acpe styleguide

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The Australian College of Physical Education

STYLE GUIDE FOR THEPRESENTATION

OF ASSIGNMENTS & ACADEMIC WORKS

The Australian College of Physical EducationOperated by ACPE LTD

ABN 28 107 480 848

8 Figtree Drive

SYDNEY OLYMPIC PARK NSW 2127

ACPE LTD, Marilyn Wagstaff & Sarah JonesRevised Edition 2009, Marilyn Wagstaff

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. The Presentation of Academic Works 51.1.Document Appearance and Arrangement 51.2.A Glossary of Key Verbs 91.3.A Sample of Assessment Tasks 111.4.Useful Resources 11

2. Use and Acknowledgement of Sources 122.1.Direct Quotations 12

2.1.1. Formatting Rules for Direct Quotations 132.2.Paraphrasing 142.3.Referencing a Source within Your Text 14

2.3.1. Multiple Studies by Different Authors 142.3.2. Multiple Studies by a Single Author 142.3.3. Multiple Authors 142.3.4. Page Numbers 152.3.5. Group or Organisation as Author 152.3.6. No Date 162.3.7. No Author 162.3.8. Secondary Source 162.3.9. Personal Communication 162.3.10.Electronic Sources 162.3.11 Figures 17

2.3.12 Tables 18

2.3.13 Legal Materials 19

3. The Reference List 204. Reference List 33

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STYLE GUIDE FOR THE PRESENTATION OF ASSIGNMENTS &

ACADEMIC WORKS

This style guide is intended for use in the preparation of all written assessment tasks

in the courses of study offered by the Australian College of Physical Education(ACPE). This guide will assist students in presenting works that are both professional

in appearance and easily read and assessed.

An academic work is the presentation of a well thought out and well researched

response. The form of presentation is an important aspect of the process itself and

should be mastered by all students as soon as possible. Professional presentation gives

credibility to the work and a positive impression on behalf of the reader. The

following guidelines should be followed in all academic works unless otherwise

directed by your lecturers. To acknowledge various sources used in academic works,

the College has adopted the American Psychological Association (APA) style of

referencing.It is in your best interest to keep a copy of all submitted work. It is also recommended

that you take note of any comments/feedback that assessors provide and apply these

to subsequent assignments.

1. THE PRESENTATION OF ACADEMIC WORKS

1.1 Document Appearance and Arrangement

Alignment Justified.

Appendix /

Appendices

Include an appendix section if you have extra material such asgraphs, diagrams, sample questionnaires, etc. that do not need to

be immersed in the body of your work.

Clarity /

Organisation The work should follow a clear structure:

o Title Page - see the Title Page section for details regarding

the information you must include.

o Table of Contents - generally applicable for reports; see the

Table of Contents section for details.

o Introduction introduces the reader to the problem to be

discussed, gives background information, and states the

purpose of the work.

o

Body an in-depth discussion of the relevant points ofinterest. Refer to sections on Sentence Structure and

Paragraph Structure.

o Conclusion a summary of the points/findings covered in the

body of the piece. Highlight your own thoughts; suggest

recommendations for further work, etc.

o Reference List should contain a variety of different sources

(journals, books, electronic, etc.) to make your paper credible.

Follow the APA format. See the, Use and Acknowledgement

of Sources section in this document for correct referencing

methods.

Consistency

Maintain consistency with respect to formatting, style, tense,units of measure, etc. throughout the entire piece of work.

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Font Size 12.

Times New Roman or Arial style.

Illustrations Charts, graphs, illustrations, etc. should not flow over multiple

pages as they become difficult to view.

Include a short description, along with a reference, beneath the

illustration. This description is in addition to any explanation andreference you make in the text. The reader should be able to easily

interpret their meaning and know where it came from at a glance.

If several illustrations are incorporated in your paper, it is

preferred that you include a List of Illustrations, with the page

numbers, on a separate page that follows the Table of Contents.

For examples of illustrations, please refer to section 2.3.11

Indenting Indent to indicate a new paragraph.

See the, Use and Acknowledgement of Sources section of this

document for the use of indents with direct quotes.

Language

Vocabulary should be formal with no short-forms, short-hand orslang.

Avoid unnecessary jargon/complicated terminology. Use

straightforward, easy-to-understand English to accommodate a

range of readers.

To use an acronym, first write the meaning in full, followed by the

acronym in brackets.

Example: The Australian College of Physical Education,

(ACPE)

The acronym can then be used on its own throughout the rest of

the work.

Use a thesaurus to prevent repetitive use of the same word.

Proofread and edit your work. Check spelling, grammar and

punctuation.

Margins Left: 4cm (1.57) for the markers comments.

Right: 3cm (1.25)

Top and bottom: 2.5cm (1)

Adjust margins in Page Setup of MS Word.

Numbers Spell out numbers one to nine in full. Use figures for number 10

and above.

Example: eight, nine, 10, 11, 12

Spell out simple fractions and hyphenate.Example: one-quarter

Use figures for mixed fractions.

Example: 4 1/3

Page

Numbers Use the number format beginning on the first page after the title

page.

Example: 1, 2, 3, 4

Bottom centre or right-aligned.

Paper White A4.

One side only.

Stapled at the top-left corner; no paper clips.Paragraph

Structure Each paragraph within the body should deal with one main idea

that is usually stated at the beginning of the paragraph this is

known as the topic sentence. The sentences that follow should


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then discuss/argue/analyse etc. the topic sentence, using your own

thoughts and other credible sources.

Thoughts should follow a logical progression and demonstrate a

clear understanding of the material.

Person,

Tense, Voice

1st

person = Written from your own point of view.

Example:i My professional experience taught me ...

ii The experience left me feeling

3rd person = Written from the perspective of an observer.

