added: crypto, dino, eugleno and hapto
TRANSCRIPT
CHLOROPHYTA
Acrosiphonia sp.
ChlorophytaN
Sporic
Codium fragile
Chlorophyta2n Gametic
Codium Sporangia
Codium Utricle
Prasiola sp. Chlorophyta
*
Ulva linzaChlorophyta
*
Ulva intestinalis
Chlorophyta * Tubular blade formation
Ulva lactuca
Chlorophyta* Parenchymatous blade formation
RHODOPHYTA
Mastocarpus papillatus/Petrocelis
Masto = n --------------
Petro = 2n
Sporic
Chondracanthus exasperatusRhodophyta
*
Sporic
Mazzaella splendensRhodophyta
can only tell if there are cystocarps (2n +n) on the gametophyte (n) otherwise it is a tetrasporophyte (2n)
Sporic
Sparlingia pertusa
Rhodophyta
if with bumps then gametophyte (n) with cytocarps (2n+n) otherwise it is the tetrosporophyte (2n) (Swiss cheese algae)
Sporic
Polysiphonia pacificaRhodophyta*
Sporic
HildenbrandiaRhodophyta
*
Sporic
Gracilaria pacifica
Rhodophyta
*same as mazaella & sparlingia
Sporic
Polyneura latissima
Rhodophyta
*same as mazaella & sparlingia
Sporic
Grateloupia doryphoraRhodophyta
*
Sporic
Porphyra fallaxRhodophyta
n
Sporic
PHAEOPHYTA
CHARACTERISTICS• NUCLEUS- Uninucleate - Eukaryotic
• COLOUR- Brown
• FLAGELLATION- Two heterokont flagella (only reproductive cells)- Long flagellum has 2 rows of mastigonemes - Shorter flagellum is smooth and directed backward- Has a light receptor- Attached laterally
• MORPHOLOGY- Multicellular- Sometimes very large- Unbranched filaments- Parenchymatous- Pseudoparenchymatous is rare- Have a meristoderm:
o small surface cells with chloroplasts and capable of division
- cortex:o general larger cells lacking chloroplasts
which do not divide- Medulla:
o trumpet hypae cells form
• REPRODUCTION- vegetative: formation of propagules or by
fragmentation,- Asexual: by zoospores formed in plurilocular
sporangia- Sexual: fusion of isogamous, oogamous
• LIFE HISTORY- Gametic:
o gametes range from oogamous to isogamous
- Sporic
• EYESPOT- In spores or gametes within the chloroplast and
associated with a flagellum- Present and acts as shading or light reflector
Characteristics Cont’d• CHLOROPLAST- One to many smooth chloroplasts- Storage product is stored outside the chloroplast- 4 membranes surround the chloroplast- 2 membrane envelope and PER- Thylakoids are in stacks of 3 - Girdle lamella is present
• OTHER- DNA is ring shaped- RUBISCO in the pyrenoids- Cell wall always present – made of cellulose, alginic
acid and polysaccharides- Sieve elements: perforated cross walls in large kelps
for conduction of photosynthate
Fucales: Sargassum muticumPloidy: 2N
Life History: Gametic meiosis forms gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygote that grows into the adult plant
Other: has short stubby receptacles that bear oogonial and antheridial conceptacles
Fucales: Fucus gardneriPloidy: 2N
Life History: gametic meiosis forms gametes which fuse to form a 2N zygote that grows into the adult plant
Other: parenchymatous thalli with apical meristems
Anatomy: meristoderm, cortex and medulla present- Receptacles (ends of blades) contain pores (small depressions) under which are conceptacles (spaces) within which are oogonia, antheridia or both
Fucus Life Cycle
Fucales: Pelvetiopsis limitata
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Gametic meiosis forms gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygote that grows into the adult plant
Ralfsia
*
Scytosiphonales: Petalonia fascia
Ploidy: N (crusts are diploid sporophytes)
Life History: Sporic
Other: Growth is diffuse
Scytosiphonales: Scytosiphon lomentaria
Ploidy: N (crusts are diploid sporophytes)
Life History: Sporic
Other: growth is diffuse
Laminariales: Saccharina latissima
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic Heteromorphic, with microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Laminariales: Nereocystis luetkeana
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic heteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Sieve elements of Nereocystis
-Sieve elements are elongated cells located with in the medulla
- their cross-walls have fields of pored with plasmodesmata
- used for translocation of photosynthate
Laminariales: Macrocystis pyrifera
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic heteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Laminariales: Saccharina sessilisPloidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic Heteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Laminariales: Alaria sp. Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic heteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Laminariales: Costaria costataPloidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic heteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Laminariales: Egregia menziesiiPloidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic heteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Laminariales Reproduction
Desmarestiales: Desmarestia acuelata
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic Heteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Other: trichothallic meristem (at the base of hair) which produces a pseudoparenchymatous uniaxial thallus
** only pseudoparenchymatous brown
Desmarestiales: Desmarestia sp.
