activity 5 6
TRANSCRIPT
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Activities 5 & 6:
Appendicular & Axial MusclesChapters 11 & 12 – McKinley et al., Human Anatomy, 4e.
Objectives:• Identify muscles listed on models and/or cadavers• When indicated, identify the action and attachments for each
muscle
Compilation: Mohammad Tomaraei 1
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Appendicular Muscles – Pectoral Girdle Muscles [6]
• Trapezius• Action:
• Superior: elevates & superiorly rotates scapula; elevates clavicle
• Middle: retracts scapula• Inferior: depresses scapula,
extends head
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 354-355• Figures: 11.1b, 12.2, 12.4
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Appendicular Muscles – Pectoral Girdle Muscles [6]
• Levator scapulae• Action:
• Elevates scapula
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 355• Figures: 12.2, 12.3, 12.4b
3
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Appendicular Muscles – Pectoral Girdle Muscles [6]
• Serratus anterior• Action:
• Protracts & stabilizes scapula
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 354• Figures: 11.1b, 11.14a, 12.1,
12.4a
4
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Appendicular Muscles – Pectoral Girdle Muscles [6]
• Pectoralis minor• Action:
• Protracts & depresses scapula
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 354• Figures: 12.1, 12.4a
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Appendicular Muscles – Pectoral Girdle Muscles [6]
• Rhomboid major• Action:
• Elevates & retracts (adducts) scapula
• Rotates scapula inferiorly
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 355• Figures: 12.2, 12.4b
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Appendicular Muscles – Pectoral Girdle Muscles [6]
• Rhomboid minor• Action:
• Elevates & retracts (adducts) scapula
• Rotates scapula inferiorly
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 355• Figures: 12.2, 12.4b
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Appendicular Muscles – Rotator Cuff Muscles [4]
• Supraspinatus• Origin:
• Supraspinous fossa of scapula
• Insertion:• Greater tubercle of humerus
• Action (rotator cuff muscles
together):• Stabilize & rotate the
glenohumeral joint
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 359• Figures: 12.2, 12.4a & b
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Appendicular Muscles – Rotator Cuff Muscles [4]
• Infraspinatus• Origin:
• Infraspinous fossa of scapula
• Insertion:• Greater tubercle of humerus
• Action (rotator cuff muscles
together):• Stabilize & rotate the
glenohumeral joint
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 359• Figures: 12.2, 12.4b
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Appendicular Muscles – Rotator Cuff Muscles [4]
• Teres minor• Origin:
• Lateral border of scapula
• Insertion:• Greater tubercle of humerus
• Action (rotator cuff muscles
together):• Stabilize & rotate the
glenohumeral joint
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 359• Figures: 12.2, 12.4b
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Appendicular Muscles – Rotator Cuff Muscles [4]
• Subscapularis• Origin:
• Subscapular fossa of scapula
• Insertion:• Lesser tubercle of humerus
• Action (rotator cuff muscles
together):• Stabilize & rotate the
glenohumeral joint
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 359• Figures: 12.4a, 12.5a
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Appendicular Muscles – Other Glenohumeral Joint Muscles [4]
• Teres major• Origin:
• Lateral border & angle of scapula
• Insertion:• Lesser tubercle &
intertubercular sulcus of humerus
• Action:• Extends, adducts, & medially
rotates arm
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 359• Figures: 12.2, 12.4b
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Appendicular Muscles – Other Glenohumeral Joint Muscles [4]
• Latissimus dorsi• Origin:
• Spinous processes of lower thoracic vertebrae
• Lower ribs (8-12)• Iliac crest
• Insertion:• Intertubercular sulcus of
humerus
• Action:• Extends, adducts, & medially
rotates arm• Draws arm inferiorly &
posteriorly
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 358• Figures: 11.1, 12.1, 12.2,
12.4a & b 13
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Appendicular Muscles – Other Glenohumeral Joint Muscles [4]
• Deltoid• Origin:
• Acromial end of clavicle• Acromion & spine of scapula
• Insertion:• Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
• Action:• Abducts, flexes, extends, &
rotates arm
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 358• Figures: 11.1, 12.1, 12.2,
12.4a & b
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Appendicular Muscles – Other Glenohumeral Joint Muscles [4]
• Pectoralis major• Origin:
• Clavicle• Costal cartilages
• Insertion:• Greater tubercle & lateral
intertubercular sulcus of humerus
• Action:• Flexes, adducts, & medially
rotates arm
