Acquisition of citizenship certificAte

in nepAlEstimating PrEvalEncE

sabin shrestha Bishnu Das singh Dangol

(Demographic and statistical expert)

April 2013

Dinesh Bhattarai(statistical assistance)

forum for Women,law & Development (fWlD)

1

BAckgrounDThe Interim Constitution of Nepal guarantees a right to identity as one of its fundamental rights.1 Legal identity documents confirm the state’s acknowledgement of a person’s existence. In Nepal, there are many types of identity documents, such as birth registration certificates, passports, voter identity cards, minors’ ID cards, migration certificates, freed Kamaiya identity cards, land ownership certificates, driving licenses and citizenship certificates. However, it is the citizenship certificate which is considered the most important formal legal document, and it is often a prerequisite for obtaining other identity documentation in Nepal. Without citizenship certificates, individuals cannot register on the voters’ list,2 register marriages or births, buy or sell land, take professional exams, open bank accounts or have access to credit.3 The importance of a citizenship certificate cannot be underestimated. In particular, it is the document by which citizens obtain recognition from the state. It allows a citizen to exercise his/her rights and claim for state protection and social benefits.

Before 1950, there were no legal provisions to distinguish citizens from foreigners. However, words like Nepali raiti and Bidheshi raiti were used in the first Country Code of 1854 to differentiate between citizens and foreigners in Nepal. This distinction was made mainly for the purpose of purchasing land and other fixed property. The framework of citizenship was introduced in Nepal after the enactment of the Nepal Citizenship Act in 1952. Distribution of citizenship certificates began in Nepal in 1952 to those aged 16 and above. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) is entrusted as the focal ministry for this task. Currently, there is no single comprehensive database of information on the status of acquisition of citizenship certificates for the entire population of Nepal.4

1 Article 22 (1) of the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007.

2 As per the decision of the Supreme Court of Nepal on Sarojnath Pyakurel et.al. vs Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers et.al. Writ no. 2067-WS- 0017 decided on 2067 Magh 24 (07 February 2011) (Ne.Ka.Pa. 2068 Vol. 1 pp. 39-62) nobody can be registered in the voters list without citizenship certificate.

3 The issuance of such documentation is covered under different laws. These laws include Birth, Death and Other Personal Events (Registration) Act, 1976; Birth, Death and Other Personal Events (Registration) Rules, 1977; Children’s Act, 1992; Children Regulation, 1995; Passport Act, 1976; Passport Rules, 2010; Local Self Governance Act, 1999; Local Self Governance Rules, 1999; Voters List Act, 1996; Voters List Rules, 1996; Nepal Citizenship Act, 2006; Nepal Citizenship Rules, 2006, Citizenship Certificate Distribution Procedures Directives, 2006; Marriage Registration Act, 1971, Bonded Labour (Prohibition) Act, 2002 and the Personal Events Registration Directives, 2011.

4 For the purpose of this study, population of Nepal includes population living in and outside of Nepal. It does not include foreigners living in Nepal.

oBjective AnD overAll finDingsThe objective of this study was to map the size and presence of the population lacking citizenship certificates in Nepal. As the citizenship certificate is important for the various reasons outlined above, it is necessary to achieve an accurate understanding of the extent to which the Nepalese population does not have citizenship certificates, broken down at the district level. This information will be helpful to identify and support people who lack citizenship certificates. This study is based on a review of existing data sources and records. It found that as of 16 July 2011, 23.65% of the population aged 16 and above, or 4,346,046 individuals, do not have citizenship certificates. For more detailed findings, please see the table at the end of this report.

2

5 Decision of Government of Nepal dated on B.S. 2044/8/29.6 Report of the High Level Citizenship Commission (Dhanapati Commission), 1995. p.29.7 Id. at 30.8 Id. at 51.

previous Attempts to estimAte populAtion Without citizenship certificAtesVarious attempts have been made in the past to estimate the number of people in Nepal who lack citizenship certificates.

government estimAtesFrom 1987 to 1988, the Government of Nepal mobilized 470 teams in all 75 districts to distribute citizenship certificates.5 According to Government records, 2,823,524 citizenship certificates were distributed between 1952 and 1987 and about 6.8 million people aged 16 and above had yet to receive citizenship certificates at that time.6

In 1989-1990, the Government mobilized 103 teams in various districts to distribute citizenship certificates. According to Government records, by 16 July 1989 the Government had distributed 8,041,442 citizenship certificates, and about 2,142,000 people had yet to receive theirs.7

DhAnApAti commission reportIn 1994, the Government of Nepal formed a nine member High Level Commission on Citizenship (popularly known as the Dhanapati Commission) chaired by the then Member of Parliament, Dhanapati Upadhaya to study and analyze the nature, causes and implications of citizenship problems and to make recommendations for future action. The Dhanapati Commission attempted to calculate the population without citizenship certificates. The projected population of those aged 16 and above in 1995, based on 1991 Census data, was 11.3 million, with 8.8 million citizenship certificates have already been distributed. With a death rate of 1.33, the Dhanapati Commission estimated that 0.9 million citizenship certificate holders had died since 1952, and about 3.4 million individuals aged 16 and above did not have citizenship certificates.8 A Government-initiated task force then distributed 2.6 million certificates in 2007.

2

3

Figure 1: Estimates of Persons Without Citizenship Certificates by Various studies

* Figure only represents individuals without citizenship certificates from a survey of 39,660 members of the Dalit community ** Figure does not include municipalities and 262 Village Development Committees (vDcs).

