adjuvants_ oils, surfactants and other additives for farm chemicals - revised 2012 edition(2)

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AdjuvantsOils, surfactants and

other additives for farm chemicalsRevised 2012 edition



Caution: Research on Unregistered Pesticide Use Any research with unregistered pesticides or of unregistered products

reported in this document does not constitute a recommendation for that

particular use by the authors or the authors’ organisations. All pesticide

applications must accord with the currently registered label for that

particular pesticide, crop, pest and region.

Disclaimer Any recommendations, suggestions or opinions contained in this

publication do not necessarily represent the policy or views of the Grains

Research and Development Corporation (GRDC), Conservation Farmers

Inc. No person should act on the basis of the contents of this publication

without rst obtaining specic, independent professional advice. The

Corporation and contributors to this booklet may identify products

by proprietary or trade names to help readers identify particular typesof products. We do not endorse or recommend the products of any

manufacturer referred to. Other products may perform as well as or better

than those specically referred to. The GRDC and Conservation Farmers

Inc. will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred or arising by

reason of any person using or relying on the information in this publication.

Title: Adjuvants – Oils, surfactants and other additives for

farm chemicals – revised 2012 edition

Authors: Compiled by agricultural consultant Andrew Somervaille, with

assistance from Graham Betts (specialist spray consultant), Bill Gordon

(Bill Gordon Consulting), Vicki Green and Michael Burgis (ConservationFarmers Inc) and Rosemary Henderson (Protech Consulting).

Project Coordinator: Lloyd O’Connell, Australian Grain

GRDC Project Code: BER00009

©2012 Grains Research & Development Corporation

Published December 2011

ISBN: 978-1-921779-32-9

In submitting this report, the authors have agreed to the GRDC publishing

the material in its edited form.

Copies of this publication are available at $10 per copy plus postage and handling from:

Ground Cover Direct

Free Phone: 1800 11 00 44

Email: [email protected]

For further information contact:

Ms Maureen Cribb

GRDC Publishing Manager

PO Box 5367

KINGSTON ACT 2604

Phone: 02 6166 4500

Email: [email protected]



ADJUVANTS – Oils, surfactants and other additives for farm chemicals | 1

ContentsFrwrd �� 3

Chapr 1 – Adja bacgrd �� 4Wha ar adja? ��4

Claicai f adja �� 4

Hw d adja wr? ��4

t m p ��6

Chapr 2 – Majr adja grp �� 7srfaca ��7

oil ��9

Acidir ad bffr ��10

Frilir adja ��11

ohr ��11t m p ��12

Chapr 3 – Adja fr hrbicid �� 13Grp A hrbicid �� 13

Grp B hrbicid �� 14

Grp C hrbicid �� 16

Grp F hrbicid �� 16

Grp G hrbicid �� 18

Grp H hrbicid �� 18

Grp I hrbicid�� 19

Grp J hrbicid �� 20

Grp L hrbicid ��20

Grp M hrbicid (glypha) ��21

Grp n hrbicid ��22

Grp Q hrbicid ��22

Grp R hrbicid ��23

Grp Z hrbicid ��23

spcial -lci hrbicid ad adja ��23

War qaliy ad ffci hrbicid applicai ��24

Rady rcr ��25

Chapr 4 – Adja fr icicid �� 26Carbama (Grp 1A) ��26

orgaphpha icicid (Grp 1B) ��26

Phyl pyrazl (Grp 2B) ��27syhic pyrhrid ad pyrhri (Grp 3A) ��27

niciyl (Grp 4A) ��28

spiy (Grp 5) ��28

Armci (Grp 6) ��28

n pcic md f aci – lci fdig blcr (Grp 9B)��29

Mi grwh ihibir (Grp 10A ad 10B) ��29

Bilgical icicid (Grp 11) ��29

Dirpr f AtP frmai (Grp 12) ��30

Pyrrl (Grp 13) ��30

Mlig acclrar (Grp 18) ��30

oxadiazi (Grp 22A) ��30

Ryadi rcpr mdlar (Grp 28)��31Icicid f w md f aci ��31

ohr ��31



2 | ADJUVANTS – Oils, surfactants and other additives for farm chemicals

Chapr 5 – Adja fr fgicid ��32Grp 1 fgicid (bzimidazl) ��32

Grp 2 fgicid (dicarbximid) ��32

Grp 3 fgicid (dmhylai ihibir – DMI: imidazl, azl, piprazi ad pyrimidi) ��33

Grp 4 fgicid (acylalai, xazlidi) ��34Grp 9 fgicid (ailipyrimidi) ��34

Grp 11 fgicid (rbilri) ��34

Grp 33 fgicid (phpha) ��34

Grp 40 fgicid (carbxylic acid amid) ��35

Grp M fgicid (mli-i aciiy grp) ��35

Fgicid grp wih rqirm fr adja ��37

tp 10 ip fr ffci fgicid prayig ��38

Chapr 6 – Adja fr dflia ad cdiir �� 39

Chapr 7 – Adja fr fliar ri �� 40

Chapr 8 – War qaliy ad yr pray prdc �� 41Mixig rdr ��42

exampl f picid ffcd by war qaliy ��43

Frqly ad qi �� 44

Glary f rm ��46

Adja qic gid ��47

Rfrc �� 48




FoReWoRD ANNUAl wordwide spray adjuvant saes are currenty estimated

to be worth more than $1.5 biion. In Austraia aone, over 300branded products are currenty registered for use as sprayadjuvants, surfactants or wetting agents and these productshave more than 30 different ‘active ingredients’ providingdifferent functions for enhanced pesticide or nutrient efcacy.

The Austraian adjuvant market continues to expand with apethora of new products offering improved performances ofherbicides, fungicides, insecticides, foiar nutrients, defoiantsand conditioners.

But there is a imited, and sometimes outdated understandingof how to get the most out of the right adjuvants for differentspraying jobs. This revised edition of Adjuvants – Oils,

surfactants and other additives for farm chemicals addresses

this often compex area. The Grains Research and Deveopment Corporation (GRDC)

and Conservation Farmers Inc (CFI) have produced this revisedpubication with the aim of equipping consutants, agronomistsand farmers with a greater understanding of adjuvant attributesand their properties.

This often compex subject is ceary expained with the use ofeasy to foow charts, tabes and toos such as ‘ready reckoners’,a Q&A section and a gossary of technica terms.

The GRDC and CFI woud ike to acknowedge the expertassistance of agricutura consutants Andrew Somervaie,Graham Betts, Bi Gordon, Vicki Green and RosemaryHenderson in the revision of this pubication.

Michael Burgis John Harvey Executive Ofcer Managing Director Conservation Farmers Inc (CFI) Grains Research and Queensland Development Corporation Phone 07 4638 5355 www.grdc.com.au Email [email protected]




ANNUAl wordwide spray adjuvant saes are currentyestimated to be worth more than $1.5 biion. A arge part of thisestimate represents the vaue of adjuvants buit into pesticideformuations. But many miions of doars are aso spent onstand-aone products retaied as adjuvants, surfactants andwetting agents.

In Austraia over 300 branded products are currentyregistered for use as spray adjuvants (142), surfactants (44) orwetting agents (120). These incude about 30 different ‘activeingredients’ some of which are combined in individua productsto provide different functions.

Whie there are many adjuvants avaiabe for use with farmchemicas, a much smaer number of products are recommendedby the manufacturers or distributors of farm chemicas.

This can cause some confusion particuary where there are aarge number of branded products providing identica – or nearto – active constituents.

Adjuvants are used in a variety of farm chemicas, incudingherbicides, fungicides, insecticides and growth reguatorproducts.

In recent years, the major growth area in the use of adjuvantshas been with herbicides. There has been an economic incentiveto optimise effectiveness, under a wide range of conditions, ofthe more expensive herbicides.

Wha ar adja?

An adjuvant is any materia that when added to a spray soutionenhances or modies the action of a pesticide. Many adjuvants areincuded (or ‘factory-tted’) in the formuations of various productsto faciitate the stabiity and functionaity of the active ingredient(s) ina spray soution.

But farmers are keeny interested in those adjuvants that canbe added to the spray soution on-farm to hep get the most outof their doars spent on spraying programs.

Claicai f adja

The most usefu cassication of adjuvants is by chemica

group with the adjuvants divided into the broad categories ofsurfactants, ois, acidiers and buffers, fertiiser adjuvants and‘others’.

An aternative cassication can be made on the basis ofspray adjuvant function. This can be confusing since someadjuvants may have more than one function (for exampe,spreader and buffer).

Hw d adja wr? Adjuvants work at three eves in the appication of farm

chemicas.

i. Modifying how chemical components or products interact inthe spray tank

The two most common adjuvant products at this eve arecompatibiity agents and drift retardants.

Compatibility agents are usuay surfactants that enabeactive and inert materias to co-exist in a stabe soution. Theseproducts are normay factory tted into the formuation.

They are particuary important in formuations where theactive ingredient is insoube in water.

In other formuations where the active ingredient is reativeyinsoube, the active may be formuated as a suspension ordry owabe concentrate. Here surfactants are used to ensurethat the product is stabe in the concentrate form but readiydisperses on diution in water.

Figure 1a: How oil and water based solutions can be made tomix using adjuvants

There are a number of drift retardant products, which whencombined with pesticides, ater the surface tension propertiesof the soution. In this process the atomisation of spray dropetsmay be modied.

Adjuvant products which increase the surface tension ofsoutions wi tend to reduce the atomisation of sprays whichaters the spectrum of spray dropets formed.

A coarser spray can be achieved by increasing the viscosityof the spray mix. This resuts in an upward shift of the dropetspectrum to reduce driftabe ‘nes’.

Many spray adjuvants can be added to a tank mix to increaseits viscosity. There are a number of drift retardant productscommerciay avaiabe and they are normay some type of ongchain poymer or gum that increases the viscosity of the spraymixture.

Some US research (Ozkan et a., 1992) tested ve driftretardant chemicas to determine their effects on dropet size,spray pattern, and spray drift reduction. A ve retardantsreduced the portion of sma dropets (ess than 100 microns)in the spray voume but to varying degrees. The most effectiveretardant had 68% ess dropets under 100 microns whie the

east effective had 30% ess.Some studies have found that some of these poymers

tend to be sheared by passing through a sprayer pump, aswoud occur in norma bypass, or hydrauic mixing in commonagricutura sprayers (Zhu et a., 1997). Gums are not sheared as

1� BACkGRounD

GlOSSARY OF TERMS

t hlp drad h rm d i dcribig h

yp ad fci f pray adja, a glary f

rm ad dii, bad adard rmilgy

rlaig agriclral a mix adja dlpd

by h Amrica sciy fr tig f Marial, i

pridd pag 46�




easiy as the ong chain poymers, and some types of poymers(poy-ethyene oxide) are sheared in fewer passes through apump than other types of poymers (poyacryamides).

Athough drift retardants are generay effective in reducingthe number of driftabe nes, in most cases users are betteroff using the appropriate nozze, operating the sprayer at owpressure to obtain the desired dropet size and spraying whenthe environmenta conditions are right.

Some adjuvants by their nature increase atomisation, e.g.surfactants, which reduce surface tension, and increase thetendency of dropets to break up in the process of atomisation.

This property varies with different surfactants andconcentrations so that there may be an apparent variationin the tendency of a spray soution to ‘drift’ under a givenset of conditions, depending on the surfactant type and theconcentration present in the spray soution.

Adjuvants may modify the evaporation of spray dropets

as they are reeased. As dropets containing surface activeagents (surfactants) or ois are reeased into the atmosphere,evaporation of the spray dropet continues unti the surfacetension of the dropet ‘skin’ prevents further evaporation.

Medium and arge size dropets are more ikey to reach thetarget under the inuence of their own weight by ‘sedimentation’compared to dropets that are initiay very sma (or evaporate toa size) which makes them more vunerabe to the inuence of airmovement.

ii. Modifying how a product interacts with the target surface

The most common way of modifying the interaction of spraydropets and the target surface is by atering the surface tensionof the dropet.

Dropets with a high surface tension wi be more ikey tobounce off target surfaces whie those with a ow surface tensionwi tend to spread on contact and be retained.

A spray soution with spherica shaped dropets on contactwith a surface are said to have a high surface tension. Dropetsthat readiy deform and spread on contact have a ower surfacetension (Figure 1b).

Surfactant adjuvant moecues move between watermoecues forcing them further apart. Surfactants ower thesurface tension of the spray dropet by moving to the surfacewhere they form a ‘micee’ ayer.

Surface tension decreases unti the surfactant concentration

reaches a point known as the Critica Micee Concentration(CMC). At this point, addition of more surfactant does notdecrease surface tension though enhancement of pesticidesgeneray (particuary herbicides) may continue.

Reducing surface tension to as ow a eve as possibe maynot aways be benecia. Dropets may run off the target surfaceas dropets coaesce (due to very ow surface tension or wherea high voume appication causes dropets to run together).Some surfactants may reduce surface tension to the point thatthe spray deposit dries too quicky, reducing uptake of an activeingredient that needs to be in a semi-iquid state to be absorbed.

As we as affecting dropet spread, surface tension caninuence the formation of spray dropets, rate of evaporation and

retention on sprayed surfaces.Dropets with a high surface tension wi be more ikey to

bounce off target surfaces whie those with a ow surface tensionwi tend to spread on contact and be retained.

Figure 1c: Contact angle of droplet on a difcult-to-wet leafsurface without (a) and with (b) surfactants

(Source: Devine et a., 1993 adapted by Ha, 1999)

Dynamic surface tension is the measure of how quickysurfactants migrate to the surface of the dropet at the point ofimpact. Unike static surface tension (measured after a spraydropet has been deposited on a surface for a period of time),dynamic surface tension can decrease at concentrations greaterthan the CMC.

Recent evidence has shown that the effects of adjuvants onpost-emergent herbicide performance are due more to dynamicsurface tension than static surface tension. Retention of sprayedsoutions on a target is usuay at an optimum at eves we

above the CMC, particuary if the surface is hairy.

Decreasing the surface tension of a soution wi resut in adecrease in the size of spray dropets produced by an atomiser.Whie this may increase potentia for spray drift, retention on eaf

Figure 1b: Using high speed

photography, various droplet

formation patterns depending onnozzle type, spray pressure and

spray mixture are illustrated

AI110015_5bar_0.1%Agral®

AI110015_5bar_1%RoundupCT

AI110015_5bar_Water

TT11002_2.8bar_1%RoundupCT

XR11002_2.8bar_1%RoundupCT

(b)

(a)




surfaces (particuary on narrow, upright eaves of sma grasses)is improved since the impact energy of dropets is owered.

Decreased surface tension and increased spreading doesnot aways equate to improved herbicide performance. Theopposite trend (improved weed contro with reduced dropetspreading) has been demonstrated with gyphosate, imazethapyr(Spinnaker®), nicosufuron (Accent), primisufuron-methy andthifensufuron-methy (Harmony® M).

iii. Modifying how a product moves into the target pest

Uptake of pesticides across a target surface is a compexprocess, often invoving more than one pathway. With theherbicide gyphosate, some movement of the active ingredientis due to a simpe process of diffusion across the eaf cutice.Uptake in this situation appears to be improved when the spraydeposit is retained in a semi-iquid state increasing the continuityof uptake.

With some pants, gyphosate may aso enter the pantthrough the stomata. This is enhanced by some surfactantswhich reduce dynamic surface tension to a sufcienty ow eve.Uptake across the ce wa and pasmaemma (ce membrane)may aso be faciitated by an eectrochemica transport system.

Adjuvants may aso affect the uptake of pesticides acrossa pant or insect cutice, physicay disrupting the surface bydissoving waxy deposits. This cutice-disrupting property ofsome adjuvants may cause the pesticide to be ess effective or itmay heighten the injury to the target crop directy or indirecty byreducing the seectivity of the appied pesticide.

Certain crop ois, when exposed to heat or utra-vioet ight

on eaf surfaces, cause disruption to ce membranes resuting inphytotoxicity to crop pants.

Figure 1c: Cross section of a leaf surface with spray droplet onsurface. The waxy surface acts as a barrier to waterdroplets

(Source: Rochecouste, 2004)

t m p

■ Adjuvants are products added to a spray soution thatenhance or modify the action of a pesticide.

■ Adjuvants can be cassied according to their function orchemica grouping.

■ Adjuvants can have a variety of functions such as spreading,

wetting and/or modifying dropet formation and behaviour.

■ Whie there are many types and functions of spray adjuvants,they can be convenienty categorised as surfactants, ois,acidiers/buffers and fertiiser adjuvants.




srfacaSURFACTANTS make up by far the argest group of spray

adjuvants. In agricutura appications, non-ionic (having nonet eectrica charge) surfactants (NIS) make up the majorityof products athough a number of formuations utiise anionicsurfactants to assist in dispersibiity of formuations in a dry form.

Another group occasionay represented as agricuturasurfactants incude the cationics (with a net positive eectricacharge).

Surfactants act as wetting or spreading agents and their mainroe is to act on the surface of a dropet to reduce the surfacetension. This aows the dropet to spread over the eaf surface.

Fied experiments from 2002–06 demonstrated a morereiabe contro of diamondback moth (DBM) in brassicas whensurfactants are added to the insecticide mix. The non-ionicsurfactant Agra®, when added to Atacor® and Couragen® insecticides, gave consistenty better contro of DBM than whenthese insecticides were appied without the surfactant.

Tabe 2a ists a number of common agricutura surfactants bychemica type.

Surfactants are made up of two functiona parts – ahydrophiic or ‘water oving’ structure attached to a ipophiic or‘fat oving’ component (see Figure 2b).

The hydrophiic-ipophiic baance (HlB) of a surfactant isa measure of the reative contribution of the hydrophiic and

2� MAJoR ADJuvAnt GRouPs

Table 2a: Common agricultural surfactants by chemical types

Alcohol alkoxylates Alkylaryl ethoxylates Fatty amine

ethoxylates

Organo-silicones Other products with more than one

active constituentNonyl phenol Octyl phenol

Agri-W 1000

All-W 1000

Aw 1000

Baw

Blair Bwa 200

Bs1000

Chmw 1000

Cry Wr 1000

Dlaw 1000

Dply 1000

Hri-w 370

kw 1000

L-fam Wig

Ag

Maxiw 1000

Pra Wr

Pr W 1000

smar W 1000

sprayw

spradw 1000

trfw

typh

Wdrp Wr

W

Wpray 1000

Wr 1000

1000 Wig Ag

Agral®

Agri-w 377

Aw 600

Crpw 1000

Crpw 600

Dyaw 1000

ecA-w1000 (bld

wih alchl

hxyla)

Fliw 600

Pwr 1000

Racr Wr

600

shirw® 600

spradw 600

Wpray 600

Wr 600

Wig Ag

600

Gra-W

Racr 1040

silr-w

spaldig 1040

srfaca

spray-sr

Wr

trilgy

vii-w

Wr tX

Wx 1040

Gly Wr Pl

sar (bld wih alchl

hxyla)

Z (bld wih alchl

hxyla)

Bra-thr® Gld

Bra-thr® Pra

Bradprd

orgailic

Brhw orgailic

Maxx orgailc

srfaca

orgaw

PCt Racr® Pra

Pril 1000

Pl®

spaldig Pra

spray-sr Para

spria sprwr

tai II orgailic

srfaca

Aciar®, Millr-W, Dri®r (alyl

plyxyhyl hr + fr fay acid)

Bd (yhic lax + alchl hxyla)

Bza® (xyl + fay acid +

parafic il)

Digr® (rgailic + yhic lax)

di-1–p mh (�g� n-Film-P®,

Hypr-si, sprayfa, Flxd, shr-si,Flxic, Hygr-sic)

ey (gabl il + rfaca + bffr)

H-p (bld f -iic rfaca

ammim lpha ad prlm il)

kdm (rfaca + ammim lpha

+ gabl il r)

LI 700 (yal phphlipid)

tap® 700

Millr spray-Aid®, sadfa (alylaryl

plyxyhyl glycl phpha r)

opal tadm (ammim lpha +

rfaca)

oxiw®, kd 20, Pmad Wig

Ag (Plyxyhyl rbia

mlara

Primabff®, Bladbff, Aqabff, Qarabff

(yl phl hxyla + phphric acid

driai)




ipophiic component. It can have a distinct inuence on theperformance of adjuvants with different pesticides. Both the typeand size of the hydrophiic and ipophiic portions of a surfactantmay inuence dropet spread, dropet bounce, evaporation andpesticide absorption.

Figure 2a: Interaction of hydrophilic and lipophilic parts of asurfactant to reduce surface tension and spread thedroplet

(Source: Ha et a, 1999)

Surfactants are cassied on the basis of the eectricacharge carried by the hydrophiic group. Surfactants are anionic(negative charge), cationic (positive charge), amphoteric (carryboth positive and negative charge) or non-ionic (no charge).

