active reading note-taking guide chapter 4 the ancient greeks
TRANSCRIPT
Active Reading Note-Taking Guide
Chapter 4 The Ancient Greeks
Chapter 4, Section 1
The Early GreeksThe Early Greeks(Pages 116–123)
Main IdeaMain IdeaSetting a Purpose for
Reading Think about these questions as you read:
• How did early Greek kingdoms develop?
• What ideas developed in Greek city-states?
p. 65
Geography of Greece
• Mainland Greece is a mountainous peninsula – a body of land surrounded by water.*
• The Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea, and the Sea of Crete
• Ancient Greeks made a living from the sea. They became fishers, traders, and sailors.
Chapter 4, Section 1
The Early Greeks: The Geography of The Early Greeks: The Geography of GreeceGreece (Page 117))
Terms to KnowTerms to KnowPeninsula: a body of land
with water on three sides
Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabularycommunity: a group of
people living in the same place
p. 66
Chapter 4, Section 1
The Early Greeks: The The Early Greeks: The MinoansMinoans(Pages 118)
The Minoans
• Were not Greek , but they were the first civilization in the region that became Greece.
• They made their wealth from trade*
• Around 1450 BC, the Minoan civilization collapsed.
Minoans
Palace of Knossos
The First Greek Kingdoms
• The Mycenaeans invaded the Greek mainland around 1900 BC and conquered the people living there.*
• The center of each Mycenaean kingdoms was a fortified palace on a hill.**
• They traded with the Minoans and replaced them as the major power on the Mediterranean in 1400 BC.
• They were even greater warriors, and their most famous victory is the Trojan War.
• King Agamemnon used trickery to win that war.
The Trojan Horse
Chapter 4, Section 1
The Early Greeks: The First Greek The Early Greeks: The First Greek Kingdoms Kingdoms (Pages 119-120)
People To MeetPeople To MeetAgamemnon: Mycenaean king
who won the Trojan War.
Places To LocatePlaces To LocateMycenae: the city in which a walled
palace was discovered by Heinrich Schliemann;
Peloponnesus: peninsula in southwest Greece p.
69
Dark Age of the Early Greek Kingdoms
• Mycenaean civilizations collapsed by 1100 BC. Earthquakes and fighting among the kingdoms had destroyed their hilltop forts.
• 1100 B.C. – 750 B.C. was a difficult time for the Greek kingdoms.**
• It was not all bad though – a population shift occurred that helped expand the Greek culture.
• Dorians also invaded, bringing iron weapons and farm tools that were stronger.***
A Move to Colonize
• The population rose quickly as Greece recovered from its Dark Ages.*
• Cities began sending people outside of Greece to start colonies – a colony is a settlement in a new territory that keeps close ties to its homeland.**
• Colonies traded regularly with their parent cities – shipping them grains, metals, fish, timber, and enslaved people.
• In return, the colonists received pottery, wine, & olive oil from the mainland.
Chapter 4, Section 1
The Early Greeks: A Move to ColonizeThe Early Greeks: A Move to Colonize(Page 121)
Sum It UpSum It UpHow did the new Greek colonies
affect industry?The growth of trade between
colonies and parent cities led to a growth in industry.
p. 71
Chapter 4, Section 1
The Early Greeks: A Move to ColonizeThe Early Greeks: A Move to Colonize(Page 121)
PreviewingPreviewingSkip
Terms To KnowTerms To Knowpolis: Greek city-state; agora: open area in a polis that
served as a market and a place to meet and debate
Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabularyvary: to show change; debate: to argue or discus
p. 71
The Polis• *By the end of the Dark Age,
many nobles who owned large estates had overthrown the kings.**
• Each city-state was known as a polis and was like a small, independent country.***
• Below the acropolis was as an open area called the agora, which was used for a market area and a place to meet for a debate.
What was Greek citizenship?• Citizens are members of a
political community who treat each other as equals and who have rights & responsibilities.*
• Athens dropped the land owning requirement, but slaves & foreign-born residents were still excluded.
• Citizens could choose officials & pass laws. They had the right to vote, hold office, own property, & defend themselves in court.**
Chapter 4, Section 1
The Early GreeksThe Early Greeks(Pages 116–123)
As you read pages 122–123 in your textbook, complete this diagram by filling in details about the polis.