1987(Govt. of Nepal)

6,800,000

7,000,000

6,000,000

5,000,000

4,000,000

3,000,000

2,000,000

1,000,000

014,056*

2005(national Dalit commission)

1995(Dhanapati

commission)

3,400,000

2009(asian

Development Bank)

3,000,000-5,000,000

1989(Govt. of Nepal)

2,142,000

2007(FWlD & UniFEm)

1,100,000

2005(HP Bhattarai)

898,731

2011(Election

commission of nepal)

2,054,553**

9 Hari Prasad Bhattarai, In a State of Statelessness: A Study of Citizens without Citizenship in Nepal, in Citizenship on the context of Nationality, Equality, and Statelessness, Constitutional Lawyers’ Forum, Kathmandu (2011). pp. 556-599.10 FWLD and UNIFEM, Impact of Existing Discriminatory Citizenship Laws on Women and Children in Nepal, Kathmandu (2007). p.31.11 National Dalit Commission, Citizenship and Land Ownership Status of Dalit Community in Nepal, Kathmandu (2005). p.14.12 Ibid. Districts surveyed were Kailali, Banke, Mahottari, Dhanusha, Siraha and Saptari.13 Asian Development Bank, Grant Assistance Report-Proposed Grant Assistance Nepal: Capacity Building for the Promotion of Legal Identity among the Poor in Nepal, September 2009. p. 9.14 Election Commission of Nepal, Preliminary Lagat form Feedback (As of August 19, 2011).

vArious stuDies to estimAte the prevAlence of people Without citizenship certificAtes

• In 2005, the Department of Sociology/Anthropology of Patan Campus estimated that more than 898,731 people above the age of 16 were without citizenship certificates. This figure was arrived at by taking information from the 2001 census, which found that there were 13,264,401 people above the age of 16, and comparing this figure to the number of citizenship certificates that had been distributed from 1952 to June 2004; namely 12,365,670.9

• In 2007, the Forum for Women, Law and Development (FWLD) and UN WOMEN (previously known as UNIFEM) estimated that more than 1,100,000 people above the age of 16 lacked citizenship certificates. According to the Census in 2001 there were 13,788,347 people above the age of 16, and 12,694,403 citizenship certificates had already been distributed as of April 2005.10

• The National Dalit Commission estimated that 35% of the Dalit community people did not have citizenship certificates in 2004.11 Among 39,660 members of the Dalit community aged 16 and above surveyed in the study, it was found that 14,056 did not have citizenship certificates.12

• In 2009, the Asian Development Bank indicated that 3 to 5 million people entitled to citizenship certificates (at least 16 years of age) did not have these documents in Nepal.13

election commission voter registrAtion cAmpAignIn a nationwide voter registration campaign undertaken by the Election Commission of Nepal, it was estimated that about 2,054,553 individuals aged 16 and above did not have citizenship certificates as of 19 August 2011. However, this number did not include municipalities and 262 Village Development Committees.14

4

15 Census taking started on 17 June 2011 and ended on 27 June 2011. Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report), Kathmandu (2012). p. 8

methoDologyGiven the lack of comprehensive and reliable data on individuals who lack citizenship certificates in Nepal, this study was carried out to obtain information on citizenship acquisition at the district and national levels based on the 2011 Census.15

DAtA collection The calculation used data from various agencies of the Government of Nepal, including: • Records of citizenship certificate distribution from 1952 to 2011 from

MoHA;• The National Population and Housing Census (NPHC) 2011 (Hereinafter

referred to as 2011 Census) from the Central Bureau of Statistics, which provides data of the population above 16 years of age living in each district of Nepal; and

• The Population Perspective Plan (PPP) 2010-2031 from the Ministry of Health and Population.

DAtA limitAtions A robust calculation of the number of people lacking citizenship certificates cannot be done by simply subtracting the total number of citizenship certificate holders from the total population above 16 years. There are two main limitations of the data from MoHA and the 2011 Census. Firstly, the two main sources (data from MoHA and the 2011 Census) did not take information on post-citizenship inter-district migration into account. A person may get his/her citizenship certificate from district X, and then move to district Y, and in this case the data from MoHA would not match with the results from 2011 Census, i.e. not every person who has a citizenship certificate from X district would still be living in X district. Secondly, these sources did not take information on post-citizenship mortality into account. Thus, a person may have received a citizenship certificate in 1967 and passed away in 2007. However, the MoHA database would still include this individual, though this person would not be recorded in the 2011 Census.These limitations have been taken into consideration in the analysis in this study.

AnAlysis

cAlculAtion of totAl effective populAtion in nepAlThe first step was to calculate the total effective population of Nepal, broken down by district. For the purpose of this study, the total effective population is the population of Nepal above the age of 16 years. This definition is chosen as 16 is the age at which a person becomes eligible to acquire a citizenship certificate in Nepal.

• The population of those above the age of 16 for each district in Nepal (A) was taken from the results of the 2011 Census. This figure does not include the migrant Nepalese population but includes foreigners residing in Nepal.

• The total number of migrant Nepalese population (B) for each district was also taken from the 2011 Census and it was assumed that these migrants consisted only of those above the age of 16.

• The total number of foreigners residing in Nepal for each district (C) was also taken from the 2011 Census.

• The ratio of inter-district migrant Nepalese population for each district (D) was taken from the PPP.

In the diagram on the following page the symbol (plus +) stands for inter-district migrant population and minus (-) for the incoming population in each district. The relevant effective population or the population above the age of 16 (E) was then calculated for each district, according to the formula indicated.

5

16 Model Life Table for Developing Countries, United Nations Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, Population Studies, No. 77, New York (1982).17 Life expectancy in Nepal for 2010 was projected as 64 years using the Model Life Table. 18 As the death rate from 2011 Census has not officially been released at the time of the publication of this report, the death rate of the 2001 Census has been applied.

