggs 300 g 1.50 2.40

Banana leaves (1 bundle) 300 g 1.00 1.60

Table 2


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b) I have calculated the price index for each of the items in Table 2 for the year 2013 basedon the year 2012.

By using formula, I =

X 100,

where Q1 - Price in the year 2013

Q0 -Price in the year 2012

Items


Price in the year

2012(RM)

Price in the year

2013(RM)

Price Index


Rice 2.70 3.40 125.926

Santan 1.40 2.00 142.857Onion 0.15 0.30 200.000

Ginger 0.15 0.25 166.667

Salt 0.05 0.10 200.000

For the Sambal:

Red Onion 0.05 0.15 300.000

Garlic 0.04 0.10 250.000

Dried Chillies 1.00 1.60 160.000

IkanBilis 2.00 2.80 140.000

Cooking Oil 0.25 0.60 240.000Miscellaneous :

Fried groundnuts 0.50 0.70 140.000

Fried crispy IkanBilis 1.50 2.40 160.000

Cucumber 0.20 0.50 250.000

5 Eggs 1.50 2.40 160.000

Banana leaves (1 bundle) 1.00 1.60 160.000

Total Price 12.34 17.30 2795.450

Table 3


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c) I have calculated the composite index for the cost of a packet of nasilemak in the year2013 based on the year 2012.

By using formula, =

,

where - sum of price index times weightage

- sum of weightage

We can calculate the composite index for the cost of a packet of nasilemakin the year

2013 based on the year 2012. We use quantity of an item as the weightage.

Items


Price Index , I Weightage , w


Rice 125.926 1000 g 125926.00

Santan 142.857 150 g 21428.55

Onion 200.000 10 g 2000.00

Ginger 166.667 10 g 1666.67

Salt 200.000 2 g 400.00

For the Sambal:

Red Onion 300.000 10 g 3000.00

Garlic 250.000 5 g 1250.00

Dried Chillies 160.000 100 g 16000.00

IkanBilis 140.000 200 g 28000.00

Cooking Oil 240.000 100 g 24000.00

Miscellaneous :

Fried groundnuts 140.000 200 g 28000.00

Fried crispy IkanBilis 160.000 150 g 24000.00

Cucumber 250.000 200 g 50000.005 Eggs 160.000 300 g 48000.00

Banana leaves (1 bundle) 160.000 300 g 48000.00

Total 2795.450 2737 g 421671.22


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Referring back to the formula above,

=

,

=

,

= 154.06

The answer above is the composite index for the cost of 10 packets ofnasilemak, to find

the composite index for the cost of a packet of nasilemak, the answer above must be

divided by 10.

So,

=

=15.41

d) In the year 2012, the nasilemakwas sold at RM2.00 each. For this year, i suggest weshould sell nasilemakat RM2.50 each. It is because the cost of a packets ofnasilemakin

the year 2013 is higher than the cost in the year 2012. The price of each item in the year

2013 is also higher compared to 2012. In addition, I think that RM2.50 is an affordable

price for the student nowadays. So, it will not burn a hole in their pockets.


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PART 3

In order to upgrade the security, my school has decided to install closed-circuit TV (CCTV).

a) I suggest that my school should install sixteen cameras in order to upgrade the securityof my school. Eight cameras should be placed in the hostels compound while the rest

can be placed in the academic blocks compound. It is because the cameras can prevent

crimes from happening, especially in the hostel. Cases of theft, burglary, truancy,

bullying and so on can be prevented from occurring. Teachers also can monitor students

more effectively. I also have made a plan of the placement of the cameras.

