:

ACROBATS AND MOUNTEBANKSBY

HUGUES

LE

ROUX &A.P.

JULES GARNIER.

TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH BY

MORTON.

WITH

233

ILLUSTRATIONS.

so

LONDON

CHAPMAN AND

HALL, LIMITED,

1890.

Richard Clay and Sons, Limited,london and bungay.

,-4:^x^^4/y.,v

PREFACE.T/te

Bmtquistes was the

first title

chosen for

this

book

:

it

has been altered for two reasons which appeared conclusiveafter

some considerationit,

:

the general. public would have mis-

understoodinterested in

and

it

would certainly have wounded thoseit

it,

who would have known whatis

meant.

But

if

we

consult an etymological dictionary

we

shall find

that the

word sai.timbanque, whichis

more generally used:

than BANQUiSTE,s.

derived from a definite root

saltimbanque,vaults on a

m., from the Italian

word saltimbanco

:

whoI

benchthe

(Latin,

saltare in banco).

In Italiansinger.

we

also findthat

word cantimbanco, a platformafter tracing out the

must add

when,

etymology of the words saltimfor the origin of the

banquiste and banquiste, we searchbanker,

word

we

shall find that the

same

radical,

banco,

is

the rootb

vi

Preface.

of these three derivatives.

In the old fairs two personages

were allowed

to erect a small platform, a "

banc'Wthe money"

changer and the acrobat.

Perhaps the " banc

already served

as a spring-board, giving both the

banker and the banquiste

a greater impetus

in their leap

;

perhaps

we must even

look

back to the same date to find the exact origin of the now

common expression "lever le pied" (to abscond). However this may be, after the perusal of this book,lished, enriched,

it

will

be readily understood that the contemporary acrobat, estab-

emerging

into the middle classes, indignantly

rejects a slang

term which apparently assigns to him the same

origin as that of our

modern him

financiers.

This intolerance

is

certainly not the only surprise reserved for the reader of these

pages.

We

claim to lead

to the threshold of

an unknown

world.

Before commencing

this

work, which has absorbed usI

during at least three years,

made a thoroughcame

investigation

of the bibliographic and monographic information

now

exist-

ing upon the banquiste question, andthattion

I

to the conclusion

no French or foreign author worth attention or quota-

had yet interested himself

in this original people.

M.

Houcke, the manager of the Hippodrome, had kindly placedat our disposal a series of lithographs published in

Germany.was theat

But the text and the correctness of the work were so defective, that the

drawings were of no use to

us.

It

same with the Saltimbanques, which M. Escudier publishedthe close of the

Empire through Michel Levy.lies

The

sole

merit of

M. Escudier's work

in his

discovery of an unwriting withoutin

known

subject.

He made

the mistake ofor

information,

picturesqueness,

philosophy,

the

light,

Preface.

vii

insufferably trifling tone, which

is

common

to

most of the

publications of that epoch.

Since then, a conscientious writer, M. Dalseme,attachedto the acrobats, has published a

who

is

moreet

interesting

account

of

them

entitled

Le Cirque a PiedM. Dalsemeworkhis

a Cheval.

The

kindliness with which

alludes in his

book

to the

quotations which

he has madein

tions induces

me

to

notice his

my publicareturn. And truly,frombe,it

however unequal and incompletethe most interestingsubject.

book may

is

still

work

that has yet been seen

upon a new

This judgment places M.Freres Zemganno,vidiousfar

Edmund

de Goncourt's novel, the

above

this level,

and beyond anyobservationis

in-

comparison.

Although

exact

thethat

discipline of the novelist,in

M. de Goncourt has declaredsuperficial.

this

instance his chief object was to write a symbolical

book.it

His information was necessarilyI

Such

as

was,

do not think that any one has now more reason than

ourselves for admiring the superior art and truth with which

M. de Goncourt has spokenphilosophy, depictedthatits

of the circus, has formulated

its

passions,

and divined those thingsI

were concealed from him.

And

trust that the authorfirst

of the Freres

Zemganno

will

be one of the

to enjoy the

novelty of this work.

Thebooks.

perusal of the so-called naturalistic novels has graduallyfairly

accustomed the public to a

strong dose of realism

in

number of young men have written the great masters, stories which, commonplacethe " surroundings."