Population of 16 years or above that

currently reside in the country (A)

migrant nepalese population (B)

Foreigners residing in nepal (c)

inter-district migration (D)

total effective population (e)

region mountain hill terai

mean value 0.903189632 0.903189632 0.903189632

Differential 0.382046638 0.249863913 0.060572209

net 0.5211430 0.6533257 0.8426174

cAlculAtion of current numBer of citizenship certificAte holDersThe next step was to calculate the number of citizenship certificate holders, broken down by district.

• Data on citizenship certificates distributed in the fiscal year 2010/2011 (from 17 July 2010 to 16 July 2011) per district (F) was obtained from MoHA, with the assumption that all of those who acquired citizenship certificates in 2010/2011 had survived until the data collection for the 2011 census.

• MoHA had cumulative data on the total number of citizenship certificates distributed per district between 1952 and 16 July 2010 (G1). However, this information did not take into account the deaths of those who had acquired citizenship certificates since 1952.

• The Model Life Table16 was used to calculate the survival ratio (G2). The maximum survival ratio based on life expectancy in 2010 is 0.903189632.17 As reliable data on life expectancy at the district level is not available, the death rate per geographical region (Mountain, Hill and Terai) was obtained from the 2001 census.18 This was used for a more robust calculation of the survival ratio. The maximum survival ratio was used for the more developed districts of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Morang. For all the rest of the districts in the three different regions, the survival rate was adjusted using the death rate of the respective regions as per the diagram below:

6

• To estimate the total number of citizenship certificate holders who were alive in each district on 16 July 2010 (G), the cumulative data of citizenship certificate holders in each district from 1952-2010 (G1) was calculated using the survival ratio (G2).

• To calculate the total number of current citizenship certificate holders per district (H), those who acquired citizenship certificates in 2011(F) was added to the number of those who acquired citizenship certificates between 1951 and 2010 and who are estimated to be alive (G).

cAlculAtion of populAtion lAcking citizenship certificAtes

• To calculate the total effective population lacking citizenship certificates in each district (K), the total number of citizenship certificate holders per district (H) was subtracted from the total effective population (E) per district and then added to obtain national results.

Cumulative data on citizenship

certificate distribution

1952-2010 (g1)

Survival ratio (g2)

citizenship certificate

holders alive before

16 July 2010 (g)

Total effective population (e)

Total number of citizenship

certificate holders (h)

Total effective population

lacking citizenship certificates (k)

citizenship certificate issued

in 2011 (f)

citizenship certificate

holders alive on 16 July 2010

(g)

Total number of current citizenship certificate

holders (h)

Below is the comparative chart which demonstrates the formula used for estimating people without citizenship certificates in Nepal per district.

Estimating Prevalence of Population with/without Citizenship Certificate

Population of 16 years or above that currently reside in the country (A)

+migrant nepalese population (B)

—Foreigners residing in nepal (c)

+—inter-district migrant population (D)

= total EFFEctivE PoPUlation (e)

Citizenship certificate issued in 2011 (f)

+Citizenship certificate holders alive on 16 July 2010 (g)

= total nUmBEr oF cUrrEnt citizEnsHiP cErtiFicatE HolDErs (h)

total EFFEctivE PoPUlation (e)

—total nUmBEr oF citizEnsHiP cErtiFicatE HolDErs (h)

= total EFFEctivE PoPUlation lacking citizEnsHiP cErtiFicatEs (k)

Cumulative data on citizenship certificate distribution 1952-2010 (g1)

xSurvival Ratio (g2)

= citizEnsHiP cErtiFicatE HolDErs WHo arE alivE on 16 JUly 2010 (g)

7

resultsoverAll resultsFrom this analysis, it was found that 23.65% of the population of Nepal or 4,346,046 individuals in Nepal above the age of 16 do not have citizenship certificates.

JHAPASAPTARI

SUNSARIMORANG

SIRAHADHANUSA

ILAM

MAHOTTARI

UDAYAPURSARLAHI

RAUTAHAT

TERHATHUM

BARA

SINDHULIPARSA KHOTANG BHOJPUR PANCHTHAR

OKHALDHUNGA

MAKAWANPUR KAVRERUPANDEHI

KAPILBASTU

RAMECHHAP

NAWALPARASICHITWAN

PALPA

SANKHUWASABHA TAPLEJUNG

NUWAKOTARGHAKHANCHI

TANAHU

SOLUKHUMBUDOLAKHA

SINDHUPALCHOK

SYANGJA

DANG

GULMI

DHADING

PYUTHANBANKE

PARBATLAMJUNG

ROLPAKASKI

BAGLUNG

SALYANBARDIYA

GORKHA

MYAGDI

MANANGRUKUM

SURKHET

KAILALI

JAJARKOTDAILEKHKANCHANPUR

MUSTANG

ACHHAM

DADELDHURAKALIKOT

DOTIJUMLA

DOLPA

BAITADI

BAJURA

MUGU

BAJHANG

DARCHULA

HUMLA

LALITPUR

BHAKTAPUR

KATHMANDU

RASUWA

DHANKUTA

percentAge of persons lAcking citizenship

certificAtes By District

The ratio of this percentage varies significantly from district to district. Kanchanpur has the lowest percentage of individuals without citizenship certificates (1.74%), followed by Saptari (11.18%) and Dailekh (13.70%) districts. Manang has the highest percentage of individuals without citizenship certificates (43.39%), followed by Humla (42.50%) and Mugu (41.11%) districts.

