acm chi 2013 - gaussbits: magnetic tangible bits for portable and occlusion-free near-surface...

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Rong-Hao Liang, Kai-Yin Cheng, Liwei Chan, Chuan-Xhyuan Peng, Mike Y. Chen, Rung-Huei Liang, De-Nian Yang, and Bing-Yu Chen National Taiwan University, Academia Sinica, and National Taiwan University of Science and Technology GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

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Page 1: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Rong-Hao Liang, Kai-Yin Cheng, Liwei Chan, Chuan-Xhyuan Peng, Mike Y. Chen, Rung-Huei Liang, De-Nian Yang, and Bing-Yu Chen

National Taiwan University, Academia Sinica, and National Taiwan University of Science and Technology

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 2: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Portable Displays

Page 3: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Disney AppMATesTM

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 4: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Capacitance tag

Touch Pads

Conductive Case

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 5: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

CapWidgets [Kratz et al. CHI EA’11]

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 6: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

CapWidgets [Kratz et al. CHI EA’11] TUIC [Yu et al. CHI’11]

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 7: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

CapWidgets [Kratz et al. CHI EA’11] TUIC [Yu et al. CHI’11]

Clip-on Gadgets [Yu et al. UIST’11]

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 8: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

CapWidgets [Kratz et al. CHI EA’11] TUIC [Yu et al. CHI’11]

Clip-on Gadgets [Yu et al. UIST’11] CapStones and ZebraWidgets [Chan et al. CHI’12]

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 9: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Interaction design isto 2D

Limitation:

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 10: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

3D Tangible InteractionsToward

Page 11: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

External Cameras

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 12: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

g

Determining Modes A challenge in emulating the ‘anti-gravity space’ is to de-termine if ZeroN is being moved by a user, or is naturally wobbling. Currently, ZeroN sways laterally when actuated, and the system can misinterpret this movement for user input and continue to update a new stable point of suspen-sion. This causes ZeroN to drift around. To resolve this issue, we classify three modes of operation (idle, grabbed, grabbed for long) based on whether, and for how long, the user is holding the object. In the idle mode, when ZeroN is not grabbed by the user, the control system acts to keep the position or trajectory of the levitating object as pro-grammed by the computer. When grabbed by the user, the system updates the stable position based on the current po-sition specified by the users, such that the users can release their hands without dropping the object. If the user is grab-bing the object for longer than 2.5s, it starts specific func-tions such as record and play back.

While stereo IR cameras were useful in obtaining the accu-rate position and orientation of the object using retro-reflective tape, it was challenging to distinguish users’ hands from background or objects. We chose to use an ad-ditional depth camera Microsoft Kinect to detect the user’s hand pose with computer vision techniques built on top of

open-source libraries2. Our software extracts binary con-tours of objects at a predefined depth range and finds the blob created between the user’s hands and the levitated object.

Calibration of 3D Sensing, Projection, and Actuation To ensure real time interaction, careful calibration between cameras, projectors and 3D actuation system is essential in our implementation. After finding correspondence between two cameras with checkerboard patterns, we register cam-eras with the coordinate of interactive space. We position the ZeroN object at each of these fixed four non-coplanar points. Similarly, to register each projector to real-world coordinates, we match the ZeroN positioned at the four non-coplanar calibration points and move a projected im-age of a circle towards the ZeroN. When the circular image is overlaid on the ZeroN, we increase or decrease the size of the circle image so that it matches the size of ZeroN. This data is used to find two homogenous matrices that transform raw camera coordinates to real world coordinates of the interactive space, and the real coordinates to x, y position and the diameter of the circle. We have not made much effort to optimally determine the focal plane of the projected image - focusing the projectors roughly in the middle of the interactive space is sufficient.

2 https://github.com/ofTheo/ofxKinect

Figure 7. ZeroN Object comprises a permanent magnet loosely covered with a plastic shell. Users can tilt the shell without changing the orientation of the levitated magnet.

Figure 8. Tracking and Projection System of ZeroN.

Figure 10. As the user tilts the outer plastic layer, the system senses the orientation and updates the projected images, while the spherical magnet stays in the same orientation.

Figure 9. Kinect camera can be used to sense if the user is holding the levitated object or not.

Paper Session: Tangible UIST’11, October 16–19, 2011, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

331

ZeroN [Lee et al. UIST’11]

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 13: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

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Paper Session: Tangible UIST’11, October 16–19, 2011, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

349

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Determining Modes A challenge in emulating the ‘anti-gravity space’ is to de-termine if ZeroN is being moved by a user, or is naturally wobbling. Currently, ZeroN sways laterally when actuated, and the system can misinterpret this movement for user input and continue to update a new stable point of suspen-sion. This causes ZeroN to drift around. To resolve this issue, we classify three modes of operation (idle, grabbed, grabbed for long) based on whether, and for how long, the user is holding the object. In the idle mode, when ZeroN is not grabbed by the user, the control system acts to keep the position or trajectory of the levitating object as pro-grammed by the computer. When grabbed by the user, the system updates the stable position based on the current po-sition specified by the users, such that the users can release their hands without dropping the object. If the user is grab-bing the object for longer than 2.5s, it starts specific func-tions such as record and play back.

While stereo IR cameras were useful in obtaining the accu-rate position and orientation of the object using retro-reflective tape, it was challenging to distinguish users’ hands from background or objects. We chose to use an ad-ditional depth camera Microsoft Kinect to detect the user’s hand pose with computer vision techniques built on top of

open-source libraries2. Our software extracts binary con-tours of objects at a predefined depth range and finds the blob created between the user’s hands and the levitated object.

Calibration of 3D Sensing, Projection, and Actuation To ensure real time interaction, careful calibration between cameras, projectors and 3D actuation system is essential in our implementation. After finding correspondence between two cameras with checkerboard patterns, we register cam-eras with the coordinate of interactive space. We position the ZeroN object at each of these fixed four non-coplanar points. Similarly, to register each projector to real-world coordinates, we match the ZeroN positioned at the four non-coplanar calibration points and move a projected im-age of a circle towards the ZeroN. When the circular image is overlaid on the ZeroN, we increase or decrease the size of the circle image so that it matches the size of ZeroN. This data is used to find two homogenous matrices that transform raw camera coordinates to real world coordinates of the interactive space, and the real coordinates to x, y position and the diameter of the circle. We have not made much effort to optimally determine the focal plane of the projected image - focusing the projectors roughly in the middle of the interactive space is sufficient.

2 https://github.com/ofTheo/ofxKinect

Figure 7. ZeroN Object comprises a permanent magnet loosely covered with a plastic shell. Users can tilt the shell without changing the orientation of the levitated magnet.

Figure 8. Tracking and Projection System of ZeroN.

Figure 10. As the user tilts the outer plastic layer, the system senses the orientation and updates the projected images, while the spherical magnet stays in the same orientation.

Figure 9. Kinect camera can be used to sense if the user is holding the levitated object or not.

Paper Session: Tangible UIST’11, October 16–19, 2011, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

331

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2200 Mission College Blvd. Santa Clara, CA 95054-1549

2The Information School | DUB Group University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195-2840

3Microsoft Research 7 J J Thomson Avenue

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�)LJXUH� ��� 7KH� 3RUWLFR� V\VWHP� LQ� XVH�� 7ZR� FDPHUDV� WUDFN�REMHFWV� RQ� WKH� VFUHHQ� DQG� VXUURXQGLQJ� VXUIDFH�� ,Q� WKLV�DSSOLFDWLRQ��D�WR\�]HEUD�LV�WUDFNHG��

Paper Session: Tangible UIST’11, October 16–19, 2011, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

347

ZeroN [Lee et al. UIST’11] Portico [Avrahami et al. UIST’11]

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 14: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Problems: Sensitive to OcclusionsHand Occlusion +Material Occlusion

X

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 15: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Hand Occlusion +Material Occlusion

Problems: Sensitive to Occlusions

X

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 16: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Poor ExpressionResult in

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 17: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Poor Expression+

Uncomfortable Interaction

Result in

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 18: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Poor Expression Rich Expression+

Uncomfortable Interaction

+ Comfortable Interaction

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 19: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

The tracking method should be occlusion-free

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 20: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits forPortable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 21: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Reasons for exploiting magnetism

Page 22: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

The prototype Hall-Sensor Grid is only 2mm-thick

1. Magnetic field tracking is portable and accurate.GaussSense [Liang et. al. UIST’12]

Page 23: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

The prototype Hall-Sensor Grid is only 2mm-thick

1. Magnetic field tracking is portable and accurate.GaussSense [Liang et. al. UIST’12]

Page 24: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Non-Touch Portable Displays can apply the sensing

Page 25: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Non-Touch Portable Displays can apply the sensing

Page 26: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

2. Strong magnetic fields can be tracked above the display.GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 27: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

2. Strong magnetic fields can be tracked above the display.GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 28: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

More DOF to interact with the display contents

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 29: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

3. Magnetic fields penetrate through non-ferrous materials. e.g. hands

Page 30: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

The magnetics allow for free grasping GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 31: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Allow for crafting magnetics in favorable formGaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 32: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Interact with the magnetics by non-ferrous instrumentsGaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 33: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Interact with the magnetics by non-ferrous instrumentsGaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 34: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Interact with the magnetics by non-ferrous instrumentsGaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 35: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Interact with the magnetics by non-ferrous instrumentsGaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 36: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Interact with the magnetics by non-ferrous instrumentsGaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Page 37: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

What we have done

Page 38: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

2 types of GaussBits Design(Tiltable, Rollable)

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 39: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Tiltable GaussBitsThe magnetic field is Cylindrical Symmetric

interactive surface by inserting in-cell IR camera arrays atthe rear of the LCD. Portico [1] tracks objects on the screenand the surrounding surface using two cameras that are po-sitioned above the display. Though those vision-based ap-proaches provide portable solutions and allow the interactionof tangible objects in the near-surface space above the dis-play, they still suffer from the occlusion problem because ofthe limitations of the vision-based technology.

Occlusion-Free TrackingDirect or low-frequency magnetic fields can pass through thebody, making them suitable for use in occlusion-free track-ing. Polhemus presented a high-resolution 6-DOF (Degree-Of-Freedom) tracking method using an electromagnetic field,but its sensing mechanism depends on an external emitter thatmakes it difficult to integrate into mobile devices. Passive res-onant tags [19] can cause the resonance of the sensing elec-tromagnetic coil array to provide ID, single axis position, andorientation information. A ferromagnetic input device [12]deploys an array of coils which allows to sense free-form fer-romagnetic objects. However, both of these solutions are typ-ically unsuited to portable use.

With respect to portability, magnetometers are used in manymobile devices and can track the 3D position of a passivemagnet within a radial detection range [9], but the orienta-tion of the magnetic field cannot be resolved. Although anelectromagnetic resonance (EMR)4 sensor can be integratedinto a mobile touchscreen to detect the hover and tilt of apassive stylus, it can not resolve roll. SmartTable [21] uti-lizes a grid of Hall-effect switches to sense the informationabout the location and orientation of a 2D magnetic patternon the surface, but it can sense only in 2D. GaussSense [18]use an analog Hall-sensor grid to detect hover and the tilt ofa magnetic stylus on touchscreens. However, it’s uni-polarmagnetic fields tracking technique cannot recognize the rollof the stylus, or the tilt of a stylus while it is hovering, be-cause the detection is associated with touchscreen input. Themethod also cannot track multiple magnetic styli at the sametime. Hence, the feasibility of its extension to tangible inter-actions in 3D is unclear.

DESIGNING GAUSSBITSA GaussBit is a basic design element for use with a mag-netic field tracking technique. Based on the properties of amagnetic dipole field, which is symmetrically and uniformlydistributed, the GaussBits can provide their 3D position in-formation, and partial 3D orientation information through.

The basic operations that can be performed with the Gauss-Bits are 3D translation, tilt, roll, and flip. The 3D transla-tion of a GaussBit can be easily resolved by analyzing thedistribution and the maximum strength of the sensed mag-netic field, as has been discussed previously [18]. The presentwork focuses on designing GaussBits to enable the resolutionof their roll and tilt. Neodymium magnets are used in pro-totype GaussBits. A bi-polar magnetic-field tracking sensorgrid as shown in Fig. 1(a), is used here to visualize the N-and S-polar magnetic field intensity maps of the GaussBits in4http://www.wacom.com/

red and blue, respectively. The IMPLEMENTATION sectionwill provide details of the hardware and sensing mechanism.

Types of GaussBitsGaussBits designs are of two types: Tiltable GaussBits andRollable GaussBits.

Tiltable GaussBits

N

S30°

30°c

d

a

b

eFigure 2. (a) Principle of Tiltable GaussBits, which can be made by using(b) cylindrical or a (c) ring magnets. Based on the magnetic field imagesshown in (d) and (e), tilt information can be extracted from the intensitymap of the dipole fields.

To resolve the tilt of a GaussBit’s tilt information to be eas-ily resolved in any direction without ambiguity, a cylindrical-symmetric 3D magnetic field between its two ends is re-quired, as shown in Fig. 2(a). Therefore, the use of an axiallymagnetized cylindrical magnet, as shown in Fig. 2(b) is sug-gested. If see-through capability is required, as in a magni-fying glass application, an axially magnetized ring magnet asshown in Fig. 2(c) can be also used. Figure 2(d)(e) show themagnetic field intensity map of the sample magnets. Whenthe magnet is tilted, one side of it is higher than the otherside, so the difference between the magnetic field intensitiesof the two sides provided tilt information. The flip operationcan also be recognized from the change in polarization.

The tilt of a Tiltable GaussBit is estimated from the sensedshape of magnetic field. Accordingly, using magnets withlarger radii provides more information and therefore a moreprecise estimate of tracking. With respect to limitations, how-ever, the roll angle cannot be determined, because the cylin-drically symmetric magnetic field is invariant under rotation.

Rollable GaussBits

NS

c da

b

eFigure 3. (a) Principle of Rollable GaussBits, which can be made from(b) a single magnet or (c) a couple of magnets. As show in (d) the image ofthe magnetic field, roll information can be determined from the relativeposition of the dipole. (e) Example of a flippable Rollable GaussBit.

The simplest way to resolve the roll angle of a GaussBit accu-rately is to lay down a Tiltable GaussBit to let the direction ofthe magnetization parallel to the surface as shown in Fig. 3(b),or to attach another opposite-polar magnet by the TiltableGaussBit as shown in Fig. 3(c). The magnetic field intensitymap then becomes as shown in Fig. 3(a), and the N-part and

interactive surface by inserting in-cell IR camera arrays atthe rear of the LCD. Portico [1] tracks objects on the screenand the surrounding surface using two cameras that are po-sitioned above the display. Though those vision-based ap-proaches provide portable solutions and allow the interactionof tangible objects in the near-surface space above the dis-play, they still suffer from the occlusion problem because ofthe limitations of the vision-based technology.