Example:

i It was found that both groups in the study

ii The researchers determined that the most common injury in

adolescent ballet dancers is

In general, technical papers should be written in the:

o

Third person (impersonal)

o Past tense (occurred in the past)

Example:

It was determined, as opposed to She is determining.

o Passive voice

Example:

The ball was hit

(Active voice = The batsman hit the ball .)

In narrative/reflective writing, tense and voice will vary depending

on the assessment task. However, these types of works aregenerally written in the:

o First person (personal)

Example:

I began my studies at ACPE in 2006.

* When writing in the first person, avoid the overuse of I.

Scientific

Reports

.

When writing a report, include the following headings:

o Abstract/Summary briefly state the problem, discuss the

purpose for doing the research, and outline the conclusions

drawn.

o

Introduction state the problem, background information, andthe hypothesis being tested.

o Method include subjects, materials/equipment, and

procedures.

o Results summarise the facts; include illustrations if

applicable.

o Discussion evaluate and interpretthe information in the

results section. Note any errors made, etc.

o Conclusions and/or Recommendations discuss the findings in

relation to the introduction. Make recommendations for further

research and/or for adapting the current research.

o

Reference List use the APA referencing style.

Spacing Double-spaced lines.

Place one space after a full-stop.


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Sentence

Structure Use full sentences (i.e. they contain both a noun and a verb).

o Noun = A person, place or thing.

A thing can include a quality (e.g. happiness).

o Verb = An action word that relates to the noun.

Example:Students who follow this style guide will improve their grades.

noun verb noun verb noun

Be concise and to the point. Avoid run-on sentences by writing short

sentences that contain a single thought or idea.

Incorrect:There are a number of career paths that students can

take once they graduate with a sports business degree from ACPE

and some examples of these include facility management, event

management, andsports marketing which many prospective students

find interesting.

Correct: There are a number of career paths that students can take

once they graduate with a sports business degree from ACPE. A few

examples of the areas they can explore include facility management,

event management and sports marketing. Many prospective students

are drawn to the fact that the degree offers numerous career

opportunities.

Table of

Contents If writing a report, organise your work under section headings. If the

assignment requires a table of contents, insert it directly after the title

page. List the headings in the order that they appear in the text andinclude the page numbers where each heading can be found.

If including an appendix/appendices section (see the Appendix

section), label each one as A, B, C in the order they appear in the

text.

Title Page All academic works must be submitted with the official ACPE cover

sheet (available from the website) attached to the front.

Word

Count The title page, references, appendices, etc. do not count toward word

count requirements.


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1.2 Glossary of Descriptive Verbs

Verb Definition

Account,Account for

State reasons for; report on. Give an account of; narrate a series ofevents or transactions

Analyse Identify components and the relationships between them; draw out

and relate implications

Apply Use in a particular situation

Appreciate Make a value judgement

Assess Make a judgement of value, quality, outcomes, results or size

Calculate Determine from given facts, figures or informationClarify Make clear or understandable

Classify Arrange or include in classes or categories

CompareShow how things are similar or different

Emphasise similarities but also note differences

Construct Make; build; put together items or arguments

Contrast

Show how things are different or opposite

Emphasise differences between characteristics but also notesimilarities

Critically

(Analyse/Evaluate)

Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge and

understanding, logic, questioning, reflection and quality to an

analysis or evaluation

CriticizeExpress your judgement about the truth or usefulness of views or

factors

Deduce Draw conclusions

Define

State meaning and identify essential qualities

Give clear, concise, reliable meaning

Demonstrate Show by example

DescribeProvide characteristics and features

Recount; relate in a sequence; illustrate

DiscussIdentify issues and provide points for and/or against

Consider various points of view or perspectives

Distinguish Show/point out as being distinct or different from; note differences

between items


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(Board of Studies NSW, 2007) and (York University Counselling and Development Centre, 2006).

Evaluate Make a judgement based on criteria; determine the value of

Give your viewpoint; cite limitations and advantages; provide

reliable evidence to support your views

Examine Explore; question; investigate

Explain Relate cause and effect; make the relationships between things

evident; provide why and/or how; give reasons for differences of

opinion or of results; clarify; interpret

Extract Choose relevant details

Extrapolate Draw conclusions from what is known

Identify Recognise and name

Illustrate Use a diagram or example to clarify a point

Interpret Draw conclusionsTranslate; give examples or comment on the topic; usually give

your viewpoints

Investigate Question and draw conclusions about

Justify Support an argument or conclusion

Outline Outline in general terms; indicate the main features

Give a description of the main elements and stress the arrangement

or organisation

Predict Suggest what may happen based on available information; usereliable evidence to support your prediction

Propose Present a point of view, idea, argument or suggestion for

consideration or action

Recall Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences

Recommend Provide reasons in favour

Recount Re-tell a series of events

ReviewExamine a subject critically; analyse a subject or comment on

statements about it

StatePresent main points in brief, clear sequence, usually omitting minor

details and examples.

SummariseCommunicate, concisely, the relevant details, omitting details and

illustrations

SynthesisePutting together various elements to make a whole; create links and

connections between ideas

1.3 A Sample of Assessment Tasks

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Narrative /

ReflectionPersuasive/ArgumentativeExpository

Description The communication

of facts to in

reade

Involves telling a

story or sequence of

even

Persuading the reader to

accept a particular opinform the

r. ts.

ion,

or side of an argument, as

true.Example

the writer

went through to h.

A scientific report. A discussion of the

process

learn something.

A comparison of the

differing definitions of

healt

Written in 3rd

person 1st

person 3rd

person

Notes Often contain

headings to organise

.

the various

aspects of the argument.

evidence from a

ces to

information

Discusses

Often uses

variety of credible sour

back up the writers stated

position.These are general guidelines. Details may vary with each assessment

clarification.

task. See your lecturers for

1.4 Academic Support & Resources

There are a number of different resources you can access for assistance in writing

em om your lecturer or unit coordinator, you

ay wish to approach staff from the Library or the Academic Development Office

acad ic works. Besides seeking help fr

m

(ADO).