< 9%

10-19%

20-29%

30-39%

40-49%

Figure 2: Percentage of Persons Lacking Citizenship Certificates by District

8

Figure 4: Effective Population of Nepal and Percentage of People Lacking Citizenship Certificates by Geographical Region

percentAge of persons lAcking citizenship certificAtes By geogrAphicAl region

The mountain region has the largest percentage of people who do not have citizenship certificates. Figure 3 demonstrates the percentage of the people without citizenship certificates by geographical region.

Figure 4 demonstrates the distribution of the effective population of Nepal and provides the percentage of people lacking citizenship certificates by geographic region. The Hill region has 28.5 % of individuals without citizenship certificates per district while the Terai region has 17.5%. The Mountain region has the largest percentage of individuals lacking citizenship certificates per district, which is 34 % though it has a smaller share of effective population of Nepal.

Figure 3: Percentage of Persons Lacking Citizenship Certificates by geographical region

43%

6.73%

50.27%

Hill

mountain

terai

28.5%

34%

17.5%

Hill

mountain

terai

23.65%Average percentage of persons in

Nepal lacking citizenship certificates34%66%

28.5%71.5%

17.5%82.5%

Without Citizenship Certificates

With Citizenship Certificates

9

23.65%Average percentage of persons in

Nepal lacking citizenship certificates

21.1%

25.6%

25.5%

23.8%21.9%central

Eastern

Western

mid-Western

Far-Western

Figure 6: Distribution of Effective Population of Nepal and Percentage of Population Without Citizenship Certificates by Development Region

Figure 5: Percentage of Persons Lacking Citizenship Certificates by Development Region

Figures 5 and 6 demonstrate the percentage of individuals lacking citizenship certificates by the five development regions of Nepal (Eastern, Central, Western, Mid-Western and Far-Western). Figure 6 further illustrates the distribution of the effective population of Nepal per region.

The Western and Mid-Western development regions have the highest percentage of persons lacking citizenship certificates, though they have smaller shares of effective population. While the Central Region has 23.8 % of persons without citizenship certificates, it hosts a considerable proportion of effective population in Nepal, namely at 36.44 %.

21.1%78.9%

25.6%74.4%

25.5%74.5%

23.8%76.2% 78.1%

21.9%

9.63%

13.40%

18.60%

36.44%21.93%central

Eastern

Western

mid-Western

Far-Western

Without Citizenship Certificates

With Citizenship Certificates

10

JHAPASAPTARI

SUNSARIMORANG

SIRAHADHANUSA

ILAM

MAHOTTARI

UDAYAPURSARLAHI

RAUTAHAT

TERHATHUM

BARA

SINDHULIPARSA KHOTANG BHOJPUR PANCHTHAR

OKHALDHUNGA

MAKAWANPUR KAVRERUPANDEHI

KAPILBASTU

RAMECHHAP

NAWALPARASICHITWAN

PALPA

SANKHUWASABHA TAPLEJUNG

NUWAKOTARGHAKHANCHI

TANAHU

SOLUKHUMBUDOLAKHA

SINDHUPALCHOK

SYANGJA

DANG

GULMI

DHADING

PYUTHANBANKE

PARBATLAMJUNG

ROLPAKASKI

BAGLUNG

SALYANBARDIYA

GORKHA

MYAGDI

MANANGRUKUM

SURKHET

KAILALI

JAJARKOTDAILEKHKANCHANPUR

MUSTANG

ACHHAM

DADELDHURAKALIKOT

DOTIJUMLA

DOLPA

BAITADI

BAJURA

MUGU

BAJHANG

DARCHULA

HUMLA

LALITPUR

BHAKTAPUR

KATHMANDU

RASUWA

DHANKUTA

< 15,000

15,000-40,000

40,000-70,000

70,000-100,000

100,000-150,000

> 150,000

numBer of people lAcking citizenship certificAtesThe number of people lacking citizenship certificates varies significantly from district to district, with the lowest number of people lacking citizenship certificates (3,220 people) in Manang district, and the highest number of people lacking citizenship certificates (215,767 people) in Kathmandu district. Figure 7 demonstrates the number of people lacking citizenship certificates by district. A breakdown in terms of number of persons lacking citizenship certificates per district can be found in the table at the end of this report.

Figure 7: Number of People Without Citizenship Certificates by District

11

My existence, my self respect, my identity

My Nepali citizenship

Ensure your legal identity by applying for your

citizenship certificates on time.

12

S.N. District

Population 16 years and above (2011 Census)

Migrant Nepalese population

(2011 Census)

Foreigners residing in

Nepal (2011

Census)