Occlusion-Free TrackingDirect or low-frequency magnetic fields can pass through thebody, making them suitable for use in occlusion-free track-ing. Polhemus presented a high-resolution 6-DOF (Degree-Of-Freedom) tracking method using an electromagnetic field,but its sensing mechanism depends on an external emitter thatmakes it difficult to integrate into mobile devices. Passive res-onant tags [19] can cause the resonance of the sensing elec-tromagnetic coil array to provide ID, single axis position, andorientation information. A ferromagnetic input device [12]deploys an array of coils which allows to sense free-form fer-romagnetic objects. However, both of these solutions are typ-ically unsuited to portable use.

With respect to portability, magnetometers are used in manymobile devices and can track the 3D position of a passivemagnet within a radial detection range [9], but the orienta-tion of the magnetic field cannot be resolved. Although anelectromagnetic resonance (EMR)4 sensor can be integratedinto a mobile touchscreen to detect the hover and tilt of apassive stylus, it can not resolve roll. SmartTable [21] uti-lizes a grid of Hall-effect switches to sense the informationabout the location and orientation of a 2D magnetic patternon the surface, but it can sense only in 2D. GaussSense [18]use an analog Hall-sensor grid to detect hover and the tilt ofa magnetic stylus on touchscreens. However, it’s uni-polarmagnetic fields tracking technique cannot recognize the rollof the stylus, or the tilt of a stylus while it is hovering, be-cause the detection is associated with touchscreen input. Themethod also cannot track multiple magnetic styli at the sametime. Hence, the feasibility of its extension to tangible inter-actions in 3D is unclear.

DESIGNING GAUSSBITSA GaussBit is a basic design element for use with a mag-netic field tracking technique. Based on the properties of amagnetic dipole field, which is symmetrically and uniformlydistributed, the GaussBits can provide their 3D position in-formation, and partial 3D orientation information through.

The basic operations that can be performed with the Gauss-Bits are 3D translation, tilt, roll, and flip. The 3D transla-tion of a GaussBit can be easily resolved by analyzing thedistribution and the maximum strength of the sensed mag-netic field, as has been discussed previously [18]. The presentwork focuses on designing GaussBits to enable the resolutionof their roll and tilt. Neodymium magnets are used in pro-totype GaussBits. A bi-polar magnetic-field tracking sensorgrid as shown in Fig. 1(a), is used here to visualize the N-and S-polar magnetic field intensity maps of the GaussBits in4http://www.wacom.com/

red and blue, respectively. The IMPLEMENTATION sectionwill provide details of the hardware and sensing mechanism.

Types of GaussBitsGaussBits designs are of two types: Tiltable GaussBits andRollable GaussBits.

Tiltable GaussBits

N

S30°

30°c

d

a

b

eFigure 2. (a) Principle of Tiltable GaussBits, which can be made by using(b) cylindrical or a (c) ring magnets. Based on the magnetic field imagesshown in (d) and (e), tilt information can be extracted from the intensitymap of the dipole fields.

To resolve the tilt of a GaussBit’s tilt information to be eas-ily resolved in any direction without ambiguity, a cylindrical-symmetric 3D magnetic field between its two ends is re-quired, as shown in Fig. 2(a). Therefore, the use of an axiallymagnetized cylindrical magnet, as shown in Fig. 2(b) is sug-gested. If see-through capability is required, as in a magni-fying glass application, an axially magnetized ring magnet asshown in Fig. 2(c) can be also used. Figure 2(d)(e) show themagnetic field intensity map of the sample magnets. Whenthe magnet is tilted, one side of it is higher than the otherside, so the difference between the magnetic field intensitiesof the two sides provided tilt information. The flip operationcan also be recognized from the change in polarization.

The tilt of a Tiltable GaussBit is estimated from the sensedshape of magnetic field. Accordingly, using magnets withlarger radii provides more information and therefore a moreprecise estimate of tracking. With respect to limitations, how-ever, the roll angle cannot be determined, because the cylin-drically symmetric magnetic field is invariant under rotation.

Rollable GaussBits

NS

c da

b

eFigure 3. (a) Principle of Rollable GaussBits, which can be made from(b) a single magnet or (c) a couple of magnets. As show in (d) the image ofthe magnetic field, roll information can be determined from the relativeposition of the dipole. (e) Example of a flippable Rollable GaussBit.

The simplest way to resolve the roll angle of a GaussBit accu-rately is to lay down a Tiltable GaussBit to let the direction ofthe magnetization parallel to the surface as shown in Fig. 3(b),or to attach another opposite-polar magnet by the TiltableGaussBit as shown in Fig. 3(c). The magnetic field intensitymap then becomes as shown in Fig. 3(a), and the N-part and

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 40: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Support Tilt, Hover, and FlipDesign > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 41: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Support Tilt, Hover, and FlipDesign > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 42: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Support Tilt, Hover, and FlipDesign > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 43: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Rollable GaussBitsThe bi-polar magnetic field is Not Cylindrical Symmetric

interactive surface by inserting in-cell IR camera arrays atthe rear of the LCD. Portico [1] tracks objects on the screenand the surrounding surface using two cameras that are po-sitioned above the display. Though those vision-based ap-proaches provide portable solutions and allow the interactionof tangible objects in the near-surface space above the dis-play, they still suffer from the occlusion problem because ofthe limitations of the vision-based technology.

Occlusion-Free TrackingDirect or low-frequency magnetic fields can pass through thebody, making them suitable for use in occlusion-free track-ing. Polhemus presented a high-resolution 6-DOF (Degree-Of-Freedom) tracking method using an electromagnetic field,but its sensing mechanism depends on an external emitter thatmakes it difficult to integrate into mobile devices. Passive res-onant tags [19] can cause the resonance of the sensing elec-tromagnetic coil array to provide ID, single axis position, andorientation information. A ferromagnetic input device [12]deploys an array of coils which allows to sense free-form fer-romagnetic objects. However, both of these solutions are typ-ically unsuited to portable use.

With respect to portability, magnetometers are used in manymobile devices and can track the 3D position of a passivemagnet within a radial detection range [9], but the orienta-tion of the magnetic field cannot be resolved. Although anelectromagnetic resonance (EMR)4 sensor can be integratedinto a mobile touchscreen to detect the hover and tilt of apassive stylus, it can not resolve roll. SmartTable [21] uti-lizes a grid of Hall-effect switches to sense the informationabout the location and orientation of a 2D magnetic patternon the surface, but it can sense only in 2D. GaussSense [18]use an analog Hall-sensor grid to detect hover and the tilt ofa magnetic stylus on touchscreens. However, it’s uni-polarmagnetic fields tracking technique cannot recognize the rollof the stylus, or the tilt of a stylus while it is hovering, be-cause the detection is associated with touchscreen input. Themethod also cannot track multiple magnetic styli at the sametime. Hence, the feasibility of its extension to tangible inter-actions in 3D is unclear.

DESIGNING GAUSSBITSA GaussBit is a basic design element for use with a mag-netic field tracking technique. Based on the properties of amagnetic dipole field, which is symmetrically and uniformlydistributed, the GaussBits can provide their 3D position in-formation, and partial 3D orientation information through.

The basic operations that can be performed with the Gauss-Bits are 3D translation, tilt, roll, and flip. The 3D transla-tion of a GaussBit can be easily resolved by analyzing thedistribution and the maximum strength of the sensed mag-netic field, as has been discussed previously [18]. The presentwork focuses on designing GaussBits to enable the resolutionof their roll and tilt. Neodymium magnets are used in pro-totype GaussBits. A bi-polar magnetic-field tracking sensorgrid as shown in Fig. 1(a), is used here to visualize the N-and S-polar magnetic field intensity maps of the GaussBits in4http://www.wacom.com/

red and blue, respectively. The IMPLEMENTATION sectionwill provide details of the hardware and sensing mechanism.

Types of GaussBitsGaussBits designs are of two types: Tiltable GaussBits andRollable GaussBits.

Tiltable GaussBits

N

S30°

30°c

d

a

b

eFigure 2. (a) Principle of Tiltable GaussBits, which can be made by using(b) cylindrical or a (c) ring magnets. Based on the magnetic field imagesshown in (d) and (e), tilt information can be extracted from the intensitymap of the dipole fields.

To resolve the tilt of a GaussBit’s tilt information to be eas-ily resolved in any direction without ambiguity, a cylindrical-symmetric 3D magnetic field between its two ends is re-quired, as shown in Fig. 2(a). Therefore, the use of an axiallymagnetized cylindrical magnet, as shown in Fig. 2(b) is sug-gested. If see-through capability is required, as in a magni-fying glass application, an axially magnetized ring magnet asshown in Fig. 2(c) can be also used. Figure 2(d)(e) show themagnetic field intensity map of the sample magnets. Whenthe magnet is tilted, one side of it is higher than the otherside, so the difference between the magnetic field intensitiesof the two sides provided tilt information. The flip operationcan also be recognized from the change in polarization.

The tilt of a Tiltable GaussBit is estimated from the sensedshape of magnetic field. Accordingly, using magnets withlarger radii provides more information and therefore a moreprecise estimate of tracking. With respect to limitations, how-ever, the roll angle cannot be determined, because the cylin-drically symmetric magnetic field is invariant under rotation.

Rollable GaussBits

NS

c da

b

eFigure 3. (a) Principle of Rollable GaussBits, which can be made from(b) a single magnet or (c) a couple of magnets. As show in (d) the image ofthe magnetic field, roll information can be determined from the relativeposition of the dipole. (e) Example of a flippable Rollable GaussBit.

The simplest way to resolve the roll angle of a GaussBit accu-rately is to lay down a Tiltable GaussBit to let the direction ofthe magnetization parallel to the surface as shown in Fig. 3(b),or to attach another opposite-polar magnet by the TiltableGaussBit as shown in Fig. 3(c). The magnetic field intensitymap then becomes as shown in Fig. 3(a), and the N-part andDesign > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 44: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Rollable GaussBits can support FlippingDesign > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 45: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Rollable GaussBitsThe bi-polar magnetic fields are

Not Cylindrical Symmetric

Tiltable GaussBitsThe magnetic fields are

Cylindrical Symmetric

We can NOT build a GaussBit which istiltable and rollable to support 6DOF operations

interactive surface by inserting in-cell IR camera arrays atthe rear of the LCD. Portico [1] tracks objects on the screenand the surrounding surface using two cameras that are po-sitioned above the display. Though those vision-based ap-proaches provide portable solutions and allow the interactionof tangible objects in the near-surface space above the dis-play, they still suffer from the occlusion problem because ofthe limitations of the vision-based technology.

Occlusion-Free TrackingDirect or low-frequency magnetic fields can pass through thebody, making them suitable for use in occlusion-free track-ing. Polhemus presented a high-resolution 6-DOF (Degree-Of-Freedom) tracking method using an electromagnetic field,but its sensing mechanism depends on an external emitter thatmakes it difficult to integrate into mobile devices. Passive res-onant tags [19] can cause the resonance of the sensing elec-tromagnetic coil array to provide ID, single axis position, andorientation information. A ferromagnetic input device [12]deploys an array of coils which allows to sense free-form fer-romagnetic objects. However, both of these solutions are typ-ically unsuited to portable use.

With respect to portability, magnetometers are used in manymobile devices and can track the 3D position of a passivemagnet within a radial detection range [9], but the orienta-tion of the magnetic field cannot be resolved. Although anelectromagnetic resonance (EMR)4 sensor can be integratedinto a mobile touchscreen to detect the hover and tilt of apassive stylus, it can not resolve roll. SmartTable [21] uti-lizes a grid of Hall-effect switches to sense the informationabout the location and orientation of a 2D magnetic patternon the surface, but it can sense only in 2D. GaussSense [18]use an analog Hall-sensor grid to detect hover and the tilt ofa magnetic stylus on touchscreens. However, it’s uni-polarmagnetic fields tracking technique cannot recognize the rollof the stylus, or the tilt of a stylus while it is hovering, be-cause the detection is associated with touchscreen input. Themethod also cannot track multiple magnetic styli at the sametime. Hence, the feasibility of its extension to tangible inter-actions in 3D is unclear.

DESIGNING GAUSSBITSA GaussBit is a basic design element for use with a mag-netic field tracking technique. Based on the properties of amagnetic dipole field, which is symmetrically and uniformlydistributed, the GaussBits can provide their 3D position in-formation, and partial 3D orientation information through.

The basic operations that can be performed with the Gauss-Bits are 3D translation, tilt, roll, and flip. The 3D transla-tion of a GaussBit can be easily resolved by analyzing thedistribution and the maximum strength of the sensed mag-netic field, as has been discussed previously [18]. The presentwork focuses on designing GaussBits to enable the resolutionof their roll and tilt. Neodymium magnets are used in pro-totype GaussBits. A bi-polar magnetic-field tracking sensorgrid as shown in Fig. 1(a), is used here to visualize the N-and S-polar magnetic field intensity maps of the GaussBits in4http://www.wacom.com/

red and blue, respectively. The IMPLEMENTATION sectionwill provide details of the hardware and sensing mechanism.

Types of GaussBitsGaussBits designs are of two types: Tiltable GaussBits andRollable GaussBits.

Tiltable GaussBits

N

S30°

30°c

d

a

b

eFigure 2. (a) Principle of Tiltable GaussBits, which can be made by using(b) cylindrical or a (c) ring magnets. Based on the magnetic field imagesshown in (d) and (e), tilt information can be extracted from the intensitymap of the dipole fields.

To resolve the tilt of a GaussBit’s tilt information to be eas-ily resolved in any direction without ambiguity, a cylindrical-symmetric 3D magnetic field between its two ends is re-quired, as shown in Fig. 2(a). Therefore, the use of an axiallymagnetized cylindrical magnet, as shown in Fig. 2(b) is sug-gested. If see-through capability is required, as in a magni-fying glass application, an axially magnetized ring magnet asshown in Fig. 2(c) can be also used. Figure 2(d)(e) show themagnetic field intensity map of the sample magnets. Whenthe magnet is tilted, one side of it is higher than the otherside, so the difference between the magnetic field intensitiesof the two sides provided tilt information. The flip operationcan also be recognized from the change in polarization.

The tilt of a Tiltable GaussBit is estimated from the sensedshape of magnetic field. Accordingly, using magnets withlarger radii provides more information and therefore a moreprecise estimate of tracking. With respect to limitations, how-ever, the roll angle cannot be determined, because the cylin-drically symmetric magnetic field is invariant under rotation.

Rollable GaussBits

NS

c da

b

eFigure 3. (a) Principle of Rollable GaussBits, which can be made from(b) a single magnet or (c) a couple of magnets. As show in (d) the image ofthe magnetic field, roll information can be determined from the relativeposition of the dipole. (e) Example of a flippable Rollable GaussBit.