Ploidy: 2N
Life History: Sporic Heteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes
Other: trichothallic meristem (at the base of hair) which produces a pseudoparenchymatous uniaxial thallus
** only pseudoparenchymatous brown
Plurilocular: found in Ectocarpales
-Plurilocular gametangia that release hundreds of isogametes
- each gametophyte (plant) are N and produce gametes by mitosis
Unilocular: found in Ectocarpales-Unilocular sporangia with 2N cells that undergo meiosis to produce unicellular N zoospores
- borne on the diploid plant
- this thallus is called the sporophyte
- the meitotically produced zoospores grow by mitosis into gametophytes
Diagram of a brown algal cell
Pyrenoids of a brown algal cell
Chloroplast of Fucus
Spermatangia
Polysiphonous
Heterocysts
Pennate Centric
Girdle VIew Valve View
Geminata
Diatom Silica wall formation
Volvox Gonidium
Oogonia
Antheridia
Heterocyst & Akinete
akinete
heterocyst
CRYPTOPHYTA
Characteristics• NUCLEUS- Eukaryotic- Uninucleate
• COLOUR- Red- Tan- Blue-green- olive
• FLAGELLATION- 2 similar flagella both with mastigonemes- Flagella are apical or lateral and originating within a
groove
• MORPHOLOGY- Unicellular
• REPRODUCTION- Vegetative: by cell division- Sexual: not well known
• LIFE HISTORY- Not well known
• CHLOROPLAST- 1 to 2 smooth chloroplasts- Thylakoids usually in stacks of 2- Chlorophylls a and c- Phycobilins present- Chloroplast DNA in scattered nucleoids- 4 membranes around chloroplast- Eyespots when present are within the chloroplast but
not associated with the flagella
• OTHER- Have protein plates that act as an anchoring system
and is internal to the plasma membrane- Ejectosomes line the gullet- Storage product is starch and is stored outside the
chloroplast envelope, inside the PER
Example of a Cryptophyte
Flagella
ejectosomes
Plastids
A Cryptophyte eyespot-These eyespots may be one or several layers thick- they are located with in the chloroplast but not close to the flagella- the eyespot operates by either intercepting light (shading) or reflecting light (increasing the illumination) onto the photoreceptor pigment- which is probably localized in either the plasma membrane or chloroplast membranes over the eyespot
Electron micrograph of a cryptophyte
-The large ejectosomes seen here line the wall of the gullet-Part of a smaller ejectosome is visible just beneath the plasmalemma on the lower left side of the cell
Diagram of a longitudinal section of a cryptophyte
DINOPHYTA
Characteristics• NUCLEUS- Nucleus with condensed chromatin at interphase
• COLOUR- Brownish- Golden-brown- Red-brown- Can be colourless
• FLAGELLATION- 2 highly heteromorphic flagella originating near each
other- One is flattened and wraps around the cell- Other flagellum trails behind
• MORPHOLOGY- Unicellular
• REPRODUCTION- Vegetative: cell division- Sexual: by fusion of isogamous or anisogamous
gametes
• LIFE HISTORY- Zygotic
• CHLOROPLAST- 3, 4 or 5 membranes around the chloroplast- Chlorophylls a and c- No phycobilins- Thylakoids in stacks of 3- Scattered DNA
• EYESPOT- Present or not
• OTHER- Storage product is outside the chloroplast and may