Inter-district migrant

population

Total effective population

Citizenship certificates

issued in 2011

Cummula-tive data on citizenship certificate distributed

from 1952 to 2010

Survival Ratio

Citizenship certificate

holders alive on

16 July 2010

Total number

of current citizenship certificate holders

Percentage of

population who have citizenship certificate

Percent-age of

popula-tion does not have

citizenship certificate

Population having no citizenship certificate

Dev

elop

men

t R

egio

nsE

AS

TER

NC

EN

TRA

L

A B C D E=A+B-C±D F G1 G2 G=G1*G2 H=F+G I=H/E*100 J=100-I K=E-H

1 Taplejung 77,232 9,793 220 (30,763) 117,568 4,442 137,916 0.521143 71,874 76,316 64.91 35.09 41,252 2 Panchthar 119,922 17,842 506 (52,355) 189,613 5,541 174,363 0.653326 113,916 119,457 63.00 37.00 70,156 3 Ilam 197,243 21,486 1,349 33,728 183,652 7,040 219,189 0.653326 143,202 150,242 81.81 18.19 33,410 4 Jhapa 547,814 80,625 6,108 24,083 598,248 16,352 544,866 0.842617 459,114 475,466 79.48 20.52 122,7825 Morang 638,864 70,462 6,271 72,250 630,805 29,583 517,681 0.903190 467,564 497,147 78.81 21.19 133,658 6 Sunsari 494,680 50,281 6,663 538,298 17,572 518,077 0.842617 436,541 454,113 84.36 15.64 84,185 7 Dhankuta 107,264 14,415 437 (9,519) 130,761 3,961 141,853 0.653326 92,676 96,637 73.90 26.10 34,124 8 Terhathum 65,032 9,791 139 (23,710) 98,394 2,607 105,210 0.653326 68,736 71,343 72.51 27.49 27,051 9 Sankhuwasabha 98,084 12,198 142 110,140 4,920 136,242 0.521143 71,002 75,922 68.93 31.07 34,218 10 Bhojpur 114,203 14,863 163 (71,393) 200,296 7,802 201,959 0.653326 131,945 139,747 69.77 30.23 60,549 11 Solukhumbu 66,486 5,617 112 3,114 68,877 2,675 79,993 0.521143 41,688 44,363 64.41 35.59 24,514 12 Okhaldhunga 91,151 10,552 165 (28,557) 130,095 5,183 148,572 0.653326 97,066 102,249 78.60 21.40 27,846 13 Khotang 123,456 17,662 230 (71,393) 212,281 6,905 217,957 0.653326 142,397 149,302 70.33 29.67 62,979 14 Udayapur 190,385 22,060 463 24,092 187,890 8,466 198,181 0.653326 129,477 137,943 73.42 26.58 49,948 15 Saptari 391,386 26,433 2,861 414,958 18,355 415,637 0.842617 350,223 368,578 88.82 11.18 46,380 16 Siraha 376,545 45,790 3,695 418,640 14,524 393,554 0.842617 331,615 346,139 82.68 17.32 72,501 17 Dhanusa 456,588 60,400 4,124 512,864 12,564 505,008 0.842617 425,529 438,093 85.42 14.58 74,771 18 Mahottari 365,099 40,541 3,704 401,936 10,642 375,978 0.842617 316,806 327,448 81.47 18.53 74,488 19 Sarlahi 450,647 21,401 3,983 468,065 10,717 440,641 0.842617 371,292 382,009 81.61 18.39 86,056 20 Sindhuli 171,943 15,287 231 (50,953) 237,952 7,266 209,695 0.653326 136,999 144,265 60.63 39.37 93,687 21 Ramechhap 127,459 11,199 153 (72,790) 211,295 6,763 188,723 0.653326 123,298 130,061 61.55 38.45 81,234 22 Dolakha 118,747 10,121 161 128,707 5,942 170,560 0.521143 88,886 94,828 73.68 26.32 33,879 23 Sindhupalchok 186,192 19,712 430 (72,790) 278,264 10,531 335,242 0.521143 174,709 185,240 66.57 33.43 93,024 24 Kavre 253,651 14,531 576 (36,395) 304,001 14,870 318,962 0.653326 208,386 223,256 73.44 26.56 80,745 25 Lalitpur 346,142 24,386 5,614 36,845 328,069 9,979 266,710 0.903190 240,890 250,869 76.47 23.53 77,201 26 Bhaktapur 222,417 10,215 968 36,934 194,730 8,755 189,943 0.653326 124,095 132,850 68.22 31.78 61,880 27 Kathmandu 1,292,741 99,805 32,630 515,825 844,091 21,808 671,527 0.903190 606,516 628,324 74.44 25.56 215,767 28 Nuwakot 181,131 14,311 399 (36,395) 231,438 9,358 249,807 0.653326 163,205 172,563 74.56 25.44 58,875 29 Rasuwa 27,429 3,128 115 (1,922) 32,364 2,131 34,608 0.521143 18,036 20,167 62.31 37.69 12,197 30 Dhading 211,286 22,537 685 (36,395) 269,533 11,086 288,381 0.653326 188,407 199,493 74.01 25.99 70,040 31 Makwanpur 265,575 16,547 2,124 (21,837) 301,835 13,138 338,749 0.653326 221,313 234,451 77.68 22.32 67,384 32 Rautahat 392,241 9,331 2,648 28,946 369,978 10,963 363,539 0.842617 306,324 317,287 85.76 14.24 52,690 33 Bara 401,976 12,530 4,345 38,595 371,566 15,667 351,279 0.842617 295,994 311,661 83.88 16.12 59,905 34 Parsa 359,174 8,053 7,479 (19,062) 378,810 4,066 349,888 0.842617 294,822 298,888 78.90 21.10 79,922 35 Chitawan 394,418 50,421 7,222 (38,124) 475,741 16,072 385,534 0.842617 