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 358• Figures: 11.1, 12.1, 12.4a
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Arm Compartment [1]
• Triceps brachii (3 heads)• Origin:
• Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
• Lateral head: posterior shaft of humerus
• Medial head: posterior shaft of humerus, distal to radial groove
• Insertion:• Olecranon process of ulna
• Action:• Extends forearm & assists
in arm adduction
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 364• Figures: 12.8a & b
16
Right arm, posterior view
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Arm Compartment [5]
• Biceps brachii (2 heads)• Origin:
• Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
• Short head: coracoid process of scapula
• Insertion:• Radial tuberosity
• Action:• Flexes arm (glenohumeral
joint)• Flexes & supinates forearm
(elbow joint)
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 363• Figures: 12.7a & b, table 12.4
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Arm Compartment [5]
• Coracobrachialis• Origin:
• Coracoid process of scapula
• Insertion:• Middle medial shaft of
humerus
• Action:• Adducts & flexes arm
(glenohumeral joint)
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 363• Figures: 12.7a & b
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Arm Compartment [5]
• Brachialis• Origin:
• Distal, anterior surface of humerus
• Insertion:• Coronoid process of ulna
• Action:• Flexes forearm (elbow joint)
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 363• Figures: 12.7a & b
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Arm Compartment [5]
• Brachioradialis• Origin:
• Lateral humerus
• Insertion:• Styloid process of radius
• Action:• Flexes forearm (elbow joint)
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 363• Figures: 12.7a, 12.11a
• Landmark importance:• Separates anterior forearm
flexors from posterior forearm extensors
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Forearm Compartment [6+1]
• Pronator teres• Action:
• Pronates forearm
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 364• Figures: 12.9, 12.11, 12.12
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Forearm Compartment [6+1]
• Flexor carpi radialis• Action:
• Flexes wrist• Abducts hand
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369• Figures: 12.11, 12.12
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Forearm Compartment [6+1]
• Palmaris longus• Action:
• Weakly flexes wrist• Tenses fascia of palm
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369• Figures: 12.11, 12.12
• Cadaver hint:• Not all cadavers have this
muscle (for genetic reasons)• Ends in a slender, flattened
tendon, passing over the upper part of the flexor retinaculum
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Forearm Compartment [6+1]
• Flexor carpi ulnaris• Action:
• Flexes wrist• Adducts hand
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369• Figures: 12.11, 12.12, 12.13a
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Forearm Compartment [6+1]
• Flexor digitorum superficialis• Action:
• Flexes wrist• Flexes the 2nd to 5th
metacarpophalangeal (MP) & proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369• Figures: 12.11b
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Forearm Compartment [6+1]
• Flexor digitorum profundus• Action:
• Flexes wrist• Flexes the 2nd to 5th
metacarpophalangeal (MP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), & distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369• Figures: 12.11c
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Forearm Compartment [6+1]
• Flexor retinaculum(associated structure)
• Significance:• Fibrous band of connective
tissue that covers the palmar surface of the carpals
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 366• Figures: 12.11a, 12.14a
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]
• Extensor carpi radialis longus• Action:
• Extends wrist• Abducts hand
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369, 371• Figures: 12.13a & b
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]
• Extensor carpi radialis brevis• Action:
• Extends wrist• Abducts hand
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369, 371• Figures: 12.13a & b
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]
• Extensor carpi ulnaris• Action:
• Extends wrist• Adducts hand
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369, 371• Figures: 12.13a & b
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]
• Extensor digitorum• Action:
• Extends wrist• Extends the 2nd to 5th
metacarpophalangeal (MP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), & distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369, 371• Figures: 12.13a & b
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]
• Abductor pollicis longus• Action:
• Abducts thumb• Weakly extends wrist
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369, 371• Figures: 12.13a & b
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]