GUARD

CANTEENMAIN

HALL

BLOCK

A

BLOCK BBLOCK C

BLOCK D

COMPUTER

LAB

CAMERA

BLOCK F BLOCK E BLOCK DBLOCK CBLOCK BBLOCK A


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b) According tohttp://www.mudah.my/PEMASANGAN+CCTV+dan+ALARM+DI+KEDIAMAN+ANDA-

21272569.htm, the cost of installation of the CCTV is about RM5000 for sixteen cameras.

c) If my class intends to sponsor 10% of the cost , we must sell at least 200 packets ofnasilemak. It is because 10% of RM5000 is RM500. If we managed to sell at least 300

packets ofnasilemakwith price of each packet is RM2.50, at the end of the day we will

get RM750. We will give school RM500 while the rest of the money we can save it as our

classs money.

d) My class can achieve the 10% target. It is because the number of students in my schoolis about 700 students. So the target is not an impossible target to be achieved. I also

think that my class should not carry out a different project because I really sure that this

project of selling nasilemakwill work out. However, if they want to carry out a different

project, I suggest that we should sell drinking water, biscuits, cakes or maybe bread.


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FURTHER EXPLORATION

Index number is being used in many different daily situations, for example, air pollution index,

stock market index, gold index and property index.

Price index

A price index ( plural : price indices or price indexes) is a normalized average(typically a

weighted average) of prices for a given class of goods or services in a given region, during a

given interval of time. It is a statistic designed to help to compare how these prices, taken as a

whole, differ between time periods or geographical locations .

Price indices have several potential uses. For particularly broad indices, the index can be said to

measure the economy's price level or a cost of living. More narrow price indices can help

producers with business plans and pricing. Sometimes, they can be useful in helping to guide

investment . Some notable price indices include:

Consumer price index

Producer price index

GDP deflator

History of early price indices

No clear consensus has emerged on who created the first price index. The earliest reported

research in this area came from Welshman Rice Vaughan who examined price level change in

his 1675 book A Discourse of Coin and Coinage. Vaughan wanted to separate the inflationary

impact of the influx of precious metals brought by Spain from the New World from the effect

due to currency debasement. Vaughan compared labor statutes from his own time to similar

statutes dating back to Edward III. These statutes set wages for certain tasks and provided a

good record of the change in wage levels. Vaughan reasoned that the market for basic labor did

not fluctuate much with time and that a basic laborers salary would probably buy the same

amount of goods in different time periods, so that a laborer's salary acted as a basket of goods.

Vaughan's analysis indicated that price levels in England had risen six to eightfold over the

preceding century

While Vaughan can be considered a forerunner of price index research, his analysis did not

actually involve calculating an index. In 1707 Englishman William Fleetwood created perhaps


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the first true price index. An Oxford student asked Fleetwood to help show how prices had

changed. The student stood to lose his fellowship since a fifteenth century stipulation barred

students with annual incomes over five pounds from receiving a fellowship. Fleetwood, who

already had an interest in price change, had collected a large amount of price data going back

hundreds of years. Fleetwood proposed an index consisting of averaged price relatives andused his methods to show that the value of five pounds had changed greatly over the course of

260years. He argued on behalf of the Oxford students and published his findings anonymously

in a volume entitled ChroniconPreciosum.

I have obtained some information from the internet or other reliable sources on the

importance of two difference types of index number of my choice.

The first index number is Air Pollution Index

The Air Pollution Index (API) is a simple and generalized way to describe the air quality

in China, Hong Kong and Malaysia. It is calculated from several sets of air pollution data.

In mainland China the API was replaced by an updated Air Quality Index in early 2012.

China

China's State Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) is responsible for measuring the level of air

pollutions in China. As of 28 August 2008, SEPA monitors daily pollution level in 86 of its major

cities. The API level is based on the level of 5 atmospheric pollutants, namely sulfur

dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), suspended particulates (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO),

and ozone (O3) measured at the monitoring stations throughout each city.

API Mechanics

An individual score is assigned to the level of each pollutant and the final API is the highest of

those 5 scores. The pollutants can be measured quite differently. SO2, NO2 and

PM10 concentration are measured as average per day. CO and O3 are more harmful and are

measured as average per hour. The final API value is calculated per day.