Exampes of various hydrophiic groups utiised in varioussurfactant groups is summarised in Tabe 2b.

Table 2b: Surfactant types according to electrical charge on the

hydrophilic groupSurfactant

type

Charge on hydrophilic

group

Hydrophilic group

examples

Aiic ngai

slpha

slpha

ehr lpha

ehr phpha

ehr lfccia

ehr carbxyla

Carbxyla

Caiic Pii

Primary ammim

scdary ammimtriary ammim

Qarary ammim

Amphric Pii ad gai

Ami xid

Bai

Ami carbxyla

n iic n charg

Plyxyhyl (hxyla)

Acylic

Mhalami

Dihalami

Plyglcid

lipophiic (‘fat oving’) groups are derived from natura orpetrochemica feedstocks and incude:

■ Akybenzenes

■ linear akys

■ Branched akys ■ linear akys e.g. Derived from pant and anima fats

■ Akyphenys e.g. Nonypheno

■ Poyoxypropyenes

■ Poysioxanes

Traditionay, most agricutura surfactants are non-ionic with ahydrocarbon base comprising the ipophiic component of fattyacohos, akyphenos, fatty amine or sorbitan esters attachedto an ethyene oxide chain of varying ength. In recent years,surfactants based on siicone (organosiicones) e.g. Puse®, havebeen deveoped with agricutura appications.

Aternativey, anionic (negativey charged compounds) may be

attached to the ipophiic part or directy to the hydrophiic part ofthe moecue to provide a speciaised function, either as part of aformuation (to provide emusication or dispersion of the activeingredient) or as adjuvants in their own right.

Anionic compounds are mainy phosphate esters (used inbuffering agents), sufates, sufonates and carboxyates.




oil (tabl 2c)

Ois were used for insect and weed contro as we as anti-microbia agents before the deveopment of synthetic pesticides.

As adjuvants, ois are used to:

■ Enhance the penetration of systemic pesticides into pantsand insects;

■ Reduce evaporation of spray dropets after they eave thesprayer; and,

■ Extend the active ife of certain herbicides, insecticides andfungicides on pant surfaces.

In utra ow voume (UlV) spray appications, petroeum oisare used as buking agents. Ois can be categorised on the basisof their origin (vegetabe or petroeum base) and their formuation.

Petroleum based oils can be subdivided into those withow (1–3%), medium (5%) and high (>15%) eves of addedsurfactant/emusier (petroeum spray ois, petroeum oi/

surfactant bends and petroeum spray oi concentrate).

The type and amount of surfactant used in a petroeum sprayoi product can have a major effect on performance.

Petroeum ois vary in base oi composition, parafn contentand the amount of unsufonatabe residue. These propertiesinuence viscosity and phytotoxicity. Some petroeum spray ois,e.g. Canopy®, contain additiona UV stabiisers which provide adegree of UV protection for pesticides.

Vegetable oils are usuay emusied and may be categorisedaccording to their crop origin. In addition, pant-based oismay be esteried as we as emusied (see Tabe 2c) to give amuch ower viscosity than the parent oi. As with petroeum ois,the types of emusiers used can affect the properties of theformuated product and its toxicity.

Herbicides vary signicanty in their response to various oiadjuvants depending on their reative soubiity in water or oi.

Gyphosate is highy water soube and the addition of cropois sometimes reduces its effectiveness. In contrast, herbicidessuch as atrazine have ow water soubiity and are generayenhanced by the addition of oi adjuvants.

Tabe 2c iustrates a range of oi adjuvants used in agricuturaappications.

Table 2c: Oil adjuvants commonly used in agricultural applications by the amount and type of emulsier added

Petroleum spray oils

(1–3% emulsier)

Petroleum spray oil plus

surfactant

(5% emulsier)

Petroleum spray oil

concentrates

(>15% emulsier)

Vegetable oils

(emulsied)

Vegetable oils

(esteried and emulsied)

Ad-Hr™ [970 mL/L]

Bradca® [846 g/L]

empwr [861 g/L]

sACoA Aieap

[859 g/L]

sACoA Coil [859 g/L]

Blr [838 g/L]

D-C-tra® [839 g/L]

D-C-tr® C [827 g/L]

Rlapr [838 g/L]

sACoA Crp shild [838 g/L]

trmp™ [830 g/L]

Adjar [582 g/L]

Agridx® [730 g/L]

Amplify® [432 g/L]

Ac sprayig oil [582 g/L]

AW Pwr t [432 g/L]

Bza® [411 g/L]

Capy® [792 g/L]

D-C-tra® Adac [653 g/L]

ehac™ [598 g/L]

Gb [426 g/L]

H-up [190 g/L]

Hwir® [598 g/L]

Hl [582 g/L]

I-bd®

[653 g/L]Magify [426 g/L]

PCt Racr® [582 g/L

Pwrrg [598 g/L]

Prpl [432 g/L]

sprcharg® [411 g/L]

t-il [432 g/L]

trib [666 g/L]

trboil [426 g/L]

upa™ [582 g/L]

vibral® [432 g/L]

vlag [432 g/L]

Yaa [426 g/L]

Birl il

Chmag exd

Chmrl

Cdacid®

ecrl

edr

ey (bld wih bffr ad

rfaca)

Iac

Millr exi

nx™ spray Adja

nrf® Drifx

PrCaoil spray oil

Prc® il

Rc Crl oil

saca Xd

simpl oil

smar Crp spray oil

spaldig cala il pray

il cc�

spraych il

sllr nar’l oil

spa si

syrrl®

Xd Pla oil

Aciil

Adigr® (pl liqid hydrcarb)

Blr (bld wih bffrig ag)

Dahr

effciil

Fap™

Glyari 704

Ha®

Impl

Ilrar

kwici®

Pha Dipra Pra (y)

Placrp

PrmaxPr

Prc® Pl

Racr ulra

Rapid oil

Rc®

swif

syrrl® excl

tri sryc il 700

4–Farmr spdy

Oi adjuvants grouped in the various categories in the Tabe may not be necessariy identica in their composition or performance. Differences in quaities of the feedstock used(e.g. hydrocarbon chain ength); types of emusiers used and combination with other minor ingredients for exampe, can give rise to differences in performance.Where pesticide abes specify a particuar brand of adjuvant for use, it is wise to estabish equivaency of simiar products before substituting an aternative branded product.




Acidir ad bffr (tabl 2d)

Acidiers incude proprietary mixes of organic acids withsurfactants (e.g. Spraymate lI 700) and inorganic acids such ashydrochoric, suphuric and phosphoric acids. Buffering agents

are often based on various sats of inorganic or organic acids andsometimes incude non-ionic surfactants (e.g. Primabuff ®).

Various pH modiers have been used with both herbicidesand fungicides. Certain herbicides present in sat form arebeieved to be ess active compared to the form that carries apositive charge in the presence of ow pH.

These products are known as weak acid herbicides. Theabsorption and transocation of 2,4–D was greaty increased insome experimenta studies (Ashton & Crafts, 1973) when appiedat a pH beow 6.

Effectiveness of gyphosate has aso been enhanced by owpH but the benet of this was more reated to the associated

anions forming cacium compounds which precipitated insoution before forming cacium gyphosate on dropet drying.

Akaine hydroysis of certain insecticides, particuaryorganophosphates, has provided the basis for the use ofacidiers and buffers with these products. But much of the datashowing extremey short haf-ives for active ingredients is for thetechnica materia rather than for the formuated product.

Buffering capacity buit in to formuated products maysignicanty reduce the effects of akaine hydroysis.

Currenty, no insecticide product abes specify use ofbuffering or acidifying agents to ensure product efcacy, athoughrecommendations for buffering spray soution to pH 7 or beoware found on US product abes for dimethoate and carbary.

Acidication of spray soutions may not aways be hepfu tothe activity of pesticides. Some products, for exampe 2,4–D,may ‘sat out’ or ge at ow pH.

Table 2d: Commercial acidiers and buffers used in Australia

Acidier/buffer trade name Active ingredients

Acidw 700Caaly 700ChmAg Pr700CmpaiChrecbff 700Farmpr 700Lipr 700LI 700Pr 700Prbffr 700Prbff 700Racr® srfaca 700sP700tap® 700Wil 700

syal phphlipid + prpiic acid

Adacd Bffatriad

Alchl hxyla + phpha r falchl hxyla

Agri-bffa® Phphric r f plyalyl xiddriai + plyalyl xid

Ag-Bffr 550Lig-Bffr®

Glyclic acid + -iic rfaca

AqabffBladbffPrimabff®

Qarabff

nyl phl hxyla + phphric aciddriai

BlrDicyl dim lfccia + gabl ilr + bffrig ag

Bff-I Prpiic acid + -iic fay acid

hxyla + rihalami

Hygrbff® sdim aca + acic acid + alylaryl

plyxyhyl phpha rMillr spray-Aid® Cmpaibiliy-Acidifyig-srfacasadfa Cmpaibiliy- Acidifyig srfaca Ag

Alylaryl plyxyhyl glycl phphar




Frilir adja (tabl 2)

Some fertiiser products have been investigated as adjuvantswith various herbicides. Rates are generay 2% voume tovoume (v/v) for iquid products or 1–2% weight to voume (w/v)

for soid materias. Ammonium suphate has been shown to enhance

effectiveness of sat-based formuations of herbicides (gyphosate,2,4–D, MCPA, dichorprop, picoram, bentazone, mecoprop andimazethapyr). Ony gyphosate, imazethapyr and pyrasufotoe(Precept®) have recommendations for the addition of ammoniumsuphate on manufacturers’ product abes. But ammoniumsuphate is used with imidazoinone herbicides more generay.

Pried ammonium suphate is unsuitabe as an adjuvant withgyphosate products because of the use of auminium in thepriing process which is antagonistic to gyphosate.

US research has shown that reduction in efcacy of cethodim

by sodium bicarbonate in spray soution is effectivey overcomeby the addition of a crop oi concentrate pus ammoniumsuphate (McMuan, 1994).

Other fertiiser products caimed to be of benet as adjuvantswith gyphosate incude urea and certain iquid fertiiserpreparations containing nitrogen in the ammonium form.

Tabe 2e incudes products isted as incuding ammoniumsuphate as an active ingredient.

ohr

The addition of an organic acid such as food grade citric acidwi effectivey remove hard water ions from soution. Organicacids are effective because the conjugate base (negative portion)

of the acid binds to and removes positivey charged cations fromsoution. Some use of citric acid has been made to ‘condition’water used for appication of gyphosate products.

Other spray adjuvants incude products that modify thefeeding behaviour of insects such as mik powder and aproprietary product ‘Aminofeed’ with NPV (Gemstar®, Vivus®)and other bioogica insecticides.

Dyes are sometimes used to assist spray operators to identifytreated areas and aid in the assessment of spray coverage. Ofthe cooured dye materias red and bue are probaby the mostcommon.

In certain herbicide appications, e.g. sprinker sprayer and

gas-gun appication of gyphosate, dyes based on titaniumdioxide have been used to assist in the uniform appication ofspray. These white dyes are highy visibe and are retained on thetreated surfaces for severa months.

UV dyes have been used primariy as a research too toaid the investigation of spray deposits on natura and articiatargets. Target surfaces are examined under darkness with aUV ight, aowing the extent and nature of spray deposits to bereadiy identied.

Activators incude any substance that increases the bioogicaeffectiveness of a pesticide. These may incude a variety ofsubstances incuding surfactants, spray ois and fertiisers suchas ammonium suphate.

Table 2e: Fertiliser products and products with fertiliser

components used as adjuvants

Fertiliser adjuvant trade name Active ingredient/s

Ammd Amml Aml 417 ArBla AMsCcrCrw ammim lphaecm ParrGfarm ammim lphaLiaLiqid AiLiqid Bspaldig slpham

417 g/lir ammim lpha

BehazarFarmz Liqidnaial RpWilchm Liqid


Cq DilDiamd BradGfarm QicwImrad Ammim slphaMlpa spray Gradsaca spray Gradtia spray GradWilchm spray Grad

980 g/g ammim lpha

H-p 140 g/lir ammim lpha + -

iic rfaca + miral il

nipr Chargr 720 g/lir ammim hilpha

nfarm B® 114 g/L alylhxyphpha rlamial

opal tadm 891 g/g ammim lpha +alxylad alchl

Pr Ammim slphatri Ammslf


W-a pray adja 410 g/lir ammim lpha + -

iic rfaca




t m p

■ Surfactants and ois make up the two argest groups of sprayadjuvants.

■ Surfactants (surface acting agents) are made up of ‘water

oving’ (hydrophiic) and ‘fat oving’ (ipophiic) parts.

■ Surfactants may be cationic (having a positive charge),anionic (having a negative charge) or non-ionic (having nocharge). Surfactants recommended as spray adjuvants aremost commony non-ionic.

■ The most common surfactant types incude acohoakoxyates e.g. BS1000; akyary ethoxyates e.g. Agra®,Wetter TX; fatty amine ethoxyates e.g. organosiicones andPuse®.

■ Other surfactants incude various bends e.g. lI 700, Hot-upand speciaised sticking and ‘ming’ agents e.g. Bond,Nu-Fim®-17.

■ Spray ois are petroeum (minera) or vegetabe (pant) based. ■ Many ois (particuary petroeum based) have pesticida

properties in their own right.

■ Petroeum based ois vary according to the base oicomposition and amount and type of surfactant/emusierused in the formuation.

■ Vegetabe ois vary according to the pant oi source, methodand degree of processing.

■ New generation vegetabe ois incude those that areesteried (reacted with short chain acohos) to produceproducts of ower viscosity than the parent oi.

■ Most vegetabe oi adjuvants contain emusiers/surfactants

to aow them to mix readiy in water. ■ Acidiers and buffers are used to reduce pH of akaine

soutions to reduce the effects of akaine hydroysis thatoccurs with certain pesticides.

■ Formuated acidifying and buffering agents usuay contain asurfactant component to provide a dua purpose roe.

■ Acidication of spray soutions may not aways be hepfu tothe activity of pesticides. Some products may ‘sat out’ or geat ow pH.

■ Fertiiser adjuvants are most widey used with the herbicidegyphosate and are usuay based on ammonium suphate.Some other products that contain free ammonium ions may

aso have a benecia effect.




Grp A hrbicid (tabl 3a 3)GROUP A herbicides incude products beonging to a groupknown as phenoxypropionate (or ‘fops’) and cycohexanediones(or ‘dims’) that inhibit the enzyme, acety CoA carboxyase. Theseincude amost a of the grass seective post-emergence herbicidesused in cereas and most of those used in broadeaf crops.

Use of adjuvants with Group As

The use of adjuvants with these products has been extensive.For exampe, Hoegrass® (dicofop-methy) has had a range ofsurfactants (used principay non-ionics such as the ethoxyatedaky acoho types incuding BS1000) and petroeum spray ois

(such as D-C-Tron®

Cotton and D-C-Trate®

). As more Group Aherbicides were deveoped, crop oi concentrates (incuding amuch higher proportion of surfactants than the origina petroeumspray ois) and esteried vegetabe oi adjuvants became morewidey recommended with Group A herbicides.

Tabes 3a, 3b and 3c show the range of adjuvants currentyrecommended with Group A herbicides for winter cereas andbroadeaf crops. Recommendations for branded herbicides

having the same active ingredient generay mirror the abe of theorigina proprietary brand.

Adjuvants of four broad groups are incorporated inrecommendations:

iii) Petroeum spray ois e.g. D-C-Tron® Cotton, D-C-Trate®,Sacoa Cropshied.

iii) Petroeum spray oi concentrates e.g. Uptake™ SprayingOi, Supercharge®, Enhance™, D-C-Trate® Advance(incorporating a reativey high oading of surfactant in additionto a rened petroeum oi)

iii) Non ionic surfactants (NIS) – generay either inear acohoethoxyates or akoxyated acoho types

iv) Esteried vegetabe ois e.g. Hasten®, Kwickin® that incude asurfactant to faciitate emusication with aqueous soutionsand enhance uptake.

Spray ois in particuar wi improve the performance ofGroup A herbicides. Resuts from other adjuvant studiesindicate itte difference in herbicide performance at abe ratesunder favourabe growing conditions. Differences may becomeapparent when beow abe rates are used or when abe ratesare appied under conditions where performance is margina.

Table 3a: Group A ‘fop’ herbicides and their recommended adjuvant

Herbicide Active Adjuvant Rate (% v/v)

A™ Halxyfp-R-mhyl

Impl™ spray Adja r

Prlm pray il + Chmw 1000 rChmw 1000

0�5

1�0 + 0�20�2

Barrm™ Cyhalafp upa™ 1�0

Crrc® PrpaqizafpBs1000 rHa® rkwici®

0�20�50�5

Di-Gra Diclfp-mhyl nIs 0�25

Filad WG Flazifp-Psprcharg® rD-C-tra® rBs1000 + ulapr

1�02�00�2 + 2�0

Hgra® Diclfp-mhyl Bs1000 0�25

ngra® Diclfp-mhyl Aciar® 0�15

Rhi® Diclfp-mhyl Wpray 1000 0�25

shg® PrpaqizafpBs1000 rHa® rkwici®

0�20�50�5

targa® Qizalfp-P-hyl nIs r

nIs + miral il 10�20�1 + 1�0

targa® Bl Qizalfp-P-hyl nIs r

Mhylad d il �g� Ha®0�21�0

tpi® 240 eC Cldiafp-prpargyl

D-C-tra® Adac rD-C-tra® rHa® r Adigr® rupa™ sprayig oil

1�00�50�50�50�5

triar® Adac Diclfp-mhyl + Fxaprp-p-hyl Bs1000

(fr crl f crai wd) 0�25

vrdic® 520 Halxyfp-R-mhylupa™ sprayig oil rPrlm pray il +Bs1000 r Bs1000

0�51�0 + 0�20�2

Wildca® Fxaprp-p-hyl Bs1000 0�25

NOTES: NIS = non-ionic surfactant; % v/v = Per cent of adjuvant, in terms of voume (e.g. m/l), in the na spray mix; 1 Not for appication to vegetabes (use surfactant ony)

3� ADJuvAnts FoR HeRBICIDes




It is cear that performance of individua products may vary withthe addition of adjuvants under these conditions (see Tabe 3d).

In the case of Syngenta’s Group A chemica Axia®, the useof the adjuvant Adigor® is essentia and as such they are sod

together in a combi-pack (see Tabe 3e).

Grp B hrbicid (tabl 3f, pag 15)

Group B herbicides incude sufonyureas (chorsufuron,metsufuron, triasufuron, bensufuron-methy [londax®],thifensufuron + metsufuron [Harmony® M], sufosufuron

[Monza®], sufometuron-methy), imidazoinones [Spinnaker®,Fame®, OnDuty®, Raptor, and Arsena®], benzoates andsufonamides [Ecipse®, Broadstrike™].

These products contro weeds by inhibiting the acetoactatesynthase enzyme, thus preventing the formation of certain pantproteins resuting in eventua pant death.

Use of adjuvants with Group Bs

Sufonyureas, benzoates and sufonamides are generayformuated as dry owabes which contain surfactant to aidin the binding and/or dispersibiity of the active ingredient.Imidazoinone formuations are produced as both aqueous

concentrates (e.g. Spinnaker®

) and water-soube granues (e.g.OnDuty®).

Efcacy of most Group B herbicides appied as post-emergence treatments is usuay enhanced by the additionof non-ionic surfactants (Tabe 3f). Of the formuatedproducts isted, ony Arsena® and londax® do not incude arecommendation for the addition of a spray adjuvant.

The most common surfactant recommended is an akoxyatedacoho type, for exampe BS1000. Organosiicone surfactantsare indicated for contro of certain woody weeds when usingmetsufuron.

Petroeum spray oi concentrates (or parafn oi pussurfactant products) are preferentiay recommended for some

specic uses and products e.g. Monza®.

An esteried vegetabe oi adjuvant is specicayrecommended for addition to OnDuty® herbicide.

Acidifying agents shoud not be used in combination withsufonyurea herbicides due to the effect of ow pH increasingacid hydroysis.

Ony Spinnaker® (imazethapyr) and Raptor (imazamox) identifythe use of ammonium suphate as being benecia, particuaryunder adverse growing conditions. Addition of NH4 ions in theform of ammonium suphate or a UAN (urea ammonium nitrate)soution has been shown to enhance the activity of imidazoinoneherbicides, incuding imazethapyr, on certain species of

Ipomoea.