A

in imitation ofin

themselves,

are yet worth reading for their conscientious observation of

A thousand

inquiries

upon contemporary

!

viii

Pre/iue.

life

have been cleverly made, and readers have examined

these social records withIt

much

curiosity.

appeared to

meI

that the best part of these novels, the

portions most appreciated by the readers, were the facts ofactual experience.

therefore asked myself

if

the time had

not

come

to present to the public these facts free

from

all

romanticin

fiction, in

a form

in

which the author only intervenes

order to arrange the incidents and to point out the philoto

sophy

be derived from them.is

The

success of this book will prove whether the attempt

premature, or whether there will be any reason for a sequel.

This publication

is

really the

monograph of an unknownIts laws, its

people, related by the pen and pencil.its

customs,seized,

traditions,

its

secrets,

its

hopes,

have

been

defined in spite oftradictory witnesses.

reticence,It

evasions, wavering,

and conof the

describes theits

organization

banquiste people, the foundation of

agencies, newspapers,his birth in the

and syndicates,

it

follows thehis

mountebank from

wandering caravan tocircus.

apotheosis in the friezes of theit

And

at the

same time

penetrates into the stables to

explain the secrets of the trainer, the tamer, and the ring-

master

;

into the booths to ask the

clown

for the story of his

adventures

and by what chance, having become a gentlemanone day meta clownin

himself, he

the land of

whims a gentleman

who had becomeI

cannot close this preface without addressing the warmestall

thanks toto a

those

who have

aided us

in

bringing this work

successful

issue

to

our willing correspondents from

America. England, Germany, and Russia.

But whilst thus

paying our debts, we must express our special gratitude to

Preface.

ix

the learned director of the photographic department of theSalp^triere,

M. Albert Londe;

;

to

M. Guy delike

la Brettonierc,

the well-known circomane

to

amateurs

MM.

de Saintthese

Senoch, Bucquet, and Mathieu.

The photographs which

gentlemen kindly took

for us

enabled the draughtsman to

represent the acrobats^ in those intermediate poses which

THE eye neverfew figureswill

SEikES,

and which hitherto the most rapidreproducing.

instantaneous photographs have failed in

A

prove better than any words the extreme

rarity of these plates.

month of June, 1888, M. Houcke having given us an appointment at the Hippodrome, made the clown, Auguste,In the

and an

artist

of the fixed bar, vault in our presence.d' Excursions

TheFifty

members ofphie,

the Soci^teits

Fran^aise de Photograall:

headed by

president,

were nearlyabattery

assembled.

cameras were arrangedbrought twelve glasses.Albert Londe

like

each amateur had

After they had been examined, M.alone out of sixprinted,

sent us ten proofs, which

hundred had been deemed worthy of beingafinal

and

after

examination only seven plates were preserved by the

painter.

They

inspired the series of somersaults which are

found

in

the chapter on gymnasts.

HUGUES LE ROUX.

ERRATA.I'aje 78. 'toe 7

from top. for "bloated Vitelliuscs," read, "bloated3 from top, /iiOAii

t.tn nf;is.

v^nint- on spF-cuLrrATKS-BCHNF.N sowik PgK KCHAI 8TKI.LKR I ND F.I8E\I)EN R8CHiFTF.

i

o.nt ert-ktablissksie.nts.

a iwm>v un.

Organization.

7

Germany, however, possessesbanquistes:

twotitle,is

newspapers

for

the

one, under a French

which

is

far the

most important,is:

La Revue ; the called Der Artist.

other,

The

complete sub-title

Central- Organ

zur Vermittlung desder Circus,

Verkehrs zwischen Directoren und Kunstlern

M.

C.

KRAUSS.

Varietebii/inen, reisenden Theater

undM.

Schaustellungen.C. Kraussis

This

papereditor.

is

printed at Dusseldorf

;

the chief

Der

Artist has been established six years.the frontispiece and

It

looks like

a weekly review of twenty leaves, printed in three columns.

A

woodcut, whichfirst

fills

all

the

left

side

of the

page, represents various scenes from the circus

$

Acrobats atid Mountebanks.

and theatrestamecircus

:

" shootists "

breaking

bottles, horses

leaping

over bars, pretty equestrians on their highly-trained steeds,lions, dwarfs, giants,

clowns,

all

the attractions of the

and

fair.