The simplest way to resolve the roll angle of a GaussBit accu-rately is to lay down a Tiltable GaussBit to let the direction ofthe magnetization parallel to the surface as shown in Fig. 3(b),or to attach another opposite-polar magnet by the TiltableGaussBit as shown in Fig. 3(c). The magnetic field intensitymap then becomes as shown in Fig. 3(a), and the N-part and

interactive surface by inserting in-cell IR camera arrays atthe rear of the LCD. Portico [1] tracks objects on the screenand the surrounding surface using two cameras that are po-sitioned above the display. Though those vision-based ap-proaches provide portable solutions and allow the interactionof tangible objects in the near-surface space above the dis-play, they still suffer from the occlusion problem because ofthe limitations of the vision-based technology.

Occlusion-Free TrackingDirect or low-frequency magnetic fields can pass through thebody, making them suitable for use in occlusion-free track-ing. Polhemus presented a high-resolution 6-DOF (Degree-Of-Freedom) tracking method using an electromagnetic field,but its sensing mechanism depends on an external emitter thatmakes it difficult to integrate into mobile devices. Passive res-onant tags [19] can cause the resonance of the sensing elec-tromagnetic coil array to provide ID, single axis position, andorientation information. A ferromagnetic input device [12]deploys an array of coils which allows to sense free-form fer-romagnetic objects. However, both of these solutions are typ-ically unsuited to portable use.

With respect to portability, magnetometers are used in manymobile devices and can track the 3D position of a passivemagnet within a radial detection range [9], but the orienta-tion of the magnetic field cannot be resolved. Although anelectromagnetic resonance (EMR)4 sensor can be integratedinto a mobile touchscreen to detect the hover and tilt of apassive stylus, it can not resolve roll. SmartTable [21] uti-lizes a grid of Hall-effect switches to sense the informationabout the location and orientation of a 2D magnetic patternon the surface, but it can sense only in 2D. GaussSense [18]use an analog Hall-sensor grid to detect hover and the tilt ofa magnetic stylus on touchscreens. However, it’s uni-polarmagnetic fields tracking technique cannot recognize the rollof the stylus, or the tilt of a stylus while it is hovering, be-cause the detection is associated with touchscreen input. Themethod also cannot track multiple magnetic styli at the sametime. Hence, the feasibility of its extension to tangible inter-actions in 3D is unclear.

DESIGNING GAUSSBITSA GaussBit is a basic design element for use with a mag-netic field tracking technique. Based on the properties of amagnetic dipole field, which is symmetrically and uniformlydistributed, the GaussBits can provide their 3D position in-formation, and partial 3D orientation information through.

The basic operations that can be performed with the Gauss-Bits are 3D translation, tilt, roll, and flip. The 3D transla-tion of a GaussBit can be easily resolved by analyzing thedistribution and the maximum strength of the sensed mag-netic field, as has been discussed previously [18]. The presentwork focuses on designing GaussBits to enable the resolutionof their roll and tilt. Neodymium magnets are used in pro-totype GaussBits. A bi-polar magnetic-field tracking sensorgrid as shown in Fig. 1(a), is used here to visualize the N-and S-polar magnetic field intensity maps of the GaussBits in4http://www.wacom.com/

red and blue, respectively. The IMPLEMENTATION sectionwill provide details of the hardware and sensing mechanism.

Types of GaussBitsGaussBits designs are of two types: Tiltable GaussBits andRollable GaussBits.

Tiltable GaussBits

N

S30°

30°c

d

a

b

eFigure 2. (a) Principle of Tiltable GaussBits, which can be made by using(b) cylindrical or a (c) ring magnets. Based on the magnetic field imagesshown in (d) and (e), tilt information can be extracted from the intensitymap of the dipole fields.

To resolve the tilt of a GaussBit’s tilt information to be eas-ily resolved in any direction without ambiguity, a cylindrical-symmetric 3D magnetic field between its two ends is re-quired, as shown in Fig. 2(a). Therefore, the use of an axiallymagnetized cylindrical magnet, as shown in Fig. 2(b) is sug-gested. If see-through capability is required, as in a magni-fying glass application, an axially magnetized ring magnet asshown in Fig. 2(c) can be also used. Figure 2(d)(e) show themagnetic field intensity map of the sample magnets. Whenthe magnet is tilted, one side of it is higher than the otherside, so the difference between the magnetic field intensitiesof the two sides provided tilt information. The flip operationcan also be recognized from the change in polarization.

The tilt of a Tiltable GaussBit is estimated from the sensedshape of magnetic field. Accordingly, using magnets withlarger radii provides more information and therefore a moreprecise estimate of tracking. With respect to limitations, how-ever, the roll angle cannot be determined, because the cylin-drically symmetric magnetic field is invariant under rotation.

Rollable GaussBits

NS

c da

b

eFigure 3. (a) Principle of Rollable GaussBits, which can be made from(b) a single magnet or (c) a couple of magnets. As show in (d) the image ofthe magnetic field, roll information can be determined from the relativeposition of the dipole. (e) Example of a flippable Rollable GaussBit.

The simplest way to resolve the roll angle of a GaussBit accu-rately is to lay down a Tiltable GaussBit to let the direction ofthe magnetization parallel to the surface as shown in Fig. 3(b),or to attach another opposite-polar magnet by the TiltableGaussBit as shown in Fig. 3(c). The magnetic field intensitymap then becomes as shown in Fig. 3(a), and the N-part and

Limitation

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 46: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Ci’

Ci

: by higher, dynamic threshold

: by lower threshold

Extract the connected components

I’Oi’N

OiN

Oi’N

Oi’S

ResultsSensing algorithm

Tiltable

Rollable

Raw Image

I IN

IS

Thresholding

: centroid of Ci’Oi’

: centroid of Ci’Oi

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 47: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Types of GaussBits can be recognized by the shape of magnetic fields

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 48: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Sensing algorithm

Roll direction

2D position (x,y)

Tilt direction

Hover height (z)Max. Intensity

Tilt angle

Without Pre-Registering the Magnets With Registration

Rollable GaussBit Tiltable GaussBit Tiltable GaussBit

2D position + Direction of Roll or Tilt

3D position + Direction and Angle of Tilt

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 49: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

I

Ci’

CiIN IS

I’Oi’N Oi’S

OiN

Oi’N

Rollable

Tiltable

a

b

c d

e

a

b

Figure 9. Signal processing procedures. (a) When magnets are placedon the sensor grid, the magnetic field image I can be obtained as shownin (b). Separate analyses of the (c) N-Field IN and (d) S-Field IS enablesthe connected components Ci and their feature C0

i to be extracted fromboth field images. (e) Combining the two images enables the sensingalgorithm to resolve the position and orientation of Rollable GaussBits

and Tiltable GaussBits.

Sensing AlgorithmThe sensing algorithm is developed to track the location andorientation of GaussBits in the near-surface space by analyz-ing the obtained bi-polar magnetic field image I (Fig. 9(b)).

PreprocessingThe raw sensing image I consists of N- and S-polar parts,which are IN (Fig. 9(c)) and IS (Fig. 9(d)), respectively. Ifthe sensed intensity value is below a given noise thresholdTnoise, then it will be treated noise data and will be removed.To analyze the position of GaussBit, all connected compo-nents Ci are extracted from both IN and IS. If the extractedCi is too small or falls inside a larger one, then it is removed.The remaining Ci are fitted using a rotational bounding box.The centroid Oi of the bounding box, and maximum intensityvalue Imax of each Ci are then calculated. The Oi and the Imaxcan be used to resolve the 3D position GaussBit.

To obtain orientation information, the filtered Ci must be fur-ther processed. When Imax exceeds Tnoise + k, where k is aconstant, the feature C0

i of every Ci is extracted by imposing ahigher theshold Thigh = Imax�k. The rotational bounding boxis again calculated for C0

i to obtain the centroid of the box O0i.

Analyzing each O0i with the corresponding Oi and Imax in both

IN and IS yields the orientation information.

Identifying and Sensing Types of GaussBitThe detected Ci and C0

i can be used to determine whether theGaussBit is a Tiltable GaussBit or a Rollable GaussBit. If aC0

i is detected within Ci, of which the polarity is the same asC0

i , then this C0i-Ci pair is regarded as a Tiltable GaussBit. On

the contrary, if an N-pole C0i is within a predefined threshold

distance of an S-pole C0i , then this C0N

i -C0Si pair is identified as

a Rollable GaussBit rather than two Tiltable GaussBits.

For a Tiltable GaussBit, the projected position onto the 2Dplane is Oi, and Imax determines the hover height. The direc-tion is given by the vector ~v = ~Oi�O0

i, and the angle of tiltcan be determined from ||v||.

h

θ

0° 30°15° 45°

0° 30° 60° 90°

0° 30°15° 45°

3x15x12

3x15

10x4

T

H R

H

R

H T HT

HT

10x4 3x15 3x15x12 6x12.5+10x4

HoverRollTilt

Magnetic-field image

GaussBit

Robot arm

Hall-sensor grida

b c

d

eHxORxIR: Height x Outer-Radius x Inner-Radius (Unit:mm)

3x19x15GaussClock GaussNavigator GaussPilot GaussCooker

Figure 10. (a) Experimental apparatus. (b) Sensing distance of the sam-ple GaussBits. Within this distance, the position of hovering and thedirections of roll or tilt can be resolved. (c) Definition of sensing dis-tance h and tilt angle q . (d) Resulting magnetic field images of a Rollable

GaussBit sample and (e) two sample Tiltable GaussBits at a hover heightof 10mm at four roll and tilt angles.

For a Rollable GaussBit, the projected position onto the 2Dplane is the midpoint of O0N

i and O0Si , and Max(IN

max, ISmax) de-

termines the hover height. The direction of the roll is givenby ~v = ~O0S

i �O0Ni . If the application involves only one Rol-

lable GaussBit as in the GaussClock application shown, ONi

and OSi can be used instead of O0N

i and O0Si to increase the

sensing distance.

Based on the proposed algorithm, the tilt or roll of the Gauss-Bits can be correctly resolved, as shown in Fig. 9(e).

EvaluationAn earlier study [18] revealed that the sensing performancebecomes worse as the sensing distance is increased. There-fore, an in-lab measurement was made to determine themaximum sensing distance of the proposed algorithm. Thefive GaussBits that are demonstrated in the four applica-tions, GaussClock, GaussNavigator, GaussPilot, and Gauss-Cooker, are evaluated here.

ProceduresA calibrated robot arm, shown in Fig. 10(a), which can per-form lift, tilt, and roll operations, is used to measure stably theperformance of each GaussBit in the air. The measurementsstarted from a height of 5mm, which equals the thickness ofthe laptop LCD that was used in the application. In each trial,the hover height is increased by 1mm, and the tilt (0� ⇠ 45�pitch) or roll (0� ⇠ 360�) function is tested, according to the

Evaluation

17-44mm above the display

I

Ci’

CiIN IS

I’Oi’N Oi’S

OiN

Oi’N

Rollable

Tiltable

a

b

c d

e

a

b

Figure 9. Signal processing procedures. (a) When magnets are placedon the sensor grid, the magnetic field image I can be obtained as shownin (b). Separate analyses of the (c) N-Field IN and (d) S-Field IS enablesthe connected components Ci and their feature C0

i to be extracted fromboth field images. (e) Combining the two images enables the sensingalgorithm to resolve the position and orientation of Rollable GaussBits

and Tiltable GaussBits.

Sensing AlgorithmThe sensing algorithm is developed to track the location andorientation of GaussBits in the near-surface space by analyz-ing the obtained bi-polar magnetic field image I (Fig. 9(b)).

PreprocessingThe raw sensing image I consists of N- and S-polar parts,which are IN (Fig. 9(c)) and IS (Fig. 9(d)), respectively. Ifthe sensed intensity value is below a given noise thresholdTnoise, then it will be treated noise data and will be removed.To analyze the position of GaussBit, all connected compo-nents Ci are extracted from both IN and IS. If the extractedCi is too small or falls inside a larger one, then it is removed.The remaining Ci are fitted using a rotational bounding box.The centroid Oi of the bounding box, and maximum intensityvalue Imax of each Ci are then calculated. The Oi and the Imaxcan be used to resolve the 3D position GaussBit.

To obtain orientation information, the filtered Ci must be fur-ther processed. When Imax exceeds Tnoise + k, where k is aconstant, the feature C0

i of every Ci is extracted by imposing ahigher theshold Thigh = Imax�k. The rotational bounding boxis again calculated for C0

i to obtain the centroid of the box O0i.

Analyzing each O0i with the corresponding Oi and Imax in both

IN and IS yields the orientation information.

Identifying and Sensing Types of GaussBitThe detected Ci and C0

i can be used to determine whether theGaussBit is a Tiltable GaussBit or a Rollable GaussBit. If aC0

i is detected within Ci, of which the polarity is the same asC0

i , then this C0i-Ci pair is regarded as a Tiltable GaussBit. On

the contrary, if an N-pole C0i is within a predefined threshold

distance of an S-pole C0i , then this C0N

i -C0Si pair is identified as

a Rollable GaussBit rather than two Tiltable GaussBits.

For a Tiltable GaussBit, the projected position onto the 2Dplane is Oi, and Imax determines the hover height. The direc-tion is given by the vector ~v = ~Oi�O0

i, and the angle of tiltcan be determined from ||v||.

h

θ

0° 30°15° 45°

0° 30° 60° 90°

0° 30°15° 45°

3x15x12

3x15

10x4

T

H R

H

R

H T HT

HT

10x4 3x15 3x15x12 6x12.5+10x4

HoverRollTilt

Magnetic-field image

GaussBit

Robot arm

Hall-sensor grida

b c

d

eHxORxIR: Height x Outer-Radius x Inner-Radius (Unit:mm)

3x19x15GaussClock GaussNavigator GaussPilot GaussCooker

Figure 10. (a) Experimental apparatus. (b) Sensing distance of the sam-ple GaussBits. Within this distance, the position of hovering and thedirections of roll or tilt can be resolved. (c) Definition of sensing dis-tance h and tilt angle q . (d) Resulting magnetic field images of a Rollable

GaussBit sample and (e) two sample Tiltable GaussBits at a hover heightof 10mm at four roll and tilt angles.

For a Rollable GaussBit, the projected position onto the 2Dplane is the midpoint of O0N

i and O0Si , and Max(IN

max, ISmax) de-

termines the hover height. The direction of the roll is givenby ~v = ~O0S

i �O0Ni . If the application involves only one Rol-

lable GaussBit as in the GaussClock application shown, ONi

and OSi can be used instead of O0N

i and O0Si to increase the

sensing distance.

Based on the proposed algorithm, the tilt or roll of the Gauss-Bits can be correctly resolved, as shown in Fig. 9(e).