324,858 340,930 71.66 28.34 134,811 36 Gorkha 174,288 28,104 384 (34,037) 236,045 8,964 246,481 0.653326 161,032 169,996 72.02 27.98 66,048 37 Lamjung 109,965 21,161 333 (39,710) 170,503 5,239 168,292 0.653326 109,949 115,188 67.56 32.44 55,314 38 Tanahu 206,018 46,387 1,408 (11,346) 262,343 10,593 284,129 0.653326 185,629 196,222 74.80 25.20 66,121 39 Syangja 187,078 50,476 423 (56,728) 293,859 11,473 333,636 0.653326 217,973 229,446 78.08 21.92 64,413 40 Kaski 337,815 57,305 6,205 114,858 274,057 13,395 232,515 0.653326 151,908 165,303 60.32 39.68 108,754 41 Manang 5,001 279 23 (2,164) 7,421 179 7,718 0.521143 4,022 4,201 56.61 43.39 3,220 42 Mustang 10,172 1,425 33 (2,782) 14,346 376 15,732 0.521143 8,199 8,575 59.77 40.23 5,772 43 Myagdi 71,056 14,314 228 (56,728) 141,870 7,728 159,381 0.521143 83,060 90,788 63.99 36.01 51,082 44 Parbat 93,875 21,735 301 (17,018) 132,327 5,651 163,007 0.521143 84,950 90,601 68.47 31.53 41,726 45 Baglung 164,835 42,623 371 (39,710) 246,797 8,755 253,312 0.653326 165,495 174,250 70.60 29.40 72,546 46 Gulmi 168,958 58,561 267 (45,382) 272,634 10,536 283,884 0.653326 185,469 196,005 71.89 28.11 76,630 47 Palpa 164,235 39,504 542 (22,691) 225,888 10,806 263,341 0.653326 172,047 182,853 80.95 19.05 43,035 48 Nawalparasi 412,735 65,335 2,595 (23,811) 499,286 19,159 424,823 0.842617 357,963 377,122 75.53 24.47 122,164 49 Rupandehi 558,864 62,904 5,044 96,421 520,303 24,401 488,678 0.842617 411,769 436,170 83.83 16.17 84,133 50 Kapilbastu 338,872 29,792 1,283 (35,717) 403,098 11,896 398,118 0.842617 335,461 347,357 86.17 13.83 55,741 51 Arghakhanchi 118,402 39,929 111 (56,728) 214,948 6,651 194,829 0.653326 127,287 133,938 62.31 37.69 81,010 52 Pyuthan 123,474 36,858 83 (34,079) 194,328 5,581 177,720 0.653326 116,109 121,690 62.62 37.38 72,638 53 Rolpa 125,305 23,597 82 (51,118) 199,938 5,401 173,154 0.653326 113,126 118,527 59.28 40.72 81,411 54 Rukum 117,075 13,051 56 (26,658) 156,728 4,831 141,727 0.653326 92,594 97,425 62.16 37.84 59,303 55 Salyan 137,962 14,213 56 (17,039) 169,158 7,933 166,073 0.653326 108,500 116,433 68.83 31.17 52,726 56 Dang 339,054 43,160 1,205 4,840 376,169 14,990 341,175 0.842617 287,480 302,470 80.41 19.59 73,699 57 Banke 301,116 21,359 2,459 48,396 271,620 9,544 256,160 0.842617 215,845 225,389 82.98 17.02 46,231 58 Bardiya 268,494 25,044 703 14,519 278,316 16,652 255,996 0.842617 215,707 232,359 83.49 16.51 45,958 59 Surkhet 207,324 23,197 237 60,375 169,909 8,764 209,781 0.653326 137,055 145,819 85.82 14.18 24,090 60 Dailekh 143,233 11,221 45 17,250 137,159 5,319 173,028 0.653326 113,044 118,363 86.30 13.70 18,796 61 Jajarkot 90,373 4,174 56 13,800 80,691 3,309 89,699 0.653326 58,603 61,912 76.73 23.27 18,779 62 Dolpa 21,208 447 10 2,699 18,946 543 21,137 0.521143 11,015 11,558 61.01 38.99 7,388 63 Jumla 61,303 1,463 33 3,598 59,135 3,355 73,073 0.521143 38,081 41,436 70.07 29.93 17,698 64 Kalikot 71,991 2,096 39 - 74,048 2,648 99,778 0.521143 51,999 54,647 73.80 26.20 19,401 65 Mugu 30,429 699 13 (26,658) 57,773 15,335 35,856 0.521143 18,686 34,021 58.89 41.11 23,752 66 Humla 29,099 682 31 1,799 27,951 694 29,486 0.521143 15,366 16,060 57.46 42.54 11,890 67 Bajura 72,423 8,054 80 8,913 71,484 2,553 80,140 0.521143 41,764 44,317 62.00 38.00 27,167 68 Bajhang 103,754 22,845 107 26,505 99,987 4,809 114,401 0.521143 59,619 64,428 64.44 35.56 35,559 69 Achham 136,410 31,015 135 5,301 161,989 8,302 166,347 0.653326 108,679 116,981 72.22 27.78 45,008 70 Doti 114,891 23,544 136 5,301 132,998 4,470 137,132 0.653326 89,592 94,062 70.72 29.28 38,936 71 Kailali 477,251 62,644 4,247 157,216 378,432 18,069 356,508 0.842617 300,400 318,469 84.15 15.85 59,963 72 Kanchanpur 274,588 38,398 1,844 (59,744) 370,886 14,492 415,288 0.842617 349,929 364,421 98.26 1.74 6,465 73 Dadeldhura 80,568 11,670 143 (5,236) 97,331 3,650 94,335 0.653326 61,631 65,281 67.07 32.93 32,050 74 Baitadi 142,277 21,039 124 (52,363) 215,555 6,748 177,852 0.653326 149,861 156,609 72.65 27.35 58,946 75 Darchaula 77,359 6,864 320 (4,402) 88,305 3,215 93,483 0.521143 48,718 51,933 58.81 41.19 36,372 Nepal 16,593,733 1,921,494 138,910 18,376,317 685,255 17,983,229 13,345,016 14,030,271 76.35 23.65 4,346,046