Here, as

in the

Era, we

find long alphabetical

enumeralists

tions of travelling

and stationary establishments andcompiled

of

addresses of artists engaged or disengaged.tisementsare

These adverextraordinary:

nearly

all

in

an

gibberish, which far surpasses the ingenuity of the " sabir"

here

is

a specimen of them, the

first

I

met

with.

It

is

a

curious

mixture:

of

French,

English,

Latin,

Italian,

and

German wordsMISS

ADRIENNE ANCIOU,

la reine

de

I'air,

la plus

grande Equilibriste

a^rienne de l'6poque,

Nee

plus ultra

senza

Rival, frei

ab August 1888,

28 East

4. Str.

New

York.

It is

very remarkable that English and American puffing

has quite disappeared here.of thephicalclearly

The

earnestness and application

Germanand

character are betrayed even in the typograthis

arrangement of

newspaper

for acrobats.

It is as

carefully printed as a catalogue of the

Leipzic

libraries.

The

biographical notices, announcements of death,

column of accidents, the Varietebuhnen are compiled withscrupulous care andexactitude.

This curious publication

even

finds space for literature,

and the

last

number of the

Artist published as a supplement

Damons

Walten, a novel,

by Otto von Ellendorf.

It is

easy to appreciate the services

which these and similar newspapers are able to confer uponthe banquistes..

"

To

tell

the truth," one of the confraternity said to

me one

nCentral

-Organ

zui

Vermittlung des Vertelirs

zwiscb

Directoren unil

tilnstleni

Cirens, Vari^t^b&^nen, reUenden Theater and Sehaostellun^en.

Che&edacteur

-

C. Kraus, Oilsseldorf.

Verancwortl. KcdactcarC.

Henaaaa

Otta,

OlmWart

Oruck und Verlag vonf-gi

Krans,

Wehriiaha 28a, OfistaMarf.

\

Den A.boanenteQ stehenaniei^eTi>ro>

BnknoU fA^XUi; kl *MtwHt I iniuMlta ftr cpuukwdaa VarlaM OavMkMtMf2 Zeilen Raum fttr Erwihniing Ihrer Adreaaa zxa Verfiigung. Fur jede Mehrzcile wird I Mark berecbnet. Dte 7illn>l warn Kcspalteiie ZelU 20 Ptg. Rkl*me pro Szeipalteiw ZM SO PfK gefUllgst selbst beatiinmen und demcuupnelMiid dto Batfac ilimndtn Allen inlragan uti Aultrigeii lind Pcsttntrkw la rM IM jahra. Al* EUriii de*

brtk

ten Circusdirectora Cottially,

denen(tiacba(ie

ireitTerbreiteta Famili*fcai oi r aiaD

JOURNAI. BI-MENSUEL PARAISSANT LB

ET LA

IB

DB OHAOUB HOIB

tl,

REDACTION & AOMINISTRATIOH - Boalevftrd. Henri IV, -

assure you that

it is

beyond the

recollections of grandchildren

or of their grandfathers.

At

all

events,

it is

certain that from

our birth

we

feel

someat the

curiosity mingled with

a delicious

dread of the mountebank, the picturesque wanderer, whopasses our

home

same date

in

every year

like the

migratory birds

who

disappears one morning, without any

one knowing where he has gone, or even with any certainty

where he has come fromtravellers

;

an ambiguous individualfalls,

whomhis

on the high road pass as eveningkettle installed

encamped

on the wayside, histhin steed

on a heap of stones,

munching the dustyred curtains in the

grass, his half-

naked childrenthrough

wandering round the caravan, whilst thethelittle

light shining

window throws the semblance

of a plash of blood on the road.

This

is

the rear-guard, the voluntary laggard, the hermit,

who

wishes to remain alone until the end.his ancestors,

He

has

not

changed any of the customs of

preferring to

24separate from

Acrobats and Mountebanks.

his

comrades rather

than

conform

to

ways.will

His comrades have therefore renounced him.

new They

not drag such miscreants in their rear,

now

that they

form

a

corporation

with

charters

and

statutes

publicly

decreed.PuiliMi 4aM* If

4/

Oa iKvaJm

10

CntlaM

DiBUieta* 13 Ttnt\n

1S8

L'DNIONOrgaoeOfficii*!

