ADDITIONAL MATERIAL INASTANGA SANGRAHA

C. R. R. SARMA* & B. RAMA RAO**

IntroductionFrom the introductory part of Carakasamhita, it is clear that the

writing of ayurvedic sarnhitas began from Agnivesa only and later hisfive co-disciples viz. Bhela, Jatukarna, Par asara, Har] ta and Ksarapani,also wrote their compendia independently 1. But the verses in the firstchapter of A~!arigaS3rigraha mention tha' Punarvasu, Dhanvantari,Bharadvaj a, Nirni, Kahapa. Kasyapa, Lamb ayana and other sageslearnt ayurveda from Indra and compiled independent compendia v •

Later, their disciples Agnivesa, Har] ta, Bhela, Man davya, Susruta,Karala and others (Jatukar~a, Parasara, and Ks arapani may be includedby the word adi) who studied under them. also compiled treatises of

I

their own3•

It can be assumed that Vagbhata, the author of AHarigasarigraha,studied all these works on the eight branches of ayurveda and that heembodied all the important theories and subject matter of these worksin his treatise.

Apart from this. he quotes the views of several au thori ties likeGautama, Brhaspati, Kapilabala, Varuna, Kha n dak apya, siva.Agastya, Vasistha, Vrddhakasyapa Bhoja, Vaitarana, Pu skalava ta,Nagnajit, Videhapati and Canakya etc. This shows that he must havestudied their works also.

It can be concluded that important views and theories of ancientayurvedic texts which are now not available are found in A~!arigasari-graha. This is mentioned by Vagbhata himself in his work in thefollowing verses.

"I shall compile, in different parts, after generally sum-marising all the compendia. the work A~!arigasatigraha which lS

* Research Officer (Ayurveda) and** Assistant Director, Indian Institute of History of Medicine, Hyderabad.

2 Bulletin Ind. Inst. Hist. Med. Vol. IX

devoid of description at an improper place, of elaboration wherenot required and of brevity where detail is required and orrepititions and which deals with the three branches viz. causativefactors, signs and symptoms of diseases and medicines. whichexpounds the portions where very unclear statements areembedded, which removes completely the controversies with otherworks and which is a work having the topics and materialsui table to the present time and is in the appropriate divisions 4.:'

Thus A Hangasangraha hands down several important details endifferent aspects of ayurveda which are elsewhere i. e. in availableclassics like Carakasamhita. Susrutasarnhita and Bhelasamhita andKisyapasamhita. etc., not available or found scattered or are describedin brief. Some of these details pertain to dharmasastra also, but havemedical or hygienical importance.

Though A~~angahrdaya mentions that it had culled all importantmate rial from the ancient works o • it is found that several importantdetail s have been left over in AHangahrdaya. but are mentioned inA s ~angasa ngraha.

Efforts are made in these pages to present some of these importanttopics or ideas or theories of AHangasangraha.

DINACARYADHYAYA-Chapter on daily regimen

Time of getting up from bed :

It is prescribed in A!?~angahrdaya and some ayurvedic works that ahealthy person should get up from bed in the brahma muhurta (the threehours period before sunrise). While prescribing the same, A!?tangasang-raha adds that this should be done after deciding whether or not thefood of previous day has been digested 6. It suggests that if the dige-stion is not complete, one should sleep for some more time.

Mode of excretion and cleaning:

The passing of urine and stools should be done when the naturalimpulse is there. One should do this facing the north during the daytime and the south during night. One should be silent, should not haveattention on any other things, and should cover his body and head. No

.Additional Material in Astanga Sangraha=Sarma & Rao

strain should be applied, but the faeces or urine should be allowedto pass out by natural impulse".