Acquisition of citizenship certificAte in nepAl: estimAting prevAlence

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1 Taplejung 77,232 9,793 220 (30,763) 117,568 4,442 137,916 0.521143 71,874 76,316 64.91 35.09 41,252 2 Panchthar 119,922 17,842 506 (52,355) 189,613 5,541 174,363 0.653326 113,916 119,457 63.00 37.00 70,156 3 Ilam 197,243 21,486 1,349 33,728 183,652 7,040 219,189 0.653326 143,202 150,242 81.81 18.19 33,410 4 Jhapa 547,814 80,625 6,108 24,083 598,248 16,352 544,866 0.842617 459,114 475,466 79.48 20.52 122,7825 Morang 638,864 70,462 6,271 72,250 630,805 29,583 517,681 0.903190 467,564 497,147 78.81 21.19 133,658 6 Sunsari 494,680 50,281 6,663 538,298 17,572 518,077 0.842617 436,541 454,113 84.36 15.64 84,185 7 Dhankuta 107,264 14,415 437 (9,519) 130,761 3,961 141,853 0.653326 92,676 96,637 73.90 26.10 34,124 8 Terhathum 65,032 9,791 139 (23,710) 98,394 2,607 105,210 0.653326 68,736 71,343 72.51 27.49 27,051 9 Sankhuwasabha 98,084 12,198 142 110,140 4,920 136,242 0.521143 71,002 75,922 68.93 31.07 34,218 10 Bhojpur 114,203 14,863 163 (71,393) 200,296 7,802 201,959 0.653326 131,945 139,747 69.77 30.23 60,549 11 Solukhumbu 66,486 5,617 112 3,114 68,877 2,675 79,993 0.521143 41,688 44,363 64.41 35.59 24,514 12 Okhaldhunga 91,151 10,552 165 (28,557) 130,095 5,183 148,572 0.653326 97,066 102,249 78.60 21.40 27,846 13 Khotang 123,456 17,662 230 (71,393) 212,281 6,905 217,957 0.653326 142,397 149,302 70.33 29.67 62,979 14 Udayapur 190,385 22,060 463 24,092 187,890 8,466 198,181 0.653326 129,477 137,943 73.42 26.58 49,948 15 Saptari 391,386 26,433 2,861 414,958 18,355 415,637 0.842617 350,223 368,578 88.82 11.18 46,380 16 Siraha 376,545 45,790 3,695 418,640 14,524 393,554 0.842617 331,615 346,139 82.68 17.32 72,501 17 Dhanusa 456,588 60,400 4,124 512,864 12,564 505,008 0.842617 425,529 438,093 85.42 14.58 74,771 18 Mahottari 365,099 40,541 3,704 401,936 10,642 375,978 0.842617 316,806 327,448 81.47 18.53 74,488 19 Sarlahi 450,647 21,401 3,983 468,065 10,717 440,641 0.842617 371,292 382,009 81.61 18.39 86,056 20 Sindhuli 171,943 15,287 231 (50,953) 237,952 7,266 209,695 0.653326 136,999 144,265 60.63 39.37 93,687 21 Ramechhap 127,459 11,199 153 (72,790) 211,295 6,763 188,723 0.653326 123,298 130,061 61.55 38.45 81,234 22 Dolakha 118,747 10,121 161 128,707 5,942 170,560 0.521143 88,886 94,828 73.68 26.32 33,879 23 Sindhupalchok 186,192 19,712 430 (72,790) 278,264 10,531 335,242 0.521143 174,709 185,240 66.57 33.43 93,024 24 Kavre 253,651 14,531 576 (36,395) 304,001 14,870 318,962 0.653326 208,386 223,256 73.44 26.56 80,745 25 Lalitpur 346,142 24,386 5,614 36,845 328,069 9,979 266,710 0.903190 240,890 250,869 76.47 23.53 77,201 26 Bhaktapur 222,417 10,215 968 36,934 194,730 8,755 189,943 0.653326 124,095 132,850 68.22 31.78 61,880 27 Kathmandu 1,292,741 99,805 32,630 515,825 844,091 21,808 671,527 0.903190 606,516 628,324 74.44 25.56 215,767 28 Nuwakot 181,131 14,311 399 (36,395) 231,438 9,358 249,807 0.653326 163,205 172,563 74.56 25.44 58,875 29 Rasuwa 27,429 3,128 115 (1,922) 32,364 2,131 34,608 0.521143 18,036 20,167 62.31 37.69 12,197 30 Dhading 211,286 22,537 685 (36,395) 269,533 11,086 288,381 0.653326 188,407 199,493 74.01 25.99 70,040 31 Makwanpur 265,575 16,547 2,124 (21,837) 301,835 13,138 338,749 0.653326 221,313 234,451 77.68 22.32 67,384 32 Rautahat 392,241 9,331 2,648 28,946 369,978 10,963 363,539 0.842617 306,324 317,287 85.76 14.24 52,690 33 Bara 401,976 12,530 4,345 38,595 371,566 15,667 351,279 0.842617 295,994 311,661 83.88 16.12 59,905 34 Parsa 359,174 8,053 7,479 (19,062) 378,810 4,066 349,888 0.842617 294,822 298,888 78.90 21.10 79,922 35 Chitawan 394,418 50,421 7,222 (38,124) 475,741 16,072 385,534 0.842617 324,858 340,930 71.66 28.34 134,811 36 Gorkha 174,288 28,104 384 (34,037) 236,045 8,964 246,481 0.653326 161,032 169,996 72.02 27.98 66,048 37 Lamjung 109,965 21,161 333 (39,710) 170,503 5,239 168,292 0.653326 109,949 115,188 67.56 32.44 55,314 38 Tanahu 206,018 46,387 