MDTnELLEIfldiislriels

de Ions ies

el Arljstes

ForaiMSiml

M

other buffoons, whose exercises arethe spectators and not so

much more dangerous for amusing. The army ? Well, it iscourage, andI

a refuge for those

who have

have belonged K K

32 2

Acrobats and Mountebanks.

to

it.

But there was too?I

little

to

do

in

time of peace.

LiteraturethatI

should notto

know howadoptIit.

to begin,

and

I

dare

ownthan

would not deign

Naturalismit

is

too dull,life

and dilettantism tooto write aboutit.

sterile.

find

better to enjoy

revive

it.

You say that I degrade my race ? Nay, I You know the language used by the rhetors andregenerate this corrupt youth

journalists in describing the corrupt scions of the old aristocracy.

Well,

we

will

!

We

are strong,

our muscles are like those of the street porters, of our ancestorsthe

Frank

warriors, of the^

companions of Charlemagne, who

were only superb brutes."

Molier and his friends have triumphed without noise, just asthey resisted thebluster.

ill-humour

of

foolish

grumblers without

During the

last ten

years

this cleverIt

troupe of amateurs

has wonderfully increased.

now includes two new star equestrians Mademoiselle Blanche Lamidey and Miss Anna. You have probably seen Mazeppa performed in a circus, at

least

once

in

your

life,

but, sincegirl,

Miss

Ada Menken, you havein

never seen a very young

thrown on her back, held by onethe sand, and in this

foot only, her loosened hair

dragging

dangerous

position

leaping withbarriers.left

her

galloping

horse

an

arrangement of several

Norseen a

since

Jenny O'Brien

us for America have

womanhow

ride standing

upon two horses

we ever with as much

dainty jauntiness, self-possession and audacity as Miss Anna.

Andwill

then

well she dresses

!

Lovers of Florentine bronzesgreytights,

never forget a certain

suit of

a harlequin's

^

Jules Lemaitre,

Revoltce,

Act

I.,

Sc. 3.

M;>1..\../..|^

>

324

Acrobats and Mountebanks.

costume, cut low and heart shaped at the neck, with greavesof the same grey tint below the knees.

Molier has grouped a number of pretty women, actresses,

Tfie

Private

Circus.

325

artists,girls.

and young men of the world round these two charming

Amongst

the ladies are Mesdemoiselles Lavigne andFelicia Mallet,

Desoder from the Palais Royal, Mademoiselle

Mademoiselle Renee Maupin, from the Opera, Jeanne Becker,

Lea d'Asco,

etc.

; amongst

the

men

:

Messrs.

Frederic

Vavasseur, Jules Ravaut, Arthus,Craffty, Goubie, Pantelli, J.

Gerbaut,I

Adrien Marie,

Lewis-Brown.

must apologize

to those

whom

I

forget to name.

With these resources the performanceeasily arranged,

of a

pantomime was

and these spectacles are one of the chief

:26

Acrobati and Mountebanks.

attractions of the entertainments given in theIt

Rue

Benouville.first trial

was here

that FeHcien

Champsaur made the

of

contemporary pantomime by which he amuses us withoutintroducing the form of Pierrot or the bat of Harlequin.

Why," he reflected, people who annually fill**

" should

we show?

the fashionable

the boxes of the Molier,

some

old

fairy story

remounted

in a

new form

Men

of the present

day with money and audacity accomplish greater prodigiesthan the magicians of old."

!

"

The Private Circus.

^27his contemporaries

at

M. Champsaur work and this

resolvedis

to

show us

the plot of his pantomimeRivolta, from the Eden, apfor her course.

The charming Mademoisellepeared disguised as alittle

Spring lookingtofill

No

one had thought of using her

a lake, rush

down

a

waterfall or turn a mill.

She therefore wandered about thetears.

Cirque Molier, shedding floods of

Good Luck, who neverspeculatorsin

likes to see pretty girls cry, led

twoeach

the

samelittle

direction.

They remarkthere's

to

other

:

"Look!the bank""!

here's a"

Spring!

And

no casino on

No No

race

game

!"

gambling housethis little

"!

"

Cannotnot,

Spring cure some

illness!

?"

"If

she

is

the only one of her kind

To

satisfy

themselves on this point they then take Madeher to the house of

moiselle Rivolta's hand, lead

Madame

Dezoder, a lady doctorat the door.

in

the

same neighbourhood, and knockMademoiselle"!