The following places are to be avoided for passing the excreta: middleof the way, heap of earth, ash and cowdung, cowpen and busy place,adjacent parts of the city ftown, near fire or anthill, beautiful places,ploughed land, place where a sacrifice has been performed and beneath atree. One should also not face towards women, elderly persons. cows, thesun, the moon, flow of wind, food, fire and water. When a cause of fearand physical weakness is there, one may act according to his convenience e ,

After completing the evacuation, the anal region should be cleanedby earth, which is devoid of any foreign articles (like sticks etc.) and ispure and also by water which has been taken out from its source (tank,river etc.j, carefully without allowing the water to sprinkle on any partsof the body. The cleaning should be done till the earth and bad smelldisappearv,

That one should not have the attention of mind on any other workat the time of passing excreta, suggests that actions like reading news-paper etc. are prohibited. Similarly cleaning by water after taking it outfrom its source i, e. tank, river etc., is meant to avoid polluti on of thesource.

Tooth Brush and Tooth Paste :

Following are the plants which are recommended for use inbrushing teeth 10

Sarja

Arimeda

Ficus bengalensis Linn.

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.

Calotropis procera (A it) R. Br.

Acacia catechu Willd.

Pongamia pinnata (Linn) Merr-

Nerium indicurn Mill

vareria indica Linn.

Acacia leucophloea Willd.

Arka

Khadira

Karaiija

Karavi ra

Apamarga

Milat.

Kakubha

Bulletin Ind. Inst, nt«. Med. Vol. IX

Achyranthes aspera Linn.

Jasminum arborescens Roxb.

Terminalia arjuna W & A.

4

The stick of stem or root of other plants which have the tastes-bitter. astringent and pungent (ka~iya. tikta & katuka] are alsorecommended, but the sticks should be of known plant. The trees fromwhich the sticks are collected should be in a pure place. The stickshould be of the thickness of the edge of the small finger. The edge ofthe stick should be softened to make it into a brush form. The stickshould be without any knots and be straight. The length should be 12atigulas (about 10 inches). Brushing of teeth is to be done withouttalking in the morning and after taking meals. 11

The brushing is to be done without causing harm to gums afterdipping or anointing the stick in the mixture of the following:

Vapya - Saussurea lappa C. B. Clarke

Trivarga tritaya - Tr ikatu, Triphala and Trijitaka

(Piper lo ngum Linn, Piper nigrum Linn, Zingiber Officina Ie Rose,Terminalia chebula Retz, Phyllanthus embIica Linn, Terminaliabelerica Roxb, bark and leaves of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume,Eletta ria Cardamomum Matoo) and honey. 12

First lower teeth are to be brushed 13.

Plants Prohibited for Brushing :

sle~mitaka

AriHa

Bilva

Vajijula

Cordia dichotama Forst.

Azadirachta indica A. Juss or Sapindustrifoliatus Linn.

Terrninalia belerica Roxb.

Anogeissus latifolia Wall.

Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl.

Aegle marmelos Corr,

Salix Caprea Linn.

Vibhi ta

Dhava

Dnanva

Additional Material in Astanga Sangraha -S:uma & Rao 5

Nirgundj

Sigru

Kovidara

Vitex negundo Linn.

Moringa Oleifera Lam.

Symplocos racemosa Roxb,

Diospyros embryopteris Pers.

Bauhinia racemosa Lam.

Tilvaka

Tinduka

sam. Prosopis spicigera Linn.

Salvadora persica Linn.

Ficus religiosa Linn.

Balan ites aegyptiaca. (Linn) Delile.

Commiphora mukul Engl.

Erythrina indica Lam.

Tamrindus indica Linn.

PlIu

Pippala

Itiguda

Guggulu

Paribhadraka

Amllka

Mocakl

salamall

sa~a

Bombax malabaricurn DC_(White)

Bombax malabaricum DC (Black)

Crotalaria Juncea Linn.