EvaluationAn earlier study [18] revealed that the sensing performancebecomes worse as the sensing distance is increased. There-fore, an in-lab measurement was made to determine themaximum sensing distance of the proposed algorithm. Thefive GaussBits that are demonstrated in the four applica-tions, GaussClock, GaussNavigator, GaussPilot, and Gauss-Cooker, are evaluated here.

ProceduresA calibrated robot arm, shown in Fig. 10(a), which can per-form lift, tilt, and roll operations, is used to measure stably theperformance of each GaussBit in the air. The measurementsstarted from a height of 5mm, which equals the thickness ofthe laptop LCD that was used in the application. In each trial,the hover height is increased by 1mm, and the tilt (0� ⇠ 45�pitch) or roll (0� ⇠ 360�) function is tested, according to the

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 50: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

I

Ci’

CiIN IS

I’Oi’N Oi’S

OiN

Oi’N

Rollable

Tiltable

a

b

c d

e

a

b

Figure 9. Signal processing procedures. (a) When magnets are placedon the sensor grid, the magnetic field image I can be obtained as shownin (b). Separate analyses of the (c) N-Field IN and (d) S-Field IS enablesthe connected components Ci and their feature C0

i to be extracted fromboth field images. (e) Combining the two images enables the sensingalgorithm to resolve the position and orientation of Rollable GaussBits

and Tiltable GaussBits.

Sensing AlgorithmThe sensing algorithm is developed to track the location andorientation of GaussBits in the near-surface space by analyz-ing the obtained bi-polar magnetic field image I (Fig. 9(b)).

PreprocessingThe raw sensing image I consists of N- and S-polar parts,which are IN (Fig. 9(c)) and IS (Fig. 9(d)), respectively. Ifthe sensed intensity value is below a given noise thresholdTnoise, then it will be treated noise data and will be removed.To analyze the position of GaussBit, all connected compo-nents Ci are extracted from both IN and IS. If the extractedCi is too small or falls inside a larger one, then it is removed.The remaining Ci are fitted using a rotational bounding box.The centroid Oi of the bounding box, and maximum intensityvalue Imax of each Ci are then calculated. The Oi and the Imaxcan be used to resolve the 3D position GaussBit.

To obtain orientation information, the filtered Ci must be fur-ther processed. When Imax exceeds Tnoise + k, where k is aconstant, the feature C0

i of every Ci is extracted by imposing ahigher theshold Thigh = Imax�k. The rotational bounding boxis again calculated for C0

i to obtain the centroid of the box O0i.

Analyzing each O0i with the corresponding Oi and Imax in both

IN and IS yields the orientation information.

Identifying and Sensing Types of GaussBitThe detected Ci and C0

i can be used to determine whether theGaussBit is a Tiltable GaussBit or a Rollable GaussBit. If aC0

i is detected within Ci, of which the polarity is the same asC0

i , then this C0i-Ci pair is regarded as a Tiltable GaussBit. On

the contrary, if an N-pole C0i is within a predefined threshold

distance of an S-pole C0i , then this C0N

i -C0Si pair is identified as

a Rollable GaussBit rather than two Tiltable GaussBits.

For a Tiltable GaussBit, the projected position onto the 2Dplane is Oi, and Imax determines the hover height. The direc-tion is given by the vector ~v = ~Oi�O0

i, and the angle of tiltcan be determined from ||v||.

h

θ

0° 30°15° 45°

0° 30° 60° 90°

0° 30°15° 45°

3x15x12

3x15

10x4

T

H R

H

R

H T HT

HT

10x4 3x15 3x15x12 6x12.5+10x4

HoverRollTilt

Magnetic-field image

GaussBit

Robot arm

Hall-sensor grida

b c

d

eHxORxIR: Height x Outer-Radius x Inner-Radius (Unit:mm)

3x19x15GaussClock GaussNavigator GaussPilot GaussCooker

Figure 10. (a) Experimental apparatus. (b) Sensing distance of the sam-ple GaussBits. Within this distance, the position of hovering and thedirections of roll or tilt can be resolved. (c) Definition of sensing dis-tance h and tilt angle q . (d) Resulting magnetic field images of a Rollable

GaussBit sample and (e) two sample Tiltable GaussBits at a hover heightof 10mm at four roll and tilt angles.

For a Rollable GaussBit, the projected position onto the 2Dplane is the midpoint of O0N

i and O0Si , and Max(IN

max, ISmax) de-

termines the hover height. The direction of the roll is givenby ~v = ~O0S

i �O0Ni . If the application involves only one Rol-

lable GaussBit as in the GaussClock application shown, ONi

and OSi can be used instead of O0N

i and O0Si to increase the

sensing distance.

Based on the proposed algorithm, the tilt or roll of the Gauss-Bits can be correctly resolved, as shown in Fig. 9(e).

EvaluationAn earlier study [18] revealed that the sensing performancebecomes worse as the sensing distance is increased. There-fore, an in-lab measurement was made to determine themaximum sensing distance of the proposed algorithm. Thefive GaussBits that are demonstrated in the four applica-tions, GaussClock, GaussNavigator, GaussPilot, and Gauss-Cooker, are evaluated here.

ProceduresA calibrated robot arm, shown in Fig. 10(a), which can per-form lift, tilt, and roll operations, is used to measure stably theperformance of each GaussBit in the air. The measurementsstarted from a height of 5mm, which equals the thickness ofthe laptop LCD that was used in the application. In each trial,the hover height is increased by 1mm, and the tilt (0� ⇠ 45�pitch) or roll (0� ⇠ 360�) function is tested, according to the

EvaluationTrack the tilt and roll well (10mm height)

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

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Identifying GaussBits

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 52: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

c d

e f

a b

hgFigure 13. Two methods identifying rollable magnets while determiningthe orientation of roll. (a) Carving a gap in the side of a ring magnetyields the magnetic field that is shown in (b). (c) The image of the mag-netic field shows that the gap can be clearly used to provide the orien-tation. (d) The pink area represents the ID design space. (e) Attachingone or many cylindrical magnets to the side of a ring magnet yields themagnetic field image in (f). (g) The orientation can be resolved and (h)the pink area represents the ID design space.

Scalability of shape as ID: Since multiple magnets are at-tached to each others in the identification method, scalabil-ity should be considered because of interference. For theID design that is shown in Fig. 13(e), a 3mm-height⇥4mm-radius cylindrical magnets where attached around the centralring magnet as a payload, which had a minimal interference-free distance of 9mm. Hence, the 3mm-height⇥19mm-outer-radius magnet had a 7-bit ID space, as shown in Fig. 13(h),in which the asymmetric patterns can be used to provide rollinformation as well.

When a user lifts or tilts the GaussBits from the surface,the image of the magnetic field becomes blurry, potentiallyshrinking the ID design space. The ID design in Fig. 13(e)was tested on a 5mm-thick LCD panel. Its ID was detectedrobustly when the GaussBits hovered 9mm above the displayor when they were tilted with a pitch or yaw of ±15 degreeson the display.

Generally, although the capability of using shape for identifi-cation is limited and the number of IDs is proportional to theresolution of the sensing platform, this method is still usablefor applications that require only a few tangibles.

Combination with Other ID TechniquesIf many IDs are required, then GaussBits can be combinedwith other passive ID techniques, such as the use of an NFCtag, by attaching the passive NFC tag to the bottom of aGaussBit, as shown in Fig. 14(a), or the use of capacitancetags, by deploying a conductive pattern to the bottom of aGaussBit, as shown in Fig. 14(b). Combining both tech-niques provides the advantages of both. The comparison ta-ble (Fig. 14(d)) clearly illustrates the benefits of combiningGaussBit with NFC or TUIC-2D [26] tags. Especially, whencombined with the capacitive TUIC-2D passive tag, a Rol-lable GaussBit can effectively reduces the required size ofTUIC-2D tag because its magnetic field can provide regis-tration information, such as the orientation and position ofthe tag, as shown in Fig. 14(c). Therefore, the smaller tag isbetter suited smaller portable capacitive multitouch displays,such as in smartphones.

Available Information/Type of Tag

IDLocationLocation OrientationOrientation

NoteAvailable

Information/Type of Tag

ID 2D(x,y)

Height(z)

Rotation(Roll)

Tilt(Pitch & Yaw)

Note

NFC Tag vTUIC-2D v v v

Tiltable GaussBit ∆ v v vRollable GaussBit ∆ v v v ∆TUIC-2D + Tiltable v v v vTUIC-2D + Rollable v v v v ∆ *

NFC + Tiltable v v v vNFC + Rollable v v v v ∆

*Can be made smaller than original.∆: Partial

TUIC-2D

PayloadRegistration

TUIC-2D +Rollable GaussBita b c

d

e

Figure 14. GaussBits complement other identification techniques to in-crease the number of ID numbers. GaussBits can be enhanced by usingan (a) NFC tag, or (b) capacitive-based tag. (c) When combined withthe TUIC’s technique, GaussBits can effectively reduces the size that isrequired by TUIC. (d) The table shows the benefits of combining Tiltable

GaussBits or Rollable GaussBits with other ID techniques.

EXPLORATIVE WORKSHOPTo understand how this enabling design space can be appliedto design TUI applications for portable displays, eight design-ers (3 female and 5 male) were recruited from a design schoolto participate in an explorative workshop. All of them weresenior graduate students, and had more than a year of experi-ence of participating in brainstorming workshops.

ProceduresFirst, relevant fundamental knowledge, including the avail-able interaction set and limitations of this technology, is pre-sented. Then, the four applications herein were presentedto the designers to allow them to experience the technol-ogy (Fig. 15(a)). Then, paper clay, various kinds of mag-net, stacks of 3M post-it memos, and white paper were dis-tributed to the designers. With the paper clay in hand, design-ers could make tangible prototypes while brainstorming, andshare their thoughts through the think-aloud protocol. To en-sure the quality of the discussion, participants were split intotwo equally sized groups. Each group engaged in an explo-rative workshop that lasted for two hours, and all activitieswere video-recorded.

Results and DiscussionDuring the two-hour workshop, various ideas were generatedand discussed. Those ideas can be roughly divided into fourcategories, which were real-world simulation, entertainment,toolkits, and display as a tool.

Real-world simulation: By shaping the tangibles into the de-sired form, designers can easily simulate the tasks from thereal world. For example, one designer thought about attach-ing a handle to the ring-shaped GaussBit to simulate a mag-nifying glass, to assist with interior design tasks, or to helpthe tourists navigate a city map. Other ideas, such as garden-ing with physical tools (Fig. 15(b)), or sculpting with a knife,

Using Shape as IDProviding the roll information as well, but no tilt

Subtraction

Addition

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 53: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

c d

e f

a b

hgFigure 13. Two methods identifying rollable magnets while determiningthe orientation of roll. (a) Carving a gap in the side of a ring magnetyields the magnetic field that is shown in (b). (c) The image of the mag-netic field shows that the gap can be clearly used to provide the orien-tation. (d) The pink area represents the ID design space. (e) Attachingone or many cylindrical magnets to the side of a ring magnet yields themagnetic field image in (f). (g) The orientation can be resolved and (h)the pink area represents the ID design space.

Scalability of shape as ID: Since multiple magnets are at-tached to each others in the identification method, scalabil-ity should be considered because of interference. For theID design that is shown in Fig. 13(e), a 3mm-height⇥4mm-radius cylindrical magnets where attached around the centralring magnet as a payload, which had a minimal interference-free distance of 9mm. Hence, the 3mm-height⇥19mm-outer-radius magnet had a 7-bit ID space, as shown in Fig. 13(h),in which the asymmetric patterns can be used to provide rollinformation as well.

When a user lifts or tilts the GaussBits from the surface,the image of the magnetic field becomes blurry, potentiallyshrinking the ID design space. The ID design in Fig. 13(e)was tested on a 5mm-thick LCD panel. Its ID was detectedrobustly when the GaussBits hovered 9mm above the displayor when they were tilted with a pitch or yaw of ±15 degreeson the display.

Generally, although the capability of using shape for identifi-cation is limited and the number of IDs is proportional to theresolution of the sensing platform, this method is still usablefor applications that require only a few tangibles.

Combination with Other ID TechniquesIf many IDs are required, then GaussBits can be combinedwith other passive ID techniques, such as the use of an NFCtag, by attaching the passive NFC tag to the bottom of aGaussBit, as shown in Fig. 14(a), or the use of capacitancetags, by deploying a conductive pattern to the bottom of aGaussBit, as shown in Fig. 14(b). Combining both tech-niques provides the advantages of both. The comparison ta-ble (Fig. 14(d)) clearly illustrates the benefits of combiningGaussBit with NFC or TUIC-2D [26] tags. Especially, whencombined with the capacitive TUIC-2D passive tag, a Rol-lable GaussBit can effectively reduces the required size ofTUIC-2D tag because its magnetic field can provide regis-tration information, such as the orientation and position ofthe tag, as shown in Fig. 14(c). Therefore, the smaller tag isbetter suited smaller portable capacitive multitouch displays,such as in smartphones.

Available Information/Type of Tag

IDLocationLocation OrientationOrientation

NoteAvailable

Information/Type of Tag

ID 2D(x,y)

Height(z)

Rotation(Roll)

Tilt(Pitch & Yaw)

Note

NFC Tag vTUIC-2D v v v

Tiltable GaussBit ∆ v v vRollable GaussBit ∆ v v v ∆TUIC-2D + Tiltable v v v vTUIC-2D + Rollable v v v v ∆ *

NFC + Tiltable v v v vNFC + Rollable v v v v ∆

*Can be made smaller than original.∆: Partial

TUIC-2D

PayloadRegistration

TUIC-2D +Rollable GaussBita b c

d

e

Figure 14. GaussBits complement other identification techniques to in-crease the number of ID numbers. GaussBits can be enhanced by usingan (a) NFC tag, or (b) capacitive-based tag. (c) When combined withthe TUIC’s technique, GaussBits can effectively reduces the size that isrequired by TUIC. (d) The table shows the benefits of combining Tiltable

GaussBits or Rollable GaussBits with other ID techniques.

EXPLORATIVE WORKSHOPTo understand how this enabling design space can be appliedto design TUI applications for portable displays, eight design-ers (3 female and 5 male) were recruited from a design schoolto participate in an explorative workshop. All of them weresenior graduate students, and had more than a year of experi-ence of participating in brainstorming workshops.

ProceduresFirst, relevant fundamental knowledge, including the avail-able interaction set and limitations of this technology, is pre-sented. Then, the four applications herein were presentedto the designers to allow them to experience the technol-ogy (Fig. 15(a)). Then, paper clay, various kinds of mag-net, stacks of 3M post-it memos, and white paper were dis-tributed to the designers. With the paper clay in hand, design-ers could make tangible prototypes while brainstorming, andshare their thoughts through the think-aloud protocol. To en-sure the quality of the discussion, participants were split intotwo equally sized groups. Each group engaged in an explo-rative workshop that lasted for two hours, and all activitieswere video-recorded.