Table 3b: Group A ‘dim’ herbicides and their recommended

adjuvant

Herbicide Active Adjuvant(s) Rate

(% v/v)

Achi® tralxydim sprcharg® 0�75–1�0

Aram® tpralxydim Ha® r kwici® r

upa™1�00�5

Ara® Prfxydim sprcharg® 1�0

Facr™ Brxydim sprcharg® 1�0

slc® Clhdim

D-C-tra® rHa® r

kwi rupa™ sprayig oil

2�01�0

1�00�5

sri® 186 eC shxydim

Crp il �g� D-C-tra® rRlapr rD-C-tra® + Bs1000 rRlapr + Bs1000 1

1�0 2�01�0 2�02�0 + 0�22�0 + 0�2

1 Use ony BS1000 for appication with diufenican to upins (0.1%) or withpropaquizafop to canoa, chickpeas, faba beans, ed peas, entis, inseed andupins (0.2%).% v/v = Per cent of adjuvant, in terms of voume (e.g. m/l), in the na spray mix.

Table 3d: Ranking of adjuvant performance when combined

with Group A herbicides at marginal use rates

Active Ranking

Clhdim Ha® > upa™

Flazifp upa™ > D-C-tra®

Flazifp + bxydim upa™ = sprcharg®

Halxyfp-R upa™ > D-C-tr® C >Bs1000

Qizalafp-p-hyl upa™ = D-C-tra® = Bs1000

Source: Chris love, Dow AgroSciences (per comm 2003, unpubished trias)

Table 3e: Adjuvant requirement for Axial herbicideHerbicide Active Adjuvant Rate

(% v/v)

Axial® Pixad pl Clqic-mxyl Adigr® 0�5

% v/v = Per cent of adjuvant, in terms of voume (e.g. m/l), in the na spray mix.

Table 3c: Group A ‘combination’ herbicides and their

recommended adjuvant

Herbicide Active Adjuvant(s) Rate

(% v/v) AraMa

Halxyfp +clhdim

Ha® r kwici® rupa™

1�01�0

Dcii® Diclfp-mhyl +shxydim

Bs1000 rupa™ 1 rD-C-tra® 1 rHa® 1,2

0�250�51�01�0

Fi® WG Flazifp +

Brxydimsprcharg® rD-C-tra®

1�02�0

triar® AdacDiclfp-mhyl+ Fxaprp-p-hyl

Bs1000 (fr crl fcrai wd)

0�25

1 When appied aone. Use BS1000 0.25% when tank mixing with Tigrex ® or Giant;use Hasten® 1% when tank mixing with MCPA lVE.2 Where Hasten® is used, add a zinc oxide product as recommended.





Table 3f: Adjuvants recommended with Group B herbicides

Product Surfactant (v/v) Oil (v/v) Other Comment

Azimlfr �g� Gllir® nIs 0�1% n n

Blfr �g� Ldax® n rqird n rqird Dirc Dry Applicai: D mix wih ay

rfaca r crp il

Chlrlfr �g� Gla® nIs 0�1% 5 n 5 Wh d al Post�ehxylfr �g� Hr® nIs 0�1%

Flralam + Clpyralid �g�trpd™

Bs1000 0�1–0�25% 9 upa™ r Adigr® 0�5% 9

9 Alway xcp wih mlfr rWildca® a mix�u upa™ r Adigr® 0�5% wih Axial® a mix9 u Bs1000 0�1% wih mlfr adWildca® a mix

Flralam + Ixab �g�X-Pad

upa™ 0�5% Alway upa™

Flralam + MCPA �g�Ccld™

nIs 0�2% upa™ 0�5% oly i a mix wih mlfr�

Flmlam �g� Bradri™ Bs1000 0�2% upa™ 0�5% Rfr labl fr dail by crp�

Hallfr mhyl �g�smpra® nIs 0�2% n M nIs

Idlfr �g� Har®,Diy® nIs 0�25% Ha® 1%

Alway apply -iic rfaca rHa® i a mix wih hrprdc�

Imazhapyr �g� spiar® nIs 0�2% Ha® 8 kwici® 0�5% Ammim lpha

(sprayma Lia) 2%88 o Ha® labl ly

Imazhapyr + Imazapyr �g�Lighig

n Ha® r kwici® 1% M b mixd wih Ha® r kwici®

Imazapic + Imazapyr �g�oDy® Ha®, kwici® 0�5%

Wh mixig wih Aram®, add Ha® r kwici® a 1%

Imazamx �g� Rapr Bs1000 r qial

0�2%Ha® 7 0�5%kwici® 0�5%

Ammim lpha(sprayma Lia) 2%7

7 n all � Chc Rapr labl�

Imazamx + Imazapyr �g�Irix®

sprcharg® 0�5% Alcmpaibl wih Ha®,kwici® ad Bza®

Alway add sprcharg®

Imazapic �g� Flam® Ha® kwici® 4 (Paly)

4 Wh d al Post�

Imazapic + Imazapyr + MCPA�g� Mida®

n fr CLeARFIeLDwha

Ha® r kwici® 0�5%Bza® 0�5%

Imazapyr �g� Aral® n rqird n

Mlfr �g� Alai® Bs1000 0�25%Ha® (ppri fBrm Gra r Barly Graly)

n Rcmmdd ha a rfaca i alway

applid�

Mlfr �g� Brh-ff® nIs 0�1% (xcp a

idicad)

Prlm pray il 1%(wh applid wihglypha blacbrrily)

orgailic 0�2%(Gr, sw Briar,Pri, Bi bh,Bllyach bh,ecalyp, Gra Mlli)

Alway add a rfaca/wig ag

Mlam �g� eclip®Bs1000 0�1–0�2% upa™ 2 r D-C-tra® Adac 0�5%r D-C-tra® 2 1%

2 n lpi**wh a mixd wih mlfr (0�1%)r glypha (0�2%)

Mlfr �g� Ally® nIs 0�1% 1 n s Brh-ff® 1 n i a mixr wih dir r Igra®�

Mlfr + Glypha �g�trc® Brh-Pac™

nIs 0�1% (fr blacbrrycrl)

n Pl® 0�1–0�2%(0�5% fr blacbrri)

nIs r Pl® fr blacbrri

Pyrxlam + Clqic �g�Cradr™

Bs1000 0�25%Chmw 1000 0�25%

Rimlfr �g� ti® nIs 0�25% n n bffrig yp rfaca

slfmr �g� o® nIs �g� Bs1000 0�25% srfaca rqird wh prdc d

al�

slflfr �g� Mza® n D-C-tra® 2%

Bza® 1–2% Alway add Bza®� May b mixd wihD-C-tra®

thiflfr + Mlfr�g� Harmy® M

nIs 0�1%Do not add wr i mixr wihfrilir r whr icldd wih r rcmmdd wih cmpai prdc�

trixylfr �g� e® Agral® r Bs1000 0�25% n n

tribr �g� expr® nIs 0�1% Prlm pray il 3 1%3 u i addii nIs, wh applidal by air�

trialfr �g� Lgra® nIs a rcmmddlabl ra6 Crp il 6 1%

6

Wh d al Post fr crl fwild radih

trialfr + Bafacil�g� Lgra® B-Pwr

nIs a rcmmddlabl ra

Ha® A rcmmdd labl ra Ha® i prfrc nIs i b-pimaliai r whr larg wd ar pr

NOTES: NIS = non-ionic surfactant; % v/v = Per cent of adjuvant, in terms of voume (e.g. m/l), in the na spray mix.




Grp C hrbicid (tabl 3g, pag 17)

Group C herbicides incude a diverse group of products thatshare the mode of action of ‘the inhibition of photosynthesis atphotosystem II’.

Products incude the:

■ Triazines – ametryn, atrazine, cyanazine [Badex®], prometryn[Gesagard®], simazine, terbuthyazine [Terbyne], terbutryn[Igran®]);

■ Triazinones – hexazinone [Vepar®] and metribuzin [Sencor®];

■ Uracis – bromaci [Hyvar®] and terbaci [Sinbar®];

■ Ureas – diuron, methabenzthiazuron [Tribuni®], uometuron,inuron;

■ Nitries – bromoxyni, ioxyni;

■ Acetamides – propani; and,

■ Benzothiadiazoes – bentazone [Basagran®].

Use of adjuvants with Group Cs

See Tabe 3g for a ist of adjuvants recommended for use withthe broad range of Group C herbicides.

Trias conducted in Young, NSW in 2007 showed goodresponses to the addition of Hasten® (an esteried seed oiadjuvant) to the Group C herbicide,Terbyne, for wid radishcontro in TT canoa (Figure 3a).

Figure 3a: Effect of addition of Hasten® spray adjuvant on postemergent activity of Terbyne (terbuthylazine) on 4–8

leaf wild radish in TT canola

Terbyne0.7kg

Terbyne0.7kg +

Hasten

Terbyne1.4kg

Terbyne1.4kg +

Hasten

Atrazine 9002.2kg +

Hasten

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% o

f w i l d r a d i s h c o n t r o l

Spray mixture and rate per hectare

Source: Sipcam Pacic Austraia Pty ltd. Trias conducted Young, NSW 2007.

Grp F hrbicid

The herbicides diufenican [Broda®, Jaguar®, Tigrex®]and picoinafen [Sniper, Paragon®], are products that inhibitcarotenoid biosynthesis at the phytoene desaturase step (PDS

inhibitors) causing characteristic beaching and yeowing of eaftissue.

Use of adjuvants with Group Fs

Diufenican appied as Broda® shoud not be appied withspray adjuvants. But when appied as Jaguar® or Tigrex®, asurfactant may be added in tank mixes where this is requiredfor the companion product, except in the case of mixtures of

Tigrex® and Ay® where NO surfactant shoud be added.

Spray oils should NOT be added to products containingdiufenican.Spray adjuvants should NOT be added to products containingpiclolinafen (Sniper, Paragon® ) as these may increase crop

sensitivity.

Figure 3b: The images below show how two adjuvants with thesame nozzle set-up and environmental conditions

can result in completely different characteristics ofthe spray solution. Droplet size is changed causingdrift and less product reaching its target. The topimage is a spray solution with the surfactant LI 700 at250ml/100L while the bottom image is Chemwet 1000at 200ml/100L




Table 3g: Adjuvants recommended with Group C herbicides

Product Surfactant Oil Other Comments

Triazines

Amry �g� Primal Z nIs a rcmmdd labl

ra 1 n 1 Fr garca ad idrial iai�

Arazi nIs 0�75% 2 Prlm pray il3 Ammim

lpha wihglypha

2 All Post applicai wh applid al�3 Maiz ad w cr ly�

Cyaazi �g�Bladx® n n Ammimlpha 2% wihglypha

Adja may icra crp phyxiciy�

Prmry �g� Gagard® nIs 4 n n 4 P-dircd applicai i c ly�

simazi n n Ammimlpha wihglypha

n d fr Post applicai�

trbhylazi �g� trby n Ha® 1% * * oly i arly p mrgc cala�

trbry �g� Igra® n n n

trbry + MCPA�g� Agry MA

Bs1000 0�12% r Agral® 0�2% **

nDo not add wig ag r pray il fr i cral ad par�** Alway add i garca ly�

Triazinone

Hxazi �g� vlpar® L nIs 0�25–0�5% n n Fr fliar applicai ly by grd

qipm�

Mribzi �g� scr® n n n u f crp il may ca r damag

Uracils

Brmacil �g� Hyar® nIs 0�1% 5 n n 5 Whr wd mrgd�

Brmacil + Dir �g� krar® nIs a rcmmdd lablra 6 n n 6 Whr wd mrgd�

trbacil �g� sibar® nIs 7 n n

7 Do not rfaca i lcr a crpijry may rl� u fr prial wd

i appl ad pach a la 8 yar ld�

Ureas

Dir nIs �g� Wpray 600 0�25% 8 n n 8 n all � Chc dir labl�

Flmr �g� Cra® nIs 9 n n 9 P-dircd applicai i c�

Lir n n n

Mhabzhiazr �g� tribil® n n n D n add ay wig ag fr

applicai i�

Nitriles

Brmxyil �g� Brmicid® nIs 10 n n10 Fr crl f lcd wd i grairghm�

Ixyil �g� tril® n n n

Ixyil + 2,4–D r

�g� Acril® Ds n n n

Acetamide

Prpail n n n

Benzothiadiazole

Baz �g� Baagra® nIs �g� Bs1000 0�125% 11 D-C-tra® 12 n

11 tamaia ly ad whr ad – chcBaagra® labl�12 Crl f Bahr brr ad blacbrryighhad i yba�





Grp G hrbicid (aryl riazli) Ary triazoinone (e.g. Afnity®) and dipheny-ether [e.g.

Goa™] herbicides contro weeds through a process ofmembrane disruption that is initiated by inhibiting the enzymeprotoporphrinogen oxidase (PPO). This inhibition interferes withthe chorophy biosynthetic pathway.

Herbicides with this mode of action incude Goa™(oxyuorfen), Bazer® (aciuorfen), Afnity®, Hammer® (carfentrazone), Ecopar® (pyraufen) and Pedge® (umioxazin).

Use of adjuvants with Group Gs

Afnity® is not suitabe for appication with petroeum spray oisor petroeum spray oi concentrates (e.g. Uptake™, Supercharge®)due to unacceptabe eves of crop phytotoxicity. But the sameactive ingredient appied as Hammer® in pre-cropping or faowsituations may benet from the incusion of Supercharge® orBonza® adjuvant when used in combination with gyphosate.

Where vounteer cotton is to be controed (both RoundupReady Fex and conventiona varieties), the addition of eitherHasten® or Supercharge® is recommended. Where vounteers ofconventiona cotton are being controed, a non-ionic surfactantmay be used with gyphosate to maximise contro.

Addition of a non-ionic, ow foaming surfactant isrecommended for appications of Bazer® to ensure optimumweed contro. Incusion of a minera oi, crop oi concentrate,vegetabe oi or rened vegetabe oi may increase cropphytotoxicity, so these combinations are generay notrecommended.

Hasten® is however recommended in combination with

Bazer®

at the ow rate for appications in mungbean ony.Goa™ is not frequenty used aone as a post-emergence

herbicide. In combinations with gyphosate or paraquat, thecompanion herbicide shoud provide ampe surfactant to ensureefcacy of post-emergence contro of weeds.

In some cases where Goa™ is used aone (e.g. Duboisia), anon-ionic surfactant is recommended to provide optimum weedcontro.

But where Goa™ is used for seective weed contro in onions,adjuvants incuding surfactants must NOT be used since thesemay compromise crop seectivity.

Adjuvants shoud not be used with Ecopar® as unacceptabe

crop phytotoxicity wi resut.Where Pedge® is appied aone, the incusion of Hasten® – or

equivaent methyated seed oi adjuvant – is recommended at arate of 1% v/v.

Grp H hrbicid

Group H herbicides incude the pyrazoe famiy incudingbenzofenap [Taipan®, Viper®] and pyrasufotoe [Precept®,

Veocity®] with the HPPD beacher mode of action. The isoxazoe

famiy incudes isoxautoe [Baance®] which has pre-emergenceaction.

Use of adjuvants with Group Hs

The adjuvant Hasten® is recommended for use with Veocity® and Precept® where these products are appied aone. Butadjuvant recommendations vary when grass herbicides arecombined with Veocity and Precept® (Tabe 3h). Note that theony time a NIS is recommended is when Veocity® or Precept® are tank mixed with Widcat® 110. With a other tank mixes, theuse of a NIS wi resut in reduced weed contro.

Table 3h: Adjuvant recommendations where Velocity® andPrecept® are combined with grass herbicides

Tank mix partner Adjuvant (v/v)

Velocity® Precept®

Achi® # sprcharg® 0�75%

Alai® oD Ha® 1% Ha® 1%

Axial® Adigr® 0�5%

Chah® Gld # Ha® 1%

Dcii® upa™ 0�5% rHa® 1%

upa™ 0�5% rHa® 1%

Hgra® 500 # Ha® 1%

Har

®

# Ha

®

1%

nil Ha® 1% Ammim lpha 500

gai/ha r Ha® 1%

triar® Adac Ha® 1% Ha® 1%

tpi® # Ha® 0�5%

Wildca® 110 Bs1000 0�25% Bs1000 0�25%

# Physicay compatibe but bioogica activity not tested with Veocity®




Grp I hrbicid (tabl 3i)

Group I herbicides incude a wide range of products with auxinike activity incuding phenoxies (2,4–D, MCPA), benzoic acids(dicamba) and pyridines (picoram, tricopyr, uroxypyr, copyraid).

These a act by the disruption of pant ce growth with accumuationin the growing point of the pant, eading to pant death.

Use of adjuvants with Group Is

In seective in-crop appications, adjuvants are sedomrecommended (and often specicay excuded in abe directions)chiey because of the possibiity of increased phytotoxicity to thecrop. But there are some herbicides and situations where theaddition of spray adjuvants is specicay recommended. Theseincude:

■ 2,4–D, MCPA – An acidifying surfactant is recommended insituations where certain insecticides (e.g. dimethoate) areincuded as a tank mix to avoid the possibiity of akainehydroysis which resuts in the degradation of the insecticidein the spray tank.

■ Garlon™ 600 – A petroeum spray oi concentrate (e.g.Uptake™) or petroeum spray oi/surfactant bend (e.g.D-C-Trate®) is recommended for incusion where the productis used aone for contro of meons in faow and pasture.Petroeum spray ois are not recommended where treatmentsare made in combination with gyphosate products.In high voume appications, the addition of a non-ionicsurfactant is recommended for treatments made to gorse.

■ Grazon™ Extra – The addition of a non-ionic (e.g. akoxyatedacoho) surfactant is recommended for high voumetreatments appied to biddy bush, Chinese appe, commonsensitive pant, giant brambe, gorse, ions tai, mesquite,mother-of-miions, siam weed, sickepod and tobacco weed.

Table 3i: Adjuvants recommended with Group I herbicides

Product Surfactant (v/v) Oil (v/v) Other Comments

Clpyralid �g� Lrl nIs 3 orgailic 0�2% 4

Aieaprai il 5

3 Addii f a wig ag a rcmmdd labl rafr crl f hardhad hil i par ad fallw�

4 u rgailic wih hadg applicai�5 u aiaprai il whr arial applicai mad

ilr wal i par ad Pinus radiata plaai�

Dicamba �g� Camqa 500 nIs 6 n n6 Fr crl f crai wd i cmbiai wih 2,4–D i

par ly�

Dicamba-na �g� Cadc® Bs1000 (r hr nIs)0�1% 7

upa™ 0�5% rD-C-tr® 1% 8

7 Wh applid al r i mixr wih Ally®�8 I mixr wih eclip®�

Dichlrprp �g� Laaa 600 n n n

Flrxypyr �g� sara™ Bs1000 0�1% 9 upa™ ly0�5% 9 n all � Chc sara™ labl�

Flrxypyr + Amipyralid�g� Hh™

Bs1000, spradw1000 r Chmw 10000�1% (wh mixd wihmlfr)

upa™ (whmixd wih tpi® )

n

MCPA LI 700 r hr

acidifyig rfaca 10

10 I mixr wih Imida®, L-Ma® r dimha pr alali hydrlyi�

Mcprp n n n

Piclram + MCPA k al�g� trd™ 242

nIs 0�1% 11upa™ 0�5%(wh mixd wihtpi® )

11 Wh mixd wih mlfr�

Piclram + 2,4–D�g� trd™ 75D

nIs 0�1% 12 upa™ 0�5% 12 12 Crl f siclpd i garca ly�

Qiclrac �g� Dri® n Y Addii f crp il adja may impr wd crl i

farabl wahr cdii�

triclpyr r�g� Garl™ 600

nIs 0�1–0�125% 13 upa™ 0�5% rD-C-tra® 1% 14

13 Fr crl f gr (0�125% /) adecalyp (0�1% /)�

14 Fr crl f caml ml, pricly paddy ml (nsW, Qld) b i a mix wih glypha�

triclpyr r + Piclram + Amipyralid�g� Graz™ exra

nIs �g� Bs1000,Chmw 1000,spradw 10000�1%15

upa™ 0�5% 15 Pl® 0�1–0�2% 16

15 Fr crl f biddy bh (0�125%), chi appl,cmm ii pla, gia brambl, gr, li’ ail,mqi, mhr-f-milli, iam wd, iclpd adbacc wd�

16 Crl f laaa (p 1 m all, mmr, 0�1%) admaa�

16 Crl f laaa (p 1 m all, mmr) adParkinsonia�

triclpyr ami + Piclram�g� trd™ DsH

Bs1000 17upa™ rsprcharg® rHa® 0�5% 18

17 Fr crl f Acacia, Caaria ad Lphm pp�If c rfac i ily, add Bs1000 fr prai

18 Fr crl f blacbrry�

2,4–D Bza® 1 1%LI 700 r hracidifyig rfaca 2

1 Fr wih ami frmlai i m -crpiai ly� Rfr labl�

2 Wih crai mixr� Rfr labl�

2,4–DB srfaca 0�65% * n n * Fr difcl--w, hairy r ry hic wd pplai�





Uptake™ spraying oi (petroeum spray oi concentrate) isrecommended to assist contro of antana (where ow rates ofherbicide are used) and Parkinsonia.Puse® (organosiicone surfactant) is incuded for enhancedcontro of antana (at ow rate of herbicide) and Manuka.