• Extensor pollicis longus• Action:
• Extends metacarpophalangeal (MP) & interphalangeal (IP) joints of thumb
• Weakly extends wrist
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369, 371• Figures: 12.13a & b
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]
• Extensor pollicis brevis• Action:
• Extends metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint of thumb
• Weakly extends wrist
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369, 371• Figures: 12.13a & b
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]
• Supinator• Action:
• Supinates forearm
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 364• Figures: 12.9, 12.13b
• Cadaver hint:• Visible on a well-dissected
cadaver
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]
• Extensor retinaculum• Significance:
• Fibrous band of connective tissue that covers the dorsal surface of the carpals
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 369• Figures: 12.13b, 12.14c
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Thigh Compartment [5]Quadriceps Femoris Group [4]
• Rectus femoris• Origin:
• Anterior inferior iliac spine
• Insertion:• Patella via quadriceps tendon
and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
• Action:• Extends leg• Flexes thigh
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 381• Figures: 12.71a & b
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Thigh Compartment [5]Quadriceps Femoris Group [4]
• Vastus lateralis• Insertion:
• Patella via quadriceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
• Action:• Extends leg
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 381• Figures: 12.17a & b, 12.15
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Thigh Compartment [5]Quadriceps Femoris Group [4]
• Vastus medialis• Insertion:
• Patella via quadriceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
• Action:• Extends leg
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 381• Figures: 12.17a & b
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Thigh Compartment [5]Quadriceps Femoris Group [4]
• Vastus intermedius• Insertion:
• Patella via quadriceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
• Action:• Extends leg
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 381• Figures: 12.17a & b
• Cadaver hint:• This muscle is deep to rectus
femoris
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Thigh Compartment [5]
• Sartorius• Origin:
• Anterior superior iliac spine
• Insertion:• Tibial tuberosity, medial side
• Action:• Flexes, abducts, & laterally
rotates thigh• Flexes leg & rotates leg
medially (sitting cross-legged on the floor)
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 375, 381• Figures: 12.17a & b
• Trivia:• Longest muscle in the body
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Appendicular Muscles – Iliopsoas Group [2]
• Iliacus• Origin:
• Iliac fossa
• Insertion:• Lesser trochanter of femur
• Action:• Flexes thigh
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 375• Figures: 12.15a, 12.17a
• Cadaver hint:• Look inside the
abdominopelvic cavity• Has a common insertion with
psoas major muscle
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Appendicular Muscles – Iliopsoas Group [2]
• Psoas major• Origin:
• T12-L5 vertebrae
• Insertion:• Lesser trochanter of femur
• Action:• Flexes thigh
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 375• Figures: 12.15a, 12.17a
• Cadaver hint:• Look inside the
abdominopelvic cavity• Has a common insertion with
iliacus muscle
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Appendicular Muscles – Medial Thigh Compartment [5]
• Pectineus• Action:
• Adducts thigh• Weakly flexes thigh
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 376• Figures: 12.15, 12.17
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Mnemonic: Great Major League Baseball Players
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Appendicular Muscles – Medial Thigh Compartment [5]
• Adductor longus• Action:
• Adducts thigh• Weakly flexes thigh
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 376• Figures: 12.15, 12.17
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Mnemonic: Great Major League Baseball Players
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Appendicular Muscles – Medial Thigh Compartment [5]
• Adductor brevis• Action:
• Adducts thigh• Weakly flexes thigh
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 376• Figures: 12.15, 12.17
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Mnemonic: Great Major League Baseball Players
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Appendicular Muscles – Medial Thigh Compartment [5]
• Adductor magnus• Action:
• Adducts thigh• Flexes or extends, and
laterally rotates thigh (depending on starting position)
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 376• Figures: 12.15, 12.18
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Mnemonic: Great Major League Baseball Players