Results and DiscussionDuring the two-hour workshop, various ideas were generatedand discussed. Those ideas can be roughly divided into fourcategories, which were real-world simulation, entertainment,toolkits, and display as a tool.

Real-world simulation: By shaping the tangibles into the de-sired form, designers can easily simulate the tasks from thereal world. For example, one designer thought about attach-ing a handle to the ring-shaped GaussBit to simulate a mag-nifying glass, to assist with interior design tasks, or to helpthe tourists navigate a city map. Other ideas, such as garden-ing with physical tools (Fig. 15(b)), or sculpting with a knife,

c d

e f

a b

hgFigure 13. Two methods identifying rollable magnets while determiningthe orientation of roll. (a) Carving a gap in the side of a ring magnetyields the magnetic field that is shown in (b). (c) The image of the mag-netic field shows that the gap can be clearly used to provide the orien-tation. (d) The pink area represents the ID design space. (e) Attachingone or many cylindrical magnets to the side of a ring magnet yields themagnetic field image in (f). (g) The orientation can be resolved and (h)the pink area represents the ID design space.

Scalability of shape as ID: Since multiple magnets are at-tached to each others in the identification method, scalabil-ity should be considered because of interference. For theID design that is shown in Fig. 13(e), a 3mm-height⇥4mm-radius cylindrical magnets where attached around the centralring magnet as a payload, which had a minimal interference-free distance of 9mm. Hence, the 3mm-height⇥19mm-outer-radius magnet had a 7-bit ID space, as shown in Fig. 13(h),in which the asymmetric patterns can be used to provide rollinformation as well.

When a user lifts or tilts the GaussBits from the surface,the image of the magnetic field becomes blurry, potentiallyshrinking the ID design space. The ID design in Fig. 13(e)was tested on a 5mm-thick LCD panel. Its ID was detectedrobustly when the GaussBits hovered 9mm above the displayor when they were tilted with a pitch or yaw of ±15 degreeson the display.

Generally, although the capability of using shape for identifi-cation is limited and the number of IDs is proportional to theresolution of the sensing platform, this method is still usablefor applications that require only a few tangibles.

Combination with Other ID TechniquesIf many IDs are required, then GaussBits can be combinedwith other passive ID techniques, such as the use of an NFCtag, by attaching the passive NFC tag to the bottom of aGaussBit, as shown in Fig. 14(a), or the use of capacitancetags, by deploying a conductive pattern to the bottom of aGaussBit, as shown in Fig. 14(b). Combining both tech-niques provides the advantages of both. The comparison ta-ble (Fig. 14(d)) clearly illustrates the benefits of combiningGaussBit with NFC or TUIC-2D [26] tags. Especially, whencombined with the capacitive TUIC-2D passive tag, a Rol-lable GaussBit can effectively reduces the required size ofTUIC-2D tag because its magnetic field can provide regis-tration information, such as the orientation and position ofthe tag, as shown in Fig. 14(c). Therefore, the smaller tag isbetter suited smaller portable capacitive multitouch displays,such as in smartphones.

Available Information/Type of Tag

IDLocationLocation OrientationOrientation

NoteAvailable

Information/Type of Tag

ID 2D(x,y)

Height(z)

Rotation(Roll)

Tilt(Pitch & Yaw)

Note

NFC Tag vTUIC-2D v v v

Tiltable GaussBit ∆ v v vRollable GaussBit ∆ v v v ∆TUIC-2D + Tiltable v v v vTUIC-2D + Rollable v v v v ∆ *

NFC + Tiltable v v v vNFC + Rollable v v v v ∆

*Can be made smaller than original.∆: Partial

TUIC-2D

PayloadRegistration

TUIC-2D +Rollable GaussBita b c

d

e

Figure 14. GaussBits complement other identification techniques to in-crease the number of ID numbers. GaussBits can be enhanced by usingan (a) NFC tag, or (b) capacitive-based tag. (c) When combined withthe TUIC’s technique, GaussBits can effectively reduces the size that isrequired by TUIC. (d) The table shows the benefits of combining Tiltable

GaussBits or Rollable GaussBits with other ID techniques.

EXPLORATIVE WORKSHOPTo understand how this enabling design space can be appliedto design TUI applications for portable displays, eight design-ers (3 female and 5 male) were recruited from a design schoolto participate in an explorative workshop. All of them weresenior graduate students, and had more than a year of experi-ence of participating in brainstorming workshops.

ProceduresFirst, relevant fundamental knowledge, including the avail-able interaction set and limitations of this technology, is pre-sented. Then, the four applications herein were presentedto the designers to allow them to experience the technol-ogy (Fig. 15(a)). Then, paper clay, various kinds of mag-net, stacks of 3M post-it memos, and white paper were dis-tributed to the designers. With the paper clay in hand, design-ers could make tangible prototypes while brainstorming, andshare their thoughts through the think-aloud protocol. To en-sure the quality of the discussion, participants were split intotwo equally sized groups. Each group engaged in an explo-rative workshop that lasted for two hours, and all activitieswere video-recorded.

Results and DiscussionDuring the two-hour workshop, various ideas were generatedand discussed. Those ideas can be roughly divided into fourcategories, which were real-world simulation, entertainment,toolkits, and display as a tool.

Real-world simulation: By shaping the tangibles into the de-sired form, designers can easily simulate the tasks from thereal world. For example, one designer thought about attach-ing a handle to the ring-shaped GaussBit to simulate a mag-nifying glass, to assist with interior design tasks, or to helpthe tourists navigate a city map. Other ideas, such as garden-ing with physical tools (Fig. 15(b)), or sculpting with a knife,

Combine with other ID techniquesNeed to identify the tag before each session of use

+ NFC tag + Capacitance tag (TUIC-2D)

TUIC [Yu et al. CHI’11]

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 54: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Explorative WorkshopTo explore the applicability of GaussBits

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 55: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

8 Senior Graduate Students from a Design Institute2 Groups

2 Hours for Each Group

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 56: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

1. Experience the Technology

8 Senior Graduate Students from a Design Institute2 Groups

2 Hours for Each Group

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 57: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

1. Experience the Technology 2. Brainstorm through prototyping

8 Senior Graduate Students from a Design Institute2 Groups

2 Hours for Each Group

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 58: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Selected Ideas

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 59: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Real-World Simulation & Entertainment

Sculpting with a Knife

Page 60: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Real-World Simulation & Entertainment

Gardening byWielding an axeSculpting with a Knife

Page 61: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Real-World Simulation & Entertainment

Gardening byWielding an axe

Treasure hunting using a metal detectorSculpting with a Knife

Page 62: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Real-World Simulation & Entertainment

Gardening byWielding an axe

Treasure hunting using a metal detectorSculpting with a Knife

Holding a car for Extreme Racing

Page 63: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Real-World Simulation & Entertainment

Gardening byWielding an axe

Treasure hunting using a metal detectorSculpting with a Knife

Holding a car for Extreme RacingCity map navigation with

a magnifying glass

Page 64: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Real-World Simulation & Entertainment

Fishing with a rod with a magnet as the bait

Gardening byWielding an axe

Treasure hunting using a metal detectorSculpting with a Knife

Holding a car for Extreme RacingCity map navigation with

a magnifying glass

Page 65: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Education

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 66: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Second Display as a ToolglassEducation

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 67: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Toolkits

Second Display as a ToolglassEducation

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Gardening Storytelling

Page 68: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

The proposed wide range of applications demonstrates that GaussBits are easily usable, and would be applied in interesting ways by interaction designers when magnetic-field tracking becomes available as a feature in commodity hardware.

Design > Sensing algorithm > Evaluation > Identification > Explorative Workshop

Page 69: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Conclusion

CapacitanceTag

CapacitiveMultitouch

Display

TUIHardware

2D

TUI Design Space of Portable Displays

ExternalCameras

MarkedObject3D

Page 70: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

CapacitanceTag

CapacitiveMultitouch

Display

TUIHardware

2D

AttachableHall-Sensor Grid

GaussBitsGaussSenseMagnetic

Tangible Bits

Conclusion

[Liang et al. UIST’12]

TUI Design Space of Portable Displays

MarkedObject3D

Page 71: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

CapacitanceTag

CapacitiveMultitouch

Display

TUIHardware

2D

AttachableHall-Sensor Grid

GaussBitsGaussSenseMagnetic

Tangible Bits

Conclusion

[Liang et al. UIST’12]

TUI Design Space of Portable Displays

3D

Page 72: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

CapacitanceTag

CapacitiveMultitouch

Display

TUIHardware

Near-Surface3D

2D

AttachableHall-Sensor Grid

GaussBitsGaussSenseMagnetic

Tangible Bits

Conclusion

[Liang et al. UIST’12]

TUI Design Space of Portable Displays

The Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Tracking MethodEnrich the New Dimension of Tangible Interaction Design

Page 73: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Near-Surface3D Attachable

Hall-Sensor Grid

GaussBitsGaussSenseMagnetic

Tangible Bits

Conclusion

But, there is One More Thing...

[Liang et al. UIST’12]

The Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Tracking MethodEnrich the New Dimension of Tangible Interaction Design

Page 74: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Near-Surface3D Attachable

Hall-Sensor Grid

GaussBitsGaussSenseMagnetic

Tangible Bits

But, there is One More Thing...

[Liang et al. UIST’12]

Page 75: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

GaussBits need to work with GaussSense board

AttachableHall-Sensor Grid

GaussSense

[Liang et al. UIST’12]

Page 76: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

So, we made a decision.

AttachableHall-Sensor Grid

GaussSense

[Liang et al. UIST’12]

Page 77: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

We’d like to help you get a GaussSense board.

AttachableHall-Sensor Grid

GaussSense

[Liang et al. UIST’12]