Armed withRivolta.

a goblet,

Madame Dezoder tastes

After carefully testing her, her gesture says " Pooh

"Whatwill bottlewill

does that matter?" replied the bankers.

"Weshe

Mademoiselle Rivolta and, with a good,

label,

cure as well as her companions."

No

sooner said thanfor the

it

was done.

And

since a

godmother

was required

new Spring launched upon

the world, the

bankers fetch Fortune, Mademoiselle Renee Maupin, fromthe

Opera

328

Acrobats and Mountebanks.

AhI

!

what a

delightful person

!

always liked Fortune instinctively, beforeI

I

knew her

;

but since

have seen her

feet, figure,

and eyes

!

z-^

Iff ?1

'V

iH-'f*^

You They**

shall cure

everythingbottlein

"!

Fortune assured the Spring.it

placed

the

the doctor's house and inlike a saint in her shrine.

Mademoiselle Rivolta, who looked

Then

the procession of those

wounded bypantomime

Life [Eremtes

de la Vie)

this is the title of the

commences.

"

The Private

Circus.

329

They are all invalided by love first, a number of pretty girls who have flirted too much then all the gentlemen who have been wounded by these flirtations. Love himself comes to the Spring.: ;

Heway.*'

is

very

ill.

His poor

little

wings hang down

his

back

in

a lamentable

Douche himchildis

!

Douche himin the

!

The

dipped

water and

is

drawn out

trans-

formed into a Farnese Hercules, with enormous muscles whichstand outin

huge

rolls

upon

his

arms from the shoulder to the

elbow.

The

entertainment closes by a procession accompanied by

a blast of trumpets, at the end of which appears the GoldenCalf, ledI

by Fortune with athis

leash.in prefer-

have quoted

pantomime by M. Champsaur

ence to others of more recent date which have been equallysuccessful, becauseit

clearly indicates the nature of the enter-

tainment given in the Cirque Molier.

People see and perform

in the

Rue

Benouville pieces that;

could not be played or shown elsewhere

for here the audi-

ence and the actors are

all

people of the same education, theother.

same surroundings, who know each

Thewere.

doors have been more widely opened than they formerly

But they are

still

closely

guarded,

the

members ofin their

the society intend to amuse themselves as they please

own

circle,

and

to exclude

anything that offends them.

For

instance,

you

will not find either at the rehearsals or at

the performances in thethe scenes, the

Rue

Benouville in the boxes or behindprofessional actor.

shadow of a

L L

\30

Acrobats and Mountebanks.

W0%fir

ii'5v\

The door is closed against theatrical men. What even " Chose " and " Machin ? "!

The Private

Circus.

Zl"^

Even for them. The "cross" andle

the banner are both useless.

Monsieuris

Socidiaire has vainly tried to force a door which

half

open for the banquistes

A

voice has cried tosir!

him from the

trapeze, "

We

are very

sorry,

But we have retained the prejudices of the

comedians."

INDEX.Bretonniere (Guy deBRIOCHI&, 86la), ix

Agoust, 34, 224, 293, 294, 295, 296 Agrenieff (d*), 200 Aliard, 86 Allen, 20 Alphonse, 265-269 Alphonsine (Lady), 212

BUCQUET,

ix

Buffalo-Bill, 10, 204-206 Buffon (de), 126

Burgess, 282

Anciou

(Miss), 8

Arabelle, 74 Archimedes, 113 Arquevilliers (d'), 320 Arthus, 325Artist {der),7,

Callias, 64

Carrabilliat, 42

Carver

(Dr.), 15

8

Cephissodote, 77 Chable, 41, 42

Asco (LeaAuriol,

d'),

13,

325 15, 246

BBailey (J. A.), 17 Banville (de), 3, 296 Barlow, 20

Chadwick, 28 Cham, 216, 217 Champsaur, 326-329 Chelli (Emilio), 233 Chelli (Erminia), 60, 232-240 Chung, 124-126 Cladel (Leon), 140, 141 Clam, 91, 92-96305