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Polis
created by nobles
like a tiny independent country
made up of a town or city and the surrounding countryside;
Main gathering place was the acropolis
The Acropolis
Chapter 4, Section 1
The Early Greeks: The First Greek The Early Greeks: The First Greek Kingdoms Kingdoms (Pages 119-120)
OutliningOutliningI. What were the Mycenaean
Kingdoms like? A. The center was a protected palaceon a hill surrounded by farms.B. Artisans, workers, and government officials all worked in the palaces. p.
68
Chapter 4, Section 1
The Early Greeks: The First Greek The Early Greeks: The First Greek Kingdoms Kingdoms (Pages 119-120)
OutliningOutliningII. Power From trade and War
A. Mycenaeans learned from the Minoan culture.B. The Mycenaeans replaced the Minoans as the major power in the Mediterranean.
p. 68
Chapter 4, Section 1
The Early Greeks: The First Greek The Early Greeks: The First Greek Kingdoms Kingdoms (Pages 119-120)
OutliningOutliningIII. What Was the Dark Age?
A. The Mycenaean civilization collapsed by 110 B.C., and the Dark Age began.B. The Dorians invaded Greece, bringing more advanced technology, resulting in farming, trade, and a new alphabet. p.
68
Chapter 4, Section 1
The Early Greeks: The First Greek The Early Greeks: The First Greek Kingdoms Kingdoms (Pages 119-120)
Sum It UpSum It UpWhat changes occurred during
the Dark Age in ancient Greece?Changes include slowing of trade,
poverty, a decrease in learning and craftwork, and a population shift.
p. 70
Chapter 4, Section 1
The Early Greeks: The PolisThe Early Greeks: The Polis(Pages 122-123)
Determining The Main IdeaDetermining The Main IdeaSkip
Terms To KnowTerms To Knowcolony: group that settles in a distant
land
Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabularyculture: traits, beliefs, and
behaviors shared by a group of people
overseas: located across the seap. 70
Chapter 4, Section 1
The Early Greeks: The PolisThe Early Greeks: The Polis(Pages 122-123)
Terms To ReviewTerms To ReviewCity-State (Ch. 1): Greek city-states
were like tiny, independent countries.
Sum It UpSum It UpHow did citizenship make the Greeks
different from other ancient peoples?The Greeks were the first to treat a
group of people (citizens) as equals who had rights and responsibilities. Other cultures treated most people as subjects with no rights. p.
71
Chapter 4, Section 1
The Early GreeksThe Early Greeks(Pages 116–123)
Section Wrap UpSection Wrap UpHow did early Greek kingdoms
develop?The Mycenaeans built the first Greek
kingdoms. They invaded the Greek mainland and conquered the people living there. They built palaces and developed trade as they spread their power across the Mediterranean region.
p. 72
Chapter 4, Section 1
The Early GreeksThe Early Greeks(Pages 116–123)
Section Wrap UpSection Wrap UpWhat ideas developed in
Greek city-states?The Greek city-states were the
first to develop the idea of citizenship. They developed armies of ordinary citizens.
p. 72
Chapter 4
Section 2
Chapter 4, Section 2
Sparta and Athens(Pages 124–130)
Main IdeaMain IdeaSetting a Purpose for Reading
Think about these questions as you read:
Why did Spartans conquer and control groups of people?
How were the people of Athens different from the people of Sparta?
p. 73
Chapter 4, Section 2 Sparta and Athens (Pages 124–130)
Reading Strategy Reading Strategy As you read pages 125–130 in your textbook, complete this graphic
organizer comparing and contrasting life in Sparta and Athens.
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conquered and enslaved neighbors; controlling government; trained boys and men for war; girls were trained in sports; oligarchy; discouraged foreign visitors and travel; frowned upon study; fell behind in trade
set up colonies; valued education for boys; girls learned household duties; reforms lead to democratic ideas; allowed male citizens to vote; included a council and assembly
played key roles in defending Greece
Chapter 4, Section 2
Sparta and Athens: Tyranny in the
City-States (Pages 125–126)
SummarizingSummarizing1. ______________, ______________, and
_____________ all wanted a part in Greek government. Their unhappiness led to the rise of ______________, men who took power by force. These tyrants took power away from the ______________.
2. Most Greeks wanted all ______________ to be a part of the government. So most city-states became either ______________ or ______________.