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Appendicular Muscles – Medial Thigh Compartment [5]
• Gracilis• Origin:
• Inferior ramus & body of pubis
• Insertion:• Upper medial surface of tibia
• Action:• Weakly adducts & weakly
flexes thigh• Flexes leg
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 376, 381• Figures: 12.15a, 12.17a
• Cadaver hint:• NOT to be confused with
sartorius (compare origins)
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Mnemonic: Great Major League Baseball Players
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Thigh Compartment [3]Hamstrings Group [3]
• Semitendinosus• Origin:
• Ischial tuberosity
• Insertion:• Proximal medial surface of
tibia
• Action:• Extends thigh• Flexes leg• Medially rotates leg
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 381• Figures: 12.18a & b
• Identification hint:• Semi (half) tendinosus
(tendon), means half of this muscle consists of a tendon 49
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Thigh Compartment [3]Hamstrings Group [3]
• Semimembranosus• Origin:
• Ischial tuberosity
• Insertion:• Medial condyle of tibia
• Action:• Extends thigh• Flexes leg• Medially rotates leg
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 381• Figures: 12.18a & b, 12.15b
• Identification hint:• Semi (half) membranosus
(membrane), means that half of this muscle has a broad membranous tendon 50
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Thigh Compartment [3]Hamstrings Group [3]
• Biceps femoris (2 heads)• Origin:
• Long head: ischial tuberosity• Short head: linea aspera of
femur
• Insertion:• Head of fibula
• Action:• Extends thigh• Flexes leg• Laterally rotates leg
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 381• Figures: 12.18a & b, 12.15b
• Cadaver hint:• By touching the origin of the short
head of biceps femoris, you can feel the linea aspera of femur 51
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Appendicular Muscles – Gluteal Muscles [5+1]
• Tensor fasciae latae• Origin:
• Iliac crest• Anterior superior iliac spine
• Insertion:• Iliotibial tract
• Action:• Abducts thigh• Medially rotates thigh
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 396• Figures: 12.15b, 12.17
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Appendicular Muscles – Gluteal Muscles [5+1]
• Gluteus maximus• Origin:
• Iliac crest• Sacrum• Coccyx
• Insertion:• Iliotibial tract• Linea aspera
• Action:• Extends thigh• Laterally rotates thigh
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 377• Figures: 12.15b, 12.18
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Appendicular Muscles – Gluteal Muscles [5+1]
• Gluteus medius• Origin:
• Iliac crest
• Insertion:• Greater trochanter of
femur
• Action:• Abducts thigh• Medially rotates thigh
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 377• Figures: 12.15b, 12.18a
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Appendicular Muscles – Gluteal Muscles [5+1]
• Gluteus minimus• Origin:
• Lateral surface of ilium
• Insertion:• Greater trochanter of femur
• Action:• Abducts thigh• Medially rotates thigh
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 377• Figures: 12.15c
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Appendicular Muscles – Gluteal Muscles [5+1]
• Piriformis• Origin:
• Anterolateral surface of sacrum
• Insertion:• Greater trochanter of femur
• Action:• Laterally rotates thigh
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 377• Figures: 12.15c
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Appendicular Muscles – Gluteal Muscles [5+1]
• Iliotibial tract / band(associated structure)
• Significance:• Thick band of fascia
continuous with the tensor fasciae latae muscle
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 376• Figures: 12.15, 12.17, 12.18
57
Mnemonic: Follow the Iliotibial Tract to reach Starbucks & get a Tensor Fasciae Latae
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Leg Compartment [3]
• Tibialis anterior• Origin:
• Lateral condyle & proximal shaft of tibia
• Insertion:• Metatarsal I• Medial cuneiform
• Action:• Dorsiflexes foot• Inverts foot
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.20a & b, 12.21
58
Mnemonic (anterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Harry – Dick
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Leg Compartment [3]
• Extensor digitorum longus• Action:
• Extends toes 2-5• Dorsiflexes foot
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.20a & b, 12.21
• Identification hint:• Think of how the tendons of
this muscle insert over the digits to extend them
59
Mnemonic (anterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Harry – Dick
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Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Leg Compartment [3]
• Extensor hallucis longus• Action:
• Extends hallux• Dorsiflexes foot
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.20a & b, 12.21
60
Mnemonic (anterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Harry – DickHarry likes to hide!