These plants are prohibited for brushing. Apart from these, plantshaving sweet, acid, or salt taste and which are dried, perforated (byworms) and which are putrid and viscid an prohibited for brushing theteeth. 1 4,

In Susrutasarnhitji Azadirachta indica A. Juss.Inimba )is recommended.It also recommends plants of sweet taste and particularly madhuka(Maduea longfolia Linn Mactmde) 15 for brushing the teeth.

Palasa (Butea monosperma Lam Kuntze) is prohibited inAHatigasatigraha for use for brushing and making seats (chairs) andshoes, 16 whereas Bhela included palasa and dhava in the list of plantsrecommended for tooth brushing. 1 7

Washing of Eyes:

After brushing teeth, eyes are to be rinsed or washed by water.keeping the mouth filled with water. For this cold water is to be us ed

6 Bulletin Ind. Inst. Hist. Med. Vol. IX

in gri srna and sarat seasons, while hot water is to be used in otherseasons. 18

Prayer and Listening at Auspicious things:

After brushing of teeth and washing of face and making obeisanceto god and elders. one should listen (look, touch and spell) at auspiciousthings numbering le8 (mentioned in the 12th chapter of sarlra Sthanaof A~~angasangraha) and then look at ghee placed in a gold utensil.: [}

Nasal Insufflation:

In Carakasamhit a the administration of nasal insufflation of"anutaila" is prescribed only in three seasons - pravr t sarat andvasanta, 20 while A~tangasangraha prescribes it throughout the year.~ 1

However in nasyavidhi chapter of A~tangasangraha two types ofanutaila are mentioned. One is similar to that in Carakasamhit a.The second is to be prepared generally with seasamum oil and particularlywith ghee for the persons who have the derangement of all the threehumours, with pitta in the highest degree of vitiation. Hence it is under-stood that according to the temperament etc. one of these two is to berecommended.

Wearing of Clothes and Flower Garlands:

Clothes which are torn, dirty and of dark red colour are to beavoided. A garland of big length and also of red flowers except lotus isprohibited. Wearing garlands is also prohibited at the time when onemoves out in the public. Clothes, flowers and shoes, which have beenworn by others are not to be used. Different clothes should be put onat the time of sleeping. going out and at the time of performing wor.,ship.22

Tambula:

Two betel leaves, one betel nut, a little quantity of lime and extractof catechu tree (red) mixed together make one tambula.s 3

Shaving and Cutting of nails:Hair. the beard and the nails are to be shaved and cut three times in

a fortnight, but not by self or by teeth and immediately bath is also to betaken. 24.

Additional Material in Astanga Sangraho-s-Sarma & Rao 7

Bath:Taking bath without drenching head is prohibited. Nakedness at

the time of bath, entering the water (rivers etc) and of sleeping is tobe avoided. While taking bath in a water source of others (not one'sown; formed by others) one should take out five heaps of mud from itbefore taking bath. After the bath. parts of body should not be wipedout (by hands etc) and the hair thrashed. One should put on his dressand head dress when the body is still wet. After bath, one should notagain use clothes taken off and should also not touch oil and fat. 2 5

Going b Bed:

One should go to bed after taking light and wholesome food, in theevening and after praying the god and with a clean body and steadymind and after pondering over one's condition of the body or day'sroutine. The place should be clean, devoid of people and one shouldhave two or three servants. The cot, bed and chair should have aconvenient pillow and be clean, sufficiently wide, even, smooth, auspiciousand of knee level height. One should sleep thinking of virtues with hishead either towards east or south and legs not stretching towards elders.The: place of sleeping should be in the front or back yard of thehouse.~6

Suitable Place to Live :The place should have plenty of water herbs, sacrificial sticks,,

flowers, grass and firewood. The place should have abundance of foodmaterials. be safe, and have good outskirts. The place should also beadorned by scholars. House, which is not built according to the scienceof vastu (architecture) should not be used for living even for a day.Regions which are frequently affected by diseases and epidemics andwhere physicians and leaders are not living is to be avoided. Dwellingon hills and in a region which is inhibited mostly by unvirtuous peopleis also prohibited.a?