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Small farmers
merchantsartisans
tyrants
noblescitizens
oligarchiesdemocracies
Chapter 4, Section 2
Sparta and Athens: Tyranny in the City-
States (Pages 125–126)
Academic VocabularyAcademic VocabularyStructure: the way parts
are put together to form a whole
participate: to take part in something
p. 74
Chapter 4, Section 2
Sparta and Athens: Tyranny in the City-
States (Pages 125–126)
Terms To KnowTerms To KnowTyrant: someone who takes
power by forceOligarchy: government in which
a small group of people holds power
Democracy: government in which all citizens share in running the government
p. 74
Chapter 4, Section 2
Sparta and Athens: Tyranny in the City-
States (Pages 125–126)
Sum It UpSum It UpWhy were tyrants so popular
in the city-states?Small farmers, merchants, and artisans wanted change. The tyrants could overthrow the nobles with the backing of the common people. They built new marketplaces, temples, and walls.p. 75
Chapter 4, Section 2
Sparta and Athens: Sparta (Pages 126–127)
Drawing ConclusionsDrawing ConclusionsSkip
Terms To KnowTerms To Knowhelots: people who were
conquered and enslaved by the ancient Spartans
Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabularyenforce: to make someone
obey by using force p. 75-76
Chapter 4, Section 2
Sparta and Athens: Sparta (Pages 126–127)
Terms To ReviewTerms To ReviewOligarchy( Ch.4): In an oligarchy, the
government is run by just a few people
Sum It UpSum It UpWhy did the Spartans stress military
training? Spartans wanted to conquer their
neighbors and control the large helot population. p. 75-
76
Chapter 4, Section 2
Sparta and Athens: Sparta (Pages 126–127)
p. 75-76
Chapter 4, Section 2
Sparta and Athens: Athens (Pages 128–130)
ConnectingConnectingSkip
*People To Meet*People To MeetSolon: a noble, trusted by both farmers
and nobles, who canceled farmers debts and freed enslaved people
Peisistratus: a tyrant who seized power in 560 B.C.; he provided for the poor
Cleisthenes: the most important leader of Athens following Peisistratus; he gave the people more power in government p. 76
Athens
• Early Athens was ruled by landowning nobles during the 600s BC.
• Around 600 BC, the Athenians began to rebel against the nobles.*
• To help with the situation, nobles turned to the one man both sides trusted: a noble named Solon.**
• A tyrant named Peisistratus seized power in 560 B.C.***
• The most important leader after Peisistratus died was Cleisthenes****
Chapter 4, Section 2
Sparta and Athens: Athens (Pages 126–127)
Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabulary nonetheless: howeverprocess: a series of actions
leading to an end result
Terms To ReviewTerms To Reviewdemocracy( Ch.4): In an
democracy, many people can vote and have a vote in their government p. 77
Chapter 4, Section 2
Sparta and Athens: Sparta (Pages 126–127)
Sum It UpSum It UpHow did Cleisthenes build a
democracy in Athens? He reorganized the assembly to play
the central role in governing and created a new council to help the assembly carry out daily business.
p. 77
Chapter 4, Section 2
Sparta and Athens(Pages 124–130)
Section Wrap UpSection Wrap UpWhy did Spartans conquer and
control groups of people?The Spartans needed more land to grow, so they conquered and enslaved their neighbors. They used military force to keep the people they had conquered from rebelling. p. 77
Chapter 4, Section 2
Sparta and Athens(Pages 124–130)
Section Wrap UpSection Wrap UpHow were the people of Athens
different from the people of Sparta?The Athenians valued learning as well as sport. Boys were educated. Girls learned household duties. Athenians also allowed citizens a voice in government.
p. 77
Chapter 4, Section 2
Sparta and Athens: Guided Guided Reading 4-2Reading 4-2 (Pages 124–130)I. TyrantsII. oligarchies;
democraciesA. FewB. citizens
III. SpartaA. Helots
1. seven2. sports
B. Government1. Kings; elders
1. 28; 602. assembly
2. 301. Voted2. ephors
IV. DemocracyA. Solon; debtsB. PeistratusC. Cleisthenes
1. Assembly2. 500
Chapter 4, Section 3
Persia Attacks The Greeks(Pages 131–137)
Main IdeaMain IdeaSetting a Purpose for Reading
Think about these questions as you read:
• How did the Persian Empire bring together such a wide area?
