Actinobacillosis

Hafeez ullah khan 11-arid-983Ayesha Azad

11-arid-985

Actinoba-cillosis

Chronic infectious

disease

Wooden tongue

Actinobacillus ligniersiSporadic

Self limiting disease

Gram negative

coccobacilli or

pleomorphic rods

Epidemiology• Distribution: The disease in cattle is worldwide in

distribution and usually of sporadic occurrence on individual farms and reported in Egypt.

• Areas with copper deficiency• Animal susceptibility: Cattle, buffaloes (mature

and of dairy breed are more susceptible), sheep and goats.

• Predisposing factors : Oral mucosa injuries by fibrous feed materials or by foreign bodies and during oral manipulation by hand of owner or veterinarian

Mode of infectionSource of infection: Pus or infected discharges are the

main source of infection.

Mode of transmission: The disease is transmitted by ingestion of contaminated food and water with the presence of oral mucosa injury (wounds or abrasions).

A. lignieresii normal rumen inhabitant of sheep and cattle.

It survives 4 to 5 days in forage

Cattle Acute inflammatory reaction in the tongue and the subsequent development of granulomatous lesions in which necrosis and suppuration occur, often with

the discharge of pus to the exterior. Spread to regional

lymph nodes is usual.

Lingual involvement causes interference with prehension and

mastication

Sheep Suppurative infection

around head, neck, skin, rumen, lung, mammary

gland and tongue involvement is not

typical.

Pathogenesis

Clinical signs

• Glossal actinobacillosis• The characteristic lesion is a granuloma of the tongue, with

discharge of pus.• Inability to eat or drink for several days• Drooling saliva• Painful and swollen tongue• Nodules and ulcers on the tongue• In later stages when the acute inflammation is replaced by

fibrous tissue, the tongue becomes shrunken and immobile and there is considerable interference with prehension.

Conti….

• Cutaneous actinobacillosis is also recorded with actinobacillosis granulomas occurring on atypical but visible areas such as the external nares, cheeks, skin or eyelid, and hind limbs.

• In sheep, Tongue is not usually involved. lesion up to 8 cm in diameter present on lower jaw, face, nose, in the skin folds from lower jaw to sternum, these lesions are superficial or deep, usually extended to cranial or cervical lymph nodes, it discharge viscid yellow green pus containing granules through number of openings.

Neck

Oral cavity

Leg

Udder

Chest

Tongue

Post-mortem findings

• Granulomatous lesions containing pus in mouth• Abscesses may be found in local

lymph nodes.• Hardening of the tongue

Diagnosis • Field diagnosis: It depends on clinical signs of disease as

fever, tongue protrusion, salivation and history of feeding on hard food objects beside the epidemiology of the disease.

• Laboratory diagnosis:• Samples: Pus, smear or biopsy from the lesion, parts of

lesion on ice or formalin, blood and serum.• Laboratory procedures:

– Direct examination of stained smears after staining with Gram stain.

– Culture of the suspected material on blood agar.– Histopathological findings.– Serotests.

Differential diagnosis

• The disease may be confused with:Actinomycosis: It involves hard tissue and rarely

soft one.TB, especially with atypical form, differentiates on

basis of tuberculin test.Abscess of throat region, contain single cavity and

discharge thin pus and readily heal after drainage

Treatment

Flushing with iodine.Administration of potassium iodide orally (6 to

10 g a day for 10 days)Intravenous injection of sodium iodide at 10 %

(8 g for 100kg)Streptomycin (5 g/day for 3 days) treatment of

choice, Tetracylcines and tilmicosin also effective.

Control

• Restriction of the spread of disease is best implemented by quick treatment of affected animals and the prevention of contamination of pasture and feed troughs.

• Isolation or disposal of animals with discharging lesions is essential, although the disease does not spread readily unless predisposing environmental factors cause a high incidence of oral or skin lacerations.

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