The scale for each pollutant is non-linear, as is the final API score. Thus an API of 100 does not

mean twice the pollution of API at 50, nor does it mean twice as harmful. While an API of 50from day 1 to 182 and API of 100 from day 183 to 365 do provide an annual average of 75, it

does notmean the pollution is acceptable even if the benchmark of 100 is deemed safe. This is

because the benchmark is a 24 hour target. The annual average must match against the annual

target. It is entirely possible to have safe air every day of the year but still fail the annual

pollution benchmark.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Quality_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Quality_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China


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API and Health Implications (Daily Targets)

APIAir Pollution

LevelHealth Implications

0 - 50 Excellent No health implications

51 -

100Good No health implications

101-

150

Slightly

Polluted

Slight irritations may occur, individuals with breathing or heart problems

should reduce outdoor exercise.

151-

200

Lightly

Polluted

Slight irritations may occur, individuals with breathing or heart problems

should reduce outdoor exercise.

201-

250

Moderately

Polluted

Healthy people will be noticeably affected. People with breathing or heart

problems will experience reduced endurance in activities. These

individuals and elders should remain indoors and restrict activities.

251-

300

Heavily

Polluted

Healthy people will be noticeably affected. People with breathing or heart

problems will experience reduced endurance in activities. These

individuals and elders should remain indoors and restrict activities.

300+Severely

Polluted

Healthy people will experience reduced endurance in activities. There

may be strong irritations and symptoms and may trigger other illnesses.

Elders and the sick should remain indoors and avoid exercise. Healthy

individuals should avoid outdoor activities.

Hong Kong

The API has been in use in Hong Kong since June 1995. It is measured and updated hourly by

the Environmental Protection Department (EPD). Moreover, the EPD makes forecast on the API

for the following day everyday.

The API is based on the level of 6 atmospheric pollutants, namely sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen

dioxide (NO2), respirable suspended particulates, carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), lead (Pb),

measured at all the monitoring stations throughout the territory.

There are 11 General Stations and 3 Roadside Stations. The former includes Central /

Western, Eastern, Kwai Chung, Kwun Tong, Sha Tin, Sham Shui Po, Tai Po, Tap Mun, Tsuen

Wan, Tung Chung, and Yuen Long; the latter Causeway Bay, Central, and MongKok.

In Hong Kong, there are two types of API: General API and Roadside API. The EPD reports the

latest APIs hourly.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_and_Western_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_and_Western_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_District,_Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwai_Chunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwun_Tonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sham_Shui_Pohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Pohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_Munhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuen_Wanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuen_Wanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Longhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central,_Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong_Kokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong_Kokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central,_Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Longhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuen_Wanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuen_Wanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_Munhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Pohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sham_Shui_Pohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwun_Tonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwai_Chunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_District,_Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_and_Western_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_and_Western_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Department


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The index and the air quality objectives were set in 1987; and pollutant levels are measured

over varying periods, ing/m3. There are hourly, 24 hour and annual targets for sulfur dioxide

and nitrogen dioxide, and 24 hour and annual targets for particulates.

The table below shows the official Health Implications of the respective API levels in Hong Kong.

API

Air

Pollution

Level

Health Implications;

0 -

25Low Not expected.

26 -

50Medium Not expected for the general population.

51 -100

High Acute health effects are not expected but chronic effects may be observed ifone is persistently exposed to such levels.

101 -

200Very High

People with existing heart or respiratory illnesses may notice mild aggravation

of their health conditions. Generally healthy individuals may also notice some

discomfort.

201 -

500Severe

People with existing heart or respiratory illnesses may experience significant

aggravation of their symptoms. There may also be widespread symptoms in

the healthy population (e.g. eye irritation, wheezing, coughing, phlegm and

sore throats).

In 1998, the Education Bureau's recommended schools to curtail outdoor activities when the

index reached 200, whereas leading healthcare advocates are urging that the level be revised to

100.The World Health Organization revised its air quality guideline levels of sulfur dioxide,

nitrogen dioxide and ozone in 2006 in light of new scientific evidence. The WHO also introduced

new measurement guidelines for very small particulates which are more dangerous to

pulmonary function. At the '200' level, Hong Kong levels of SO2(800g/m3) and

NO2(1,130g/m3) are 40 times and 5 times WHO guidelines respectively; the equivalent for

particulates (350g/m3) is 7 times WHO guidelines.