Some Miscellaneous Prohibitions:

The following actions are prohibited:

Eating the eatables keeping in the lap; drinking water with blendedpalms; eating after sunset, food matarials in which seasamum seeds are

8 Bulletin Ind. lnst, Hist. Med. Vol. IX

mixed; scratching the head simultaneously with two hands; carryingheavy weight on the head; carrying water and fire at the same time;placing one leg on the other leg, scratching one leg with the other,cleaning the feet in tbe utensil prepared of bel1 metal; extending the legswhile sitting; looking continuously at moving. minute things and thingswhich one dots not like, at unauspicious things and at faeces andurine, looking in the mirror which is not clear, looking at the sun, atthe time of rising, setting and when glazy and the image of the sunand tbe sun during eclipse even through a cloth; looking at any objectwhich is very dazzling; looking at the face of teachers or elders whoare very angry; looking at a woman, who is passing urine or is in bermenstrual period or naked or in coitus; looking at one's wife, when sheis eating, sleeping, sneezing, yawning, or sitting in an uneasy posture;sleeping with the wife on the same cot and eating with wife at the sametime; dropping the fruits from the tree by hitting with a stone oranother fruit; entering other's houses when prohibited and also throughthe side entrance; sitting on a seat without being asked for it; wakingup a person from sound sleep.28

Some Social Obliagtions :

Give way for people who are in grief, for old for ladies and formen carrying load, vehicles and the twice born.29

SUMMARYFrom the beginning verses in the first chapter of AHstiga Satigraha

it is clear tbat Vagbha tacarya studied al1 the works written by Dhan-vantari, Bharadvaja etc., and the works written by their disciplesAgni vesa, Had ta etc. It is also clear by quoting the views of severalauthors like Gautama, Brhaspati, Kapilabala, etc. that Vagbhatamust~ have studied their works also.

Thus it can be concluded that important views of ancient ayurvedicSamhitas which are not available now are found in A~~ati.gasati.graha.Some of those mentioned in "Dinacaryadhyjiya" of AHatigasatigrahaare presented here.