The ADO provides a range of services to support student learning, and the ADO

SkillZone has numerous links to online information and resources to help you to

nhance your academic skills and prepare you for the future.e

There are numerous books in the 800 section of the library, as well as links to online

information via the librarys Information Literacy Skills website. In addition, the

ibrary has an online information skills tutorial to help students to enhance theirL

academic and information literacy skills.

InfoSkills Online Tutorial

The InfoSkills program is a self-paced interactive tutorial which provides users with

esearch, finding and evaluating information, recognising

nd avoiding plagiarism, academic writing skills, referencing and academic integrity.

advice about planning for r

a

This tutorial can be found at http://infoskills.live.komosion.com/


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2. USE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF SOURCES

As the writer of an academic work, you will need to consult a number of different

sources, including books, articles, reports and electronic resources, to support your

own thoughts and ideas. Using a number of different sources that discuss differentperspectives and ideas about a topic will allow you to write a well-formed paper.

It is imperative that you acknowledge these sources within your academic work. From

an ethical standpoint, by not acknowledging the author of the source, it appears that

you are attempting to present it as your own. This is commonly known as

plagiarising.

The ACPE Policy on Academic Honesty (2007, p.2) defines plagiarism as,

presenting another persons ideas, findings or work as ones own. Submission of

plagiarised work is taken very seriously by the College and will result in penalties that

may lead to expulsion from ACPE.

The College has adopted the American Psychological Association (APA) style of

referencing sources. The APA system uses parenthesis to make a brief reference to the

sources in the text. The full details of the sources are then written at the end of the

academic work in the Reference List. No footnotes are used.

The writer can incorporate an authors findings, ideas, and work within their text by

using:

i. Direct quotations: an authors work directly quoted word for word.

ii.

Paraphrasing: an authors work expressed in the writers own words.

2.1 Direct Quotations

Direct quotations can be used:

When the author expresses an idea better than you could.

When you want to stress the authority of the author.

As an epigraph. This is a direct quote found at the beginning of a book or

chapter. While it relates to the theme of the material that follows, it is not

incorporated within the main text.

A direct quotation should be used to support the writers analysis or argument.

Quotations are seldom self-explanatory and usually need an introductory sentence to

link them with the idea you want to illustrate. The quote is then generally followed by

an explanation that emphasises or analyses the key point(s). It should be obvious to

the reader why a quotation is included. In other words, it should be directly relevant to

the point you are trying to make.

There are several methods you will use to identify quoted material in your academic

work:

1. Use of quotation marks (quotes less than 40 words), or indentation (quotes

more than 40 words).


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2. Noting the author and date of the source within the sentence. Include a page

number for material directly quoted (i.e. quoting word for word).

3. Documenting the details of the source in the Reference List.

Helpful Hint: Ensuring proper acknowledgement of quoted works willrequire careful recording of sources and page references at the reading/note

making stage.

2.1.1 Formatting Rules for Direct Quotations:

Rule 1:

Quotations must be written exactly as they are in the source. If you decide to

use only portions of a quote, you must replace the words you leave out with

three dots, single-spaced.

Example: these worksare not collected.

Rule 2:

Any words added by the writer to explain the quote or to complete its

grammatical correctness must be placed in brackets.

Example: His [Smiths] works are not collected.

Here the writer wanted to ensure that the reader understands whose works are

being referred to in the quote.

Rule 3:

Use double quotation marks ( ) when quoting except in the following twocases:

i. When a quote is within a quote, use single quotation marks ( ) for the

second quoted material.

Example: Bernard Darwin writes that Ruskins famous line, To

make your children capable of honesty is the beginning of education,

first appeared in Time and Tide.

ii. A quotation of 40 words or more requires no quotation marks. Instead,

the quote should be indented (1 cm) and blocked; that is, it stands out

clearly from the rest of the text.

Example:

According to Greenberg (2001), two different criteria were proposed to

determine brain death: the "higher-brain" and the "whole-brain" concepts. He

describes the higher-brain formulation as follows:

A brain-dead person is alleged to be dead because his neocortex,

the seat of consciousness, has been destroyed. He has thus lost the

ability to think and feelthe capacity for personhood--that makes

us who we are, and our lives worth living. (pp. 37-38)

(The full reference for this quotation is Greenberg, G. (2001, August 13). As

good as dead: Is there really such a thing as brain death? New Yorker, pp.36-

41.)

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Rule 4:

A quotation of less than 40 words should be incorporated into the paragraph.

Ensure that it makes grammatical sense within the work.

Example: However as Gentile (1987) described it, the learner does

have a framework for organizing an effective movement (p.119).

Rule 5:

The page number must always be included.

Example: Many factors emerge in studying classroom behaviour

(Jones, 1997, p. 20).

2.2 Paraphrasing

To paraphrase means to write a quote, finding, or idea that is taken from a source, in

your own words. Simply substituting synonyms for some of the words isn't enough as

you need to indicate to your lecturer that you understand what the author is saying. A

good way of managing this is to read a paragraph and without referring back to the

book, write down your understanding of what the paragraph means.

When paraphrasing, you must acknowledge the author by including the authors name

and the date of publication in parenthesis. The page number does not need to be

included since it is not a direct quote.

Example: Many factors emerge in studying classroom behaviour (Jones,

1997).

It is also acceptable to use the authors name within the text. If this is done, then the

year of publication is entered in parenthesis directly after the authors name.Example: Jones (1997) claims that many factors emerge in studying

classroom behaviour.