• What role did Athens and Sparta play in defeating the Persians?
p. 78
Chapter 4, Section 3
Persia Attacks The Greeks(Pages 131–137)
Reading StrategyReading StrategyRuler Accomplishment
Cyrus united Persians into powerful kingdom;captured Babylon; treated all subjects well
Darius reorganized government to make itwork better; divided the empire into states; defeated in the Battle of Marathon
Xerxes launched invasion of Greece to avenge his father
p. 78
Chapter 4, Section 3
Persia Attacks The Greeks: The Persian Empire(Pages 132–133)
OutliningOutliningI. The Rise of the Persian EmpireA. Cyrus’s armies conquered
many landsto build an empire.B. Other leaders added territory
and built miles of roads to connect their holdings.
p. 79
Chapter 4, Section 3
Persia Attacks The Greeks: The Persian Empire(Pages 132–133)
OutliningOutliningII. What Was Persian Government
Like?A. Darius reorganized the
governmentto make it work better.B. The government paid full-time
soldiers to protect the king’s power.
p. 79
Chapter 4, Section 3
Persia Attacks The Greeks: The Persian Empire(Pages 132–133)
OutliningOutliningIII. The Persian ReligionA. The Persian religion was calledZoroastrianism.B. Zoroaster believed in one god andtaught that humans had the freedomto choose between good and evil.
p. 79
Chapter 4, Section 3
Persia Attacks The Greeks: The Persian Empire(Pages 132–133)
Terms To KnowTerms To KnowSatrapies: states that formed the
empire.Satrap: an official that ran a SatrapyZoroastrianism: the religion of Persia
People To MeetPeople To MeetCyrus the Great: leader who united the
Persians into the largest empire in the world
p. 79
Chapter 4, Section 3
Persia Attacks The Greeks: The Persian Empire(Pages 132–133)Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabularyvision: mystical experience of seeing thesupernatural dominate: to control or rule by superior
power
Terms To ReviewTerms To ReviewNomads (Ch. 1): Hunters and gatherers
were nomads because they had to move from place to place to find food.
Empire (Ch. 1): Persia conquered many lands to build its great empire.
p. 80
Chapter 4, Section 3
Persia Attacks The Greeks: The Persian Empire(Pages 132–133)
Sum It UpSum It UpWhy did Darius create
Satrapies? The empire was very big
and difficult to manage. Dividing it into smaller states made the government work better. p. 80
Chapter 4, Section 3
Persia Attacks The Greeks: The Persian Wars (Pages 134–137)
SequencingSequencing1. ____ Greek army crushed the Persian army at
Plataea2. ____ Persian fleet landed 20,000 soldiers on
the plain of Marathon3. ____ Athenian army helped the Greeks in Asia
Minor rebel against Persian rulers4. ____ Xerxes launches invasion of Greece5. ____ Alexander invades the Persian Empire6. ____ Darius dies
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1
2
3
4
5
6
Chapter 4, Section 3
Persia Attacks The Greeks: The Persian Wars (Pages 134–137)
Places To LocatePlaces To LocateMarathon: plain where the Persian
army was defeated by the Greeks;Thermopylae: a narrow pass through
the mountains where the Greeks fought bravely against the Persia.
Salamis: a narrow strip of water where the Greeks destroyed almost the entire Persian fleet.
Platea: location of the battle where the Greeks crushed the Persian army, convincing the Persians to retreat. p. 81
Chapter 4, Section 3
Persia Attacks The Greeks: The Persian Wars (Pages 134–137)
People To MeetPeople To MeetXerxes: son of Darius who vowed
revenge against the Athenians and launched a new invasion of Greece
Themistocles: Athenian general
Academic VocabularyAcademic VocabularyInternal: located inside
p. 81-82
Chapter 4, Section 3
Persia Attacks The Greeks: The Persian Wars (Pages 134–137)
p. 81-82
Chapter 4, Section 3
Persia Attacks The Greeks: The Persian Wars (Pages 134–137)
Sum It UpSum It UpWhat led to the Persian Wars?