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Appendicular Muscles – Lateral Leg Compartment [2]
• Fibularis longus• Action:
• Everts foot• Weakly plantar flexes foot
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.21a & b, 12.22b
• Identification hint:• Thinking logically, the name of
fibularis longus suggests that this muscle sits on top of fibula, and has a longer tendon relative to another muscle of similar name and location
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Appendicular Muscles – Lateral Leg Compartment [2]
• Fibularis brevis• Action:
• Everts foot• Weakly plantar flexes foot
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.21a & b, 12.22b
• Identification hint:• This muscle is deep to
fibularis longus and has a relatively shorter tendon
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Leg Compartment [5]
• Gastrocnemius• Origin:
• Lateral & medial condyles of femur
• Insertion:• Calcaneus via calcaneal
(Achilles) tendon
• Action:• Plantar flexes foot• Flexes leg
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.20a, 12.21a, 12.22a
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Leg Compartment [5]
• Soleus• Origin:
• Head & proximal shaft of fibula
• Medial border of tibia
• Insertion:• Calcaneus via calcaneal
(Achilles) tendon
• Action:• Plantar flexes foot
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.21a, 12.22a
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Leg Compartment [5]
• Tibialis posterior• Action:
• Plantar flexes foot• Inverts foot
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.22b & c
• Identification hint:• Since the posterior leg muscles
have relatively deep bodies, it’s easier to look at their tendons near the medial malleolus of tibia
65
Mnemonic (posterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Dick – Harry
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Leg Compartment [5]
• Flexor digitorum longus• Action:
• Plantar flexes foot• Flexes toes 2-5,
metacarpophalangeal (MP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), & distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.22b & c
• Identification hint:• Since the posterior leg muscles
have relatively deep bodies, it’s easier to look at their tendons near the medial malleolus of tibia
66
Mnemonic (posterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Dick – Harry
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Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Leg Compartment [5]
• Flexor hallucis longus• Action:
• Plantar flexes foot• Flexes metacarpophalangeal
(MP) and interphalangeal (IP) joints of hallux
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 383• Figures: 12.22b & c
• Identification hint:• Since the posterior leg muscles
have relatively deep bodies, it’s easier to look at their tendons near the medial malleolus of tibia
67
Mnemonic (posterior, medial to lateral):Tom – Dick – HarryHarry likes to hide!
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Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]
• Frontalis(fontal belly of occipitofrontalis)
• Action:• Draws scalp forward• Raises eyebrows• Wrinkles forehead
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 322• Figures: 11.2a & b
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Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]
• Occipitalis(occipital belly of occipitofrontalis)
• Action:• Draws scalp backward
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 322• Figures: 11.1b, 11.2b
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Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]
• Orbicularis oris• Action:
• Compresses & purses lips(kiss muscle)
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 322• Figures: 11.2a & b
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Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]
• Orbicularis oculi• Action:
• Closes eye (blink muscle)
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 322• Figures: 11.2a & b
71
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Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]
• Platysma• Action:
• Pulls lower lip inferiorly• Tenses skin of neck
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 322• Figures: 11.2a & b
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Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]
• Zygomaticus major• Action:
• Pulls corners of mouth superiorly (smiling muscle)
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 322• Figures: 11.2a & b
• Identification hint:• Typically, muscles ending with
major are below those ending with minor (be careful of exceptions)
73
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Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]
• Zygomaticus minor• Action:
• Pulls corners of mouth superiorly (smiling muscle)
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 322• Figures: 11.2a & b
• Identification hint:• Typically, muscles ending with
major are below those ending with minor (be careful of exceptions)
74
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Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]
• Buccinator• Action:
• Presses cheeks against molar teeth, as in chewing, whistling, playing a wind instrument, and suckling in infants
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 327• Figures: 11.2a & b
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Axial Muscles – Mastication (Chewing) Muscles [2]
• Temporalis• Origin:
• Parietal bone• Frontal bone
• Insertion:• Coronoid process of mandible
• Action:• Elevates & retracts mandible
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 331• Figures: 11.2b, 11.5
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Axial Muscles – Mastication (Chewing) Muscles [2]
• Masseter• Origin:
• Zygomatic arch
• Insertion:• Coronoid process, angle, &
ramus of mandible
• Action:• Elevates & protracts mandible• Jaw closure
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 331• Figures: 11.2a & b, 11.5
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Axial Muscles – Neck Muscles [3]
• Sternocleidomastoid• Origin:
• Manubrium of sternum• Sternal end of clavicle
• Insertion:• Mastoid process of temporal
bone
• Action:• One side: lateral flexion with
rotation of head to opposite side
• Both sides: flexes head & neck
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 336• Figures: 11.8, 11.9
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Axial Muscles – Neck Muscles [3]