Alternatively, the year of publication may be placed at the end of the sentence.

Example: Jones claims that many factors emerge in studying classroom

behaviour (1997).

2.3 Referencing a Source within Your Text

2.3.1 Multiple Studies by Different Authors:

When citing more than one study after a single idea (i.e. using multiple sources tosupport your point), separate each reference with a semi-colon and list in alphabetical

order.

Example: (Jones, 1992; Smith, 1997).

2.3.2 Multiple Studies by a Single Author:When citing more than one study published in the same year by the same author, list

them chronologically with the use of lower case letters.

Example: (Jones, 1995a; 1995b).

2.3.3 Multiple Authors:

When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occursin the text.


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Example: as Nightlinger and Littlewood (1993) demonstrated

Within the text of a paper, join the names in a multiple author citation by use of the

word and. In parenthetical material, and in the reference list, join the names with an

ampersand (&).

Example: as has been shown (Joreskog & Sorbom, 1989)Only use the authors surnames unless the authors have the same last name.

Examples: (A.B. Smith, 1997 and C.D. Smith, 1997).

A.B. Smith (1959) and C.D. Smith (1997) found that

When a work has three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first time the

reference occurs. In subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author

followed by et al. (not italicized and with a full stop after al) and the year if it is the

first citation of the reference within a paragraph.

Examples:

Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, Cave, and Tang (1994) found that [use as a first

citation within the text]

Kosslyn et al. (1994) found that [use as subsequent first citation per

paragraph thereafter]

Kosslyn et al. found that [omit year from subsequent citations after the first

citation within a paragraph]

When a work has six authors or more, cite only the surname of the first author

followed by et al. (not italicized and with a full stop after al) and follow the same

conventions as above with regard to including the date.

2.3.4 Page Numbers:

The conventions for using p., pp., f., and ff. are as follows:

p. is used when the quotation is from one page only.

Example: p. 23.

pp. is used when the quotation runs on to the next page.

Example: pp. 23-24.

f. is used when not quoting directly but acknowledging a line of argument or

source of factual information from one page only.Example: p. 23f.

ff. is used when not quoting directly but acknowledging a line of argument or

source of factual information, which runs on to the next page.

Example: pp. 23-24ff.

2.3.5 Group or Organisation as Author:The name of a group or corporate body as an author is usually spelled out each time it

appears in a text citation. This would be used for all citations within the text of the

assignment.

Example: (Macquarie University, 2005).


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If the name is long and the abbreviation is familiar or readily understandable, you

may abbreviate the name in the second and subsequent citations.

Examples:

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999) for the first in text

citation.

(NIMH, 1999) for subsequent in text citations.

2.3.6 No Date:

When citing a source with no date, place n.d. where the year should be.

Example: (Jones, n.d.).

2.3.7 No Author:

When citing a source with no author, use a shortened form of the title within quotation

marks.

Example: (Sydney wins, 1994).

2.3.8 Secondary Source:A secondary source is a source that is referring to the initial source of the information

(the primary source). When citing from a secondary source, cite the primary and

secondary source in the academic work text, but list only the secondary source in the

reference list.

Example: Carini and Hogans study (as cited in Thibodeau & Patton, 2002,

p.45) showed that

If the date of the secondary source is different from the primary source, cite both dates

in text.

Example: (Jones, 1992, as cited in Smith, 1997, p.20).

2.3.9 Personal Communication:Personal communication is usually information which is not recoverable or easily

verified and may be letters, email, personal interviews, telephone conversations, etc.

Personal communication is only cited in the text of the paper and not in the Reference

List at the end of the assignment). Give the initials as well as the surname of the

communicator and provide the date of the communication. Regardless of the topic of

the letter, conversation, etc., Personal communication is the title.

Examples: T.K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001) advised that

.... (V. G. Nguyen, personal communication, September 28, 1988).

2.3.10 Creative Works (Dance performance, Poetry Reading, etc)As for personal communication, creative works are only cited in the body of the text -

no reference list entry is needed. When citing a specific dance performance, poetry

reading, etc. you need only cite the name of the performance in italics, and the location

and date in parenthesis.

Example: The work of the artistic director in Rhythms of the Orient(Sydney

State Theatre, 2007) is to be commended ...2.3.11 Electronic Sources:

To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, chapter, figure, table, or

equation at the appropriate point in the text. Always give page numbers for

quotations. (Note that the words page and chapterare abbreviated in suchtext citations.)

Examples: (Cheek & Buss, 1981, p. 332).

(Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3).


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For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number if

available. Insert the paragraph symbol or the abbreviation para., and follow it with

the number.

Example: (Myers, 2000, 5) or (Myers, 2000, para.5).

If neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading or chapter and thenumber of the paragraph following it. The idea is to direct the reader to the exact

location of the material.

Example: (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion, para. 1).

2.3.12 FiguresIn the APA referencing style, any type of illustration other than a table is called a

figure. A figure may be a chart, graph, photograph, drawing, digital image or other

depiction. All figures should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals

throughout the article in the order in which they are first mentioned in text (i.e.,

Figure 1, Figure 2). In the text, refer to figures by their numbers. Do not write the

figure above (or below) or the figure on page 12.Example: As shown in Figure 2, the relationships are

All figures must be given a caption (or title) and the caption must be accompanied by

a note giving credit to the original author and to the copyright holder. A caption

serves as both an explanation of the figure and as a figure title. The caption and the

note should be in font size 10 to separate the note from the general text.

Example (figure reproduced from a print journal article):

Image

Figure 1. Caption of figure (title) followed by a note -

Note. From Is Time Limit at the Minimum Swimming Velocity of VO2 Max Influenced by

Stroking Parameters?, by R. J. Fernandes, D. A. Marinho, T. M. Barbosa and J. P. Vilas-Boas, 2006, Perceptual and Motor Skills 103(1), p. 71. Copyright 2006 by Perceptual and

Motor Skills. Reprinted with permission.