form a cap over the pyrenoid- Cell wall internal if present- Has a girdle- Has a sulcus- Hypotheca is located posterior on area that has the
sulcus- Epitheca is apical- Covered by a theca subdivided into plates with or
without cellulose horns or spines may form
Example of a Dinoflagellate
girdle
theca
Horns off the theca
Trailing flagellum
Example of a Dinoflagellate 2
sulcus
Displace girdle
Example of a Dinoflagellate 3
Ventral View: sulcus and girdle
Dorsal View: girdle onlyIs flattened therefore has jerky swimming motion
Interphase nucleus and chromosomes of a
dinoflagellate-The chromosomes lack histones, are permanently condensed and have a characteristic banded appearance
-There is a large nucleolus within the nucleus
EUGLENOPHYTA
Characteristics• NUCLEUS- Uninucleate- Eukaryotic- Chromosomes are condensed during interphase
• COLOUR- Bright green - Colourless
• FLAGELLATION- 2 heteromorphic flagella originating with in a reservoir
(gullet?)- Usually only one is emergent- Some species do possess 2 or 4 emergent flagella
• MORPHOLOGY- Unicellular
• REPRODUCTION- vegetative: cell division
• CHLOROPLAST- Chlorophylls a and b- No phycobilins- Store paramylon which is similar to starch- 3 membranes around the chloroplast- Thylakoids in stacks of 3- Smooth and variable in shape and number
• EYESPOT- Present usually in photosynthetic form- It is large, anterior, near the reservoir - Not located in the chloroplast- Associated with flagellar swelling
• OTHER- Cell wall consists of interlocking protein strips- Can rapidly change shape (known as metaboly) only
in some species
Example of an Euglenophyte
Colourless (due to lack of chloroplasts); Exhibit a large range of shape changes (metaboly)
Paramylon bodies
Example of an Euglenophyte 2
Example of an Euglenophyte 3
Show no metaboly
Euglena longitudinal section
- Note the distinctive outer covering, the pellicle
Interphase nuclei of a green alga and a
euglenophyte-Note the condense chromosomes of the euglenophyte
Euglena- Diagrammatic longitudinal section
Eyespot of a euglenophyte-The eyespot is composed of loosely packed globules lying outside the chloroplast, next to the reservoir, opposite of the flagellar swelling- the swelling is usually on the longer, emergent flagellum and is thought to be the site of the photoreceptor pigment
HAPTOPHYTA
Characteristics• NUCLEUS- Uninucleate- Small eurkaryotic
• COLOUR- Golden brown
• FLAGELLATION- 2 equal flagella with a third flagellum-like appendage
between them haptonema- Originate near each other at the apical end of the cell
• MORPHOLOGY- Unicellular
• REPRODUCTION- vegetative: cell division- Sexual: not well known
• LIFE HISTORY- Not well known
• CHLOROPLAST- Chlorophylls a and c- No phycobilins- 4 membranes around the chloroplast- 1 or 2 chloroplasts present- Thylakoids in stacks of 3- 2 membrane PER- No girdle lamella
• EYESPOT- Found in some members- Located within the chloroplast
• OTHER- Cell coverings has organic scales- Some species have calcified scales (coccoliths)
Example of a Haptophyte
Haptonema
**The haptonema functions as a food gathering device and in others as a sensory or attachment mechanism may be coiled or fully extended