activity #18: cycles of matter. eq how do earth’s biotic and abiotic factors interact to shape...
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Activity #18: Activity #18: Cycles of Cycles of MatterMatter
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EQEQ• How do Earth’s biotic and abiotic factors
interact to shape ecosystems and affect the survival of organisms over time?
• Why is the cycling of matter important to life on earth?
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Challenge QuestionChallenge Question• Describe how matter cycles through an
ecosystem.
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VocabularyVocabulary• Biogeochemical cycle• Denitrification• Nitrogen fixation
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Four Main Elements of Four Main Elements of Living Things:Living Things:
• CHON• Make up:
o Watero Carbso Lipidso Nucleic acidso Proteins
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Energy & MatterEnergy & Matter• Energy flows in a one way direction starting from
the sun o It is not recycled
• Matter is recycled through the biosphere
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Matter is Recycled Within and Matter is Recycled Within and
Between EcosystemsBetween Ecosystems• This is different than the one-way flow of energy
through an ecosystem• Biogeochemical Cycles- process in which
elements, chemical compounds (water and nutrients), and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another
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Processes in Processes in Biogeochemical Cycles Biogeochemical Cycles
can be… can be… • Biological- cellular respiration,
photosynthesis, decomposition, nitrogen fixation, etc.
• Geological- erosion, rock formation, heat and pressure from the earth
• Chemical- formation of clouds/precipitation
• Physical- flow of running water• Human Activity- logging, deforestation,
burning fossil fuels, wastes, fertilizers
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Energy and MatterEnergy and Matter• Energy powers the cycles of matter• Matter is transformed, never created or destroyed
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The Water CycleThe Water Cycle• Water moves between oceans, atmosphere, and
land• Can be inside or outside of organisms
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How does water vapor How does water vapor enter the atmosphere?enter the atmosphere?
• Evaporation• Transpiration• Combustion• Respiration
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Once water vapor is in Once water vapor is in the atmosphere…the atmosphere…
• Condensation• Precipitation• Runoff• Groundwater
Also use evaporation
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Nutrient CyclesNutrient Cycles• The cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus
through organisms and the environment are especially important
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The Carbon CycleThe Carbon Cycle• Carbon is a major
component of all organic compounds
• Found in some inorganic compounds o Example: calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) – molecule that is part of animal skeletons
o Example: carbon dioxide (CO2) - major part of the atmosphere and necessary for photosynthesis
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Carbon & OxygenCarbon & Oxygen• Oxygen often cycles with carbon through the
biosphere, particularly due to photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
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Makes Cell Walls
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Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels• Fossil Fuels: Energy rich fuels (coal, oil, and
natural gas) created from carbon-containing compounds of ancient, dead forests, marine organisms, or other animals have been buried and transformed by pressure and heat.
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ReservoirsReservoirs• Major reservoirs (locations of large
amounts) of carbon in the biosphere include the: o Atmosphereo Oceanso Rocks o Fossil Fuels o Forests
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VideoVideo• bromothymol blue 3:20
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The Nitrogen CycleThe Nitrogen Cycle• Nitrogen is required to make amino acids and
nucleic acids
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Forms of NitrogenForms of Nitrogen• Different forms of nitrogen occur naturally in the
biosphere
• Nitrogen gas (N2)makes up 78% of earth’s atmosphere
• Ammonia (NH3), nitrate ions (NO3-), nitrite ions
(NO2-) are found in soil, in the wastes produced by
many organisms, and in dead and decaying organic matter.
• Dissolved nitrogen exists in several forms in the ocean and other large water bodies
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Nitrogen gasNitrogen gas is the most is the most
abundant form of nitrogen on abundant form of nitrogen on
EarthEarth• Only a handful of organisms – certain types of
bacteria – can use this form directly• They “change” (=fix) the nitrogen into usable
forms• The usable forms can then be used by other
organisms • Thus, nitrogen-fixing bacteria are an essential
part of the nitrogen cycle
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Nitrogen FixationNitrogen Fixation• Nitrogen Fixation: The conversion of Nitrogen
Gas (not usable) into Ammonia, Nitrates, and Nitrites (usable) by bacteria
• Some of these bacteria live in the soil whereas others live on the roots of certain plants called legumes (ex. peanuts, peas, soybeans)
• Bacteria are the driving force of the nitrogen cycle!
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Available NitrogenAvailable Nitrogen• Once these forms of nitrogen are available,
primary producers can use them to make proteins and nucleic acids.
• Consumers eat the producers and reuse nitrogen to make their own nitrogen-containing compounds (and so on through the food web).
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Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle
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Fertilizers Contain Fertilizers Contain Nitrogen & Nitrogen & PhosphorusPhosphorus
• Eutrophication: excess growth of algae due to increased levels of fertilizers in the watero Creates an algal bloomo Algae takes oxygen from
other organisms and may release toxins