Malaysia

Similar to Hong Kong, the air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air Pollutant Index.

Four of the index's pollutant components (i.e., carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and

sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10particulate matter is reported in g/m3.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgram


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This scale below shows the Health classifications used by the Malaysian government.

APIAir Pollution

Level

0 - 50 Good

51 - 100 Moderate

101 - 200 Unhealthy

201 - 300 Very unhealthy

301+ Hazardous

If the API exceeds 500, a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area. Usually, this

means that non-essential government services are suspended, and all ports in the affected area

are closed. There may also be a prohibition on private sector commercial and industrial

activities in the reporting area excluding the food sector.

The highest API value ever recorded was 839 in Kuching on 23 September 1997 during the 1997

Southeast Asian haze.

The second index number is Stock market index

A stock index or stock market index is a method of measuring the value of a section of the stock

market. It is computed from the prices of selected stocks (sometimes a weighted average). It is

a tool used by investors and financial managers to describe the market, and to compare the

return on specific investments.

An index is a mathematical construct, so it may not be invested in directly. But many mutual

funds and exchange-traded funds attempt to "track" an index (see index fund), and those funds

that do may not be judged against those that do not.

Types of indexes [edit]

Stock market indices may be classed in many ways. A 'world' or 'global' stock market index

includes (typically large) companies without regard for where they are domiciled or traded. Two

examples are MSCI World and S&P Global 100.

A 'national' index represents the performance of the stock market of a given nationand by

proxy, reflects investor sentiment on the state of its economy. The most regularly quoted

market indices are national indices composed of the stocks of large companies listed on a

nation's largest stock exchanges, such as the American S&P 500, the Japanese Nikkei 225, the

BrazilianIbovespa, the Russian RTSI, the Indian SENSEX and the British FTSE 100.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_hazehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_hazehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_averagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portfolio_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange-traded_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_market_index&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSCI_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_Global_100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkei_225http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibovespahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SENSEXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SENSEXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibovespahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkei_225http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_Global_100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSCI_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_market_index&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange-traded_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portfolio_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_averagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_hazehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_hazehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuching


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The concept may be extended well beyond an exchange. The Wilshire 5000 Index, the original

total market index, represents the stocks of nearly every publicly traded company in the United

States, including all U.S. stocks traded on the New York Stock Exchange (but not ADRs or limited

partnerships), NASDAQand American Stock Exchange. Russell Investment Group added to the

family of indices by launching the Russel Global Index.More specialised indices exist tracking the performance of specific sectors of the market. Some

examples include the Wilshire US REIT which tracks more than 80 American real estate

investment trusts and the Morgan Stanley Biotech Index which consists of 36 American firms in

the biotechnology industry. Other indices may track companies of a certain size, a certain type

of management, or even more specialized criteria one index published by Linux Weekly

News tracks stocks of companies that sell products and services based on the Linux operating

environment.

Index versions

Some indices, such as the S&P 500, have multiple versions. These versions can differ based on

how the index components are weighted and on how dividends are accounted for. For

example, there are three versions of the S&P 500 index: price return, which only considers the

price of the components, total return, which accounts for dividend reinvestment, and net total

return, which accounts for dividend reinvestment after the deduction of a withholding tax. As

another example, the Wilshire 4500 and Wilshire 5000 indices have five versions each: full

capitalization total return, full capitalization price, float-adjusted total return, float-adjusted

price, and equal weight. The difference between the full capitalization, float-adjusted, and

equal weight versions is in how index components are weighted.

Weighting

An index may also be classified according to the method used to determine its price. In a price-

weightedindex such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average, Amex Major Market Index, and

theNYSE ARCA Tech 100 Index, the price of each component stock is the only consideration

when determining the value of the index. Thus, price movement of even a single security will

heavily influence the value of the index even though the dollar shift is less significant in a

relatively highly valued issue, and moreover ignoring the relative size of the company as a

whole. In contrast, amarket-value weightedorcapitalization-weightedindex such as the HangSeng Index factors in the size of the company. Thus, a relatively small shift in the price of a large

company will heavily influence the value of the index. In amarket-share weightedindex, price is

weighted relative to the number of shares, rather than their total value.