Example (figure reproduced from a book):

Image

Figure 2. Caption of figure (title) followed by a note -

Note. From Social Psychology and Health (2nd ed.) (p. 78), by W. Stroebe, 2000,

Buckingham: Open University Press. Copyright 2000 by Wolfgang Stroebe. Reprinted with

permission.

Example (image reproduced from a website):

Image

Figure 3. Caption of image (title) followed by a note -

Note. From Technology and Education: New Wine in New Bottles: Choosing Pasts and

Imagining Educational Futures, by L. Chou, R. McClintock, F. Moretti and D. H. Nix. 1993.

Copyright 2003. Retrieved from http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/pepers/newwine1.html. Reprinted with permission.
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/


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2.3.13 Tables

In the text of the paper, refer to every table and tell the reader what to look for.

Discuss only the tables highlights; if you discuss every item of the table in text, the

table is unnecessary.

Refer to tables by their numbers. Do not write the table above (or below) or the

table on page 22.

Examples: as shown in Table 8, the responses were .

Children with pretraining (see Table 5)

Number all tables with Arabic numerals in the order in which the tables are first

mentioned in text, regardless of whether a more detailed discussion of the tables

occurs later in the paper. Label tables as, Table 5, Table 6, Table 7, etc, not as Table

5, Table 5a, Table 5b.

If the paper includes an appendix with tables, identify the tables of the appendix with

capital letters and Arabic numerals (for example, Table A1 is the first table of

Appendix A. If Table A is the only table within Appendix A, it should be labelled

Table A and not numbered. Table C2 would be the second table within Appendix C).

All tables must be given a brief but clear and explanatory title, for example, Mean

Performance Scores of Students with Different College Majors. Any reproduced

table must also be accompanied by a note giving credit to the original author and to

the copyright holder. The title of the table and the note should be in font size 10 to

separate the note from the general text.

Example (table reproducedfrom a journal article):

Table

Table 1. Title of table

Note. From Perceived Body Size Affected by Garment and Body Mass Index, by F. Liu, J.

Fan and L. Lau, 2006, Perceptual and Motor Skills 103(1), p. 255. Copyright 2006 by

Perceptual and Motor Skills. Reprinted [or Adapted] with permission.

Example (table reproduced from a book):

Table


Note. From Behavior Modification: What is it and how to do it(8th ed.) (p. 170), by G. Martin

and J. Pear, 2007, NJ: Pearson Education Incorporated. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education

Incorporated. Reprinted [or Adapted] with permission.

Example (table reproduced from a website):

Table



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Note. From Technology and Education: New Wine in New Bottles: Choosing Pasts and

Imagining Educational Futures, by L. Chou, R. McClintock, F. Moretti and D. H. Nix. 1993.

Copyright 2003. Retrieved from http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/pepers/newwine1.html. Reprinted [or Adapted] with permission.

.

Example (Table reproduced from an electronic book):

Table


Note. From Data Analysis and Research for Sport and Exercise Science: a Student

Perspective. (p. 49), by C. Wragg and C. Williams, 2004, London: Taylor & Francis.

Copyright 2004 by Taylor & Francis. Retrieved from Ebook Library Database.

2.3.14 Legal Materials

Legal materials are cited in-text as follows:

Example: Court decisions:

(Koscuisko Thredbo v Smith, 2001)

(Abbreviated party names in italics, year)

Example: Statutes

Civil Liability Act(NSW)

Omit the year.

Please note: Most Australian lawyers and law schools do not use the APA style of

referencing. If publishing in the legal area, or if pursuing further legal studies, please

refer to the Australian guide for legal citation (Melbourne University Law Review

Association, 2002) for further information.
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/


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3. THE REFERENCE LIST

The references cited in the text are listed more fully in the Reference List at the end of

the academic work. References are not listed at the bottom of the page in which they

appear.

All sources cited in the text must be included in the Reference List. This requires

careful checking for completeness and accuracy before academic work submission.

Note the following points when listing the references:

* Each reference is listed alphabetically according to the authors surname (or,

if no author, then by the title;

* Where a work has more than one author, the name of the author, which

appears first on the work, determines its place in the alphabetical list;

* Where several works by the same author(s) are cited, they are listed inchronological order with the earliest first;

* The date of publication comes immediately after the name(s) of the author(s)

and is placed in parenthesis;

* The second and subsequent lines of a citation are indented; and

* Single spacing is used for each item reference with double spacing between

items.

It is important to remember also that consistency is imperative.

Some sources previously published in print form may now be found on electronic

media. These electronic sources are cited in the text of the academic work in much

the same manner as other references, however the web address and the date the

electronic document was retrieved replace the publishing details and are important

elements in the citation which appears in the Reference List.

Note that the rule relating to the inclusion of the retrieval date in a citation for a web-

based document is governed by (i) whether or not the document will change and (ii)whether or not the document has a publication date. The retrieval date is a snapshot

of the time you do your research and must be included in the citation if there is a

possibility that the document may change, or if the document does not have a

publication date. The difficult decision is deciding what will be likely to change and

what will not. If in doubt, always include the retrieval date as one of the APA

general rules is to include more, not less information, about the resource you are

citing.Reference List examples for a number of different types of resources follow.


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Book (Single Author):

Magill, R.A. (1980). Motor learning: Concepts and applications. Dubuque, IA:

William C. Brown.

Last name, A.B. (year). Book title italics: Only the first word and first word after a

colon are capitalised with the exception that all proper names are always

capitalised. City of publication, State: Publisher.

Book (Other Than the First Edition):

Magill, R.A. (2001). Motor learning: Concepts and applications (6th

ed.). New York,

NY: McGraw-Hill.