1,408 (11,346) 262,343 10,593 284,129 0.653326 185,629 196,222 74.80 25.20 66,121 39 Syangja 187,078 50,476 423 (56,728) 293,859 11,473 333,636 0.653326 217,973 229,446 78.08 21.92 64,413 40 Kaski 337,815 57,305 6,205 114,858 274,057 13,395 232,515 0.653326 151,908 165,303 60.32 39.68 108,754 41 Manang 5,001 279 23 (2,164) 7,421 179 7,718 0.521143 4,022 4,201 56.61 43.39 3,220 42 Mustang 10,172 1,425 33 (2,782) 14,346 376 15,732 0.521143 8,199 8,575 59.77 40.23 5,772 43 Myagdi 71,056 14,314 228 (56,728) 141,870 7,728 159,381 0.521143 83,060 90,788 63.99 36.01 51,082 44 Parbat 93,875 21,735 301 (17,018) 132,327 5,651 163,007 0.521143 84,950 90,601 68.47 31.53 41,726 45 Baglung 164,835 42,623 371 (39,710) 246,797 8,755 253,312 0.653326 165,495 174,250 70.60 29.40 72,546 46 Gulmi 168,958 58,561 267 (45,382) 272,634 10,536 283,884 0.653326 185,469 196,005 71.89 28.11 76,630 47 Palpa 164,235 39,504 542 (22,691) 225,888 10,806 263,341 0.653326 172,047 182,853 80.95 19.05 43,035 48 Nawalparasi 412,735 65,335 2,595 (23,811) 499,286 19,159 424,823 0.842617 357,963 377,122 75.53 24.47 122,164 49 Rupandehi 558,864 62,904 5,044 96,421 520,303 24,401 488,678 0.842617 411,769 436,170 83.83 16.17 84,133 50 Kapilbastu 338,872 29,792 1,283 (35,717) 403,098 11,896 398,118 0.842617 335,461 347,357 86.17 13.83 55,741 51 Arghakhanchi 118,402 39,929 111 (56,728) 214,948 6,651 194,829 0.653326 127,287 133,938 62.31 37.69 81,010 52 Pyuthan 123,474 36,858 83 (34,079) 194,328 5,581 177,720 0.653326 116,109 121,690 62.62 37.38 72,638 53 Rolpa 125,305 23,597 82 (51,118) 199,938 5,401 173,154 0.653326 113,126 118,527 59.28 40.72 81,411 54 Rukum 117,075 13,051 56 (26,658) 156,728 4,831 141,727 0.653326 92,594 97,425 62.16 37.84 59,303 55 Salyan 137,962 14,213 56 (17,039) 169,158 7,933 166,073 0.653326 108,500 116,433 68.83 31.17 52,726 56 Dang 339,054 43,160 1,205 4,840 376,169 14,990 341,175 0.842617 287,480 302,470 80.41 19.59 73,699 57 Banke 301,116 21,359 2,459 48,396 271,620 9,544 256,160 0.842617 215,845 225,389 82.98 17.02 46,231 58 Bardiya 268,494 25,044 703 14,519 278,316 16,652 255,996 0.842617 215,707 232,359 83.49 16.51 45,958 59 Surkhet 207,324 23,197 237 60,375 169,909 8,764 209,781 0.653326 137,055 145,819 85.82 14.18 24,090 60 Dailekh 143,233 11,221 45 17,250 137,159 5,319 173,028 0.653326 113,044 118,363 86.30 13.70 18,796 61 Jajarkot 90,373 4,174 56 13,800 80,691 3,309 89,699 0.653326 58,603 61,912 76.73 23.27 18,779 62 Dolpa 21,208 447 10 2,699 18,946 543 21,137 0.521143 11,015 11,558 61.01 38.99 7,388 63 Jumla 61,303 1,463 33 3,598 59,135 3,355 73,073 0.521143 38,081 41,436 70.07 29.93 17,698 64 Kalikot 71,991 2,096 39 - 74,048 2,648 99,778 0.521143 51,999 54,647 73.80 26.20 19,401 65 Mugu 30,429 699 13 (26,658) 57,773 15,335 35,856 0.521143 18,686 34,021 58.89 41.11 23,752 66 Humla 29,099 682 31 1,799 27,951 694 29,486 0.521143 15,366 16,060 57.46 42.54 11,890 67 Bajura 72,423 8,054 80 8,913 71,484 2,553 80,140 0.521143 41,764 44,317 62.00 38.00 27,167 68 Bajhang 103,754 22,845 107 26,505 99,987 4,809 114,401 0.521143 59,619 64,428 64.44 35.56 35,559 69 Achham 136,410 31,015 135 5,301 161,989 8,302 166,347 0.653326 108,679 116,981 72.22 27.78 45,008 70 Doti 114,891 23,544 136 5,301 132,998 4,470 137,132 0.653326 89,592 94,062 70.72 29.28 38,936 71 Kailali 477,251 62,644 4,247 157,216 378,432 18,069 356,508 0.842617 300,400 318,469 84.15 15.85 59,963 72 Kanchanpur 274,588 38,398 1,844 (59,744) 370,886 14,492 415,288 0.842617 349,929 364,421 98.26 1.74 6,465 73 Dadeldhura 80,568 11,670 143 (5,236) 97,331 3,650 94,335 0.653326 61,631 65,281 67.07 32.93 32,050 74 Baitadi 142,277 21,039 124 (52,363) 215,555 6,748 177,852 0.653326 149,861 156,609 72.65 27.35 58,946 75 Darchaula 77,359 6,864 320 (4,402) 88,305 3,215 93,483 0.521143 48,718 51,933 58.81 41.19 36,372 Total 16,593,733 1,921,494 138,910 18,376,317 685,255 17,983,229 13,345,016 14,030,271 76.35 23.65 4,346,046

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