Traditionally, capitalization- or share-weighted indices all had afullweighting, i.e. all

outstanding shares were included. Recently, many of them have changed to afloat-

adjustedweighting which helps indexing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilshire_5000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Depositary_Receipthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_partnershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_partnershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Stock_Exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Investment_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilshire_US_REIT&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Stanley_Biotech_Index&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Weekly_Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Weekly_Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilshire_4500http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilshire_5000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price-weightedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price-weightedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price-weightedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price-weightedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Averagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amex_Major_Market_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYSE_ARCA_Tech_100_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalization-weighted_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalization-weighted_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalization-weighted_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalization-weighted_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalization-weighted_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalization-weighted_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Seng_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Seng_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Market-share_weighted&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Market-share_weighted&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Market-share_weighted&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_floathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_floathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_floathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Market-share_weighted&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Seng_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Seng_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalization-weighted_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalization-weighted_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYSE_ARCA_Tech_100_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amex_Major_Market_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Averagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price-weightedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price-weightedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilshire_5000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilshire_4500http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Weekly_Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Weekly_Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Stanley_Biotech_Index&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilshire_US_REIT&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Investment_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Stock_Exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_partnershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_partnershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Depositary_Receipthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilshire_5000


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A modified capitalization-weighted indexis a hybrid between capitalization weighting and equal

weighting. It is similar to a capitalization weighting with one main difference: the largest stocks

are capped to a percent of the weight of the total stock index and the excess weight will be

redistributed equally amongst the stocks under that cap. Moreover, in 2005, Standard & Poor's

introduced the S&P Pure Growth Style Index and S&P Pure Value Style Index whichwas attribute-weighted. That is, a stock's weight in the index is decided by the score it gets

relative to the value attributes that define the criteria of a specific index, the same measure

used to select the stocks in the first place. For these two stocks, a score is calculated for every

stock, be it their growth score or the value score (a stock cannot be both) and accordingly they

are weighted for the index.

Criticism of capitalization-weighting

The use of capitalization-weighted indices is often justified by the central conclusion ofmodern

portfolio theory that the optimal investment strategy for any investor is to hold the marketportfolio, the capitalization-weighted portfolio of all assets. However, empirical tests conclude

that market indices are not efficient.This can be explained by the fact that these indices do not

include all assets or by the fact that the theory does not hold. The practical conclusion is that

using capitalization-weighted portfolios is not necessarily the optimal method.

As a consequence, capitalization-weighting has been subject to severe criticism (see e.g.

Haugen and Baker 1991, Amenc, Goltz, and Le Sourd 2006, or Hsu 2006), pointing out that the

mechanics of capitalization-weighting lead to trend-following strategies that provide an

inefficient risk-return trade-off.

Also, while capitalization-weighting is the standard in equity index construction, different

weighting schemes exist. First, while most indices use capitalization-weighting, additional

criteria are often taken into account, such as sales/revenue and net income (see the Guide to

the Dow Jones Global Titan 50 Index, January 2006). Second, as an answer to the critiques of

capitalization-weighting, equity indices with different weighting schemes have emerged, such

as "wealth"-weighted (Morris, 1996),fundamental-weighted (Arnott, Hsu and Moore 2005),

diversity-weighted (Fernholz, Garvy, and Hannon 1998) or equal-weighted indices.