Last name, A.B. (year). Book title as above (Edition in parenthesis, eg 2nd

ed.). City of

publication, State: Publisher.

Book (Multiple Authors):

Colfer, G.C., Hamilton, K.E., Magill, R.A., & Hamilton, B.J. (1986). Contemporary

physical education. Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown.

Last name, A.B., Another, A.B., Another, A.B., & Another, A.B. (year). Book title

italics: Only the first word and first word after a colon are capitalised with the

exception that all proper names are always capitalised. City of publication,

State: Publisher.

(When a work has up to six authors, cite all authors. When a work has seven

authors or more, provide the names of the first six authors and shorten any

remaining names to , et al.)

Example: Colfer, G.C., Hamilton, K.E., Magill, R.A., Hamilton, B.J., Smith,

J.L., Brown, B.K., et al. (1990).

Book (No Author):

Merriam-Websters collegiate dictionary (10th

ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:

Merriam-Webster.

When a work has no author, the title of the work becomes the main entry and isitalicised. Alphabetise by the first significant word in the title. Only use

Anonymous as author when the author is specifically designated as

Anonymous.


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Article in Magazine:

Casa, D.J. (2004, Spring). Proper hydration for distance running: Identifying

individual fluid needs. Track Coach, 167, 5321-5328.

The authors name is followed by the year and the month in parenthesis separated by

a comma and a space (2004, January). If the magazine is published quarterly by

season, indicate season in place of month (e.g., 2004, Winter). If the magazine

is published every other month, indicate both months separated by a dash (e.g.,

2000, July-August). If the magazine is published more frequently than once a

month, include the day after the month (e.g., 2000, July 12). If the article

appears on discontinuous pages, then note all pages (eg., 12-14, 76-77).

Article in a Newspaper (Electronic copy from a database):

McIntyre, P. (2004, August 26). Olympians' biggest hurdle is cashing in on gold.

Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved February 16, 2009, from the Factiva

Database.

Last name, A.B. (Year, Month Day). Article title as for a journal article. Newspaper,

Title as for a Journal Title, followed by the date retrieved and the name of the

database in the above format.

Electronic Book (Publishing details included):

Pettinger, R. (2002). Global organisations. Oxford: Capstone Publishing. Retrieved

from NetLibrary database.

If the publisher and place are not evident, include this information in the citation. No

retrieval date required.

Electronic Book (Publishing details not included):

Body dysmorphic disorder. (2005). In M.H. Beers, R.S. Porter, T.J. Jones,

J.L. Kaplan & M. Berkwits (Eds.), The Merck manual of diagnosis and

therapy online. Retrieved January 28, 2007, from http://www.merck.com/

mmpe/index.html

Where the publisher is evident no publisher and place are included in the citation (see

merck above within the URL). Retrieval date is required as the content of an

online handbook may change.


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Electronic Book Chapter (retrieved from a database):

Harmer, P. A. (2005). Basketball injuries. In N. Maffulli & D. J. Caine (Eds.),

Epidemiology of pediatric sports injuries: Team sports (pp. 31-61). Basel:

Karger.Retrieved from Ebook Library database.

Similar referencing style to a chapter in a print publication. Name of database

included.

Electronic Reference Books:

Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E.N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia

of philosophy. Retrieved January 28, 2007, from http://plato.stanford.edu

The date of the most recent update or change to an online reference work may not be

clear from the entry, so include the retrieval date. The homepage or index page URL

for reference works is cited, not the address which takes you directly to an entry.

Lecture/Tutorial Notes (Print):

Harris, B. (2005, May 7). Basic variables. Paper presented in lectures for Research

Analysis at ACPE.

Last name, A.B. (Year, Month Day). Title of lecture or tutorial is specified as title.

Lecture/Tutorial Notes (Online):

Harris, B. (2007). Lecture 3: Coaching administration [Powerpoint slides].

Retrieved from ACPE CO111: Coaching Techniques and Pedagogy

Lecturer Website: http://my.acpe.edu.au/default.asp?page=/course+units/

lecture+notes/lecture+notes+a-k

Note when breaking URLs the APA Publication Manual advises that the URL should

be broken at (i) after a slash , or (ii) before a period.

Dissertations and Theses (Retrieved from a database):

Bochenek, C.P. (2005). Co-constructing changes to classroom practice: Processes

developed with early childhood teachers for students at risk. Unpublished

doctoral dissertation, University of Notre Dame Australia, Freemantle, WA.

Retrieved February 21, 2009, from the Australian Digital Theses database.

24


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Group Author (eg Government Agency) as Publisher:

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2001). Estimated resident population by age and sex

in statistical local areas, New South Wales, June 2001 (No. 3209.1). Canberra,

ACT: Author.

Alphabetise group authors by the first significant word of the name. When author

and publisher are the same, use the word Authoras the name of the publisher.

An Organization Report:

Australian Sports Commission . (1992). Maintain the momentum: Australian

government sports policy 1992 to 1996. Canberra, ACT: Author.

The name of the organisation is listed at author. The word Author is given for the

publisher and not the full name of the organisation.

Unpublished Work [eg. ACPE Independent Study]:

O'Leary, O. (2004). Improving year 9 & 10 teaching and learning aspects of physical

education within a government school. Unpublished Independent Study,

Australian College of Physical Education.

Last name, A.B. (year). Manuscript title in italics: Only the first word and first word

after a colon are capitalised with the exception that all proper names are

always capitalised.

Television Program:

Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour

[Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting

Service.

Last name, A.B. (Executive Producer). (Year, Month Day). Title of

program.[Television broadcast]. City of Production: Production House. (Note

that the name of the executive producer appears as the author. The program

type is noted in square brackets after the title. This may be Television

broadcast, Television series, Television series episode.

