activity no 5 questionnaire on efficiency on assessment of adaptive traits
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Fulvio Ducci (Partner 12), [email protected] & Darius Danusevicius (Partner 15), [email protected] Gerry Douglas (Partner 14), [email protected] Luc Paques (Partner 1), [email protected]. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Activity No 5
Questionnaire on efficiency on assessment of Adaptive Traits
Fulvio Ducci (Partner 12), [email protected]&
Darius Danusevicius (Partner 15), [email protected] Douglas (Partner 14), [email protected]
Luc Paques (Partner 1), [email protected]
Workshop on
Many different definitions can be found about adaptation and adaptive traits:
• Adaptive Trait: a genetic trait that helps an organism to maximize its reproductive success.
• The Oxford Dictionary of Science : "Any change in the structure or functioning of an organism that makes it better suited to its environment".
• Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes better able to live in its habitat or habitats.
• Adaptedness is the state of being adapted: the degree to which an organism is able to live and reproduce in a given set of habitats.
• An adaptive trait is an aspect of the developmental pattern of the organism which enables or enhances the probability of that organism surviving and reproducing.
Some definition more…
• Adaptation: Adjustment of a gene pool of a population to a given environment (i.e. ecotypes of spruce adapted to low altitude climate or to high altitude mountain climate) (Nanson 2004) .
• Phenology: The study of the timing of periodic
phenomena such as flowering, growth initiation, growth cessation, etc., especially as related to seasonal changes in temperature, photoperiod, etc. (Wright 1976, Nanson 2004).
Anyway, TBDX Lab. doesn’t consider phenology only………
Regional sharing of Species Monitoring
TBDX species monitored and Partners involved: Pab, Fsy, Fex and Pme are the most investigated, followed by Pav, Pop, Psy. Mainly nordic or higher elevation species.
Species Monitored for adaptive traits in the TBDX area
Pav; 5Pab; 9
Lde; 2
Jre; 2
Fsy; 7Pce; 1
Pme; 7
Fex; 7
Qspp; 4Psy; 5Pra; 1
Psi; 1Pop; 5
spp.; 4 Aal; 2
Aglu; 1Aps; 1
Bpe; 1Csa; 1
spp.
Aal
Aglu
Aps
Bpe
Csa
Fex
Fsy
Jre
Lde
Pab
Pav
Pce
Pme
Pop
Psi
Pra
Psy
Qspp
The pattern of Partners involved in TBDX influences also the higner weight of nosrthern species
Amounto of species monitored by TBDX by Partner
P 1; 6P 3; 3
P 4; 3P 6; 1
P 8; 7
P 9 ; 5P 11; 1P 12; 5P 13; 4P 14; 1
P 15; 6
P 17; 1P 18; 4
P 19; 2
P 20; 5P 21; 1 P 24; 4 P 25; 1 P 27; 1
P 26; 1
P 7; 1
P 1
P 3
P 4
P 6
P 7
P 8
P 9
P 11
P 12
P 13
P 14
P 15
P 17
P 18
P 19
P 20
P 21
P 24
P 25
P 26
P 27
Amount of species monitored by TBDX States
FRA; 6
FRA; 1
BEL; 3
BEL; 3
GER; 1
GER; 1
GER; 7
DEN; 5
UK; 1ITA; 5
IRE; 4
IRE; 1
LIT; 6
NOR; 1
POL; 4
POL; 2
ROM; 5
SPA; 1
SPA; 4SWE; 1SWE; 1
FRAFRABELBELGERGERGERDENUKITAIREIRELITNORPOLPOLROMSPASPASWESWE
Where the monitoring is carried out
3.1 Phenological traits adopted
3.1a. budbreak
32%
3.1b. budset
15%3.1c. flowering
18%
3.1d. leaf fall down
8%
3.1g. shoot elongation
11%
3.1f. hardening
8%
3.1e. leaf color
8%
3.1a. budbreak
3.1b. budset
3.1c. flowering
3.1d. leaf fall down
3.1e. leaf color
3.1g. shoot elongation
3.1f. hardening
3. Other traits adopted
3.2 Survival 35%
3.3. Shoot frost hardiness
14%
3.7 Drought resistance
7%
3.6 Early frost resistance
14%
3.8 Cambial activity4%
3.5 Late frost resistance
19%3.4 Requirement
of chilling temperatures for deep dormancy
release7%
3.2 Survival
3.3. Shoot frosthardiness
3.4 Requirement ofchilling temperatures fordeep dormancy release
3.5 Late frost resistance
3.6 Early frost resistance
3.7 Drought resistance
3.8 Cambial activity
3.9 Other traits or related characters mentioned by Partners
• Related to: .• 1. Maintainance of Apical dominance; • 2.Occurence of spikeknots (autumn-winter frosts) or
double tops; • 3 .Resistance to diseases, • 4. Resistance or avoidance of stress/pests/diseases; • 5. August St. John shoots, • 6 fructification, • 7 Needle cast; • 8. Cell cycle ;• 9. Fructification; • 10. Needle colour.