BarnumBayard Becker

(P. T.), 10, 16-20, 261,

(Emile), 100

Cocherie, 89, 91 Cody (W. R), 206

(Jeanne), 325 Berberie, 172, 19381, 84, 85,

CoQUELiN CoQUELiN86

ain^, 91

cadet, 120

Bermont,

Bertini (Suzanne), 74 Bertrand, 86

CORRADINI, 122 CORSO, 193CORVI, 26, 117, 118, 120

BiDEL

(Francois), 26, 27, 130, 143-146,

153-157 Bi^viLLE (Berthe), 74 Blanche (Ada), 215

COURTAY, 320 Couture, 118, 320 Craffty, 325 Craggs, 300-305

Blondin, 2x6, 217

Bone

(Colonel), 146

D74, 76

BoNHEUR-(Rosa), 144 Bonnefois (Melchior), bonnetty, i 27-131 Boulmiers, 85

Dacier (Mme),

195, 196

Daryl

(Philippe), 160

Darwin, 117

M

.M

334Deburau, 294Delille, 23, 96, 100

Index.

Hayden

(Billy), 60, 121, 285,

288

Desoder, 327 Detaille (Edouard), 152 Dominique, 86

Hengler, 279 Hervieu (Paul),157 HiTZIG, 10

152, letter from, 152-

DuDLAY

(Marguerite), 169-172vii

Dalseme,

Homer, 120 HoucKE, 25, 194, 198-200 Houdin (Robert), 102I

EElijah (Prophet), 106ELLEVANTli;MIE, 23

Ibrahim (Lady), 219-221253J

Era

{The), 4,

5, 6, 8,

ESEUDIER, vi EXALTIER, 41

Jacllev

(family), 12, 13

FFatma, 72 FOOTEET, 286

Joseph, 69, 70 Jumbo, 167

K242

FORSBERG

(Nils),

Francois, (Monsieur), 60, 61, 62, 71 Franconi (Chs.), 168, 169 Franconi (Laurent), 168

KiNNER, 63 KlANG, 117

KoLTA

(de),

102-1057

Franconi (Victor), Frankloff, 212 Friedlander, 20

13, 14, 162,

168

Krauss (C),

LLa Bruy^re, 215 La Grille, 86Lalanne, 13 Lamidey (Blanche), 322Lavigne, 325

GGallici, 96

Gautier (The'ophile), 131 Gerbaut, 325Gibson, 63 GiNiSTY (Paul), 309

Ledger, 4LEHNEtsr (Jacob), 62

GoNCOURT

(de), vii

Goubie, 325 Griffiths, 122

Lemaitre

(Jules), 100, 105, 131,

322

LEOPOLD, 296 Leotard, 15, 260, 207

HHanlon-Lees, 292-296 Harris, 124

Leovils, 281

Le Roux (Hugues), Levy (Chs.), 20 L^VY (6mile), 20

Letter to 152-157

Index,

335

Lewis (Brown), 325LiLiANNE, 15

NNella(Miss), 264, 265

LiNONLiVET

(Rose), 74(G.),

New

York Mirror, 6

LlNSKY, 13

238(brothers), it;, 122

Nine (La Petite), 64 Nouma-Hava, 138160173,

LocKHARTLoissET

(Clotilde),

I.oissET (Emilie), i6o, t6r, 162,

238

Oakley(Albert), ix

(Annie), 206, 207

LoNDE

O'Brien, 180

LoTi (Pierre), 274, 275, 308, 309 Louis (Mr.), 309

Oceana, 218, 219, 233 Octave, 86Ohia, 264, 265

Loyal (Mr.), 120, 162-1 66, 181 LuT^CE (Mdlle.), 73, 74Lycurgus, 77

PPantelli, 325

MMabille, 247 Magilton, 293

Paquerette,Paravicini, 10

Mallet (Felicia), 325 Marie (Adrien), 325

Parfaict (fr^res), 85 Paulina (princess), 65, 66, 67, Pezon (Adrien), 151 Pezon(J. B.) 138, 140-143. 150Philippe, 40, 57

Mars

(Mr.), 24675,

Marseille,

76

M artel,Maulde

320 Mathieu, ix(de),

320

Maupassant (de), 146 Maupin (Ren^e), 325, 3 27

PiNAUDs, 296, 300 Pindar, 194 Plutarch, 77, 122 Pluvinel, 168 Prince, t8i, 182 PuLLi (de), 320

Maura

(Franck), 225

Maurice, 86 Mengal, 32

RRamy, 281Revue(/