Page 78: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

PADesignator1016PADesignator1015

PADesignator1014

PADesignator106PADesignator107PADesignator108PADesignator109

PADesignator101PADesignator102PADesignator103PADesignator104PADesignator105

CODesignator1PAU103PAU102 PAU101COU1

PAU10103PAU10102 PAU10101COU101

PAU1010103PAU1010102 PAU1010101COU10101

PAU10203PAU10202 PAU10201COU102

PAU203PAU202 PAU201COU2

PAU20103PAU20102 PAU20101COU201

PAU2010103PAU2010102 PAU2010101COU20101

PAU20203PAU20202 PAU20201COU202

PAU303PAU302 PAU301COU3

PAU30103PAU30102 PAU30101COU301

PAU3010103PAU3010102 PAU3010101COU30101

PAU30203PAU30202 PAU30201COU302

PAU403PAU402 PAU401COU4

PAU40103PAU40102 PAU40101COU401

PAU4010103PAU4010102 PAU4010101COU40101

PAU40203PAU40202 PAU40201COU402

PAU503PAU502 PAU501COU5

PAU50103PAU50102 PAU50101COU501

PAU5010103PAU5010102 PAU5010101COU50101

PAU50203PAU50202 PAU50201COU502

PAU603PAU602 PAU601COU6

PAU60103PAU60102 PAU60101COU601

PAU6010103PAU6010102 PAU6010101COU60101

PAU60203PAU60202 PAU60201COU602

PAU703PAU702 PAU701COU7

PAU70103PAU70102 PAU70101COU701

PAU7010103PAU7010102 PAU7010101COU70101

PAU70203PAU70202 PAU70201COU702

PAU803PAU802 PAU801COU8

PAU80103PAU80102 PAU80101COU801

PAU8010103PAU8010102 PAU8010101COU80101

PAU80203PAU80202 PAU80201COU802

PAU903PAU902 PAU901COU9

PAU90103PAU90102 PAU90101COU901

PAU9010103PAU9010102 PAU9010101COU90101

PAU90203PAU90202 PAU90201COU902

PAU1003PAU1002 PAU1001COU10

PAU100103PAU100102 PAU100101COU1001

PAU10010103PAU10010102 PAU10010101COU100101

PAU100203PAU100202 PAU100201COU1002

PAU1103PAU1102 PAU1101COU11

PAU110103PAU110102 PAU110101COU1101

PAU11010103PAU11010102 PAU11010101COU110101

PAU110203PAU110202 PAU110201COU1102

PAU1203PAU1202 PAU1201COU12

PAU120103PAU120102 PAU120101COU1201

PAU12010103PAU12010102 PAU12010101COU120101

PAU120203PAU120202 PAU120201COU1202

PAU1303PAU1302 PAU1301COU13

PAU130103PAU130102 PAU130101COU1301

PAU13010103PAU13010102 PAU13010101COU130101

PAU130203PAU130202 PAU130201COU1302

PAU1403PAU1402 PAU1401COU14

PAU140103PAU140102 PAU140101COU1401

PAU14010103PAU14010102 PAU14010101COU140101

PAU140203PAU140202 PAU140201COU1402

PAU1503PAU1502 PAU1501COU15

PAU150103PAU150102 PAU150101COU1501

PAU15010103PAU15010102 PAU15010101COU150101

PAU150203PAU150202 PAU150201COU1502

PAU1601

PAU1602

PAU1603

COU16

PAU160101

PAU160102

PAU160103

COU1601

PAU16010101

PAU16010102

PAU16010103

COU160101

PAU160201

PAU160202

PAU160203

COU1602

PAU1703PAU1702 PAU1701 COU17

PAU170103PAU170102 PAU170101 COU1701

PAU17010103PAU17010102 PAU17010101 COU170101

PAU170203PAU170202 PAU170201 COU1702

PAU1803PAU1802 PAU1801 COU18

PAU180103PAU180102 PAU180101 COU1801

PAU18010103PAU18010102 PAU18010101 COU180101

PAU180203PAU180202 PAU180201 COU1802

PAU1903PAU1902 PAU1901 COU19

PAU190103PAU190102 PAU190101 COU1901

PAU19010103PAU19010102 PAU19010101 COU190101

PAU190203PAU190202 PAU190201 COU1902

PAU2003PAU2002 PAU2001 COU20

PAU200103PAU200102 PAU200101 COU2001

PAU20010103PAU20010102 PAU20010101 COU200101

PAU200203PAU200202 PAU200201 COU2002

PAU2103PAU2102 PAU2101 COU21

PAU210103PAU210102 PAU210101 COU2101

PAU21010103PAU21010102 PAU21010101 COU210101

PAU210203PAU210202 PAU210201 COU2102

PAU2203PAU2202 PAU2201 COU22

PAU220103PAU220102 PAU220101 COU2201

PAU22010103PAU22010102 PAU22010101 COU220101

PAU220203PAU220202 PAU220201 COU2202

PAU2303PAU2302 PAU2301 COU23

PAU230103PAU230102 PAU230101 COU2301

PAU23010103PAU23010102 PAU23010101 COU230101

PAU230203PAU230202 PAU230201 COU2302

PAU2403PAU2402 PAU2401 COU24

PAU240103PAU240102 PAU240101 COU2401

PAU24010103PAU24010102 PAU24010101 COU240101

PAU240203PAU240202 PAU240201 COU2402

PAU2503PAU2502 PAU2501 COU25

PAU250103PAU250102 PAU250101 COU2501

PAU25010103PAU25010102 PAU25010101 COU250101

PAU250203PAU250202 PAU250201 COU2502

PAU2603PAU2602 PAU2601 COU26

PAU260103PAU260102 PAU260101 COU2601

PAU26010103PAU26010102 PAU26010101 COU260101

PAU260203PAU260202 PAU260201 COU2602

PAU2703PAU2702 PAU2701 COU27

PAU270103PAU270102 PAU270101 COU2701

PAU27010103PAU27010102 PAU27010101 COU270101

PAU270203PAU270202 PAU270201 COU2702

PAU2803PAU2802 PAU2801 COU28

PAU280103PAU280102 PAU280101 COU2801

PAU28010103PAU28010102 PAU28010101 COU280101

PAU280203PAU280202 PAU280201 COU2802

PAU2903PAU2902 PAU2901 COU29

PAU290103PAU290102 PAU290101 COU2901

PAU29010103PAU29010102 PAU29010101 COU290101

PAU290203PAU290202 PAU290201 COU2902

PAU3003PAU3002 PAU3001 COU30

PAU300103PAU300102 PAU300101 COU3001

PAU30010103PAU30010102 PAU30010101 COU300101

PAU300203PAU300202 PAU300201 COU3002

PAU3103PAU3102 PAU3101 COU31

PAU310103PAU310102 PAU310101 COU3101

PAU31010103PAU31010102 PAU31010101 COU310101

PAU310203PAU310202 PAU310201 COU3102

PAU3201

PAU3202

PAU3203COU32

PAU320101

PAU320102

PAU320103COU3201

PAU32010101

PAU32010102

PAU32010103COU320101

PAU320201PAU320202

PAU320203COU3202

PAU3303PAU3302 PAU3301COU33

PAU330103PAU330102 PAU330101COU3301

PAU33010103PAU33010102 PAU33010101COU330101

PAU330203PAU330202 PAU330201COU3302

PAU3403PAU3402 PAU3401COU34

PAU340103PAU340102 PAU340101COU3401

PAU34010103PAU34010102 PAU34010101COU340101

PAU340203PAU340202 PAU340201COU3402

PAU3503PAU3502 PAU3501COU35

PAU350103PAU350102 PAU350101COU3501

PAU35010103PAU35010102 PAU35010101COU350101

PAU350203PAU350202 PAU350201COU3502

PAU3603PAU3602 PAU3601COU36

PAU360103PAU360102 PAU360101COU3601

PAU36010103PAU36010102 PAU36010101COU360101

PAU360203PAU360202 PAU360201COU3602

PAU3703PAU3702 PAU3701COU37

PAU370103PAU370102 PAU370101COU3701

PAU37010103PAU37010102 PAU37010101COU370101

PAU370203PAU370202 PAU370201COU3702

PAU3803PAU3802 PAU3801COU38

PAU380103PAU380102 PAU380101COU3801

PAU38010103PAU38010102 PAU38010101COU380101

PAU380203PAU380202 PAU380201COU3802

PAU3903PAU3902 PAU3901COU39

PAU390103PAU390102 PAU390101COU3901

PAU39010103PAU39010102 PAU39010101COU390101

PAU390203PAU390202 PAU390201COU3902

PAU4003PAU4002 PAU4001COU40

PAU400103PAU400102 PAU400101COU4001

PAU40010103PAU40010102 PAU40010101COU400101

PAU400203PAU400202 PAU400201COU4002

PAU4103PAU4102 PAU4101COU41

PAU410103PAU410102 PAU410101COU4101

PAU41010103PAU41010102 PAU41010101COU410101

PAU410203PAU410202 PAU410201COU4102

PAU4203PAU4202 PAU4201COU42

PAU420103PAU420102 PAU420101COU4201

PAU42010103PAU42010102 PAU42010101COU420101

PAU420203PAU420202 PAU420201COU4202

PAU4303PAU4302 PAU4301COU43

PAU430103PAU430102 PAU430101COU4301

PAU43010103PAU43010102 PAU43010101COU430101

PAU430203PAU430202 PAU430201COU4302

PAU4403PAU4402 PAU4401COU44

PAU440103PAU440102 PAU440101COU4401

PAU44010103PAU44010102 PAU44010101COU440101

PAU440203PAU440202 PAU440201COU4402

PAU4503PAU4502 PAU4501COU45

PAU450103PAU450102 PAU450101COU4501

PAU45010103PAU45010102 PAU45010101COU450101

PAU450203PAU450202 PAU450201COU4502

PAU4603PAU4602 PAU4601COU46

PAU460103PAU460102 PAU460101COU4601

PAU46010103PAU46010102 PAU46010101COU460101

PAU460203PAU460202 PAU460201COU4602

PAU4703PAU4702 PAU4701COU47

PAU470103PAU470102 PAU470101COU4701

PAU47010103PAU47010102 PAU47010101COU470101

PAU470203PAU470202 PAU470201COU4702

PAU4801

PAU4802

PAU4803

COU48

PAU480101

PAU480102

PAU480103

COU4801

PAU48010101

PAU48010102

PAU48010103

COU480101

PAU480201

PAU480202

PAU480203

COU4802

PAU4903PAU4902 PAU4901 COU49

PAU490103PAU490102 PAU490101 COU4901

PAU49010103PAU49010102 PAU49010101 COU490101

PAU490203PAU490202 PAU490201 COU4902

PAU5003PAU5002 PAU5001 COU50

PAU500103PAU500102 PAU500101 COU5001

PAU50010103PAU50010102 PAU50010101 COU500101

PAU500203PAU500202 PAU500201 COU5002

PAU5103PAU5102 PAU5101 COU51

PAU510103PAU510102 PAU510101 COU5101

PAU51010103PAU51010102 PAU51010101 COU510101

PAU510203PAU510202 PAU510201 COU5102

PAU5203PAU5202 PAU5201 COU52

PAU520103PAU520102 PAU520101 COU5201

PAU52010103PAU52010102 PAU52010101 COU520101

PAU520203PAU520202 PAU520201 COU5202

PAU5303PAU5302 PAU5301 COU53

PAU530103PAU530102 PAU530101 COU5301

PAU53010103PAU53010102 PAU53010101 COU530101

PAU530203PAU530202 PAU530201 COU5302

PAU5403PAU5402 PAU5401 COU54

PAU540103PAU540102 PAU540101 COU5401

PAU54010103PAU54010102 PAU54010101 COU540101

PAU540203PAU540202 PAU540201 COU5402

PAU5503PAU5502 PAU5501 COU55

PAU550103PAU550102 PAU550101 COU5501

PAU55010103PAU55010102 PAU55010101 COU550101

PAU550203PAU550202 PAU550201 COU5502

PAU5603PAU5602 PAU5601 COU56

PAU560103PAU560102 PAU560101 COU5601

PAU56010103PAU56010102 PAU56010101 COU560101

PAU560203PAU560202 PAU560201 COU5602

PAU5703PAU5702 PAU5701 COU57

PAU570103PAU570102 PAU570101 COU5701

PAU57010103PAU57010102 PAU57010101 COU570101

PAU570203PAU570202 PAU570201 COU5702

PAU5803PAU5802 PAU5801 COU58

PAU580103PAU580102 PAU580101 COU5801

PAU58010103PAU58010102 PAU58010101 COU580101

PAU580203PAU580202 PAU580201 COU5802

PAU5903PAU5902 PAU5901 COU59

PAU590103PAU590102 PAU590101 COU5901

PAU59010103PAU59010102 PAU59010101 COU590101

PAU590203PAU590202 PAU590201 COU5902

PAU6003PAU6002 PAU6001 COU60

PAU600103PAU600102 PAU600101 COU6001

PAU60010103PAU60010102 PAU60010101 COU600101

PAU600203PAU600202 PAU600201 COU6002

PAU6103PAU6102 PAU6101 COU61

PAU610103PAU610102 PAU610101 COU6101

PAU61010103PAU61010102 PAU61010101 COU610101

PAU610203PAU610202 PAU610201 COU6102

PAU6203PAU6202 PAU6201 COU62

PAU620103PAU620102 PAU620101 COU6201

PAU62010103PAU62010102 PAU62010101 COU620101

PAU620203PAU620202 PAU620201 COU6202

PAU6303PAU6302 PAU6301 COU63

PAU630103PAU630102 PAU630101 COU6301

PAU63010103PAU63010102 PAU63010101 COU630101

PAU630203PAU630202 PAU630201 COU6302

PAU6401

PAU6402

PAU6403COU64

PAU640101

PAU640102

PAU640103COU6401

PAU64010101

PAU64010102

PAU64010103COU640101

PAU640201PAU640202

PAU640203COU6402

PAU6503PAU6502 PAU6501COU65

PAU650103PAU650102 PAU650101COU6501

PAU6603PAU6602 PAU6601COU66

PAU660103PAU660102 PAU660101COU6601

PAU6703PAU6702 PAU6701COU67

PAU670103PAU670102 PAU670101COU6701

PAU6803PAU6802 PAU6801COU68

PAU680103PAU680102 PAU680101COU6801

PAU6903PAU6902 PAU6901COU69

PAU690103PAU690102 PAU690101COU6901

PAU7003PAU7002 PAU7001COU70

PAU700103PAU700102 PAU700101COU7001

PAU7103PAU7102 PAU7101COU71

PAU710103PAU710102 PAU710101COU7101

PAU7203PAU7202 PAU7201COU72

PAU720103PAU720102 PAU720101COU7201