The convention of the television industry is that the executive producer is

responsible for the program. The production house might be a television

network (e.g., the Australian Broadcasting Commission), but it need not be (e.g.Southern Star Productions, Thames, etc).


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Film, Video and DVD :

Hackney, P. (Director), & Hackney, P. (Producer). (1981). Discovering your

expressive body: Basic concepts in dance training utilizing Bartenieff

fundamentals [Videorecording]. New York: Dance Horizons.

Last name, T. (Director), & Last name, K. (Producer). (1965). Title [Motion picture |

Videorecording | DVD]. USA: Warner Home Video. (Note that the names of

the principle contributors appear as the authors, with their function in round

brackets. The medium is noted in square brackets after the title: use [Motion

picture], [Videorecording] or [DVD] depending on the medium viewed. The

location and name of the distributor are also noted).

Audio Recording:

Costa, P.T., Jr. (Speaker). (2004). Personality, continuity and changes of adult life

(Cassette Recording No. 207-433-88A-B). Washington, DC: American

Psychological Association.

Last name, A.B. (Speaker). (Year). Title of work in italics. (Medium of recording and

number, eg. Cassette recording No. 207-433-88A-B). City of Production: Label.

(Note that the citation in the academic work text is the same as that for a book).

Music Recording:

Shocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall. On Arkansas traveller[CD]. New York:

PolyGram Music.

Writer, A. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from

writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording: CD, record, cassette, etc].

Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date). (Note that

within the text of your assignment include side and band or track number. Forexample: Tails and Trotters (Goodenough, 1982, track 5).

Article from an Electronic Database:

Jenkins, J.M., Garn, A., & Jenkins, P. (2005). Preservice teacher observations in peer

coaching. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 24(1), 2-23.Retrieved

February 25, 2005, from Academic Search Elite database.

When citing an article retrieved from an electronic database, the name of the databaseis used in lieu of the web address (URL)


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Abstract from an Electronic Database:

Howe, W.B.(2003). Preventing infectious disease in sports. Physician and

Sportsmedicine, 31(2),23-29. Abstract retrieved February 14, 2004, from

ERIC database.

In instances where the citation only has been retrieved from a database this must be

noted in the citation. Note that the name of the database is used in lieu of the

web address (URL).

Article in an Internet Journal (no print copy published):

Frederickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health

and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a.RetrievedNovember 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention /volume3/

pre0030001a.html

The full bibliographic details of the journal article, the date the item was retrieved and

the web address the document was retrieved from must all be included in the

citation.

Article in Internet Journal (based on print source):

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the

selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version].

Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5(1), 117-123.

Many journals are published in both print and electronic form with the electronic form

being the exact duplication of the print version. Citing this electronic version is

the same as for citing the print with the addition of [Electronic version] in

brackets after the article title.

Internet Article Based on Print Source (where the online version differs from the

print version):

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the

selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version].

Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5(1), 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001,

from http://jbr.org/articles.html

Where the electronic version differs from the print, eg. page numbers omitted, or it includes

additional data or commentary, add the date retrieved the document and the URL.


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Journal with DOI Assigned:

Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and analytic therapy in trauma

treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 482-488.

doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482

The DOI is an international standard (ANSI/NISO Z39.84) and is a unique identifier

assigned to an article level publication. The DOI is assigned to the final or

archival version of a scholarly article. There is no need to include a retrieval

date, database name or URL, as the DOI functions as both a unique identifier

of the content and a link to the content.

Web Document (with one author):

Beckleheimer, J. (1994). How do you cite URL's in a Reference List? RetrievedDecember 13, 1995, from http://www.nrlssc.navy.mil/meta/ReferenceList.html

This citation is very similar to citing a book with one author. The date of retrieval and

the URL replace the publishing details.

Web Document (with multiple authors):

Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D.H. (1993). Technology and

education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imaging educational

futures. Retrieved August 24, 2003, from http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/

publications /pepers/newwine1.html

Similar format to a book with multiple authors, with the date of retrieval and the URL

replace the publishing details.

Web Document (with no author):

Educating America for the 21st century: Developing a strategic plan for educational

leadership for Columbia University 1993 2000. (1994). Retrieved May 16,

1995, from http://www.ilt.Columbia.edu/CONF/EdPlan.html

Where a document has no author the title becomes the main entry. The title is in italics

and the first significant word of the title is used to alphabetise the entry in the

Reference List.

Web Document (no publication date):

Prizker, T. J. (n.d.). An early fragment from central Nepal. Retrieved December 12,

1996, from http://www.ingress.com/~astanart/pritker/pritzker.html

Whenever a publication date cannot be determined, (n.d.). [meaning no date] is used

to replace the year.
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/CONF/http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/CONF/


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Specific Section of a Web Document:

Thompson, G. (2003). Coaching tips. In Joes soccer coaching manual. Retrieved

May 17, 2005, from http://www.joesoccer.com.au/soccer/coachingmanual.html

The author of the section is used as the main entry for this citation [in the same way as

the author of a book chapter]. The date of retrieval and the URL replace the

publishing details.

Paper Presented to a Virtual Conference:

Smith, A. (2003). Issues in adolescent health education. Paper presented at the NSW

Health Education virtual conference. Retrieved May 20, 2003, from

http://acpe.edu.au/conferences/cyberg/centre/outline.cgi/frame?fir+smith

Web Page (Organisation):

Australian College of Physical Education Homepage. (2004, March 3). Retrieved

February 11, 2005, from http://www.acpe.edu.au

Web Page (Government Authority or Department):

isconsin Department of Natural Resources. (2002). Glacial habitat restorationW

areas. Retrieved September 18, 2003, from http://www.dnr.stste.wi.us/org/

land/wildlife/hunt/hra.htm

lectronic Computer Program, Software, or Programming Language:

Miller, M. E. (1993). The Interactive tester(Version 4.0) [Computer software].