Acidifying agents shoud not be used as these may ead tothe precipitation of picoram at ow pH.

■ Tordon™ 75–D – Addition of adjuvants is generay notrecommended except where appications are made tosickepod in sugarcane. Here the incusion of a non-ionicsurfactant (akoxyated acoho type) or minera oi/surfactantbend (Uptake™ spraying oi) is specicay recommended.

Acidifying agents shoud not be used as these may ead tothe precipitation of picoram at ow pH.

■ Tordon™ 242 – Tordon™ 242 is compatibe with BS1000(akoxyated acoho) and Uptake™ spraying oi where theseare recommended in tank mixes with Ay® and Topik ® respectivey. Some experimenta work aso suggests that theaddition of Uptake™ may assist with the contro of weedssuch as New Zeaand spinach and mik thiste in cereas inmixtures with lontre. Acidifying agents shoud not be usedas these may ead to the precipitation (insoubiity) of picoramat ow pH.

Grp J hrbicid

Group J herbicides have the inhibitor of fat synthesismode of action. These are divided into the chemicafamiies, chorocarbonic acids (2,2–DPA and upropanate),thiocarbamates (EPTC, moinate, pebuate, prosufocarb [Boxer® God], thiobencarb, triaate and vernoate), phosphorodithioates

(bensuide) and benzofurans (ethofumesate).With the exception of 2,2–DPA, a herbicides in this mode of

action group are utiised as pre-emergence herbicides.

Use of adjuvants with Group Js

Ony 2,2–DPA has a recommendation for the addition of anon-ionic surfactant. No rate is specied.

Grp L hrbicid (tabl 3j)

Paraquat [e.g. Gramoxone® 250] and diquat [e.g. Regone®]are bipyridyium herbicides that cause the inhibition ofphotosynthesis.

These products are absorbed by eaf tissue causing rapiddestruction of pant ces adjacent to the point of contact.

Use of adjuvants with Group Ls

As the bipyridyium herbicides rey strongy on contact intheir foiar activity, good coverage of eaf surfaces is essentia foroptimum performance. Formuated products incude non-ionicsurfactants to optimise dropet spread and retention for mostsituations.

But there are occasions when the incusion of asuppementary surfactant is recommended to ensure optimumherbicide activity. These are summarised in Tabe 3j.

Table 3j: Adjuvants recommended with Group L herbicides

Product Adjuvant (v/v) Situation

Alliac® Bs1000 0�06%,shirw® 600 0�1%

Wh prdc dili i lha 400 mL/100 L�

Gramx® 250 Bs1000 0�06%,

Agral® 0�1%

1� Wh prdc dili i <400mL/100 L�

2� Fr crl f Chenopodium ad Portulaca i rchardad iyard whr prdcdili i l ha800 mL/100 L (dbl ra)�

3� Fr crl f Yrhir fg i

par (dbl ra)�4� Fr applicai i garca

(dbl ra) ad pa(igl ra)�

spray�sd® 250 Bs1000 0�1–0�12%,

Agral® 0�16–0�2%

1� Fr crl f Vulpia spp. (ilrgra), Bs1000 0�1% /, Agral® 0�16% /�

2� Fr applicai i garca,Bs1000 0�12% /, Agral® 0�2% /�

Rgl® Bs1000 0�16%, Agral® 0�2%

Alway add Bs1000 r Agral® l hrwi pcid h labl�


In addition, petroeum ois are used as ‘anti-evaporants’ underhot and dry conditions. This use appears to be supported by triadata particuary for contro of summer broadeaf weeds such aswhite heiotrope.




Grp M hrbicid – glypha (tabl 3)

Gyphosate is a member of the gycines group of herbicidesand works in the pant by inhibiting the EPSP enzyme in theshikimic acid pathway, preventing the production of amino acids

essentia for the production of proteins.Under favourabe conditions, gyphosate is rapidy absorbed

by pant foiage. Initia fast entry is foowed by a onger phase ofsower uptake.

Gyphosate is a highy poar moecue with ow ipophiiccharacter whie the eaf cutice is negativey charged. Diffusion isthe most ikey process for transport across the eaf cutice.

Pant cutices vary in their permeabiity to gyphosate. Themode and extent of gyphosate uptake depends on severafactors, incuding:

■ Properties of eaf cutice;

■ Species;

■ Pant age;

■ Moisture status of the pant;

■ light;

■ Temperature;

■ Concentration of gyphosate;

■ Adjuvants; and,

■ Method of appication.

After passing through the eaf cutice, gyphosate is takenup by the mesophy ces. Negative charges in the ce waand pasmaemma (pasma membrane of a ce) may sow thepenetration of the anionic gyphosate. Eectrica potentia across

ce membrane may aso counteract gyphosate entry. Themovement of gyphosate across the pasmaemma invoves aphosphate transporter though some movement invoves diffusion.

Use of adjuvants with glyphosate

Effect of surfactants on absorption

At ow concentrations (0.01 to 0.1% v/v), surfactants improvewetting and spreading. At much higher concentrations somesurfactants may aid foiar entry.

Herbicide uptake may be aided by:

■ Cationic interchange between weaky cationic aiphatic amine(am) surfactants;

■ Hygroscopic properties of surfactants with high ethyeneoxide (eo) content;

■ Maintenance of herbicide deposit in semi-soid state(humectants);

■ Ateration of resistance to diffusion movement across thepasmaemma; and,

■ Enhancement of stomata uptake e.g. organosiicones.

Effectiveness of surfactants is inuenced by:

■ Surfactant type (ethoxyated amine types generay better);

■ Degree of ethoxyation (more eo better efcacy);

■ Hb (hydrophie-ipophie baance);

■ Concentration (0.1 to 0.3% v/v optimum for amine types);

■ Interaction with other adjuvants; ■ Gyphosate concentration in spray soution; and,

■ Pant species

A number of surfactant types are incuded in commerciaformuations. Eary formuations and many existing productsincude a taow amine ethoxyate product (tertiary amine).

Over time, the need to utiise surfactants that have owertoxicity, improved environmenta proe and the push towardhigher gyphosate oadings has ead to the introduction ofaternate surfactants and bends.

These incude quaternary amines (utiised in formuations withaquatic use approvas), betaines and poygucosides.

Most formuation adjuvants are not used as proprietaryproducts for incusion by end-users.

Surfactants are recommended for specic appications assummarised in Tabe 3k.

Petroleum oil adjuvants

Petroeum spray oi adjuvants, incuding the petroeum sprayoi concentrate products such as Uptake™, are not routineyused with gyphosate. But ois are widey used in southern andWestern Austraia during the hotter months as anti-evaporants

Table 3k: Adjuvants recommended with Group M herbicide – glyphosate

Adjuvant Rate (% v/v) Label

endorsed

Comments

Ammim lpha �g� Lia 2% Y

t allia h adr ffc f high ll f calcim, magim adbicarba i i war; miimi aagim a mixwih wabl hrbicid; ad impr prfrmac dr adrirmal cdii�

Bffr pl rfaca �g� Primabff® n Bffr pl rfaca – may impr prfrmac i war high i

bicarba, calcim c�

n-iic rfaca (alxylad alchl, hxyladalchl, yl phl hxyla, allw amihxyla, alyl plyxyhyl hr) �g� Aciar®

0�07–0�2 Y Chc idiidal prdc labl fr gidac a rcmmdai may ary�

nyl phl hxyla �g� Wr tX 0�2 Y Add fr aal rygra crl i prig ad imprd crl f Vulpia spp�

ad crai cl a prial gra�

orgailic �g� Pl® 0�05–0�2 Y Fr crl f brac (bm), calyp dlig, laaa, gr wih

360 gai/L ad 450 gai/L prdc ad crai dry prdc �g� trc�

syal phphlipid + ammim lpha +alylhxyphpha + ammim prpia (B® )

eqal raf Crdi®

Y spcically frmlad fr icli wih Crdi®�

syal phphlipid + prpiic acid�g� sprayma LI 700

0�25–0�5 Y May impr wd crl �g� cch�





where summer weeds (generay broadeaf) require controfoowing unseasona rainfa.

In summer rainfa areas, responses to the addition of oisare inconsistent sometimes eading to reduced performance(particuary on awness barnyard grass) during summer.

Vegetable oil adjuvants

Vegetabe oi products (incuding esteried canoa ois such asHasten® and Kwickin®) are used occasionay with gyphosate.In some trias it woud appear these products are comparabein their effectiveness to surfactants though this has not beendemonstrated in a wide range of situations.

Buffers and acidiers

Gyphosate performance is not strongy affected by pH. Buthigh eves of antagonistic ions such as cacium, magnesium andbicarbonate are often associated with akaine waters. Buffersand some acids, whie reducing pH, may aso sequester metacations.

Some acids such as hydrochoric (poo acid), nitric and aceticacid are not particuary effective in overcoming the effects ofcacium, magnesium and sodium bicarbonate. These cannot beexpected to assist in potentia oss of performance of gyphosatewhere ‘hard’ water is used.

Many of the buffering agents are based on derivatives ofphosphoric acid which is effective in sequestering cacium andmagnesium. It shoud be noted that the addition of gyphosateproducts to water can dramaticay reduce soution pH withoutthe addition of acidifying adjuvants.

Ammonium sulphate

Ammonium suphate has a range of potentia benets in

combination with gyphosate. In the presence of hard waterit appears to overcome antagonistic effects of cacium,magnesium and bicarbonate ions, athough at norma rates ofaddition, pH is not reduced signicanty. Ammonium ions arethought to prevent the combination of antagonistic ions with thegyphosate moecue. In addition, suphate ions effectivey cheatesome meta cations incuding cacium and magnesium.

In water reativey free of antagonistic ions, ammoniumsuphate appears to enhance uptake and contro on a numberof annua grasses (but not ryegrass or barnyard grass), somebroadeaf weeds (e.g. cimbing buckwheat) and perennias suchas couch and nutgrass.

The mechanism for this effect is uncear though it issuggested ammonium suphate modies the permeabiity ofthe eaf cutice and ce membranes faciitating more rapidand compete uptake of gyphosate. Other researchers havesuggested that ammonium sats affect the pH of the apopast(interceuar spaces) which resuts in faster and greaterpenetration of weak acid herbicides into the ces.

Ammonium suphate is specicay recommended as a‘compatibiity agent’ where gyphosate is combined withtriazine herbicides, especiay atrazine, to reduce the potentiafor antagonism. But the addition of ammonium suphate doesnot necessariy restore performance competey particuary onperennia grasses and certain annua grasses and broadeafweeds incuding barnyard grass and mik thiste.

Others

■ Foiar fertiisers – a number of proprietary foiar fertiisers havebeen suggested as usefu adjuvants for combination withgyphosate. Caimed improvements in performance, whiepossibe, have not been extensivey investigated. The cost of

the incusion of foiar fertiiser adjuvants can be greater thanthe herbicide product itsef so the incentive for pursuing thisarea of research is no onger as great as it may have oncebeen.

■ Drift contro agents – these adjuvants are designed to reducedropet break-up on atomisation and therefore reduce thenumber of ‘driftabe’ nes produced during appication(reative to gyphosate aone). Products with these propertiesincude Spraymate lI 700, Hasten® (esteried canoa oi).

■ Anti-transpirants e.g. Di-1–p-menthene, bond (syntheticatex). Menthene is used in horticutura appications to reducetranspiration osses in certain tree crops. The potentia as an

adjuvant was investigated to evauate any improved rain-fastness. This was thought to be due to the formation of a mthat protects the spray deposit from wash-off. Rain-fastnesswas improved in some experiments but not in others, so thisappication has not been adopted extensivey.

Grp n hrbicid

The gycine herbicide gufosinate is cassied by a mode ofaction that invoves the inhibition of gutamine synthetase. It isa non-seective (except in geneticay modied crops), water-soube concentrate product that has broad-spectrum activity.

Use of adjuvants with Group NsGufosinate (e.g. Basta®) is formuated with surfactant and in

most situations no adjuvants are recommended. However theproduct abe advises that an adjuvant can assist in the controof Pinus spp. and that benet may be obtained when a wettingagent is added for the contro of hard-to-wet pants.

Grp Q hrbicid

Group Q herbicides incude the triazoes [Amitroe,Iico®, Aiance®] with the active ingredient amitroe and theisoxazoidinones [Command®, Viper®] and have the inhibitor ofcarotenoid biosynthesis at an unknown target mode of action.

These products were previousy cassied in Group F.

Use of adjuvants with Group Qs

Appications of Amitroe (ammonium thiocyanate) using powerspraying, knapsack or misting equipment are recommendedwith the addition of a non-ionic (e.g. nonypheno ethoxyate)surfactant. No wetting agents are required if spraying Iico®.

Wetter shoud ony be appied with Aiance® when productdiution fas beow 400 ml/100 l of soution. In this case theaddition of either 60 ml/100 l BS1000 or 100 ml/100 lShirwet® 600 is recommended.

Products containing comazone as the active ingredient areshoot or root absorbed and adjuvants are not required.

Appications of the rice herbicides Viper® and Magister® byxed wing aircraft are to incude 41–A drift retardant at a rate of60g per 100 itres of spray.




Grp R hrbicid

Group R herbicides incude the carbamates group (Asuox® active ingredient asuam) with the inhibitor of dihydropteroatesynthase (DHP) mode of action.

Asuox® was previousy cassied as a Group K herbicide.

Use of adjuvants with Group Rs

Adjuvants are generay not recommended with asuam in crop.But for appications in sugarcane a non-ionic surfactant is recom-mended at a rate of 0.25% v/v. Appications for contro of brackenshoud incude Ruvapron appied at a rate of 2% v/v.

Grp Z hrbicid (tabl 3l)

Group Z herbicides have unknown and probaby diverse sitesof action. Herbicides incude those cassied as aryaminopropionicacids (amprop methy e.g. Mataven® l), dicarboxyic acids

(endotha) and organoarsenicas (DSMA, MSMA).

Use of adjuvants with Group Zs

Post-emergence products of the Group Z herbicides vary intheir requirements for the addition of adjuvants. For the inorganic,arsenica products DSMA and MSMA, addition of a non-ionicsurfactant is suggested in turf and non-crop appications.

spcial -lci

hrbicid ad adja

The most common questions raised in reation to non-seective herbicides surround the need or use of additionaadjuvants/surfactants to improve the efcacy of the non-seective. There are two major non-seective herbicide categories

– bipyridys which contain paraquat and diquat [Spray.Seed®,Gramoxone® and Regone®] and gycines which containgyphosate [Touchdown HiTech®].

In most cases adjuvants/surfactants perform quite differentywhen used with Spray.Seed®, as they do when used with

Touchdown HiTech®. This is not surprising given both groupsof non-seective herbicides have very different modes of action.What may work we for one product may not work at a with theother.

Generay if adjuvants are critica to the performance of theproduct, they appear on the product abe. Do not add adjuvantsthat are not recommended as they can actuay be antagonisticto product performance and reduce efcacy.

To improve carity and market understanding, Syngenta hascompied the Tabes beow for the major non-seective herbicides(Spray.Seed® and Touchdown HiTech®) and the reative benet (ifany) or the reason for using an adjuvant type.

Table 3m: Spray.Seed® adjuvant addition

Adjuvant type Benet Rate per 100 L of spray volume

Ammim lpha

n —

n adaag – spray�sd® i highly cmpaibl

wih rirali wih ammim lpha�Bffrig ag�g� LI 700, Agri-Bffa®

n —

n adaag

Cmpaibiliy ag,�g� Flwrigh

n —

spray�sd® i highly cmpaibl�

n-iic rfaca�g� Bs1000, Agral®

smim 120 mL Bs1000 r 200 mL Agral®�

u if ccrai f prdc i l ha 1�2L/100L f pray lm r if h wd ilrgra, fa h

r Portulaca ar pr�Rfr Figr 1 ad 2 hi ci�

orgailicrfaca �g�Pl®*

n —

n

adaag

spray il,�g� Ha®,D-C-tra®

smimGrally d a 500 mL – 1000 mL�

Rfr mafacrr’ labl frpcic ra�

Mayb f b pr drpl aprai iwarm mprar ad/ r lw rlai hmidiy�

Wr tXn —

n adaag

Table 3n: Touchdown® Hi-Tech adjuvant additions

Adjuvant type Benet Rate/100 L of spray volume

Ammimlpha�g� Liqid B*,Lia*

smim

Grally 2 L Liqid B r Lia (ifig tchdw Hitch® ) ad B,

y ca alr h ra f B i rlai yr w war hard iai�

Rfr Figr 5 hi ci�

ud allia h adr affc f Ca, Mg adbicarba i i war (hard war) r pla

rfac� Rfr Figr 5� Al bcial dr adrirmal cdii, g� cl, cldy wahr�

*Bcial wh mixig wih rirali�

Bffrig ag,�g� LI 700, Agri-Bffa®

n —

n adaag

Cmpaibiliyag�g� Flwrigh*

n —

n adaag

n-iicrfaca�g� Bs1000, Agral®

smim 200 mL Bs1000 r 300 mL Agral®

u if ccrai f prdc i l ha 500 mL/100L f pray lm r if ilrgra i pr� Rfr

Figr 3 ad 4 hi ci�

n-iicrfaca�g� Wr tX

Rricd 200 mL Wr tX

u ly fr aal rygra, ilrgra ad rradc crl i la wir/prig� D i hr

iai� D fr prayppig�

orgailicrfacag� Pl®

Rricd 200 mL Pl®

u ly impr crl f brac, calyp, grad laaa� D i hr iai a i may b

aagiic�

spray il�g� Ha®,

D-C-tra®

n –

May b aagiic

*There are use situations where it is suggested that some gyphosates can bemixed with triurain without the addition of ammonium suphate. Our experiencein tria work is that the addition of ammonium suphate improves the efcacy ofgyphosate based herbicides when mixed with triurain.

Table 3l: Adjuvants recommended with Group Z herbicides

Product Adjuvant (v/v) Comments

Baal® n D add rfaca�

Maa®

Bza® 0�5%upa™0�5%1

1u fr pray-ppig applicai ly�

MsMA nIs Fr i garca ly�

trama® n D add rfaca i-crp applicai

i, ild pppy ad ablihd rf�




War qaliy ad ffci

hrbicid applicai

Good quaity water is important when mixing and spraying

herbicides. It shoud be cean and of good irrigation quaity. Poorquaity water can reduce the effectiveness of some herbicidesand damage spray equipment. Some poor resuts withherbicides coud possiby be due to water quaity probems.

Effects of water quality

Water quaity depends on the source of the water (rain-fedtank, dam, river, bore or aquifer) and the season (e.g. heavy rain,drought). There are severa characteristics of water quaity whichaffect chemica performance.

Dirt: Dirty water has very sma soi partices (cay and sit)suspended in it. These soi partices can absorb and bind thechemica’s active ingredient and reduce its effectiveness. Thisappies especiay to gyphosate, paraquat and diquat.

Dirt can aso bock nozzes, ines and ters and reducethe sprayer’s overa performance and ife. As a guide, wateris considered dirty when it is difcut to see a 10¢ coin in thebottom of a househod bucket of water.

Water hardness: Water is termed hard when it has a highpercentage of cacium and magnesium. Hard water won’tather with soap and can cause some chemicas to precipitate.Susceptibe chemicas often have agents added to overcomethis probem.

Formuations of 2,4–DB are particuary sensitive to hardwater (> 400ppm CaCO3 equivaent). Other herbicides such

as gyphosate, 2,4–D amine and MCPA amine, lontre™ and Tigrex® can aso be affected.

Hard water can aso affect the baance of the surfactantsystem and affect properties such as wetting, emusication anddispersion. Very hard water can aso reduce the efciency ofagents used to cear dirty water.

Water pH: pH is a measure of acidity and akainity scaedon a range between 1 and 14. A pH of 7 is neutra, ess than 7acid and more than 7 akaine. Most natura waters have a pHbetween 6.5 and 8.

In highy akaine water (pH>8) some chemicas undergoa process caed akaine hydroysis. This process causes the

breakdown of the active ingredient into other compounds whichcan reduce the effectiveness of the pesticide over time. This isone reason why spray mixes shoud not be eft overnight.