• Splenius capitis• Origin:
• Ligamentum nuchae (connective tissue covering the spinal processes of the cervical vertebrae)
• Insertion:• Occipital bone• Mastoid process of temporal
bone
• Action:• One side: turns head to same
side• Both sides: extends head &
neck
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 336• Figures: 11.10, 11.11 79
Mnemonic: PUT THE CAP ON TOP OF CERVICIS
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Axial Muscles – Neck Muscles [3]
• Splenius cervicis• Origin:
• Spinous processes of T3-T6 vertebrae
• Insertion:• Transverse processes of
cervical vertebrae
• Action:• One side: turns head to same
side• Both sides: extends head &
neck
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 336• Figures: 11.10, 11.11
80
Mnemonic: PUT THE CAP ON TOP OF CERVICIS
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Axial Muscles – Vertebral Column Muscles [3+1]
• Erector spinae groups• Muscles
• Iliocostalis group (lateral)• Longissimus group (middle)• Spinalis group (medial)
• Action• One side: laterally flexes the
vertebral column• Both sides: extends vertebral
column
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 339• Figures: 11.11
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Axial Muscles – Vertebral Column Muscles [3+1]
• Quadratus lumborum• Action:
• One side: laterally flexes the vertebral column
• Both sides: extends vertebral column
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 339• Figures: 11.11
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Axial Muscles – Respiration Muscles [3]
• External intercostals• Action:
• Elevates ribs during normal inspiration (inhalation)
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 342• Figures: 11.11, 11.13
• Cadaver hint:• Looking from bottom to top,
notice that external intercostals point in a direction away from the body (to the shoulders)
83
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Axial Muscles – Respiration Muscles [3]
• Internal intercostals• Action:
• Depresses ribs during forced exhalation
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 342• Figures: 11.13
• Cadaver hint:• Looking from bottom to top,
notice that internal intercostals point in a direction into the body (to the chin)
84
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Axial Muscles – Respiration Muscles [3]
• Diaphragm• Action:
• Expands the thoracic cavity during normal inspiration
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 342• Figures: 11.13
85
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Axial Muscles – Abdominal Wall Muscles [4+1]
• External oblique• Action:
• Both sides: flexes vertebral column & compresses abdominal wall
• One side: laterally flexes vertebral column
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 344• Figures: 11.14a & b
• Cadaver hint:• Looking from bottom to top,
notice that external oblique points in a direction away from the body (to the shoulders)
86
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Axial Muscles – Abdominal Wall Muscles [4+1]
• Internal oblique• Action:
• Both sides: flexes vertebral column & compresses abdominal wall
• One side: laterally flexes vertebral column
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 344• Figures: 11.14a & b
• Cadaver hint:• Looking from bottom to top,
notice that internal oblique points in a direction into the body (to the chin)
87
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Axial Muscles – Abdominal Wall Muscles [4+1]
• Transversus abdominis• Action:
• Both sides: flexes vertebral column & compresses abdominal wall
• One side: laterally flexes vertebral column
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 344• Figures: 11.14a & b
• Cadaver hint:• Notice the horizontal direction
of this muscle’s fibers
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Axial Muscles – Abdominal Wall Muscles [4+1]
• Rectus abdominis• Action:
• Flexes vertebral column & compresses abdominal wall
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 344• Figures: 11.14a & b
• Trivia:• This is the six-pack abs
muscle
89
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Axial Muscles – Abdominal Wall Muscles [4+1]
• Inguinal ligament(associated structure)
• Significance:• Formed by the aponeurosis of
the external oblique muscle• Contains tissues coursing
from the trunk to the lower limb
• Textbook Reference:• Description: p. 344• Figures: 11.14a & b
90
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91
Pectoral Girdle Muscles
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92
Glenohumeral Joint Muscles
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93
Anterior Arm Muscles
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94
Posterior Arm Compartment
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95
Forearm Muscles
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96
Anterior and Medial Thigh Compartments
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97
Posterior Thigh & Gluteal Muscles
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98
Anterior & Lateral Lower Leg Compartments
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99
Posterior Lower Leg Compartment
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Anterior Face Muscles
100
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Anterior Face Muscles
101
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Lateral Face Muscles
102
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Lateral Face Muscles
103
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Facial Expressions
104
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Muscles of Mastication
105
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Neck Muscles
106
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Posterior Neck Muscles
107
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Posterior Neck Muscles
108
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Respiration Muscles
109
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Respiration Muscles
110
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Respiration Muscles
111
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Respiration Muscles
112
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Abdominal Wall Muscles
113
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Abdominal Wall Muscles
114
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Abdominal Wall Muscles
115