PAU7303PAU7302 PAU7301COU73

PAU730103PAU730102 PAU730101COU7301

PAU7403PAU7402 PAU7401COU74

PAU740103PAU740102 PAU740101COU7401

PAU7503PAU7502 PAU7501COU75

PAU750103PAU750102 PAU750101COU7501

PAU7603PAU7602 PAU7601COU76

PAU760103PAU760102 PAU760101COU7601

PAU7703PAU7702 PAU7701COU77

PAU770103PAU770102 PAU770101COU7701

PAU7803PAU7802 PAU7801COU78

PAU780103PAU780102 PAU780101COU7801

PAU7903PAU7902 PAU7901COU79

PAU790103PAU790102 PAU790101COU7901

PAU8001

PAU8002

PAU8003COU80

PAU800101

PAU800102

PAU800103

COU8001

PAU8103PAU8102 PAU8101 COU81

PAU810103PAU810102 PAU810101 COU8101

PAU8203PAU8202 PAU8201 COU82

PAU820103PAU820102 PAU820101 COU8201

PAU8303PAU8302 PAU8301 COU83

PAU830103PAU830102 PAU830101 COU8301

PAU8403PAU8402 PAU8401 COU84

PAU840103PAU840102 PAU840101 COU8401

PAU8503PAU8502 PAU8501 COU85

PAU850103PAU850102 PAU850101 COU8501

PAU8603PAU8602 PAU8601 COU86

PAU860103PAU860102 PAU860101 COU8601

PAU8703PAU8702 PAU8701 COU87

PAU870103PAU870102 PAU870101 COU8701

PAU8803PAU8802 PAU8801 COU88

PAU880103PAU880102 PAU880101 COU8801

PAU8903PAU8902 PAU8901 COU89

PAU890103PAU890102 PAU890101 COU8901

PAU9003PAU9002 PAU9001 COU90

PAU900103PAU900102 PAU900101 COU9001

PAU9103PAU9102 PAU9101 COU91

PAU910103PAU910102 PAU910101 COU9101

PAU9203PAU9202 PAU9201 COU92

PAU920103PAU920102 PAU920101 COU9201

PAU9303PAU9302 PAU9301 COU93

PAU930103PAU930102 PAU930101 COU9301

PAU9403PAU9402 PAU9401 COU94

PAU940103PAU940102 PAU940101 COU9401

PAU9503PAU9502 PAU9501 COU95

PAU950103PAU950102 PAU950101 COU9501

PAU9601

PAU9602

PAU9603COU96

PAU960101

PAU960102

PAU960103COU9601

PAU9703PAU9702 PAU9701COU97

PAU970103PAU970102 PAU970101COU9701

PAU9803PAU9802 PAU9801COU98

PAU980103PAU980102 PAU980101COU9801

PAU9903PAU9902 PAU9901COU99

PAU990103PAU990102 PAU990101COU9901

PAU10003PAU10002 PAU10001COU100

PAU1000103PAU1000102 PAU1000101COU10001

PAU10103PAU10102 PAU10101

PAU1010103PAU1010102 PAU1010101

PAU10203PAU10202 PAU10201

PAU1020103PAU1020102 PAU1020101COU10201

PAU10303PAU10302 PAU10301COU103

PAU1030103PAU1030102 PAU1030101COU10301

PAU10403PAU10402 PAU10401COU104

PAU1040103PAU1040102 PAU1040101COU10401

PAU10503PAU10502 PAU10501COU105

PAU1050103PAU1050102 PAU1050101COU10501

PAU10603PAU10602 PAU10601COU106

PAU1060103PAU1060102 PAU1060101COU10601

PAU10703PAU10702 PAU10701COU107

PAU1070103PAU1070102 PAU1070101COU10701

PAU10803PAU10802 PAU10801COU108

PAU1080103PAU1080102 PAU1080101COU10801

PAU10903PAU10902 PAU10901COU109

PAU1090103PAU1090102 PAU1090101COU10901

PAU11003PAU11002 PAU11001COU110

PAU1100103PAU1100102 PAU1100101COU11001

PAU11103PAU11102 PAU11101COU111

PAU1110103PAU1110102 PAU1110101COU11101

PAU11201

PAU11202

PAU11203

COU112

PAU1120101

PAU1120102

PAU1120103

COU11201

PAU11303PAU11302 PAU11301 COU113

PAU1130103PAU1130102 PAU1130101 COU11301

PAU11403PAU11402 PAU11401 COU114

PAU1140103PAU1140102 PAU1140101 COU11401

PAU11503PAU11502 PAU11501 COU115

PAU1150103PAU1150102 PAU1150101 COU11501

PAU11603PAU11602 PAU11601 COU116

PAU1160103PAU1160102 PAU1160101 COU11601

PAU11703PAU11702 PAU11701 COU117

PAU1170103PAU1170102 PAU1170101 COU11701

PAU11803PAU11802 PAU11801 COU118

PAU1180103PAU1180102 PAU1180101 COU11801

PAU11903PAU11902 PAU11901 COU119

PAU1190103PAU1190102 PAU1190101 COU11901

PAU12003PAU12002 PAU12001 COU120

PAU1200103PAU1200102 PAU1200101 COU12001

PAU12103PAU12102 PAU12101 COU121

PAU1210103PAU1210102 PAU1210101 COU12101

PAU12203PAU12202 PAU12201 COU122

PAU1220103PAU1220102 PAU1220101 COU12201

PAU12303PAU12302 PAU12301 COU123

PAU1230103PAU1230102 PAU1230101 COU12301

PAU12403PAU12402 PAU12401 COU124

PAU1240103PAU1240102 PAU1240101 COU12401

PAU12503PAU12502 PAU12501 COU125

PAU1250103PAU1250102 PAU1250101 COU12501

PAU12603PAU12602 PAU12601 COU126

PAU1260103PAU1260102 PAU1260101 COU12601

PAU12703PAU12702 PAU12701 COU127

PAU1270103PAU1270102 PAU1270101 COU12701

PAU12801

PAU12802

PAU12803COU128

PAU1280101

PAU1280102

PAU1280103COU12801

PAU12903PAU12902 PAU12901

COU129

PAU1290103PAU1290102 PAU1290101COU12901

PAU13003PAU13002 PAU13001COU130

PAU1300103PAU1300102 PAU1300101COU13001

PAU13103PAU13102 PAU13101COU131

PAU1310103PAU1310102 PAU1310101COU13101

PAU13203PAU13202 PAU13201COU132

PAU1320103PAU1320102 PAU1320101COU13201

PAU13303PAU13302 PAU13301COU133

PAU1330103PAU1330102 PAU1330101COU13301

PAU13403PAU13402 PAU13401COU134

PAU1340103PAU1340102 PAU1340101COU13401

PAU13503PAU13502 PAU13501COU135

PAU1350103PAU1350102 PAU1350101COU13501

PAU13603PAU13602 PAU13601COU136

PAU1360103PAU1360102 PAU1360101COU13601

PAU13703PAU13702 PAU13701COU137

PAU1370103PAU1370102 PAU1370101COU13701

PAU13803PAU13802 PAU13801COU138

PAU1380103PAU1380102 PAU1380101COU13801

PAU13903PAU13902 PAU13901COU139

PAU1390103PAU1390102 PAU1390101COU13901

PAU14003PAU14002 PAU14001COU140

PAU1400103PAU1400102 PAU1400101COU14001

PAU14103PAU14102 PAU14101COU141

PAU1410103PAU1410102 PAU1410101COU14101

PAU14203PAU14202 PAU14201COU142

PAU1420103PAU1420102 PAU1420101COU14201

PAU14303PAU14302 PAU14301COU143

PAU1430103PAU1430102 PAU1430101COU14301

PAU14401

PAU14402

PAU14403

COU144

PAU1440101

PAU1440102

PAU1440103

COU14401

PAU14503PAU14502 PAU14501 COU145

PAU1450103PAU1450102 PAU1450101 COU14501

PAU14603PAU14602 PAU14601 COU146

PAU1460103PAU1460102 PAU1460101 COU14601

PAU14703PAU14702 PAU14701 COU147

PAU1470103PAU1470102 PAU1470101 COU14701

PAU14803PAU14802 PAU14801 COU148

PAU1480103PAU1480102 PAU1480101 COU14801

PAU14903PAU14902 PAU14901 COU149

PAU1490103PAU1490102 PAU1490101 COU14901

PAU15003PAU15002 PAU15001 COU150

PAU1500103PAU1500102 PAU1500101 COU15001

PAU15103PAU15102 PAU15101 COU151

PAU1510103PAU1510102 PAU1510101 COU15101

PAU15203PAU15202 PAU15201 COU152

PAU1520103PAU1520102 PAU1520101 COU15201

PAU15303PAU15302 PAU15301 COU153

PAU1530103PAU1530102 PAU1530101 COU15301

PAU15403PAU15402 PAU15401 COU154

PAU1540103PAU1540102 PAU1540101 COU15401

PAU15503PAU15502 PAU15501 COU155

PAU1550103PAU1550102 PAU1550101 COU15501

PAU15603PAU15602 PAU15601 COU156

PAU1560103PAU1560102 PAU1560101 COU15601

PAU15703PAU15702 PAU15701 COU157

PAU1570103PAU1570102 PAU1570101 COU15701

PAU15803PAU15802 PAU15801 COU158

PAU1580103PAU1580102 PAU1580101 COU15801

PAU15903PAU15902 PAU15901 COU159

PAU1590103PAU1590102 PAU1590101 COU15901

PAU16001

PAU16002

PAU16003COU160

PAU1600101

PAU1600102

PAU1600103COU16001

PAU16103PAU16102 PAU16101COU161

PAU1610103PAU1610102 PAU1610101COU16101

PAU16203PAU16202 PAU16201COU162

PAU1620103PAU1620102 PAU1620101COU16201

PAU16303PAU16302 PAU16301COU163

PAU1630103PAU1630102 PAU1630101COU16301

PAU16403PAU16402 PAU16401COU164

PAU1640103PAU1640102 PAU1640101COU16401

PAU16503PAU16502 PAU16501COU165

PAU1650103PAU1650102 PAU1650101COU16501

PAU16603PAU16602 PAU16601COU166

PAU1660103PAU1660102 PAU1660101COU16601

PAU16703PAU16702 PAU16701COU167

PAU1670103PAU1670102 PAU1670101COU16701

PAU16803PAU16802 PAU16801COU168

PAU1680103PAU1680102 PAU1680101COU16801

PAU16903PAU16902 PAU16901COU169

PAU1690103PAU1690102 PAU1690101COU16901

PAU17003PAU17002 PAU17001COU170

PAU1700103PAU1700102 PAU1700101COU17001

PAU17103PAU17102 PAU17101COU171

PAU1710103PAU1710102 PAU1710101COU17101

PAU17203PAU17202 PAU17201COU172

PAU1720103PAU1720102 PAU1720101COU17201

PAU17303PAU17302 PAU17301COU173

PAU1730103PAU1730102 PAU1730101COU17301

PAU17403PAU17402 PAU17401COU174

PAU1740103PAU1740102 PAU1740101COU17401

PAU17503PAU17502 PAU17501COU175

PAU1750103PAU1750102 PAU1750101COU17501

PAU17601

PAU17602

PAU17603

COU176

PAU1760101

PAU1760102

PAU1760103

COU17601

PAU17703PAU17702 PAU17701 COU177

PAU1770103PAU1770102 PAU1770101 COU17701

PAU17803PAU17802 PAU17801 COU178

PAU1780103PAU1780102 PAU1780101 COU17801

PAU17903PAU17902 PAU17901 COU179

PAU1790103PAU1790102 PAU1790101 COU17901

PAU18003PAU18002 PAU18001 COU180

PAU1800103PAU1800102 PAU1800101 COU18001

PAU18103PAU18102 PAU18101 COU181

PAU1810103PAU1810102 PAU1810101 COU18101

PAU18203PAU18202 PAU18201 COU182

PAU1820103PAU1820102 PAU1820101 COU18201

PAU18303PAU18302 PAU18301 COU183

PAU1830103PAU1830102 PAU1830101 COU18301

PAU18403PAU18402 PAU18401 COU184

PAU1840103PAU1840102 PAU1840101 COU18401

PAU18503PAU18502 PAU18501 COU185

PAU1850103PAU1850102 PAU1850101 COU18501

PAU18603PAU18602 PAU18601 COU186

PAU1860103PAU1860102 PAU1860101 COU18601

PAU18703PAU18702 PAU18701 COU187

PAU1870103PAU1870102 PAU1870101 COU18701

PAU18803PAU18802 PAU18801 COU188

PAU1880103PAU1880102 PAU1880101 COU18801

PAU18903PAU18902 PAU18901 COU189

PAU1890103PAU1890102 PAU1890101 COU18901

PAU19003PAU19002 PAU19001 COU190

PAU1900103PAU1900102 PAU1900101 COU19001

PAU19103PAU19102 PAU19101 COU191

PAU1910103PAU1910102 PAU1910101 COU19101

PAU19201

PAU19202

PAU19203COU192

PAU1920101

PAU1920102

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PAU19402 PAU1940102PAU194010102PAU1940202

PAU2503 PAU250103PAU25010103PAU250203

PAU194023 PAU19401023PAU1940101023PAU19402023

PAU2603 PAU260103PAU26010103PAU260203

PAU194022 PAU19401022PAU1940101022PAU19402022

PAU2703 PAU270103PAU27010103PAU270203

PAU194021 PAU19401021PAU1940101021PAU19402021

PAU2803 PAU280103PAU28010103PAU280203

PAU194020 PAU19401020PAU1940101020PAU19402020

PAU2903 PAU290103PAU29010103PAU290203

PAU194019 PAU19401019PAU1940101019PAU19402019

PAU3003 PAU300103PAU30010103PAU300203

PAU194018 PAU19401018PAU1940101018PAU19402018

PAU3103 PAU310103PAU31010103PAU310203

PAU194017 PAU19401017PAU1940101017PAU19402017

PAU3203 PAU320103PAU32010103PAU320203

PAU194016 PAU19401016PAU1940101016PAU19402016

PADesignator102

PAUS01010

PAUS0101010

PADesignator103

PAUS01011

PAUS0101011

PADesignator104

PAUS01014

PAUS0101014

PADesignator105

PAUS01013

PAUS0101013

PADesignator1015

PAUS0101

PADesignator1016

PAUS010101

PADesignator106

PAU193010 PAU19301010PAU1930101010PAU19302010

PAU194010 PAU19401010PAU1940101010PAU19402010 PAU196010 PAU19601010PAU1960101010PAU19602010 PAU198010PAU19801010

PAU199010PAU19901010

PAU200010PAU20001010

PAU201010PAU20101010

PAU202010PAU20201010 PAU204010PAU20401010

PADesignator107

PAU193011 PAU19301011PAU1930101011PAU19302011

PAU194011 PAU19401011PAU1940101011PAU19402011 PAU196011 PAU19601011PAU1960101011PAU19602011 PAU198011PAU19801011 PAU200011PAU20001011 PAU204011PAU20401011