Very acid water can aso affect the stabiity and physicaproperties of some chemica formuations.

Dissolved salts: The tota amount of minera sats dissovedin water is usuay measured by the eectrica conductivity (EC) ofthe water.

The EC of bores and dams depends argey on the sat evesin the rock and soi that surrounds them. During a drought thesainity of water increases. Very saty water can cause bockagesin equipment and is more resistant to pH changes.

Organic matter: Water containing a ot of organic matter,such as eaves or agae can bock nozzes, ines and ters. Agaecan aso react with some chemicas, reducing their effectiveness.

Temperature: Very hot or cod water can affect theperformance of some chemicas.

Improving water quality

Water needs to be tested to see whether it wi affect chemicaperformance. There are commercia products avaiabe to reducepH [e.g. Primabuff ® and lI 700 and Hot-up®], soften hard water

and cear dirty water. To reduce the effects of very saty water,you may need to mix water from severa sources.

Tabe 3o summarises the effect of water quaity on someherbicides.

Acknowledgements: From NSW DPI Weed Control in Winter Crops, 2011 with extracts fromSPRAY SENSE Bulletin No.12 T. Burtt, S. Hardy and T. Somers (1996).

Table 3o: Herbicide tolerances to water qualities

Herbicide

Water quality

Muddy Saline Hard Alkaline

(> pH 8)

Acidic

(< pH 5)

Afiy® 4 4 4 X nR

Ally® 4 4 4 Margial X

Brdal® 4 4 X

Dicamba 4 4 nR nR

Dir 4 t 4 4

Dir + 2,4–D ami 4 t X nR

Dir + MCPA ami 4 t X nR

Filad Fr 4 4 4 nR X

Gla® 4 4 4 Margial X

Glypha X 4 X 4

Hgra® 4 4 4 nR 4

Lgra® 4 4 4 Margial X

Lrl™ 4 4

X Xsri® 4 4 4 4 4

simazi 4 X 4 nR

spray�sd® X 4 4 4 4

targa® 4 4 4 4 4

tigrx® 4 X X nR

trirali 4 4 4 4

vrdic® 4 4 4 nR 4

2,4–DB X nR

2,4–D r MCPA ami 4 4 X nR

2,4–D r MCPA r 4 t t 4 4

Key: 4 = OK. X = Do not use.NR = Not recommended but use quicky if there is no aternative.

Test = Mix herbicides and water in proportion and observe any instabiity.Margina = Not idea, but acceptabe.Source: Weed Control in Winter Crops, 2011 – NSW DPI




Rady rcr

Figure 1 demonstrates situations where an additionasurfactant may be required. This woud occur if using highspray voumes and ow herbicide rates with Spray.Seed® in a

broadacre situation, resuting in reduced efcacy.

Figure 1: Spray.Seed® surfactant ready reckoner for broadacre

Figure 2 demonstrates situations where additiona surfactantmay be required if using high spray voumes and ow herbiciderates with Spray.Seed® in a horticutura, viticutura or sugarcanesituation.

Figure 2: Spray.Seed® surfactant ready reckoner for thehorticultural, viticultural or sugarcane industries

Figure 3 demonstrates situations where an additionasurfactant may be required if using high spray voumes and owherbicide rates with Touchdown HiTech® in a broadacre situation.

Figure 3: Touchdown HiTech® surfactant ready reckoner forbroadacre

Figure 4 demonstrates situations where an additionasurfactant may be required if using high spray voumes and owherbicide rates with Touchdown HiTech® in the horticutura,viticutura or sugarcane industries.

Figure 4: Touchdown HiTech®

surfactant ready reckoner for thehorticultural, viticultural or sugarcane industries

Figure 5 demonstrates the minimum quantity of ammoniumsuphate (Boost) which can be added to Touchdown HiTech® toaeviate the effects of hard water and antagonistic meta ionsocated on the pant surface.

Figure 5: Touchdown HiTech®/Liquid Boost (ammonium sulphate)ready reckoner to alleviate the affects of hard waterand antagonistic metal ions located on the plantsurface

For further information please contact the Syngenta Technical Advice Line

Freecall 1800 067 108 or visit www.syngenta.com.au




4� ADJuvAnts FoR InseCtICIDes

THE main adjuvants used with insecticides are petroeum sprayois. Pant derived ois and surfactants are used to a esser extent.

Utra ow voume (UlV) appications often utiise ois as carriersat ess than 5l/ha. High boiing point petroeum spray ois orvegetabe ois as carriers generay improve target retention of UlVsprays. Ois used in this appication do not need emusiers incontrast to those used as adjuvants where a water carrier is used.

It is important to reaise that some spray adjuvants, particuary

the phytoband ois and derivatives, have insecticida activity in

their own right. Pests controed by petroeum spray ois incude

scae insects, two-spotted mites, Helicoverpa spp., thrips, mirids

and aphids in both horticutura and ed crop appications.

Ois such as high viscosity petroeum ois are idea as contact

insecticides since these do not spread or penetrate the pantcutice. The active ingredient in spray deposits formed has higherpotentia for contact with the insect.

Petroeum spray ois may be phytotoxic to pants due tothe effects of heat and UV radiation causing ce wa damageso their indiscriminate use as pesticides or adjuvants is notrecommended uness crop safety is assured.

Surfactants are aso used in combination with some insecticides

but on a far more imited scae than petroeum spray ois.

Carbama (Grp 1A)

Carbamate insecticides incude the nerve poisons carbary,

methomy, thiodicarb and the miticide, pirimicarb. Fenoxycarb(Insegar) is a non-neurotoxic insect growth reguator with contactand stomach action.

Use of adjuvants with carbamates (Table 4a)

orgaphpha icicid

(Grp 1B)

Organophosphate insecticides represent a arge group of

compounds with contact and/or stomach action that have a mode

of action as choinesterase inhibitors. Most are stabe in water but

are hydroysed to a varying degree under akaine conditions.

Use of adjuvants with organophosphates (Table 4b) The tendency for some organophosphate insecticides to

undergo rapid hydroysis under akaine conditions is used as a justication for the addition of acidifying or buffering agents whenthese products are used with akaine waters.

Dimethoate is subject to rapid hydroysis at a pH of 9 thoughit is ikey that the formuated product is not hydroysed to thesame degree as the technica materia.

On US product abes the addition of a buffering or acidifyingagent is indicated but not for dimethoate products marketed in

Austraia. But the use of acidifying agents such as lI 700 hasbeen widey adopted with dimethoate.

Table 4b: Adjuvant recommendations with organophosphate

insecticides

Product Use of adjuvants

Azinphos–methy

e.g. Gusathion® Use wetting agent with high voume sprays.

Chorpyrifos

e.g. lorsban® 500

Use non-ionic surfactant for contro of caterpiar

pests in brassica vegetabes. Add winter oi for

contro of scae insect in citrus and grapevines (1%

v/v), and in appes, pears and stone fruit (2% v/v);

and for contro of wooy aphid in appes and pears

(2% v/v).

Diazinon

Use NIS for contro of scae in pineappes. Add

winter or summer ois for contro of various pests invarious crops. check diazinon abe.

Dimethoate e.g. Rogor None required.

Fenitrothion None required.

Madison e.g. Madison

Use Aciar® surfactant for contro of eucaypt

pests and substitute lI 700 with appication using

akaine water.

Methamidophos

e.g. Nitofo®Use wetting agent for contro of caterpiar pests in

brassica vegetabes.

Methidathion

e.g. Supracide®

Use non-ionic surfactant for appications to contro

certain pests in citrus, custard appe, macadamia

nuts and passionfruit. Use 1% v/v white oi for contro

of meaybug in coffee, 1% v/v spray oi for contro of

various pests of mango and 3% v/v dormant spray

oi for contro of scae in appes, pears and stone fruit

(WA ony). Do NOT mix with ois for appications in

citrus and in mangoes after fruit set.

Mevinphos e.g. Phosdrin® Add wetting agent ast.

Omethoate e.g. Foimat®

Use wetting agent for contro of thrips and ucerne

ea in onions. Use 1% v/v spray oi for contro of scae

in citrus, and 20% v/v Uvapron (change to Ruvapron)

in UlV appication for contro of aphids in upins.

Parathion-methy

e.g. Parashoot

Add 3% v/v superior winter oi for contro of scae

insects in pome and stone fruits (not with Penncap

formuation).

Phosmet e.g. Imidan® Compatibe with non-ionic surfactants.

Profenofos e.g. Curacron Compatibe with petroeum spray ois.

Prothiofos e.g. Tokuthion® Add a wetting agent for contro of various pests in

brassicas. Add a semi-dormant oi for contro of

meaybugs in pears..

Trichorfon e.g. Dipterex® None required.


Table 4a: Adjuvants recommended for use with carbamateinsecticides


Carbaryl�g� Bgmar®

Cmpaibl wih mmr il

Mhmyl�g� Laa®-L

Alway add -iic rfaca 0�025%, pariclarlyimpra fr crl f Helicoverpa i c

Pirimicarb�g� Pirimr

Add Agral® 0�018% fr crl f wlly aphid i appl,gr pach aphid i br ad cabbag aphid adgr pach aphid i braica gabl� Add mmrpray il 1% fr grd applicai r mmr prayil (D-C-tr® r Calx) 10% fr arial applicai fr

crl f aphid i lpi (nsW, vic, WA ly) ad cral(WA ly) if applyig dr cdii f lw rlaihmidiy

thidicarb�g� Lari®

u -iic rfaca a rcmmdd ra frcrl f carpillar p i braica gabl� ncmpaibl wih gabl il




In genera, product abes for organophosphate insecticidesdo not specicay identify the need to reduce soution pHathough the addition of lI 700 is recommended on the abefor Madison for appications to various pests of eucaypts whenusing akaine water.

Phyl pyrazl (Grp 2B)

Fiproni [e.g. Regent®] acts as a bocker of the GABA(gamma-aminobutyric acid) reguated choride channe. It has awide spectrum of activity but is particuary usefu for contro ofsucking and certain chewing pests.

Use of adjuvants with Group 2bs

A non-ionic surfactant is recommended for foiar appicationsmade for the contro of caterpiar pests in brassicas and forweevi borer in sugarcane.

syhic pyrhrid ad pyrhri(Grp 3A)

Synthetic pyrethroids act as contact and ingested toxins. They bind to the sodium channe protein in the nervous system,resuting in continuous nerve stimuation.

Use of adjuvants with Group 3As (Table 4c)

A number of adjuvants enhance the activity of synthetic

pyrethroid products such as apha-cypermethrin, ambda-

cyhaothrin, beta-cyuthrin and detamethrin. Enhanced activity

may be attributed to improved distribution (spreading), improved

cuticuar penetration (where appied directy to the target insect)

or increased transfer from treated surfaces to the target insect.

Recommendations for the use of adjuvants with syntheticpyrethroid insecticides are quite imited (Tabe 4c). But theaddition of wetting agent is recommended where appicationsare made for the contro of caterpiar pests in a variety ofbrassica crops. Wetting agents improve coverage and retentionof spray deposits on the water repeent eaves of brassica crops.

Some reference is made to the adverse effects of extremeyhigh pH with instructions provided to use spray mixturesprompty under these conditions. In some instances, the additionof a buffering agent is recommended for use with a number ofpermethrin products where water with extremey high pH is usedas a carrier.

The contro of rst instar back ed crickets (Teleogryllus

conmodus) was improved when spray adjuvants were added toa range of insecticides. Tabe 4d shows the resuts when crickets

were fed a bioassay of cabbage eaf treated with a range ofinsecticides and the esteried canoa oi adjuvant, emusied innon-ionic surfactant Hasten®.

Increase in activity of pyrethroids may be attributed to theabiity of EOP to maintain the active ingredient in a iquid state onthe eaf surface for an extended period. This woud increase thetransfer of the pyrethroid to the target insect foowing contactwith the residua deposits on the eaf surface.

This is supported by studies of dropet aging on gass sideswhere after 24 hours, deposits of apha-cypermethrin remainediquid. Studies with mustard beetes suggest that the adjuvantsmake itte difference to the permeabiity of the cutice.

Adjuvants such as Hasten® may aso assist in increasingtoxicity to insects by increasing dose transfer. This has beendemonstrated in a study conducted with mustard beetes withthe insecticide, apha-cypermethrin.

Adjuvants may aso be toxic to insects. Canopy® is aproprietary petroeum spray oi product containing parafnic oi,emusiers and a UV absorber that effectivey suffocates softbodied insects such as Heicoverpa, aphids and mirids.

Table 4c: Adjuvant recommendations with synthetic pyrethroid

insecticides


Alpha-cyprmhri�g� Faac®, Dmix®

Add nIs �g� shirw® 600 a labl ra fr crlf carpillar p i braica� Add rfaca fr allapplicai wih Dmix®�

Ba-cyhri�g� Blldc®

Add wig ag fr crl f carpillar p ibraica�

Bifhri �g� talar®® Frmlai cai rfaca� u rfacaly hard--w pla ad i high lmapplicai�

Cyprmhri�g� sic

Add Chmw 600 0�005–0�015% / fr crl fcarpillar p i braica�

Dlamhri�g� Dci

Add wig ag fr crl f carpillar p ibraica� D-C-tr® C pray il, D-C-tra® rRlapr may b d a blig ag wih mfrmlai (Dci opi® ) i uLv applicai�

efalra�g� smi-Alpha®

Add Bs1000 r qial nIs a 0�03% / jbfr pray a i lld� Add Bs1000 a 0�1% /fr crl f cwpa aphid i lil�

Gamma-cyhalhri�g� trja®

Add 6% / -iic rfaca fr applicai braica gabl ad frag braica� Mayb bld wih D-C-tr® C il fr uLvapplicai

Lambda-cyhalhri�g� kara®

Add Agral® rfaca fr applicai p ibraica gabl ad frag braica� May bbld wih ari miral prayig il� Rfr kara® labl�

Prmhri�g� Ambh®

Add 0�01% / Agral® fr crl f carpillar pi braica ad clry�

ta-alia �g�Mari® uLv, Mari® Aqaw

u rfaca wih Mari® Aqaw ramal whr fliag may b difcl wad whr mi crl i rqird

Table 4d: Insecticide dose and Hasten® required to kill at least

half the tested population (LC50) of black eld crickets

InsecticideEOP concentration % of v/v

0 0.5% 2.0%

Ba-cyhri 110 ppm 70 ppm 50 ppm

Dlamhri 130 ppm 70 ppm 40 ppm





niciyl (Grp 4A)

Condor® (imadocoprid) is a systemic insecticide withcontact and stomach action that acts on the centra nervoussystem of susceptibe insects by causing irreversibe bockage of

acetychoine receptors.Condor® is recommended for the contro of green peach

aphid, grey cabbage aphid, turnip aphid and other insect pestsin various fruit and vegetabe crops and ornamentas.

Actara® (thiamethoxam) and Intruder® (acetamiprid) havea simiar mode of action and are registered for the contro ofaphids in cotton. Supreme™ (acetamiprid) is registered for controof cotton aphid in cotton and green peach aphid in potatoes.Meridian® (thiamethoxam) is approved for use in turf to contro

African back beete, Argentinian scarab and bibug. Caypso® (thiacoprid) is recommended for contro of appe dimping bugin appes, coding moth and orienta fruit moth in pome fruit andorienta fruit moth in stone fruit.

Shied™ (cothianidin) is a systemic insecticide that is appiedto cotton foiage to contro aphids, mirids and other suckingpests. It is aso a soi-appied or stem-injected treatment inbananas to contro weevi borer and rust thrip and a soi-appiedtreatment to contro eaf eating insects in young eucaypts andcane grubs in sugarcane.

Use of adjuvants with Group 4As

The addition of a wetting agent to Condor® is recommendedfor the contro of aphids in brassica vegetabes and the contro ofong-taied meay bugs in ornamentas.

The organosiicone surfactant Puse® at 0.2% isrecommended for appication with Condor®, Actara® andIntruder™ in cotton.

MAXX organosiicone surfactant at 2% is recommended forappications of Shied™ in cotton.

A non-ionic surfactant is required at a rate of 0.01% v/v withappications of Caypso® for the contro of orienta fruit moth instone fruit.

spiy (Grp 5)

Spinosads [Entrust, Success®] and spinetoram [Deegate™]are spinosyn insecticides.

These have a unique mode of action that affects acetychoinereceptors on target insects, specicay caterpiar pests.

Use of adjuvants with Group 5s

The addition of a non-ionic wetting agent is recommendedwith Success® and Entrust for appications in brassicavegetabes, cuinary herbs, root and tuber vegetabes (potatomoth contro), avocados, citrus fruit, coffee, mango, stone fruit(uness there are ess than idea appication conditions), tropicaand sub-tropica fruit crops (particuary those with difcut to wetfoiage and fruit), eucaypts and tea tree.

A wetting agent such as Agra® 0.01% is recommended for

incusion with Deegate™ for appications to pome and stone fruitfor contro of coding moth, ight brown appe moth and orientafruit moth.

Armci (Grp 6)

Emamectin [Procaim®, Afrm®] and Abamectin [Agrimec]are compounds that act as choride channe activators onsusceptibe insects and mites. Abamectin is quicky absorbed byeaves but is not systemic; providing contro of mites on pears,appes, tomatoes, strawberries, ornamentas and cotton andcontro of Heicoverpa in cotton.

Use of adjuvants with Group 6s Addition of Citowett™ or Agra® is recommended for

contro of caterpiar pests in brassica vegetabes when usingProcaim®. A non-inoic surfactant at recommended abe ratesis recommended for the contro of Heiothis, and suppression ofmites and green mirids in cotton using Afrm®.

No wetting agent is required for use with abamectin products.

The addition of summer oi is recommended for the controof mites in appes, pears and citrus, though it has occasionaycaused fruit russetting in susceptibe cutivars of pears undercertain conditions.




n pcic md f aci –

slci fdig blcr (Grp 9B)

Pymetrozine [Chess®] is a pyridine-azomethine insecticidewith activity against aphids. Registered uses incude contro ofaphids in brassica vegetabes, potatoes and stone fruit.

Use of adjuvants with Group 9Bs

A suitabe wetting agent (at abe rates) is recommendedfor use with Group 9B insecticide appications to brassicavegetabes.

Mi grwh ihibir (Grp 10A & 10B)

Cofentezine [Apoo®], hexythiazox [Caibre®], and etoxazoe[ParaMite®] are mite growth inhibitors that are used specicay tocontro European red mite and two-spotted mites in pome and

stone fruit.

Use of adjuvants with Group 10As and 10Bs

No adjuvants are required with the use of Apoo® andParaMite®. Apoo® is compatibe with mixtures containingD-C-Tron® Cotton or winter dormant spray ois.

The addition of non-ionic surfactant is recommended withCaibre® for appications of this product aone to contro mitepests in pome and stone fruit, strawberries and ornamentas.

Bilgical icicid (Grp 11)

Bioogica insecticides incude various Bt (Bacillusthuringensis), Metarhizium, and NPV (nucear poyhedrosis virus)products.

Use of adjuvants with Group 11s (Table 4f)

Certain formuated UV protected petroeum spray ois can beused in mixtures with conventiona Bt and NPV to protect theseproducts from degradation by UV ight and so increase theirefcacy (Tabe 4e).

In such appications, petroeum spray ois are particuaryusefu as most benecia insects are not adversey affected. Thiscreates improved efcacy whie retaining the benets of naturapredators in cotton.

Table 4e: Mortality of Helicoverpa larvae with Bt alone and

in mixtures with petroleum spray oil (Caltex) near Gunnedah

1999–2000

Treatment Percent mortalities1

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4

B 50�0 12�5 3�0 0�0

B + Pso 5399 61�1 42�9 21�4 4�4

nPv 41�7 14�3 4�4 0�0

nPv + Pso 5399 58�2 32�0 21�1 4�4

1 Treatments appied to cotton pants. leaves coected were fed to neonate arvaefor 24 hours which were then removed and paced on articia diets. Percentmortaity was measured for four days foowing pacement on articia diets.(Source Mensah et a., 2002).

The interaction between spray voume and performanceof spray adjuvants with Bt formuations is an importantconsideration in horticutura appications.

For exampe, incusion of a range of wetters and stickers suchas Citowett™ (poygyco ether) with Bt [DiPe® Forte] appiedin grapevines increased contro of ight brown appe moth(Epiphyas postvittana Waker) when appied as ow voume (200l/ha) but not as a high voume treatment (1000 l/ha) in bothaboratory assay and ed tests.