4.AIMS4.3 Marker assisted selection (MAS) methods?
4%
4.2.2 - selecting for high genotype
x environment interaction?
11%
4.2.1 - selecting for low genotype
x environment interaction?
24%
4.2 Improvement and/or breeding?
29%
4.4 Testing endangered populations?
3%4.1 Studying adaptation variability?
29%
4.1 Studying adaptationvariability?
4.2 Improvement and/orbreeding?
4.2.1 - selecting for lowgenotype x environmentinteraction?
4.2.2 - selecting for highgenotype x environmentinteraction?
4.3 Marker assisted selection(MAS) methods?
4.4 Testing endangeredpopulations?
5. Observation conditions
In nursery34%
In field tests50%
In controlled conditions
16%
In nursery
In f ield tests
In controlledconditions
6b. Scoring method: do you use..
Pictures / draw ings as reference for
stages52%
Descriptors48%
Pictures / draw ings asreference for stages
DescriptorsMethod adopted
1) Scoring the phenological
stages72%
2) Quantitative measurements
28%
1) Scoring thephenological stages
2) Quantitativemeasurements
5. Also Commercial plantations and in greenhouses
Timing
Timing used
The adaptive trait survey/monitoring is carried out one year
only13%
More then one year43%
One assessment per year at a f ixed
date17%
Several assessments per
year27%
The adaptive traitsurvey/monitoring iscarried out one yearonly
More then one year
One assessment peryear at a f ixed date
Several assessmentsper year
Investigated for 10 species: Aglu,Bpe,Fex,Jre,Pab,Pav,Pop,Pra,Psy and Qro
Physio- Requirement kind very poorly used, low knowledge or expensive?
Chilling Units42%
Photoperiod29%
Other29% Chilling Units
Photoperiod
Other
6c. Chilling & photoperiod requirements are the amount of hours or days passed under a minimum stage of temperature or a
minimum/maximum day duration used by trees as a reference for their phenological traits
• Requirements depend on origin of the tested Species/variety.• Minimum requirements can vary according to the altitude and the
latitude of provenance and probably according to the single genotype.
• Flowering, Flower receptivity, Seed germination, Bud set, Bud break, Flushing, Growth cessation and related traits depend on or are influenced by photoperiod, termoperiod, moisture distribution and, in southern countries, on water supply in summer. Those factor can work alone but also combined.
• Most of forest species seem to be unknown by forest tree breeders from this point of view (is that true?). Only Norway spruce, Scots Pine, beech, wild cherry, walnut and chestnut are quite known.
• But it is possible having information for Silver fir, Douglas fir, Larch….
Monitoring in multisite networks is prevailing.
6d, Methods: statistic meaning.
In only one site (local satistic
design)26%
Multisite tests (statistic design)
60%
No experimental design or no
significant amounts of data can be
recorded (arboreta, archives,
germplasm collections),
replicated in only one site
7%
No experimental design or no
significant amounts of data can be
recorded (arboreta, archives,
germplasm collections), but
replicated in more than one site
7%
Multisite tests (statistic design)
In only one site (local satisticdesign)
No experimental design or nosignificant amounts of data canbe recorded (arboreta, archives,germplasm collections), butreplicated in more than one site
No experimental design or nosignificant amounts of data canbe recorded (arboreta, archives,germplasm collections),replicated in only one site
Provenances and progenies are the most investigated
7. Kind of materials monitored
Provenances (intraspecif ic
variation)31%Progenies
25%
Seed orchards15%
Clones18%
Hybrids vs. parental species
adatptation variability?
2%
Species (interspecif ic
variation)9%
Hybrids vs. parental speciesadatptation variability?
Species (interspecif icvariation)
Provenances (intraspecif icvariation)
Progenies
Seed orchards
Clones
For phenologycal stages, crown sector, number of trees monitored and skill of people are the focal points togheter with clear scoring
methods.