E

Westminster, CA: Psytek Services.

Figure, Table, Graph, Image, Illustration (Reproduced from a book, journal article

choenfeld, E.L., Snyder,L.A., Maue, A.E., McDowell, C.P., & Wollard, C.D. (2002).

or webpage):

S

Comparison of constant and variable practice conditions on free-throw shooting.

Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94(3),1113-1123.

29
http://www.acpe.edu.au/http://www.dnr.stste.wi.us/org/http://www.dnr.stste.wi.us/org/http://www.acpe.edu.au/


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Note that only the article, book or website in which the graph, image, etc appears is

referenced. The image must be fully acknowledged in-text, including a caption,

a brief description of the image and the original source (including the page).

Graphic Reproduction of a Painting on the Web:

Kohl, A.T. (Photographer).(1982). Whistling boy [Online image]. Retrieved

February 12, 2007, from http://www.artstor.org

Author (authors responsibility in parenthesis). (Date the work was created, if

available). Title of work in italics. The type of work in square brackets [Online

image]. The date the item was retrieved from the web and the web address.

Video Weblog Post:

Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch[Video file]. Video posted to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs

Dance Program:

Rhythms of the Orient: The Youth Dance Troupe of Beijing Academy: Australian tour

2007. [Program]. (2007). Sydney, NSW: Ausfeng Group in association with the

Ministry of Culture, PR China.

Published proceedings of meetings, conference, and symposia:

Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in

personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol: 38.

Perspectives on motivation (pp.237-288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Capitalise the name of the symposium. If the name of the state, province, or country

is included in the name of the university, do not repeat the state, province or countryin the publisher location.

Unpublished contribution to a symposium:

Lichstein, K.L., Johnson, R.S., Wornack, T.D., Dean, J.E., & Childers, C.K. (1990,

June). Relaxation therapy for poly-pharmacy use in elderly insomniacs and

noninsomniacs, In, T.L. Rosenthal (Chair), Reducing medication in geriatric

populations. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the First International

Congress of Behavioral Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden.

Give month of symposium

30
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs


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Conference or Symposium Poster Session:

Ruby, J. & Fulton, C. (1993, June). Beyond redlining: Editing software that works.

Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Scholarly

Publishing, Washington, DC.

Give the month of the meeting

Wiki:

Psychometric assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved January 28, 2007, from The Psychology

Wiki: http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Psychometric_assessment

Television Feature Podcast:

Kloft, M. (Producer/Director). (2006). The Nuremberg trials [Motion picture]. In

M. Samuels (Executive Producer), American Experience. Podcast retrieved

from WGBH: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rss/podcast_pb.xml

If publisher is not evident, include this information in the reference (Podcast

retrieved from WGBH ). No retrieval date required.

Audio Podcast:

Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2006, October 13). Understanding autism [Show 54].

Shrink Rap Radio: The premier psychology podcast. Podcast retrieved from

http://www.skrinkrapradio.com/

Where the publisher is evident (Shrink Rap Radio in both title and url) no publishing

details are included in the citation.

Message Posted to a Newsgroup, Online Forum, or Discussion Group:

Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound[Msg 1]. Message

posted to news://sci.psychology.consciousness.archived at http://groups.google.

com/group/sci.psychology.consciousness/
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Psychometric_assessmenthttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rss/podcast_pb.xmlhttp://www.skrinkrapradio.com/http://www.skrinkrapradio.com/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rss/podcast_pb.xmlhttp://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Psychometric_assessment


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Court Decisions:

Example 1

Koscuisko Thredbo Pty Ltd v Smith [2001] NSWCA 355

Example 2

Jaensch v Coffey (1984) 155 CLR 549

A citation of a court decision has several components.

1. Plaintiff/Appellant v Defendant/Respondentin italics.

2.

Year in square brackets if law reports are numbered by year, or year in

parentheses if law reports are arranged by volume number plus the volume

number (see example 2).

3. Correct abbreviation of source, see the Australian Guide for Legal Citation

(Melbourne University Law Review Association, 2002) for a list of correct

abbreviations for law reports, eg NSWCA [New South Wales Court of

Appeal] ; CLR [Commonwealth Law Reports].

4. Page number where the case starts in this volume.

Personal Communication:

Note thatPersonal Communications are only cited in the text of the paper and not in

the Reference List.

Dance Performance:

Note that a Dance Performance isonly cited in the text of the paper and not in theReference List.


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Reference List

APA style guide to electronic references. (2007). Washington, DC: APA.

Board of Studies NSW. (2003). Educational resources:A glossary of key words.Retrieved January 19, 2007, from http://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au

/syllabus_ hsc/glossary_keywords.html.

Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th

ed.). (2002).

Washington, DC: APA.

Storrie, T., & Matson, J. (Eds). (1994). English usage. London, UK: Cassell.

University of Ballarat. (2005). General guide for the presentation of academic

work. (Rev. ed.). Retrieved January 29, 2007, from http://www.ballarat.

edu.au/ard/transition/interimacademicguidefinal2005.pdf

York University Counselling and Development Centre (June 28, 2006). Doing well

on essay exams: Its all in the way the question is worded. Retrieved May 14,

2007, from www.yorku.ca/cdc/lsp/eponline/exam5.htm.

Helpful Hint:

For further information, and examples of the APA Referencing style,

please refer to the following publications in the ACPE Library collection:

APA style guide to electronic references (2007). Washington, DC: APA.

Call number: SL 808.02/APA

Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th

ed).(2002).

Washington, DC: APA.

Call number: TCR 808.02/PUB also a copy at SL 808.02/PUB

acpe styleguide

Documents