Table 4f: Adjuvants recommended for use with biological

insecticides


Csar oF spradr, wr ad adhi ar cmpaibl b

rqird�

DiPl® sC

Add a bffrig ag wh ig war wih a pH grarha 8�5� Apply D-C-tr® C wh ig prdcal afr ar f c qarig ad bl p uLvapplicai�

DiPl® DF Addii f pradr-icr ch a Agral® (0�01%) may

impr crag f hard--w crp�

Dl® WG Addii f a -iic wig ag will impr

crag hard w rfac�

Fll-Bac® WDG I i rcmmdd Wpray 600 r imilar -

iic wig ag wh applyig�

Xari® Addii f a -iic wig ag ai crag

pariclarly waxy rfac� (Cl crp)

Metarhizium (Chafer Guard®) is used for cockchafer contro inawns and pastures. No adjuvant is recommended for use withthis product.

Gemstar® and Vivus® (Nucear Poyhedrosis Virus or NPV)are being increasingy used for the contro of caterpiar pestsin various crops. A non-ionic wetting agent is recommendedfor appication to ettuce and horticutura crops, and to inseedwith Vivus® Max and Vivus® God ony. For UlV appication, addCanopy®, D-C-Tron®+ or equivaent at recommended abe rates.Feeding attractants such as mik powder are usefu additiveswhen using NPV.

Mik powder is recommended with Vivus® products (NPV) at a

rate of 1 kg/ha for treatments appied in chickpea.




Dirpr f AtP frmai (Grp 12)

Fenbutatin oxide [Torque®], tetradifon, propargite [e.g.Comite®] and diafenthiuron [Pegasus®] are miticides/insecticidesthat provide contro through contact and stomach action.

Torque® is used for contro of mites in fruits, hops and

ornamentas, Pegasus® is recommended for contro of two-spotted

mite and cotton aphid and suppresses sivereaf whitey in cotton.

Propargite is used for contro of mites in various fruit,vegetabe and ornamenta crops in addition to cotton.

Use of Adjuvants with Group 12s

No adjuvants are recommended for use with Pegasus®.

A wetting agent such as Shirwet® 600 at 0.015% isrecommended for addition to Torque® when the product isappied at ow voumes in bananas and strawberries.

Do not add surfactants or crop ois with propargite in fruit,ornamenta or vegetabe crops as crop injury may occur.

Pyrrl (Grp 13)

Chorfenapyr [Intrepid, Secure®] is an insecticide/acaricidethat acts on arthropod pests through ingestion with somecontact action. The compound disrupts the eectrochemicagradient in mitochondria uncouping the process of oxidativephosphoryation.

These products contro a number of insects and mitesresistant to carbamate, organophosphate and pyrethroidinsecticides in cotton, vegetabe crops and fruits.


The addition of a non-ionic surfactant is recommended whenSecure® is appied to brassica vegetabes for the contro ofcaterpiar pests.

Mlig acclrar (Grp 18)

Mout acceerators bind to ecdysone receptor proteins eadingto the etha acceeration of the mouting process.

Products in this cass incude tebufenozide [Mimic®] and

methoxyfenozide [Prodigy® 240 SC].


Addition of a wetting agent at 0.01% v/v is recommended forappications made to grape vines and citrus with Mimic®, and tocitrus with Prodigy®, for the contro of light Brown Appe moth.

Prodigy® is not compatibe with petroeum spray ois.

oxadiazi (Grp 22A)

Indoxacarb [Steward®, Avatar®] is primariy a arviciderecommended for contro of Helicoverpa in cotton, chickpea, faba

beans, azuki beans, mungbeans, soybeans; mirids in cotton,azuki beans, mung beans and soybeans; and soybean ooperin soybean (Steward®). It is aso recommended for the contro ofcaterpiar pests in certain fruits and vegetabes (Avatar®).

Use of adjuvants with Group 22As

The addition of a non-ionic surfactant is recommendedwith Avatar®. Use 0.125% v/v Agra® or Citowett™ 0.075% forappications to brassica vegetabes.

For treatment of fruits and non-Brassica vegetabes use0.025% v/v Agra® or 0.015% Citowett™. Do not use BS1000 or

Activator® 90 as they may cause phytotoxicity.

A surfactant is not recommended for combinations with afoiar fertiiser product or where a tank mix product contains abuit-in surfactant.

No adjuvants are recommended in combination withSteward®.

The main adjuvants used with insectides are petroleum spray oils. These oils may be phytotoxic to plants due to the effects of heat and UV

radiation causing cell wall damage. Crop safety must be assured before using petroleum oils as adjuvants or pesticides.




Ryadi rcpr mdlar (Grp 28)

Chlorantraniliprole

Chorantraniiproe is a diamide arvicide with nerve and

musce action used against various caterpiar (lepidopteran)pests in fruit crops [Atacor®], vegetabes [Coragen®] and cotton[Atacor® Cotton].

The addition of a non-ionic surfactant is recommended with Atacor® and Coragen® (uness in mixtures with a product thatcontains a surfactant or recommends against use of surfactantor where iquid fertiisers are mixed). For Coragen®, add Agra® at0.025–0.125%.

DO NOT use BS1000 or Activator® 900 as crop phytotoxicitymay occur.

For Atacor®, BS1000 is recommended at a rate of 0.125% v/v .

Flubendiamide

Fubendiamide [Bet® 480 SC] is an insecticide with potentactivity against lepidopteran pests and is utiised in vegetabecrops. The use of a surfactant such as Agra® at 0.01% must beused for appications to brassica crops.

Wetters and penetrant type adjuvants may enhance theperformance of Bet® 480 SC more generay.

Icicid f w md f aci

Azadirachtin

Azadirachtins incude compounds derived from the neem

tree. Addition of a botanica oi concentrate adjuvant isrecommended for contro of two spotted mites, whiteyandaphids in oracuture and ornamentas.

Bifenazate

Bifenazate [e.g. Acramite®] is a carbazate miticide used forcontro of two-spotted mite, European mite and Bryobia mite inpome and stone fruit.

Bifenazate has been shown to breakdown under akaineconditions. Where akaine water is used as a carrier it isrecommended to use prompty or to add a commerciay avaiabebuffering agent to reduce pH to a neutra to acidic range.

Dicofol

Dicofo [e.g. Kethane®] is a miticide with contact action.When using Kethane® MF, the addition of 0.016% Agra® isrecommended to improve spray coverage.

ohr

A number of other insecticides in common agricutura usesdo not require the use of adjuvants and do not beong to any ofthe groups above.

These incude amitraz [Ovasyn®], buprofezin [e.g. Appaud®],pyridaben [Sanmite®], rotenone, tebufenapryad [Pyranica®] andfumigants (incuding methy bromide and phosphine generatingcompounds).

But Ovasyn® UlV (and other UlV formuations of amitraz)are compatibe with certain petroeum spray ois when used asbuking agents.

Other insecticides/acaricides beonging to the categoriesabove – when appied as seed dressings or soi drenches – donot require adjuvants.




THE activity of contact protectant fungicides is inuenced bycoverage of the active ingredient on the eaf and stem surface,as these provide a barrier to the estabishment of the fungapathogen on the host pant. Adjuvants that provide wetting,spreading and adhesion pay an important roe, together with theappication method and environmenta factors, in affecting thedeveopment of funga infections.

The activity of systemic foiar fungicides can be improved bythe correct choice of adjuvants. Severa studies have shownthat improvements resut from changes to factors such asdropet formation, surface contact and behaviour of spraydeposit, penetration into the eaf, transport within the pant andinteraction within the funga ce itsef.

But the performance of adjuvants under controed conditionsis often not consistent with the performance in ed conditionsdue to a compex of fungicide/crop/pathogen/adjuvant factorsthat vary from situation to situation. In addition, there remainunresoved probems associated with the use of adjuvants suchas the oss of seectivity and the occurrence of phytotoxic side-effects on the crop.

For these reasons, the carefu seection of adjuvants andadherence to abe directions is very important under edconditions.

Grp 1 fgicid (bzimidazl)

Group 1 fungicides (benzimidazoes) are systemic fungicideswith curative and protectant action.

Use of adjuvants with benzimidazoles (Table 5a)

Addition of non-ionic surfactants is recommended in certainsituations to improve spray coverage on target surfaces forcarbendazim [Bavistin®, Spin Fo®] and thiabendazoe [Tecto].

Table 5a: Adjuvants recommended for use with benzimidazole

fungicides


Carbdazim

�g� Baii®, spi Fl®

Carbdazim i crrly dr riw by h

APvMA chc labl bfr �thiabdazl�g� tc Flwabl

Add wig ag xcp fr applicai pa ad mhrm

Grp 2 fgicid (dicarbximid)Iprodione [Rovra®] and procymidone [Sumiscex®, Fortress®]

are fungicides that provide both protective and curative controfor a range of funga pathogens in various crops.

Rovra® is contact in action whie Sumiscex® and Fortress® are systemic. Sumiscex® and Fortress® can be appied as afoiar spray, seed treatment, in-furrow appication, soi spray ortranspant dip.

Use of adjuvants with dicarboximides (Table 5b)

Rovra® is unstabe in soutions of akaine pH and adjustmentof pH to beow 7 may be required with a suitabe buffering or

acidifying agent. Simiary, Fortress® shoud not be mixed withakaine water. A non-ionic surfactant may be required in additionto Fortress® and Sumiscex® in certain appications (Tabe 5b).

Table 5b: Adjuvants recommended for use with dicarboximide

fungicides


Iprdi�g� Rral®

u bffrig ag rdc pH blw 7 ifig alali war� th f a rfaca rpray il i rcmmdd a i may rl icrp damag ii pla�

Prcymid�g� smiclx®, Frr®

u wig ag shirw® 600 r Agral® a0�01–0�02%�

5� ADJuvAnts FoR FunGICIDes




Grp 3 fgicid (dmhylai

ihibir – DMI: imidazl, azl,

piprazi ad pyrimidi)

Group 3 fungicides are a diverse group of products that havethe same mode of action as demethyation inhibitors (DMI).

DMI fungicides generay have foiar activity with protective,curative and/or eradicant action. Products incudingdifenoconazoe [Score®], uquinconazoe [Jockey®], utriafo[Impact®, Armour®] aso have appications as seed dressingswhie imazai [Fungaor™, Deccozi®] and prochoraz [Sportak ®]are appied as post-harvest dips.

Use of adjuvants with Group 3 fungicides (Table 5c)

Some products with foiar appications such asdifenoconazoe, epoxyconazoe, fenamiro, utriafo,

propiconazoe and tebuconazoe (Foicur®

) require the addition ofa spray adjuvant in certain appications.

Tebuconazoe products used for the contro of foiar diseasesin peanuts generay require the addition of petroeum ois toensure disease contro (see Tabe 5c).

Surfactants (wetting agents) shoud not be used with triforine.

Table 5c: Adjuvants recommended for use with DMI fungicides


Biral �g� Baycr® 300n rqird� A -iic wig ag mayb addd if rqird r ffci wig

f fliag�Cyprcazl�g� Al® + Chlrhalil(Al® Pl) + Idcarb(Garri® )

n rqird�

Difcazl �g� scr®u war micibl il fr crl f diai baaa� Add Agral® (0�01%) fr crl fh p i macadamia �

epxicazl �g� op®

Addii f Chmw 1000 r hrrcmmdd rfaca may ai ipridig br crag dr craiirmal cdii ad lwr applicailm�

Famirl �g� Rbiga Addii f wig ag will impr crag

fri ad fliag�

Flqicazl�g� Jcy® n rqird (d ram ly)�

Flriafl �g� Impac® Add 0�2% / Bs1000 fr crl f dia i

wha ad barly (wh ig Impac® )�

Hxacazl �g� via® n rqird�

Imazalil�g� Dcczil®, Fgar™

n rqird (p-har dip r pray)�

Myclbail�g� syha

n rqird�

Pcazl �g� tpa® n rqird�

Prchlraz �g� spra® n rqird (p-har ram)�

Prpicazl �g� til® u micibl il fr crl f dia i

baaa�

Prhicazl�g� Rdig

n rqird�

tbcazl �g� Flicr®

nr adja hr ha war miciblil fr crl f dia i baaa� Addiif Agridx® i rcmmdd fr h crl ffliar dia i pa� Addii fD-C-tr® C may impr crl f fliardia i wir cral� Add a -iicwig ag a 0�01% fr crl f pwdrymildw i grapi�

tbcazl +Prhicazl�g� Prar®

Ha®, Rc®, kwici®, D-C-tra® Adac, D-C-tra® (ach a 1%) r upa™0�5% ( f h b d fr arialapplicai) wh ig lw ra fr crl f blch, laf cald ad laf r i barly, adrip r, m r, laf r, pwdry mildwad glm blch i wha�

tracazl�g� Dmar® n rqird�

triadimf n rqird�

triadiml �g� Bayda® Cmpaibl wih Agridx®, whi il, miig il,war micibl il�

trifri Do not a wig ag�

triicazl �g� Prmi® n rqird





Tabe 5d shows the improved contro of eaf disease in wheatwhen the acidier lI 700 was added to utriafo.

Table 5d: Effect of surfactant addition on activity of foliar

application of utriafol (250 g/L) against septoria leaf spot in

wheat

Flutriafol rate/ha% control

No adjuvant + LI 700 0.5% v/v

200 mL 10 26

400 mL 30 41

700 mL 41 70

1000 mL 62 78

1500 mL 66 81

2000 mL 79 88

Source: Nufarm.% v/v = Per cent of adjuvant, in terms of voume (e.g. m/l), in the na spray mix.

Grp 4 fgicid (acylalai,

xazlidi)

Acyaanines and oxazoidinones are systemic fungicides thatare absorbed by roots, stems and eaves providing protectantand curative action for a range of soi-borne diseases and downymidews.

Formuated products sometimes incude combinations withcontact fungicides such as mancozeb e.g. Gaben 3 M, Ridomi® God MZ. Some products are used as soi drenches [Fongarid®]and seed treatments [Apron® Xl] athough a the products isted

beow aso have foiar appications.

Use of adjuvants with Group 4 fungicides (Table 5e)

Addition of surfactants (wetting agents) is recommended forcertain appications when using Gaben 3 M, Ridomi® God, andRidomi® God MZ (see Tabe 5e).

Table 5e: Adjuvants recommended for use with acylamine and

oxazolidinone fungicides


Balaxyl + Maczb�g� Galb M

Add a -iic rfaca fr crl fdia i i ad ccrbi�

Fralaxyl �g� Fgarid® n rqird�

Malaxyl-M+Cppr xy (Ridmil® GldPl)

Add a -iic rfaca h pray mixfr braica gabl, radih, wd,rip, ccmbr, l, ramal�

Malaxyl-M + Maczb(Ridmil® Gld MZ)

Cmpaibl wih -iic rfaca� Add -iic rfaca fr crlf dia i i, pa, lc,ramal, pppi, ccrbi adrhbarb�

oxadixyl (+Prpib)�g� Rbd®

Add wig ag fr high lmapplicai i i

Grp 9 fgicid (ailipyrimidi)

The aniinopyrimidine fungicides incude the systemic products

cyprodini [Chorus®], cyprodini pus udioxoni [Switch®],

pyrimethani [Scaa® 400], pyrimethani pus chorothaoni [Waabi

SC] and pyrimethani pus uquinconazoe [Vision® 250 SC]. Chorus® is used for the contro of appe and pear scab, and

bossom bight and brown rot of apricots, peaches, pums andnectarines. Scaa® and Switch® are appied to provide contro ofgrey moud in grape vines, and Scaa® aso contros grey moudin ornamentas and strawberries.

Use of adjuvants with Group 9 fungicides

The addition of 25 ml of a 100% non-ionic surfactant per100 l spray soution is recommended for addition to Chorus® for appe and pear scab contro. Scaa® 400 may be used witha non-ionic surfactant athough there is no requirement to do

so and its use on ornamentas is subject to a toerance test.Switch® shoud be appied with 0.02% non-ionic surfactant.

Grp 11 fgicid (rbilri)

Azoxystrobin [Amistar®], pyracostrobin [Cabrio®], kresoxim-methy [Stroby® WG] and trioxystrobin [Fint®] are strobiurinfungicides for contro of various foiar diseases in fruit, vegetabeand vine crops. No adjuvants are recommended with Amistar®.

Azoxystrobin pus cyproconazoe [Amistar® Xtra] appied with2% v/v Adigor® wi provide improved contro of eaf rust and netbotch in barey, particuary when used at ower rates.

Non-ionic surfactants may be used with Stroby® WG at

recommended rates. Appication of Cabrio® in bananas requiresthe addition of water miscibe oi for the contro of eaf specke,

back sigatoka and eaf spot. No adjuvants shoud be used

with Fint® fungicide except when used in bananas, for high

quaity narrow range water-miscibe minera crop ois. The use of

surfactants can damage owers and cause russetting of fruit on

appes, pears and grapevines.

Grp 33 fgicid (phpha)

Phosphonate fungicides incude fosety-auminium (Aiette®)and Phosphorous acid. Phosphorous acid is used as a steminjection or foiar treatment in various horticutura crops.

The addition of a non-ionic wetting agent according to itsabe directions is recommended for appication of Aiette® toavocados. However, excessive use of a wetting agent mayresut is some eaf burn. For Phosphorous acid, the additionof a sticker e.g. Nu-Fim®-17 (di-1-p menthene) or non-ionicsurfactant is recommended for appications to citrus.




Grp 40 fgicid

(carbxylic acid amid)

Dimethomorph e.g. Acrobat® and Acrobat® MZ (incombination with mancozeb) is a systemic fungicide withprotectant and antisporuant activity against various mouds incucurbits, grapevines, ettuce, oiseed poppies, potatoes andonions. Important diseases controed incude downy midew,anthracnose, aternaria, septoria and phytophthora.

Various adjuvants have been evauated on the performanceof suspension concentrate and wettabe powder formuationsof dimethomorph. In a study using an assay with downy midew(Plamopara viticola. Ber. & deToni) on vines cv. CabernetSauvignon, activity was increased by addition of eitheremusiabe canoa oi or parafnic oi at a concentration of 0.6 g/ itre (Grayson et a. 1996).

But increases were greater when various acoho ethoxyate

surfactants were used at a rate of 3 g/itre.Other surfactants – incuding nonypheno, akyamine and

organsiicone surfactants – were no more effective than acohoethoxyate types.

The Acrobat® SC abe has a recommendation for the use ofa non-ionic surfactant for appications to contro downy midewand other diseases in curcubits, downy midew in grapevinesand poppies, downy midew and other diseases in ettuce,downy midew and purpe botch in onions and ate bight andeary bight in potatoes.

Oi based adjuvants improve fungicide activity against downymidew in gasshouse grown onion seedings (Figure 5a).

Figure 5a: Effect of spray adjuvants on Acrobat® MZ to controldowny mildew in onions

(Source: QDPI, O’Brien R.G.) Adapted from MacManus et a (1998).

Grp M fgicid

(Mli-i aciiy grp)

Group M fungicides are cassied as a group havingmutipe sites for activity. These comprise a wide range ofchemica groupings incuding inorganics, hydroxyquinoine,dithiocarbamate, phthaimide, choronitries, sufamide, guanidineand quinones. This group represents predominanty protectantfungicides with contact activity.

Some products of this group are appied directy topropagative materia or seed e.g. hydroxyquinoine [StaeherGrafting Wax with Fungicide] and mercury [Shirtan®].

Requirements for adjuvants vary consideraby in this group(Tabe 5f). Adjuvants shoud not be combined with Captan® orchorothaoni [Staeher], whie crop ois shoud generay not beappied with dithianon [Dean®] and wettabe sufur.

The synthetic atex adjuvant Spraymate™ Bond is used

commerciay in combinations with chorothaoni as a rain-fastagent.

Horticutura minera ois (petroeum spray ois) shoud be appiedwith copper hydroxide and mancozeb in some appications. Whiteoi is incuded with propineb [Antraco®] for contro of back spotand citrus rust mite in citrus. Bond® is aso used with mancozeb toprotect appications from post-treatment rainfa.

Petroeum spray ois are compatibe with copper oxychoride,cuprous oxide, thiram (water dispersibe formuations), zineb puscopper oxychoride.

Generay, non-ionic surfactants are required for addition toZiram whie these are aso required in specic appications for

copper hydroxide, dithianon [Dean®

], mancozeb, metiram, sufur,thiram and zineb.