Greeks setting up colonies in the Mediterranean area often clashed with the Persians. In 499 B.C., the Athenian army helped the Greeks in Asia Minor rebel against their Persian rulers. King Darius decided that the mainland Greeks had to be stopped from interfering in the Persian Empire. p. 82
Chapter 4, Section 3
Persia Attacks The Greeks(Pages 131–137)
Section Wrap UpSection Wrap UpHow did the Persian Empire bring
together such a wide area?Cyrus united the Persians into a powerful kingdom and sent armies to take over Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Syria, Canaan, and the Phoenician cities. Cyrus’s merciful rule helped hold the empire together
p. 82
Chapter 4, Section 3
Persia Attacks The Greeks(Pages 131–137)
Section Wrap UpSection Wrap UpWhat role did Athens and Sparta play
in defeating the Persians?The Athenians defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon. Then the Athenians and Spartans united to defeat the Persians when Xerxes launched an invasion. Sparta sent the most soldiers. Athens provided the navy.
p. 82
Chapter 4, Section 4
The Age of Pericles (Pages 138–146)
Main IdeaMain IdeaSetting a Purpose for Reading Think
about these questions as you read:• How did Athens change under the rule of
Pericles?• What happened when Sparta and Athens
went to war for control of Greece?
p. 83
Chapter 4, Section 4
The Age of Pericles (Pages 138–146)
Reading Reading StrategyStrategyAs you read pages 139–144 in your textbook, create a circle graph showing how many citizens, foreigners, and enslaved people lived in Athens in the 400s B.C.
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Citizens 150,000
Foreigners
35,000
Enslaved
People 100,000
Chapter 4, Section 4
The Age of Pericles: The Athenian Empire (Pages 139–140)
Evaluating Evaluating Skip
Terms to KnowTerms to KnowDirect democracy: Direct democracy: system of government in
which people vote firsthand to decide government matters and make laws and policies
Representative democracy: Representative democracy: system of government in which people elect a smaller group of people to make laws and decisions on their behalf
• Philosophers: Philosophers: people who pursue wisdomp. 84
Chapter 4, Section 4
The Age of Pericles: The Athenian Empire (Pages 139–140)
Places To LocatePlaces To LocateDelos: Delos: island serving as headquarters to the
Delian League
People To MeetPeople To MeetPericles: leading figure in Athenian politics
after the Persian Wars
Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabularybehalf: in the interest ofachieve: to carry out with success
p. 84-85
Chapter 4, Section 4
The Age of Pericles: The Athenian Empire (Pages 139–140)
Sum It UpSum It UpWhat is the difference between a
direct democracy and a representative democracy?
In a direct democracy, individuals have a direct voice in their government. In a representative democracy, individuals elect people to make decisions on their behalf. p. 85
Chapter 4, Section 4
The Age of Pericles: Daily Life in Athens (Pages 142–144)
QuestioningQuestioningSkip
People To MeetPeople To MeetAspasia: well-educated woman in Athens who
shaped the ideas of Plato and was consulted by Athenian leaders
Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabularyeconomy: a system of producing and managing
wealth philosophy: a system or group of thoughts or
beliefs p. 85-86
Chapter 4, Section 4
The Age of Pericles: The Athenian Empire (Pages 139–140)
Sum It UpSum It UpHow did Athenian men and women
spend their time?Men worked in the morning, then
exercised or attended meetings of the assembly. Upper class men enjoyed all-male gatherings in the evenings. Women took care of household duties and rarely went out. They could leave the house only with a male relative. Women had no political rights. Poor women might also work. p. 85
Chapter 4, Section 4
The Age of Pericles: The Peloponnesian War (pages 144–146)
PredictingPredictingSkip
Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabularyframework: structure for supporting something
elsecooperate: to work together toward a common goal
Terms To ReviewTerms To Review• Colony (Ch. 4): Each colony in America was
originally part of England. p. 87
Chapter 4, Section 4
The Age of Pericles: The Peloponnesian War (pages 144–146)
Sum It UpSum It UpWhat effects did the Peloponnesian
War have on Greece?The Spartans tore down the Athenian
empire in their victory. The long war weakened all the major Greek city-states. Many were dead and left without farms or jobs, and the Greeks could no longer unite to fight together.
p. 88
Chapter 4, Section 4
The Age of Pericles (Pages 138–146)
Section Wrap UpSection Wrap UpHow did Athens change under the rule of
Pericles?Athens dominated the Delian League.
The government became more democratic. Culture blossomed. Artists, architects, writers, and philosophers were supported.
p. 88
Chapter 4, Section 4
The Age of Pericles (Pages 138–146)
Section Wrap UpSection Wrap UpWhat happened when Sparta and Athens
went to war for control of Greece?Ultimately, all of Greece was weakened by
the long war. The Spartans surrounded Athens for more than 25 years. Many died, lost farms, and lost jobs. Ultimately the victors, the Spartans destroyed the Athenian empire. But the city-states rebelled against Spartan control.
p. 88