Additional Material in Astanga Sangraha=Sarma & Rao

References

(1) W"!f~ cmfT ~¥if/~~ ~TS~ I

3T'f *'f144!f"""t: ~ ~ ~ ..........••• IICarakasarnhita Su 1-32

(2) ~ q~~,,! ,!~~lI" ,!"cf~l\ I

~~~~f~lIqCfl~lIq I : 1\

~T f/~~ \1";:<rnr.iT~lI": I

~ld¥<'Hlql''I1Hl~lI"lj"4bCj<t:f II~..:t" -,err,! ~1iC~~Cj'~Ten f"f\irtrn' lI"~l11ll'1{ I

3ITlI'~: qT\1";:f1f~lj"q~lj"~ cfnr : II" "if~f(CfT ij- d'+!r+rrr<i as~ d'?'frfur m'{ I

(3) ~sf~RTd'~~T1JGo~~err.,~ II

Cfi'U~R'l11:q d'f:;~lI"r9: ~T~lfTll"T~'1dT: 1

~ <:cf ~ dCR'a-sfq ~ : •••. \IA~!aIigasaIigraha Su 1 Chapter

(4) ~cfar':fTmrcr : SITlf: ~~"'~s::l~: I~¥il'1fcrn:r'Uer!f'!rr<i'fd'rf~qf~d': II

~crf~""t~er~Cfl;:er':fll"l1T':ff".Fer.,: I

fcrR~GT~.:hrcClHt srffiFrt srCflmCfl: II

~~f(n)erT'1t '+[~ fqf~Cfi: I

lI"~qw~~1 fGf~., Cflf'(1SlffiII.. .•ibid

(5 ) a-~Tsfd'fGfsrCfiTUf~: 5fTll": ~~~ : 1

f¥lI"a-$l5GilT~ ;ffiffiierqfCl~~l\ 'Iibid

(6) ~ l!Rcf;rl'Ul5~~T;;fiuf f~!flI",! I

~m~t:f'TlI"~ : ~~~.:r'r.......•••••. '" .. •... ••• II" ibid

(7) "I1'T~': ~I!c~~ II

~~ ~i'!"lll'li~f&T1lTTf~l!lEfTf.,f~ IlfT'<i Rlft:lI' ~lI"d' : ij'Gf"fdi111~d': \I

srcffiimr:qf~ci if cr lI'Ciff¥R~q:I ibid

10

(10)

(11)

(12)

( 13)

(14)

Bulletin lrul. Inst, Hist. Med.'Yol. IX

(8) ~~m~~~~~I"1I",liji4fliiq II'1WdCfllfl~q~~Jjr~~:qf,~ I

'l' '1Tn~<l11:TSi~cnrcr;:<nf~ 3fm II

'l' "'IIfu<f'!l c4 ~~T'lllfT11"rw.:rT~ CfiTlfd": I ibid

(9) f'1~QI~4IclSc~f~qf~~tSC~\1T<fi1 : ,~ e <

3T~d1f~ : ~fm~f~~;ff~'+l"lR 1Il~1f(fI...;. Co '<;:) "' Co •••• ••••

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reNner"!&{ ~U1lffiTJt\iq1;ffr~ TIf~ II

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;fCf ~ffCflrf~fcrmmF.rnrcr~~ I

~~m'l'1oiT fl!Pff~CfCflf~'lli'\. IICfllfGfGn:w~Ttrrmq-tq'~if~'1'nrB';; I

\;:) .:I ..::. ..:> c-, ••••

qTI,,('ll?:'f.+m1TCflmT"'I'9'lfT ~11<?T lITUT~~II

~F'f~ ~ fTf~ qfer f~~ I-.J -c c-, .•••

CfllSfri~~ fucRi CflCcfi'3f~~er :'" '"

f~li'<f fd'fffZf; W :~a-CflT~=t ~TSO :

'" '"q-r~mJjHT;:f ~q;:f ~Zf; (l:fcifa'~1

a-cr q-<1'rn . •.. •.... _. .... .... .•.. ,

tza-1Sft G;aa-q.:f ~lSo~r~ ~;:rcf~ : II Bhela Sarnhita Su 6.11

•• . .. .. .. . 3fTd: f~:F:;:~";'if ~~ I

ffTl{'!.uT,!~T 1JrlSl1m~T: wraCfrf,,(UTr 11 A~tangasangraha Su 1 Chapter

5fUTt:l{~qH~ ~~i"li'if lfif<1'I1'2li1cf ~~11~ 1

~oq.:r~Cflr::;:'if;;fCfi'l:ffci meT : '1!IiiG;;~~ II

ibid

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(18)

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{20) cf~ qtfSUTa-~ :q ~r~ f?flSf ;;r ~~ \.,:)..:> -

5frCfc~~~1Sf •..••......•••.••...••••.••••..•••••• 1\< ~ '"

Caraka samhita Su 5.56

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(21) ~~ am ~ AHiIigasaIigraha Su 1 Chapter

(22) CfffiT Of an:it\i~ lif~ '-'fa~~~ Ilir~ Of ~oi Of ~f~;f ~ ;;r~;;rT~~ ";fer ~;; fCf¥ ~;f ~lfTA~1 Icmft~~<f.'r f.;lTit ~CldI..,.;?J 'I ibid

(23) ~~:q ~~f~~ :q crn~ I ibid

(24) f'3l':q-m:,r Cfi'i;f!flP1~<:Tmf1lTCfi~hl(f~f

Of ~~~;; ~CfT Hrrf :qr;;~pnm II ibid.• ~(25) ;;FIT~~ fsrr : FfTlIT";; ;;r~~ if ~T(f~ I

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