A material mis-conception about Market Indices is that their peaks and troughs resonate with

returns to investors in equity instruments. Rather, Market indices are indicators of the STATE

OF CAPITAL MARKETS in absolute terms they, indicates the flow of capital in or out of the

markets and the bargaining power of the participant. Effectively, market indices are a

compound factor of 3 (three) variable components:- 1. The quantity of Share (whether Free

Float or Total issued) ; and 2. The prices of the Equity Shares ; and 3. The constituent companies

of the Market Index each influencing the determination of the state of capital market (and

hence the marked index) in its own manner.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attribute-weighted&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trend-followinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentally_based_indexeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentally_based_indexeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentally_based_indexeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Arnotthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Arnotthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentally_based_indexeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trend-followinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attribute-weighted&action=edit&redlink=1


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Indices and passive investment management

There has been an accelerating trend in recent decades to create passively managed mutual

funds that are based on market indices, known as index funds. Advocates claim that index funds

routinely beat a large majority ofactively managed mutual funds; one study[citation needed]

claimedthat over time, the average actively managed fund has returned 1.8% less than the S&P

500index - a result nearly equal to the average expense ratio of mutual funds (fund expenses

are a drag on the funds' return by exactly that ratio). Since index funds attempt to replicate the

holdings of an index, they obviate the need for and thus many costs of the research

entailed in active management, and have a lower churn rate (the turnover of securities which

lose fund managers' favor and are sold, with the attendant cost of commissions and capital

gains taxes).

Indices are also a common basis for a related type of investment, the exchange-traded fund or

ETF. Unlike an index fund, which is priced daily, an ETF is priced continuously, is optionable, andcan be sold short.

Ethical stock market indices

A notable specialized index type is those for ethical investing indices that include only those

companies satisfying ecological or social criteria, e.g. those ofThe Calvert

Group, KLD, FTSE4Good Index, Dow Jones Sustainability Index and Wilderhill Clean Energy

Index.

In 2010, the OIC announced the initiation of a stock index that complies with Islamic law's banon alcohol, tobacco and gambling. Other such equities, such as the Dow Jones Islamic Market

World Index, already exist.

Another important trend is strict mechanical criteria for inclusion and exclusion to prevent

market manipulation, e.g. in Canada when Nortel was permitted to rise to over 30% of the TSE

300 indexvalue. Ethical indices have a particular interest in mechanical criteria, seeking to avoid

accusations of ideological bias in selection, and have pioneered techniques for inclusion and

exclusion of stocks based on complex criteria. Another means of mechanical selection is mark-

to-future methods that exploit scenarios produced by multiple analysts weighted according toprobability, to determine which stocks have become too risky to hold in the index of concern.

Critics of such initiatives argue that many firms satisfy mechanical "ethical criteria", e.g.

regarding board composition or hiring practices, but fail to perform ethically with respect to

shareholders, e.g. Enron. Indeed, the seeming "seal of approval" of an ethical index may put

investors more at ease, enabling scams. One response to these criticisms is that trust in the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churn_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange-traded_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_investinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvert_Social_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvert_Social_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domini_400_Social_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE4Good_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Sustainability_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilderhill_Clean_Energy_Index&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilderhill_Clean_Energy_Index&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Islamic_Market_World_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Islamic_Market_World_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSE_300_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSE_300_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark-to-future_methods&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark-to-future_methods&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark-to-future_methods&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark-to-future_methods&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSE_300_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSE_300_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Islamic_Market_World_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Islamic_Market_World_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilderhill_Clean_Energy_Index&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilderhill_Clean_Energy_Index&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Sustainability_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE4Good_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domini_400_Social_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvert_Social_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvert_Social_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_investinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange-traded_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churn_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_management


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corporate management, index criteria, fund or index manager, and securities regulator, can

never be replaced by mechanical means, so "market transparency" and "disclosure" are the

only long-term-effective paths to fair markets.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_transparencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation#Financial_disclosurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation#Financial_disclosurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_transparency


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REFLECTION

Alhamdulillah, I have learnt abundance of moral values throughout the process of completing

this project work.

I learnt that Additional Mathematics is actually a fun subject. I realized that by using Additional

Mathematics , we can solve many problems that occur in our daily life.

I learnt that cooperation is a mandatory while working as a team. If cooperation did not exist

in a team, I am 100% sure that the project that the team is working on will not complete.

I learnt that the spirit of never give up is really important to be practiced in the life as a

student. Sometimes, I think that this project work cannot be finished in the given time but I and

my teammates never give up and try to finish this project work successfully.

admath project work_13-1 (1)

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