Table 5f: Adjuvants recommended for use with multi-site activity fungicides


Capa (M4) D cmbi, prcd r fllw applicai (wihi 14 day) wih prayig il�

Chlrhalil �g� Bra® (M5) D mix wih pray il r wig ag�

Cppr a cpric hydrxid�g� kcid® Bl Xra™ (M1)

Add plypha r micibl mmr il fr crl f Crcpra i baaa, crai dia i cir� Add wig agfr crl f paraiic alga i lych� th addii f a wig ag a labl ra i rqird wh applid Braica,faba ba, pa ad i, irrpci f h mhd f applicai� th addii f a wig ag i al rqirdwh applid a a ccra pray r by aircraf�

Cppr xychlrid �g� oxydl® (M1) Cmpaibl wih pray il� Apply wih 0�175% mmr il fr crl f wal bligh�

Cpr xid �g� oxyhild (M1) Cmpaibl wih pray il� Apply wih 0�175% mmr il fr crl f wal bligh�

Cppr a ribaic cppr lfa�g� tri-ba Bl® (M1)

Addii f sprayma Aciar® rqird fr applicai braica, faba ba, pa ad i, irrpci fmhd f applicai� Addii f wig ag i al rqird wh applid a a ccra pray r by aircraf�

Dihia �g� Dla® (M9) Add -iic rfaca fr applicai fri� If rqird fr addii wih hr cmpai prdc, ly a -

iic rfaca hld b d�

Ddi �g� sylli® (M7) Bfr mixig wih hr prdc, pariclarly mliabl ccra, ad wih m yp f war, i may b dirabl

add a -iic wig ag h war bfr addig Ddi r hr prdc�

Gazai �g� Paci (M7) Add a -iic rfaca p-har dip fr rcml ad ma�

Maczb �g� Diha™,Pczb®, Maza® (M3)

Fr Diha™, add micibl pray il fr crl f dia i baaa ad ahrac f paifri� Add miciblmmr il pl pradr/icr fr crl f blac p i cir ( ligh il)�Fr Pczb®, add rfaca ch a Bd r Chmw 1000 fr dia f pa ad fr imprd crag adpray ri ba ad brad ba; add Chmw 1000 fr yba r, dia f cl crp, fr imprdcrag ad pray ri ccrbi, fr dia f piach, ilrb, br, fr ahrac f mag�Fr crl f blac p f cir, add 0�25% (0�6% i Qld) whi il; ad i ligh il, add 0�1–0�14% Bd adja mayimpr pray crag ad raifa� Add a 100–140 mL/100 L (fr Pczb ® DF i pl crp)� Add a 10–20mL/100 L fr Maza® DF�

Miram �g� Plyram® (M3) Add a -iic rfaca a labl ra� Fr imprd crag, add a rgird rfaca a 10–20 mL/100 L f praywh applyig brad ba, faba ba, chicpa, ld pa, lil ad ch� Apply wih a pray il (accrdig ilabl dirci) crl dia f baggd baaa�

Prpib �g� Aracl® (M3) Add whi il (0�25–0�6%) fr crl f blac p i cir� Add wig ag fr crl f dwy mildw i i�

slfr (wabl) (M2) D mix wih pray il� Add -iic rfaca a rcmmdd ra if la ad fri ar hairy r waxy r if war

i hard�

thiram (M3) Add 16 mL/100 L shirw

®

600 (if ig thiragraz)�tlylaid �g� epar Mli (M6) D add wig r icig ag�

Zib (M3) Add Barmac Maxw fr crl f dia i carr, cabbag, caliwr, clry ad i ( impr crag)�

Add 25 mL f whi il pr 10 L f war fr crl f dia i cir, ad 50 mL fr r i fri�

Ziram �g� Flai (M3) Add -iic wig ag�




Fgicid grp wih rqirm fr

adja

Severa fungicide groups incuding those used as foiarproducts, soi drenches, in-furrow sprays, seed and wounddressings do not require the use of adjuvants (Tabe 5g).

Table 5g: Fungicide groups with no requirement for adjuvants

Group Chemical family Active

constituent

Trade

name

Product type

5 spiralami spirxami Prpr® Fliar fgicid

7

oxahicarbxamid

Carbxi viaax® sd drig

oxycarbxi Plaax® Fliar fgicid/ sil ram

Phyl bzamid Fllai l Mc sd drig

Pyridicarbxamid

Bcalid Fila® Fliar fgicid

8 Hydrxy (2–ami-)

pyrimidi Bpir ima nimrd® Fliar fgicid

12 Phylpyrrl Fldixil Maxim® sd drig

13 Qili Qixyf Lgd Fliar fgicid

14

Armaichydrcarb

Qiz trraclr

sd drig/sil ram

tlclfmhyl

Rizlx®

Hrarmaic eridiazl trrazl®

17 Hydrxyail id Fhxamid tldr®

20 Phylra Pcycr Mcr® sd ram

28 Carbama

Idcarb vari Wd drig

Prpamcarb Pricr® Dip/ilram

M Irgaic

ChlridixidHydrgprxid +PrxyacicacidIdiMrcrysdimmabilphi

vibrxPrac

shira®

o-id



By BILL GoRDon, BILL GoRDon ConsuLtInG

BIll speciaises in appication technoogyand he has formuated a set of guideinesto hep growers optimise the timing andexecution of fungicide spraying.

Bi aso recommends growers focuson the voume, method and speed offungicide appications when foowing the

guideines.

tp 10 ip fr ccfl fgicid

prayig ar:

1. Ensure the spray unit is thoroughy decontaminated,particuary if the product previousy used was a herbicide.

2. Understand how the fungicide works on the pant. Mostsystemic fungicides protect new growth, which means thesprayer may need to be adjusted for precise appication onthe ower part of the pant.

3. Check that the voume of fungicide is adequate. Suggested

rates are 70 to 100 itres per hectare for cereas and 100 to150l/ha for puses.

4. Aim to imit appication speeds to ess than 20 kiometres perhour, as a faster speed may resut in fungicide dropets onone side of the pant.

5. Seect the most appropriate surfactant, either oi-based ornon-ionic, to improve the pant’s contact with and uptake offungicide.

6. Seect a nozze to provide medium spray coverage. Finedropets are ess ikey to penetrate dense crop canopies andcoarse dropets may not adhere to waxy surfaces or whenusing an oi-based wetter. Use nozze sizes and voumes thataow the nozze to spray with sufcient pressure. More than2.5 bar is suggested for fan type and ow drift, whereas morethan 3.5 bar is needed for ow-pressure air induction. Avoidusing air induction with oi-based products.

7. Consider using a narrow nozze spacing, such as 25centimetres, where possibe. Twin jets or twin caps can hepgrowers using wider nozze spacing (such as 50cm) improvecoverage, but ony at speeds up to 16kmh.

8. Use the minimum hod setting on the controer to maintainpressure and reduce the dose or increase dropet size whensowing down at the end of rows.

9. Run the controer using tota ow (itres per minute for thewhoe boom) on the dispay when spraying and be mindfu

of the pressure and ow for the number of itres per hectarebeing appied. This approach can be used to detect abockage if the pressure increases and ow remains thesame. And if the ow reduces and the pressure remainsconstant, a sections of the sprayer may not be engaged.

10. Check that the Deta T vaue is above 2 and ess than 10when using medium spray, as athough sma dropets canprovide improved coverage, there is aso potentia for driftand evaporation. Determine that wind speeds are above 3 to4kmh and ess than 20kmh for in-crop spraying, uness theabe species otherwise.

B pracic prayig

Growers who use best practice management when spraying

fungicides are keeping themseves, their farms and theirneighbours as safe as possibe.

Practices ike not spraying when the wind is bowing towardssensitive areas or when the wind speed is too ow or excessivewi minimise impacts on the environment outside the target crop.

The GRDC is supporting new spray-drift reduction researchthrough the Nationa Working Party on Pesticide Appications,which is expected to improve knowedge of drift-reductiontechnoogies for growers and this knowedge wi be deivered tothe Austraian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority.

Other best management practices incude:

■ Spraying in desirabe weather conditions

■ A consistent crosswind, appropriate temperature and noinversions; and,

■ Avoiding spraying using voatie products and when there isexcessive wind speed.

More information: Bill Gordon, 0429 976 565, [email protected]


toP 10 tIPs FoR eFFeCtIve

FunGICIDe sPRAYInG




DEFOlIANTS and conditioners are used in cotton to removeunwanted vegetative materia from the pant in preparation forharvest. Products have either a growth reguator mode of actione.g. thidiazuron [Dropp®] or desiccant activity (e.g. sodiumchorate).

Pant growth reguators incude chormequat choride[Cycoce®], ethephon [Ethre®, Prep®], gibbereic acid andmepiquat choride [Pix®].

Use of adjuvants with defoliants/conditioners

(Tables 6a and 6b)Use of adjuvants with defoiants/conditioners and pant

growth reguators is summarised beow.

Petroeum spray ois [e.g. D-C-Tron® Cotton] are required foruse with Dropp®, Dropp® Utra and Resource® whie a non-ionicsurfactant [Cataput] is recommended for addition to Harvade.Petroeum spray ois are compatibe with ethephon [Prep®].

Table 6a: Adjuvants used with defoliants/conditioners in cotton

Product Adjuvant Comments

Dimhipi�g� Harad

Caapl (alchlhxyla)

ehph �g� Prp® Prlm pray ilu wih D-C-tr® Cwh a mixig wih Drpp® ulra r Drpp® Liqid�

ehph + cyclailid Prlm pray ilu wih D-C-tr® Cwh a mixig wih Drpp® ulra r Drpp® Liqid�

ehph + AMADs�g� CQi® Prlm pray il

u wih crp il ccra(�g D-C-tr® C) wha mixig wih hiadiazrpl dir bad prdc�

Flmiclrac�g� Rrc® Prlm pray il

u wih D-C-tr® C�Cmpaibl wih Pl® Pra wh applid wihIrdr

sdim chlra n rqird

thidiazr �g� Drpp® Prlm pray il u wih D-C-tr® C

thidiazr + Dir�g� Drpp® ulra

Prlm pray il u wih D-C-tr® C

Non-ionic surfactants are recommended with the pantgrowth reguator products, chormequat choride, ethephon andgibbereic acid. No adjuvant is required with mepiquat choride[e.g. Pix®].

Table 6b: Adjuvants used with foliar plant growth regulators

Product Adjuvant Comments

Chlrmqa chlrid�g� Cyccl®

n-iicrfaca

0�1%

ehph�g� ehrl®

n-iicrfaca

e�g� kd 20 srfaca f Chmw1000 applid a rcmmdd ra�Rqird i applicai appl,grap, macadamia ad pach� D add rfaca r wig ag madari ad rag a laf fall mayb icrad�

Gibbrllic acid n-iicrfaca

Applicai grap 100 ppmmaximm�

Mpiqa chlrid�g� Pix® n

trixapac-hyl�g� Mdd®,Prim Maxx®

n-iicrfaca 1 CCs hacm i garca�

1 Incude non-ionic surfactant (e.g. 0.25–0.42% Agra®) with Primo Maxx® tankmixed with Monument herbicide for Bahia grass suppression and seedhead contro

6� ADJuvAnts FoR DeFoLIAnts AnD

ConDItIoneRs




THE appication of foiar nutrients to horticutura crops has beencommon pace for some years and is becoming reguar practicein some broadacre cropping regions.

Nutrients that are appied as foiar sprays incude manganese,zinc, potassium, iron, nitrogen, sufur, cacium, boron andcopper. The use of foiar nutrients aows farmers to suppementthe use of soi appied nutrients on an ‘as needs’ basis as we asto respond to deciencies ater in the crop.

Foiar nutrients need to pass through the cutice and enter thepant to be effective. Spray adjuvants therefore have potentia to

enhance spread and uptake of foiar nutrients.Formuations of foiar fertiisers vary greaty. Some

manufacturers incude surfactants in the formuation e.g. PhosynZintrac, and sometimes the addition of a non-ionic surfactant isrecommended to improve uptake, particuary on hard-to-weteaf surfaces.

Use of adjuvants with foliar nutrients

Trias in the UK, US and Austraia have indicated that bufferingsurfactants such as lI 700 and Penetrator Pus (containingpetroeum spray oi) may improve uptake of foiar-appiednutrients and this often eads to improvements in yied andquaity.

Trias have been conducted on a wide range of cropsincuding wheat (see Tabes 7a and 7b), cotton, soybeans,onions, appes and sugarbeet.

Responses to adjuvants have been most marked with foiarmanganese, zinc, nitrogen, potassium and cacium.

The organosiicone surfactant Du-Wett® is recommended forappication of foiar nutrients in horticutura and arabe crops.Du-Wett® wi not give unwanted stomata intration when usedat recommended rates.

Some foiar fertiisers can be phytotoxic (damaging pants)if the soution becomes akaine (e.g. potassium nitrate). Theaddition of an acidifying or buffering adjuvant may reduce the

potentia for phytotoxic effects on foiage.

Table 7a: Effect of foliar nutrient and adjuvant on wheat (Janz)

yield – Naracoorte SA 1999

Treatment Rate Yield – t/ha

Maga slpha 2�5 g/ha 1�30

Maga slpha + LI 700 2�5 g/ha + 0�3% / 2�01

Zic slpha + Maga slpha 1�5 + 2�5 g/ha 1�49

Zic slpha + Maga slpha+ LI 700

1�5 + 2�5 g/ha +0�3% /

1�89

% v/v = Per cent of adjuvant, in terms of voume (e.g. m/l), in the na spray mix.Source: Nufarm.

Table 7b: Effect of foliar nutrient and adjuvant on wheat

(Hartog) yield – Pittsworth Qld 1999

Treatment Rate Yield – t/ha

nil – 3�16

Zicrac + spr n-32 350 mL/ha + 2% / 3�30

Zicrac + spr n-32 + LI 700 350 mL/ha + 2% / +

0�2% / 3�48

% v/v = Per cent of adjuvant, in terms of voume (e.g. m/l), in the na spray mix.Source: Nufarm.

7� ADJuvAnts FoR FoLIAR

nutRIents




8� WAteR QuALItY AnD YouR sPRAY

PRoDuCtBy GRAHAM Betts, Ask GB

WEED scientists and agronomists areincreasingy highighting the difcuties of edweed contro. This chapter discusses someof the practicaities and tips in managing theappication of chemicas and its importanceto the conundrum of managing weeds in thefarming system.

Water quaity is important because of the

effect it may have on the products we aremixing with the water. Simpe tests can be done using test strips.Bore water shoud be tested by a aboratory famiiar with theissues of water quaity in reation to agricutura chemicas.

What is the water like and can product

performance be affected by water quality?

The quaity of the water used can adversey affect theperformance of certain pesticides. Ideay, water shoud be ceanand free from excessive eves of dissoved sats particuarycacium and magnesium – and particuary when usinggyphosate and 2,4–D.

For some pesticides, extremes of pH are undesirabeand suspended soids may contribute to a reduction in theeffectiveness of products based on the active ingredients.

Water high in cacium or magnesium sats (hard water) mayaso cause probems with mixing as the stabiity of suspensionsand emusions is reduced e.g. Starane™ 200 pus atrazine(granuar formuations).

Activity of gyphosate may be reduced in the presence ofhigh eves of cacium and magnesium sats as we as sodiumbicarbonate. This effect may be overcome by the addition ofproducts containing iquid or crystaine suphate of ammonia andcertain acids, incuding those used in some buffering agents.

Water which is either acid or akaine in pH may break

down or hydroyse certain products e.g. dimethoate. If thewater is known to be akaine, a buffering agent can be addedto the water to reduce its pH or spraying shoud commenceimmediatey after mixing.

Rowe Scientic Pty ltd is a reputabe suppier of water teststrips and has branches in a capita cities. The pH strips theystock have a scae of 4.5 to 10.0 (Rowe part number FI1250 –Manufacturer part number 921 20).

Most other pH test strips have a scae of 6 to 10 which maynot be ow enough.

The tota hardness strips that Rowe Scientic se areon a scae of 0 to 425 ppm (Rowe part number KH1009 –

Manufacturer part number 27452–50).Whie test strips – or the simpe jar test (page 42) – are ony a

guide, they are far better than doing nothing.

Water pH

Check chemica abes and other sources for the specicdetai of the product that is going to be used. If the waterpH is too high the active ingredient of some insecticides andherbicides can be broken down.

Commerica products such as lI 700 and Hot-up can reduce pH.

Dirty water

Dirty water, cay or vegetabe matter can bind to the active of

some chemicas and may deactivate the product and/or bockthe sprayer nozzes.

Water hardness

Hardness is the eve of cacium, magnesium, sodium and/orbi-carbonates (tota hardness) in the water.

As a genera rue of thumb, any spray water that has a totahardness of (CaCO3) 250 to 350 ppm wi need to be treated,depending on the chemica being used (Tabe 8a).

Ammonium suphate can be suppied as a iquid [e.g. Ammend, liase], crystaine [e.g. Mepat] or granuar product.

The crystaine form dissoves readiy in water.

Ammonium suphate (AMS) iquid is approximatey 417 gramsper itre and crystaine around 980 grams per kg.

It is a good idea to treat hard water in a nurse tank beforepumping treated water into the spray cart. The onger the AMScan be eft to do its job the better. Add enough AMS to treat thewater and then add extra for pant stimuation.

Table 8a: Water hardness levels and recommended treatment

with AMS to alleviate the effects of hard water

Water hardness

level

Ca++ ppm

Water hardness

level

CaCO3 ppm

Water hardness

level

WHO

Syngenta

Boost (AMS)

recommendation

mL/100 L80 200 0�69 250

120 300 0�89 375

160 400 1�18 500

200 500 1�48 625

240 600 1�78 750

280 700 2�07 875

320 800 2�37 1,000

360 900 2�66 1,125

400 1,000 2�96 1,250

500 1,250 3�70 1,565

750 1,875 5�55 2,345

1000 2500 7�40 3,125

Calcim Calcim

carba

1 WHo = 342par pr milli

(ppm)

Source: Syngenta Technotes TN08-379 Non-Seective Herbicides and Adjuvants




Salinity of the water

Water with high eectrica conductivity (EC) readings cancause setting of some chemica products. As a genera guide,ess than 5000 EC is acceptabe.

If buffers are needed they must be added to the spray waterbefore adding chemicas.

Mixing water from various sources can aso hep to reducesainity eves.

Temperature of the water

Very warm or cod water (<16°C) can affect the performanceof some chemicas.

Nozzles

Adjuvants can have both a detrimenta or desirabe effect onthe spray quaity and dropet size produced by different spray

nozzes. For exampe, the addition of a wetter may produce asmaer than intended dropet size when foowing the pesticidemanufacturer’s nozze and pressure recommendations. This isparticuary the case with air induction/venturi nozzes.

Ois may reduce the abiity of air induction/venturi nozzesto produce air ed dropets. But ois with a good surfactantpackage tend to avoid this probem.

Compatibility

Compatibiity can be an issue when using different brands ofsimiar products. Manufacturers deveop their own formuationswhich may not be compatibe with other brands – aways check

the abe for mixing partner information. The resut of poorcompatibiity coud be geing, bocked ters or residue setting inthe spray tank etc.

Water is the cheapest and generay the argest singe itemadded to a boom spray tank. But it is often given the eastconsideration – water is a chemica and can be quite compexdepending on the source.

Mixig rdr

Mixing order is very important and is generay dependent onthe formuation type of the products to be used. The chemicamixing person is in effect, a chemist. So a products have a

sequence of how and when to be mixed (see mixing orderguideines opposite). Adding some products into the spraytank in sma quantities of water can change the pH and watertemperature.

The shortest time to a sprayer is not the goa.

Compromising the mixing order aso compromises chemicaefcacy eading to an ineffective weed ki.

Basic chemical mixing guidelines

Mixing

order

Water – chemical – additives Example of product

1 War cdiir, acidir c �g� B®, Lia, LI 700

2 Wabl, dipribl pwdr �g� La®, ngra®, Acia®

3 Dry wabl gral (WDG) �g� Dir DF, simazi DF

4 Flwabl (piccra)

�g� simazi, Dir wabl

5 *1 Wr if ig eC �g� Aciar® 90, Chmw1000

6 emliabl ccra (eC) �g� trir® Xcl™, Aadx® Xra, ercid®

7 War lbl ccra �g� Amicid®, Crdi®,glypha Ct, Amicid®

8 Adja �g� Chmw 1000, oil *2,LI 700 *3

9 Liqid uAn eay n

*1 Wetter to be added at stage 4 if using ECs*2 Ois must be added ast to a mixes*3 If added at stage 1, do not add at stage 4 or 7When adding water conditioner, spray tank as fu as practica whieadding water conditioner.

Add water conditioners before adding any chemicas.

There are some exceptions to these basic guidelines:

■ Gyphosate and some 2,4–D products (such as, Surpass® 475 –

see extract from the Surpass® 475 abe):

1. Cean water

2. Add water conditioners

3. Add other herbicides, insecticides etc. Mix thoroughy

4. Add 2,4–D product

5. Fi the tank to around 95%6. Add gyphosate

7. Add other adjuvants

8. Add remaining water

■ Gyphosate and Starane™ Advanced Herbicide. Refer to theStarane™ Advanced abe. Gyphosate is put in the spray tank beforeStarane™ Advanced.