10. Efficiency: how the work is organised?
Using the same part of the crow n
23%
Only one skilled person19%
Using extreme conditions sites
4%
Increasing the number of sites
15%
Using the same branch9%
Averaging the score over a team of
observers9%
Increasing the number of trees
21%
Only one skilled person
Averaging the score over a team ofobservers
Using the same part of the crow n
Using the same branch
Increasing the number of trees
Increasing the number of sites
Using extreme conditions sites
12. Advantages:
• Organization aspects:• Quick e cheap. • Good base for statistical evaluations.• Repeatability and comparability.• Photographs allow a relatively fast assessment.• Easy measurements and a high number of data for statistical analysis.• No needed a great experience and hard training
• Methodological and scientific advantages:• Indication of how well matched the source is to local conditions.• Improvements: possibility of analysing the within specie/population variability.• Rather fast, good heritability and thus high precision of breeding value estimates.• Relatively stable assessment• Good heritability and thus high precision of breeding value estimates.• The scoring makes it possible to apply quantitative genetic analysis.• A help in the understanding of mating patterns and seed production.• No needed a great experience• J-M correlation is very high, thus no need for many repeated measuments.• Correlated with stem quality aspects• Knowledge, may provide physiological understanding.• It can help for understanding the provenances range.
13. Major Problems• Organization Problems• Calibration of the team members and Subjective assessment if changing monitoring
teams/persons.• Time consuming. • Need to assess at the right time of the year per each site.• Distances from the sites.• Size of trees: trees must not be too high so you can reach the upper part of the crowns without
major problem. • Using scoring at the ‘right time’ especially with field tests far from the institute without anybody to
observe the plantation.
• Problems connected with the traits or the biology of trees• Time of phenology stages varies by year, needed to repeat several years.• Different phenology stages on different parts of a crown, • Some traits such as bud set and bud burst are very difficult to assess. • In some years (hot springs) too short time to distinguish different stages, • Deviation of phenology due to frost damages.• The measurements will have to be repeteated in case of differences in days in bud burst. • Some data can be lost because of: late frost damage of flower.• the disparition of some monitored trees.• For some trait as top budburst problem is when it has internal damaged .• Differences in survival and phenology maybe caused not only by differences in adaptation and
adaptability but by chance or site difference too.• Weather conditions – sometimes because of long winter, the most trees start flushing at the
same time (small diversification); the same in autumn with leaves coloring because of early hard frosts.
14. What are the benefits of using phenological monitoring ?• Better register of the adaptive capacity of the species.• Climate change assessment at different scales.• Responses of the population and of the off-springs in new environmental
conditions.• selections of genotypes of suitable growth rhythm for specific constant or variable
environments/climates and thus improving growth, quality of stems and wood.• Particularly bud break and bud set are important variables explaining the
geographic differentiation of different species. Their meaning varies with the latitude and altitude.
• variation in responses of parental species and hybrids to climate• Very stable traits in time with few observations needed, and strongly related to
genetic structure.• It may give the answer to the question, which populations you can move to the
other (worse or more variable) conditions, which is very important in situation of possible climate changes.
• select material adapted to local conditions for drought or frost tolerant, high yield, low forking defect, etc.
• flowering synchrony for seed orchards for flowering,• to integrate genetic data variation with adaptive traits variation.• Linking these ground-based observations with the view from space could
enhance our capacity to track the biotic response to climate changes. Trends to earlier spring arrivals include changes in plant species composition, changes in timing and distribution of pests and disease, and potentially disrupted ecological interactions.
Everybody agree with the importance of monitoring for its correlation with quality traits and for the new challenges related to the climate
change effects
16. Future outlook for adaptation monitoring
Increase45%
Decrease6%
Remain the same49%
Increase
Decrease
Remain the same
Conclusion:Phenology is the main driver of tree adaptation. It is linked to many
adaptive, architectural and perhaps wood traits.
Moreover, heritability of phenology is , by far, the highest among all other traits.Additional experimental plots (provenance/progeny/clonal
trials) will be established in the future with other species refering to the climate change problem; the importance of other methods like MAS
will increase – both methods should complete each other.
Assessment of plasticity/stability in the scope of climate change.
Possible climate changes and needs for populations or species with higher plasticity, more resistant to frosts or other unfavourable factors.
Possible future actions:• Nearest future: publishing these results
somewhere (Who?....)
• Next steps:• Establishing a TBDX European Phenology
Network based on the international trials?• Needed to continue the maintainance and the
estabòishment of international common trials on model species. It has been possible in the XIX century, why not nowadays?
• Monitoring should be carried out on ex situ, but also on in situ origin populations.
• Leuven:• Reporting methods of record, pictures d
guidelines;• Having god meth. References;• Reccomendations late frost, early frosts, bud
break, bud set, flush, flowering, color• 2 page of description of pictures and protocol by
traits and species• Physiology studies related to phenolgical
aspects?