Source: Nufarm and ASK GB.

A SIMPlE JAR TEST

A gid h iabiliy f war fr pray applicai

ca b qicly baid ig h fllwig prcdr:

■ Mix-p 500 mL f crrcly dild pray i a

clar gla ald cair accrdig h

mafacrr’ irci�

■ Mix hrghly ad allw ad fr 30 mi�

■ If cramig (whr h pray r pray drpl

d ‘layr’ a h p f h jar), dimai

r parai i layr ccr, h war may b

iabl fr mixig pray�

■ If pcd f big iabl, a ampl f hi

war hld b chmically aalyd fr al ad

hard ll�

■ Diffr brad f h am chmical may rac

diffrly bca f diffr addii i ach

frmlai�




MIXING INSTRUCTIONS FOR SURPASS® 475nfarm srpa® 475 mix radily wih war�

er h pray a i fr f ay rid f pri pray

marial�

1� Fill h pray a wih cla war half f h rqird

am ad ar agiai� Mchaical agiai may ca

xci famig wh addig hrbicid�

2� B® r LI 700 i rcmmdd a ihr 100 mL r 300

mL/100 L, add a hrgh p mh cr�

3� Add rcmmdd hrbicid addii/icicid h pray

a ad mix hrghly�

4� Add nfarm srpa® ad mix hrghly�

5� tp p a 95% f dird capaciy h add h

glypha prdc ad rmaiig war�

6� Wh sprayma Aciar® rfaca i d, add ar h

d f h llig prc miimi famig�

7� Alway maiai adqa agiai ad h mix prmply�

(exrac frm h 2007 nfarm srpa® 475 labl)

Examples of products affected by water quality

Active/products Hardness Bicarbonates Salinity Muddiness Alkalinity

Alpha Cyprmhri C (Faac® D)

Arazi WG Lia

Chlrlfr (La® ) Lia Aid

Clhdim (sqc® ) Lia

Clpyralid (Archr® ) Lia LI 700

Chlrpyrif eC LI 700

Cyprmhri eC LI 700

Dicamba Ami (kamba® M) Lia LI 700

Diclfp-mhyl (ngra® )

Difica (Agiliy® ) LI 700

Difica/MCPA (ngrx® ) Lia LI 700

Dimha LI 700

Diqa/Paraqa (Rlr® ) Aid

Dir Lia Aid LI 700

Dir + 2,4–D ami Lia Aid LI 700

Dir + MCPA ami(Agri® 750) Lia Aid LI 700

Glypha Lia Aid LI 700

RdpDst Lia Aid LI 700

Glypha (Crdi® + B® ) Aid

Glypha (Rdp™ PwrMAX) Lia Aid

Imazamx/Imazapyr (Irix® )

Imazamx (Rapr) Lia

MCPA ami Lia LI 700

MCPA r Lia Aid

Phm (Iimida) Lia Aid LI 700simazi 900 DF Lia Aid

tpralxydim (Aram® ) Lia

tralxydim (Achi® ) Lia

2,4–D r (Lv ercid® Xra) Lia Aid

2,4–D ami (srpa® 475) Lia Aid LI 700

CHART LEGEND:

Managing water quality – recommendations depend on the severity of problem

Ca b maagd wih Lia Lia Gral ly prblm

Ca b maagd wih LI 700 LI 700 War hld b aidd Aid

SOURCE: Nufarm Nozze Charts 2009 and Nufarm Spraywise Spray log.




Q: Legally, can I use a spray adjuvant that is notapproved for use with a pesticide?

A spray adjuvant must be approved for use by the AustraianPesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) before itcan be sod or used.

Where a pesticide abe recommends the use of an adjuvantwithout nominating a specic tradename (e.g., ‘wetting agent’or ‘non-ionic surfactant’), the user is free to choose any productthat conforms to this description.

The situation is ess cear where a specic product isrecommended for use and severa other aternative andequivaent products exist. In this instance, the use of anaternative equivaent may not conict with abe directions

but it may pace the user in a difcut situation if a productperformance issue arises.

When an adjuvant type (e.g. buffering agent) is not specicayrecommended with a particuar pesticide, but is widey used (e.g.with certain insecticides and herbicides such as gyphosate), theabsence of a reciproca registration on a pesticide abe may asopace the user in a difcut situation if a product performanceissue arises.

If in doubt about the use of a particuar spray adjuvant, referto the respective product abes rst and then the manufacturerof the pesticide or their representative.

Q: Are all surfactants the same? No. Surfactants vary widey in their chemica structure and

function. But they a have in common water oving ‘hydrophiic’and fat oving ‘ipophiic’ parts.

Surfactants can be broady cassied according to theirstructura type on the basis of whether they carry a net positive(cationic), negative (anionic), amphoteric or neutra (non-ionic)eectrica charge. But there are a number of other variations tothis where moecues incude parts which provide an acidifying orbuffering function or are bended with other components to givespecia properties (e.g. buffering capacity, compatibiity agents).

If a specic surfactant brand product is specied on apesticide abe it is important to heed this, as it is possibe that anaternative product may not give the desired effect or reduce the

effectiveness of the product.

Q: Are all oils the same? No. Ois may be either petroeum or pant based. Within

these groups they aso vary according to the type and amountof emusiers used in the formuation. In addition, certain pantbased ois are ‘esteried’ when they are combined with anacoho to form a fatty acid ester.

Within the petroeum spray oi group, features may varyaccording to the properties of the base oi from which they arerened, the degree of renement and the presence or absenceof other additives e.g. UV stabiisers or speciaised surfactants.

Q: When should I not use a surfactant? Certain seective herbicide abes specicay recommend

not to add surfactants or crop ois because it may reduce the

seectivity of the product in the crop. These recommendationsshoud be heeded even if the addition of a spray adjuvantapparenty enhances contro of the weed, pest or disease.

In reation to faow appications, addition of surfactant is essikey to have a downside. But at very high rates of adjuvantaddition there may be a reduced response compared withaddition at a ower rate. In this case the main downside wi bean unnecessary increase in cost of a treatment and perhapsexcessive foaming, increased production of nes or air eddropets prone to drift.

Some surfactants and spray adjuvants may be antagonistic,particuary to gyphosate. Exampes incude the organosiiconesurfactants such as Puse® that when added to gyphosate, may

reduce weed contro of many annua grasses. A simiar effect may be observed with the addition of petroeum

spray oi to gyphosate eading to reduced contro of some summergrasses such as awness barnyard grass.

Q: If spray adjuvants are so important, why don’t thechemical manufacturers include them with theirproducts?

Pesticide products are generay formuated in order to aowthe consistent and effective appication of one or more activeingredients to the pest or weed target. Many formuationscontain components such as emusiers (surfactants) and otheragents that enabe the product to ‘hod together’ in storageand be dispersed effectivey in a water carrier when mixed inpreparation for spraying. This is particuary important for activeingredients that are not readiy soube in water.

Some adjuvants are specicay incuded to faciitate thespread of spray dropets and uptake of active ingredient.Unfortunatey, it is very difcut to optimise this for the widestpossibe range of situations, varying as it does with the rate ofproduct being used, the voume of spray carrier and the natureof the spray target. For some products it woud be physicayvery difcut to incorporate some adjuvants into a formuationthat maintains a sufcienty high concentration of activeingredient to make it cost effective. A gyphosate formuationcontaining ammonium suphate for exampe may have to have athird to a haf of the concentration of active ingredient comparedto a reguar formuation containing surfactant ony. The reativecost and effectiveness of a nished product may affect its marketacceptabiity even if it were to be a superior product in respect ofits performance.

FReQuentLY AskeD QuestIons…




Q: What effect do spray adjuvants have on nozzleperformance?

Reative to water, many conventiona surfactant productswi increase the proportion of sma dropets produced bya hydrauic nozze. This is because the reduction in surface

tension produced by the addition of a surfactant eads to greaterdisintegration of a spray sheet as it emerges from a spray nozze.

But there can be big differences in this effect depending onthe type of surfactant, the concentration of surfactant and thetype of nozze.

Some surfactants have a tendency to spread the dropetrange (for exampe more variation in dropet sizes or more argedropets, moving the average towards coarser, but sti with a otof nes).

For exampe, lI 700 can increase the voume mean diameterof dropets when added to Roundup whereas a taow amine canincrease the number of nes when added at the same rate.

Adding ois at high rates (around 20 per cent or more of thesprayabe voume) may aso ead to reduced evaporation ofdropets after they are reeased from the atomiser.

Q: Are different surfactants compatible? Surfactants vary widey in their properties but have in

common water oving (hydrophiic) and fat oving (ipophiic)components. In practice it is not particuary common forsurfactants to be physicay incompatibe. But an exampe ofincompatibiity may occur with the mixing of certain dry waterdispersibe granue formuations containing anionic surfactantsand emusiabe concentrate herbicides.

In these instances it is usuay a ack of compatibiity betweenthe surfactant ‘systems’ of product formuations rather than the

effect of introducing an additiona product to the na spray mix.

But there may be more subte interactions that affect productperformance when two or more surfactants are incudedtogether in a spray formuation.

The activity of certain surfactants with gyphosate maybe inuenced by the type and amount of surfactant used inthe formuation. Some surfactants added to a formuation ofgyphosate containing no surfactant may produce very poorresuts but when added to a reguar product containing a baseeve of another surfactant, produce a signicant benet.

Certain surfactants when added to gyphosate formuationse.g., Wetter TX or Puse® may reduce effectiveness on some

weeds.Q: How toxic are surfactants?

Reative to the active constituents of some pesticideformuations, toxicity of surfactants is not particuary high. This isnot surprising considering the universa appication of surfactanttechnoogy to many househod items incuding ceaning agents,foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticas.

But by their nature surfactants reduce surface tension of waterand may ead (in particuar individuas) to skin or eye irritation.

Surfactant products are reguated in the same way aspesticides and data must be submitted as to the acute effects ofsurfactants, either as components of a spray formuation or asproducts for use as spray adjuvants.

long term effects of many surfactants is not so we knownand this has ed to specuation and some evidence that somemay be detrimenta in the environment e.g. in waste streamsfrom urban and industria areas.

Surfactants do not generay persist in the environment andin norma agricutura appications are rarey present in sufcientconcentration to be detrimenta.

Q: I seem to have too many surfactant products onhand. Can we rationalise our use of products?

Whie there wi aways be speciaised spray adjuvant productsavaiabe, it is possibe to rationaise the use of surfactants.

In reation to surfactants, many pesticide products simpy cafor the addition of a non-ionic surfactant (neary a agricuturasurfactants are non-ionic) or a spreader or wetter (a surfactantsperform this function to a greater or esser extent).

Of the base ine products, the choice comes down to eitheran akoxyated acoho e.g. BS1000 or an aky pheno ethoxyatee.g. Agra®.

Beyond this there are a range of more speciaised productsincuding buffers (Primabuff ®, lI 700 etc), speciaised surfactantssuch as the organosiicones (Puse® etc), octy pheno ethoxyate

(Wetter TX etc), taow amine ethoxyate (Gy Wetter Pus etc) andbends (Bonus®, Hot-up etc).

Some products specicay require the use of a petroeumspray oi such as Crop Shied, petroeum spray oi concentrate(Uptake™ etc), vegetabe oi (Codacide® etc) or an esteriedvegetabe oi such as Hasten®.

Q: How do I compare value for money in surfactants? When comparing vaue for money for surfactants – or any

spray adjuvants – you need to ook at both sides of the edgerand not just the cost of addition.

For routine addition of a non-ionic surfactant (spreader orwetter) it may be as simpe as ooking at the reative cost per 100

itres of spray mix as either wetting or spreading is the primaryreason for adding the adjuvant.

But when it comes to situations where the adjuvant is beingused as an ‘activator’ – and the primary function of the productgoes beyond simpy wetting and spreading of spray dropets –the task is more difcut.

Very often the rea cost of not adding a particuar product isthe pesticide faiing to adequatey contro the pest. This can eadto a costy re-spray or oss of productivity.

If a product is cheap, but never deivers any benet, it isaways a poor investment.




Acidifer: A materia that can be added to spray mixtures toower the pH. These may incude synthesised productssuch as phosphoric, suphuric, nitric or hydrochoric acids orformuated products such as lI 700 or buffering agents suchas Agri-buffa® (see buffering agents beow). Acidiers wireduce soution pH progressivey as soution concentration isincreased.

Activator: A term to incude any substance that increases thebioogica effectiveness of a pesticide. These may incude avariety of substances incuding surfactants, spray ois andfertiisers such as ammonium suphate.

Anionic surfactant: A surface active agent (surfactant) in whichthe active portion of the moecue containing the ipophiic

(‘fat oving’) segment forms a negative ion (anion) when in asoution with water.

Antifoaming agent: A materia used to inhibit or prevent theformation of foam. Foaming characteristics of adjuvants maybe modied by the incorporation of a sma quantity of an anti-foaming agent in the formuation.

Attractant: A materia that attracts specic pests. Thesemay incude substances such as pheromones or feedingstimuants.

Buffering agent: A compound or mixture that, when contained insoution, causes the soution to resist changes in pH. Eachbuffer has a characteristic imited range of pH over which it iseffective. Buffering agents differ from acidiers to the extent

that pH is adjusted over a specic range even when theconcentration of the buffer is progressivey increased beyonda certain point. Acidiers wi reduce soution pH progressiveyas soution concentration is increased to eventuay approachthat of the acidifying agent itsef, when the concentration ofthe acidier approaches 100% in soution.

Cationic surfactant: A surface active agent (surfactant) in whichthe active portion of the moecue containing the ipophiic(‘fat oving’) segment forms a positive ion (cation) when in asoution with water.

Compatibility agent: A surface active agent that faciitates

simutaneous appication of iquid fertiiser and pesticide, or two

or more pesticide formuations as a homogenous mixture. An

exampe of this is the Fowright compatibiity agent that, when

added to certain gyphosate formuations, wi faciitate the

spraying of a homogenous mixture of the herbicide oxyuorfen

(e.g. Goa™) when cod water conditions prevai.

Crop oil concentrate: An emusiabe petroeum oi-based productcontaining 15 to 20% w/w surfactant and a minimum of 80%w/w phytoband oi.

Crop oil: An emusiabe petroeum-oi based product containingup to 5% w/w surfactant and the remainder being aphytoband oi.

Extender: A materia that increases the effective ife of a pesticideafter appication. This is a caimed function for the productdi-1-p-menthene (e.g. Nu-Fim®-17).

Humectant: A materia that increases the water content of a spraydeposit and increases the drying time of an aqueous spraydeposit.

Modified vegetable oil: Oi extracted from seeds that have beenchemicay modied (for exampe, ethyated).

Non-ionic surfactant: A surface active agent that has no ionisabepoar end-groups but is made up of hydrophiic (‘water oving’)and ipophiic (‘fat oving’) segments.

Penetrant: A materia that enhances the abiity of a pesticide to

penetrate the surface of a pant or anima target.Pesticide: Pesticide is a broad term that comprises a chemica

substances used to contro insects, diseases, weeds, fungiand other ‘pests’ on pants, fruits, vegetabes, animasand in buidings. Fungicides, herbicides, sanitizers, growthreguators, rodenticides, soi fumigants and insecticides faunder the category of pesticides or crop protection chemicas.

Petroleum oil: Oi derived from petroeum that contains a mixtureof hydrocarbons broady cassied as parafns, napthenes,aromatics or other unsaturates.

Phytobland oil: A highy rened parafnic materia with a minimumunsuphonated residue of 92% v/v.

Surface active agent: A materia that, when added to a iquid,modies the properties of the iquid – such as spray dropets –at the surface.

Spreader: A materia that increases the area that a dropet of agiven voume of spray mixture wi cover on a target.

Sticker: A materia that assists a spray deposit to adhere or stickto a target and resist remova by wind, water, mechanica orchemica action.

Vegetable oil: Oi extracted from seeds, incuding canoa, corn,cotton, soybean or sunower.

Vegetable oil concentrate: An emusiabe vegetabe oi productcontaining 5 to 20% w/w surfactant and a minimum of 80%w/w vegetabe oi.

% v/v (% Volume by Volume): Per cent of adjuvant, in terms ofvoume (e.g. m/l), in the na spray mix.

Wetting agent: See spreader.

GLossARY oF teRMs…




Adjuvants quick guideI want to spray… Answer Page

Hrbicid (Grp A, B, C, G, M) Adja frqly rcmmdd fr m

prdc i h grp

13

Hrbicid (Grp F, H, I, J, L, n, Q, R, Z) sm adja rqird fr m prdc 16

Hrbicid (Grp D, e, k, o, P) n adja rcmmdd —

Icicid (Grp 1A, 1B, 2B, 3A, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 22A, 28) Adja rqird fr m prdc i mapplicai

26

Icicid (Grp 2A, 7, 8, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21 24, un) n adja rcmmdd —

Icicid (Grp 4A, 9B) Adja mly rcmmdd 28

Fgicid (Grp 1, 2, 4, 9, 11, 33, M1, M2, M7, M9) Adja rqird fr m prdc i m

applicai

32

Fgicid (Grp 3, 40, M3) Adja rcmmdd i may iai 33

Fgicid (Grp 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 17, 20, 28, 29, M, M6, M7) n adja rcmmdd —

Pla grwh rglar Adja rcmmdd i may iai 39

Har aid prdc Adja rcmmdd i may iai 39

Fliar ri Adja mim rcmmdd 40




ReFeRenCes… Ashton, F.M. and A.S.Crafts (1973) Mode of Action of Herbicides – John Wyey & Sons, Inc. New York (pp 34–61).

Devine, M., S.O. Duke and C. Fedke (1993) Physiology of Herbicide Action – Prentice Ha, New York. (pp 441).DuPont – Unpubished report.

Grayson, B. T., J.D Webb, D.M. Batten and D. Edwards (1996) Effect of adjuvants on the therapeutic activity of dimethomorph in

controlling vine downy mildew. I. survey of adjuvant times. Pesticide Science, vo. 46, no 3, (pp. 199–206

Ha, l., H. Beckie and T.M. Wof (1999) How Herbicides Work – Aberta Agricuture, Food and Rura Deveopment (Canada)

love, C. (2003) Dow AgroSciences – Unpubished report.

MacManus, G.P.V., V.J. Gaea and R.G. O’Brien (1998) Oil based adjuvants improve fungicide activity against downy mildew in

glasshouse grown onion seedlings – QDPI Farmnote.

McMuan, P.M. (1994) Effect of sodium bicarbonate on clethodim or quizalofop efcacy and the role of ultra violet light – Weed Technoogy Vo 8, No 3, (pp 572–575).

Mensah, R.K., W. liung and A. Singeton (2002) Improving the efcacy of nuclear polyhedron virus (NPV) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

against Helicoverpa spp. on cotton with petroleum spray oil – Proceeding of 11th Austraian Cotton Conference (pp 279–288).

Nichos, J., G. Dorr, N. Woods and A. Hewitt (2004) Anti-drift adjuvants?: A droplet spectra study – Proceedings: Aspects of AppiedBioogy 71. Internationa Advances in pesticide Appication (pp 175–182).

Nufarm Austraia limited (2000) – Unpubished report.

Ozkan, H.E., D.l. Reichard, H. Zhu and K.D. Ackerman (1993) Effect of drift retardant chemicals on spray drift, droplet size and spray

pattern – Pesticide Formuations and Appication Systems: 13th Voume, ASTM STP 1183, P.D. Berger.

B.N. Devisety and F.R. Ha, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materias, Phiadephia, PA, (pp. 173–190).

Rochecouste, J (2004) – Persona Communication.

Sipcam Pacic Austraia Pty ltd – Unpubished report.

Vicchem – Unpubished report.

Zhu, H.R., R.W. Dexter, R.D. Fox, D.l. Reichard, R.D. Brazee, and H.E. Ozkan. (1997). Effects of polymer composition and viscosity

on droplet size of recirculated spray solutions – Journa of Agricutura Engineering Research, vo. 67, no 1 (35–45).

Links to associated information:

http://www.syngenta.com.au

http://search.nufarm.com.au/tt/nufarm/2410783903.pdf

http://www.nufarm.com/Assets/175/1/2002_Juy_AdjuvantsGuideJu02.pdf

http://www.bcg.org.au/members/downoad_tria.php?tria_id=603

http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agricuture/ed/ed-crops/protection/weed-contro-winter-crops

http://www.pestgenie.com.au

http://www.apvma.gov.au/Pubcris

adjuvants_ oils, surfactants and other additives for farm chemicals - revised 2012 edition(2)

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