PADesignator108

PAU193014 PAU19301014PAU1930101014PAU19302014

PAU194014 PAU19401014PAU1940101014PAU19402014

PAU203014PAU20301014

PAU204014PAU20401014

PADesignator109

PAU193013 PAU19301013PAU1930101013PAU19302013

PAU194013 PAU19401013PAU1940101013PAU19402013 PAU196013 PAU19601013PAU1960101013PAU19602013

PAU203013PAU20301013

PAU204013PAU20401013

PADesignator1014

PAU101 PAU10101PAU1010101PAU10201

PAU201 PAU20101PAU2010101PAU20201

PAU301 PAU30101PAU3010101PAU30201

PAU401 PAU40101PAU4010101PAU40201

PAU501 PAU50101PAU5010101PAU50201

PAU601 PAU60101PAU6010101PAU60201

PAU701 PAU70101PAU7010101PAU70201

PAU801 PAU80101PAU8010101PAU80201

PAU901 PAU90101PAU9010101PAU90201

PAU1001 PAU100101PAU10010101PAU100201

PAU1101 PAU110101PAU11010101PAU110201

PAU1201 PAU120101PAU12010101PAU120201

PAU1301 PAU130101PAU13010101PAU130201

PAU1401 PAU140101PAU14010101PAU140201

PAU1501 PAU150101PAU15010101PAU150201

PAU1601 PAU160101PAU16010101PAU160201

PAU1701 PAU170101PAU17010101PAU170201

PAU1801 PAU180101PAU18010101PAU180201

PAU1901 PAU190101PAU19010101PAU190201

PAU2001 PAU200101PAU20010101PAU200201

PAU2101 PAU210101PAU21010101PAU210201

PAU2201 PAU220101PAU22010101PAU220201

PAU2301 PAU230101PAU23010101PAU230201

PAU2401 PAU240101PAU24010101PAU240201

PAU2501 PAU250101PAU25010101PAU250201

PAU2601 PAU260101PAU26010101PAU260201

PAU2701 PAU270101PAU27010101PAU270201

PAU2801 PAU280101PAU28010101PAU280201

PAU2901 PAU290101PAU29010101PAU290201

PAU3001 PAU300101PAU30010101PAU300201

PAU3101 PAU310101PAU31010101PAU310201

PAU3201 PAU320101PAU32010101PAU320201

PAU3301 PAU330101PAU33010101PAU330201

PAU3401 PAU340101PAU34010101PAU340201

PAU3501 PAU350101PAU35010101PAU350201

PAU3601 PAU360101PAU36010101PAU360201

PAU3701 PAU370101PAU37010101PAU370201

PAU3801 PAU380101PAU38010101PAU380201

PAU3901 PAU390101PAU39010101PAU390201

PAU4001 PAU400101PAU40010101PAU400201

PAU4101 PAU410101PAU41010101PAU410201

PAU4201 PAU420101PAU42010101PAU420201

PAU4301 PAU430101PAU43010101PAU430201

PAU4401 PAU440101PAU44010101PAU440201

PAU4501 PAU450101PAU45010101PAU450201

PAU4601 PAU460101PAU46010101PAU460201

PAU4701 PAU470101PAU47010101PAU470201

PAU4801 PAU480101PAU48010101PAU480201

PAU4901 PAU490101PAU49010101PAU490201

PAU5001 PAU500101PAU50010101PAU500201

PAU5101 PAU510101PAU51010101PAU510201

PAU5201 PAU520101PAU52010101PAU520201

PAU5301 PAU530101PAU53010101PAU530201

PAU5401 PAU540101PAU54010101PAU540201

PAU5501 PAU550101PAU55010101PAU550201

PAU5601 PAU560101PAU56010101PAU560201

PAU5701 PAU570101PAU57010101PAU570201

PAU5801 PAU580101PAU58010101PAU580201

PAU5901 PAU590101PAU59010101PAU590201

PAU6001 PAU600101PAU60010101PAU600201

PAU6101 PAU610101PAU61010101PAU610201

PAU6201 PAU620101PAU62010101PAU620201

PAU6301 PAU630101PAU63010101PAU630201

PAU6401 PAU640101PAU64010101PAU640201

PAU6501PAU650101

PAU6601PAU660101

PAU6701PAU670101

PAU6801PAU680101

PAU6901PAU690101

PAU7001PAU700101

PAU7101PAU710101

PAU7201PAU720101

PAU7301PAU730101

PAU7401PAU740101

PAU7501PAU750101

PAU7601PAU760101

PAU7701PAU770101

PAU7801PAU780101

PAU7901PAU790101

PAU8001PAU800101

PAU8101PAU810101

PAU8201PAU820101

PAU8301PAU830101

PAU8401PAU840101

PAU8501PAU850101

PAU8601PAU860101

PAU8701PAU870101

PAU8801PAU880101

PAU8901PAU890101

PAU9001PAU900101

PAU9101PAU910101

PAU9201PAU920101

PAU9301PAU930101

PAU9401PAU940101

PAU9501PAU950101

PAU9601PAU960101

PAU9701PAU970101

PAU9801PAU980101

PAU9901PAU990101

PAU10001PAU1000101PAU1020101

PAU10301PAU1030101

PAU10401PAU1040101

PAU10501PAU1050101

PAU10601PAU1060101

PAU10701PAU1070101

PAU10801PAU1080101

PAU10901PAU1090101

PAU11001PAU1100101

PAU11101PAU1110101

PAU11201PAU1120101

PAU11301PAU1130101

PAU11401PAU1140101

PAU11501PAU1150101

PAU11601PAU1160101

PAU11701PAU1170101

PAU11801PAU1180101

PAU11901PAU1190101

PAU12001PAU1200101

PAU12101PAU1210101

PAU12201PAU1220101

PAU12301PAU1230101

PAU12401PAU1240101

PAU12501PAU1250101

PAU12601PAU1260101

PAU12701PAU1270101

PAU12801PAU1280101

PAU12901PAU1290101

PAU13001PAU1300101

PAU13101PAU1310101

PAU13201PAU1320101

PAU13301PAU1330101

PAU13401PAU1340101

PAU13501PAU1350101

PAU13601PAU1360101

PAU13701PAU1370101

PAU13801PAU1380101

PAU13901PAU1390101

PAU14001PAU1400101

PAU14101PAU1410101

PAU14201PAU1420101

PAU14301PAU1430101

PAU14401PAU1440101

PAU14501PAU1450101

PAU14601PAU1460101

PAU14701PAU1470101

PAU14801PAU1480101

PAU14901PAU1490101

PAU15001PAU1500101

PAU15101PAU1510101

PAU15201PAU1520101

PAU15301PAU1530101

PAU15401PAU1540101

PAU15501PAU1550101

PAU15601PAU1560101

PAU15701PAU1570101

PAU15801PAU1580101

PAU15901PAU1590101

PAU16001PAU1600101

PAU16101PAU1610101

PAU16201PAU1620101

PAU16301PAU1630101

PAU16401PAU1640101

PAU16501PAU1650101

PAU16601PAU1660101

PAU16701PAU1670101

PAU16801PAU1680101

PAU16901PAU1690101

PAU17001PAU1700101

PAU17101PAU1710101

PAU17201PAU1720101

PAU17301PAU1730101

PAU17401PAU1740101

PAU17501PAU1750101

PAU17601PAU1760101

PAU17701PAU1770101

PAU17801PAU1780101

PAU17901PAU1790101

PAU18001PAU1800101

PAU18101PAU1810101

PAU18201PAU1820101

PAU18301PAU1830101

PAU18401PAU1840101

PAU18501PAU1850101

PAU18601PAU1860101

PAU18701PAU1870101

PAU18801PAU1880101

PAU18901PAU1890101

PAU19001PAU1900101

PAU19101PAU1910101

PAU19201PAU1920101

PAU193024 PAU19301024PAU1930101024PAU19302024

PAU194024 PAU19401024PAU1940101024PAU19402024

PAU195024 PAU19501024PAU1950101024PAU19502024

PAU196024 PAU19601024PAU1960101024PAU19602024

PAU197024PAU19701024

PAU198024PAU19801024

PAU199024PAU19901024

PAU200024PAU20001024

PAU201024PAU20101024

PAU202024PAU20201024

PAU203024PAU20301024

PAU204024PAU20401024

PAUS01024

PAUS0101024

PAU1930101PAU193010101

PAUS0109

PAUS010109

PAU1940101PAU194010101

PAUS0108

PAUS010108

PAU1950101PAU195010101

PAUS0107

PAUS010107

PAUS0106

PAUS010106

PAU19301PAU1930201

PAUS0105

PAUS010105

PAU19401PAU1940201

PAUS0104

PAUS010104

PAU19501PAU1950201

PAUS0103

PAUS010103

PAU19601PAU1960201

PAUS0102

PAUS010102

PAU19701PAU1970101

PAUS01023

PAUS0101023

PAU19801PAU1980101

PAUS01022

PAUS0101022

PAU19901PAU1990101

PAUS01021

PAUS0101021

PAU20001PAU2000101

PAUS01020

PAUS0101020

PAU20101PAU2010101

PAUS01019

PAUS0101019

PAU20201PAU2020101

PAUS01018

PAUS0101018

PAU20301PAU2030101

PAUS01017

PAUS0101017

PAU20401PAU2040101

PAUS01016

PAUS0101016

FREE License the schematic layout of the GaussSense PCB board

for Individual and Educational use from Today!Attachable

Hall-Sensor Grid

GaussSense

[Liang et al. UIST’12]

Page 79: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

PADesignator1016PADesignator1015

PADesignator1014

PADesignator106PADesignator107PADesignator108PADesignator109

PADesignator101PADesignator102PADesignator103PADesignator104PADesignator105

CODesignator1PAU103PAU102 PAU101COU1

PAU10103PAU10102 PAU10101COU101

PAU1010103PAU1010102 PAU1010101COU10101

PAU10203PAU10202 PAU10201COU102

PAU203PAU202 PAU201COU2

PAU20103PAU20102 PAU20101COU201

PAU2010103PAU2010102 PAU2010101COU20101

PAU20203PAU20202 PAU20201COU202

PAU303PAU302 PAU301COU3

PAU30103PAU30102 PAU30101COU301

PAU3010103PAU3010102 PAU3010101COU30101

PAU30203PAU30202 PAU30201COU302

PAU403PAU402 PAU401COU4

PAU40103PAU40102 PAU40101COU401

PAU4010103PAU4010102 PAU4010101COU40101

PAU40203PAU40202 PAU40201COU402

PAU503PAU502 PAU501COU5

PAU50103PAU50102 PAU50101COU501

PAU5010103PAU5010102 PAU5010101COU50101

PAU50203PAU50202 PAU50201COU502

PAU603PAU602 PAU601COU6

PAU60103PAU60102 PAU60101COU601

PAU6010103PAU6010102 PAU6010101COU60101

PAU60203PAU60202 PAU60201COU602

PAU703PAU702 PAU701COU7

PAU70103PAU70102 PAU70101COU701

PAU7010103PAU7010102 PAU7010101COU70101

PAU70203PAU70202 PAU70201COU702

PAU803PAU802 PAU801COU8

PAU80103PAU80102 PAU80101COU801

PAU8010103PAU8010102 PAU8010101COU80101

PAU80203PAU80202 PAU80201COU802

PAU903PAU902 PAU901COU9

PAU90103PAU90102 PAU90101COU901

PAU9010103PAU9010102 PAU9010101COU90101

PAU90203PAU90202 PAU90201COU902

PAU1003PAU1002 PAU1001COU10

PAU100103PAU100102 PAU100101COU1001

PAU10010103PAU10010102 PAU10010101COU100101

PAU100203PAU100202 PAU100201COU1002

PAU1103PAU1102 PAU1101COU11

PAU110103PAU110102 PAU110101COU1101

PAU11010103PAU11010102 PAU11010101COU110101

PAU110203PAU110202 PAU110201COU1102

PAU1203PAU1202 PAU1201COU12

PAU120103PAU120102 PAU120101COU1201

PAU12010103PAU12010102 PAU12010101COU120101

PAU120203PAU120202 PAU120201COU1202

PAU1303PAU1302 PAU1301COU13

PAU130103PAU130102 PAU130101COU1301

PAU13010103PAU13010102 PAU13010101COU130101

PAU130203PAU130202 PAU130201COU1302

PAU1403PAU1402 PAU1401COU14

PAU140103PAU140102 PAU140101COU1401

PAU14010103PAU14010102 PAU14010101COU140101

PAU140203PAU140202 PAU140201COU1402

PAU1503PAU1502 PAU1501COU15

PAU150103PAU150102 PAU150101COU1501

PAU15010103PAU15010102 PAU15010101COU150101

PAU150203PAU150202 PAU150201COU1502

PAU1601

PAU1602

PAU1603

COU16

PAU160101

PAU160102

PAU160103

COU1601

PAU16010101

PAU16010102

PAU16010103

COU160101

PAU160201

PAU160202

PAU160203

COU1602

PAU1703PAU1702 PAU1701 COU17

PAU170103PAU170102 PAU170101 COU1701

PAU17010103PAU17010102 PAU17010101 COU170101

PAU170203PAU170202 PAU170201 COU1702

PAU1803PAU1802 PAU1801 COU18

PAU180103PAU180102 PAU180101 COU1801

PAU18010103PAU18010102 PAU18010101 COU180101

PAU180203PAU180202 PAU180201 COU1802

PAU1903PAU1902 PAU1901 COU19

PAU190103PAU190102 PAU190101 COU1901

PAU19010103PAU19010102 PAU19010101 COU190101

PAU190203PAU190202 PAU190201 COU1902

PAU2003PAU2002 PAU2001 COU20

PAU200103PAU200102 PAU200101 COU2001

PAU20010103PAU20010102 PAU20010101 COU200101

PAU200203PAU200202 PAU200201 COU2002

PAU2103PAU2102 PAU2101 COU21

PAU210103PAU210102 PAU210101 COU2101

PAU21010103PAU21010102 PAU21010101 COU210101

PAU210203PAU210202 PAU210201 COU2102

PAU2203PAU2202 PAU2201 COU22

PAU220103PAU220102 PAU220101 COU2201

PAU22010103PAU22010102 PAU22010101 COU220101

PAU220203PAU220202 PAU220201 COU2202

PAU2303PAU2302 PAU2301 COU23

PAU230103PAU230102 PAU230101 COU2301

PAU23010103PAU23010102 PAU23010101 COU230101

PAU230203PAU230202 PAU230201 COU2302

PAU2403PAU2402 PAU2401 COU24

PAU240103PAU240102 PAU240101 COU2401

PAU24010103PAU24010102 PAU24010101 COU240101

PAU240203PAU240202 PAU240201 COU2402

PAU2503PAU2502 PAU2501 COU25

PAU250103PAU250102 PAU250101 COU2501

PAU25010103PAU25010102 PAU25010101 COU250101

PAU250203PAU250202 PAU250201 COU2502

PAU2603PAU2602 PAU2601 COU26

PAU260103PAU260102 PAU260101 COU2601

PAU26010103PAU26010102 PAU26010101 COU260101

PAU260203PAU260202 PAU260201 COU2602

PAU2703PAU2702 PAU2701 COU27

PAU270103PAU270102 PAU270101 COU2701

PAU27010103PAU27010102 PAU27010101 COU270101

PAU270203PAU270202 PAU270201 COU2702

PAU2803PAU2802 PAU2801 COU28

PAU280103PAU280102 PAU280101 COU2801

PAU28010103PAU28010102 PAU28010101 COU280101

PAU280203PAU280202 PAU280201 COU2802

PAU2903PAU2902 PAU2901 COU29

PAU290103PAU290102 PAU290101 COU2901

PAU29010103PAU29010102 PAU29010101 COU290101

PAU290203PAU290202 PAU290201 COU2902

PAU3003PAU3002 PAU3001 COU30

PAU300103PAU300102 PAU300101 COU3001

PAU30010103PAU30010102 PAU30010101 COU300101

PAU300203PAU300202 PAU300201 COU3002

PAU3103PAU3102 PAU3101 COU31

PAU310103PAU310102 PAU310101 COU3101

PAU31010103PAU31010102 PAU31010101 COU310101

PAU310203PAU310202 PAU310201 COU3102

PAU3201

PAU3202

PAU3203COU32

PAU320101

PAU320102

PAU320103COU3201

PAU32010101

PAU32010102

PAU32010103COU320101

PAU320201PAU320202

PAU320203COU3202

PAU3303PAU3302 PAU3301COU33

PAU330103PAU330102 PAU330101COU3301

PAU33010103PAU33010102 PAU33010101COU330101

PAU330203PAU330202 PAU330201COU3302

PAU3403PAU3402 PAU3401COU34

PAU340103PAU340102 PAU340101COU3401

PAU34010103PAU34010102 PAU34010101COU340101

PAU340203PAU340202 PAU340201COU3402

PAU3503PAU3502 PAU3501COU35

PAU350103PAU350102 PAU350101COU3501

PAU35010103PAU35010102 PAU35010101COU350101

PAU350203PAU350202 PAU350201COU3502

PAU3603PAU3602 PAU3601COU36

PAU360103PAU360102 PAU360101COU3601

PAU36010103PAU36010102 PAU36010101COU360101

PAU360203PAU360202 PAU360201COU3602

PAU3703PAU3702 PAU3701COU37

PAU370103PAU370102 PAU370101COU3701

PAU37010103PAU37010102 PAU37010101COU370101

PAU370203PAU370202 PAU370201COU3702

PAU3803PAU3802 PAU3801COU38

PAU380103PAU380102 PAU380101COU3801

PAU38010103PAU38010102 PAU38010101COU380101

PAU380203PAU380202 PAU380201COU3802

PAU3903PAU3902 PAU3901COU39

PAU390103PAU390102 PAU390101COU3901

PAU39010103PAU39010102 PAU39010101COU390101

PAU390203PAU390202 PAU390201COU3902

PAU4003PAU4002 PAU4001COU40

PAU400103PAU400102 PAU400101COU4001

PAU40010103PAU40010102 PAU40010101COU400101

PAU400203PAU400202 PAU400201COU4002

PAU4103PAU4102 PAU4101COU41

PAU410103PAU410102 PAU410101COU4101

PAU41010103PAU41010102 PAU41010101COU410101

PAU410203PAU410202 PAU410201COU4102

PAU4203PAU4202 PAU4201COU42

PAU420103PAU420102 PAU420101COU4201

PAU42010103PAU42010102 PAU42010101COU420101

PAU420203PAU420202 PAU420201COU4202

PAU4303PAU4302 PAU4301COU43

PAU430103PAU430102 PAU430101COU4301

PAU43010103PAU43010102 PAU43010101COU430101

PAU430203PAU430202 PAU430201COU4302

PAU4403PAU4402 PAU4401COU44

PAU440103PAU440102 PAU440101COU4401

PAU44010103PAU44010102 PAU44010101COU440101

PAU440203PAU440202 PAU440201COU4402

PAU4503PAU4502 PAU4501COU45

PAU450103PAU450102 PAU450101COU4501

PAU45010103PAU45010102 PAU45010101COU450101

PAU450203PAU450202 PAU450201COU4502

PAU4603PAU4602 PAU4601COU46

PAU460103PAU460102 PAU460101COU4601

PAU46010103PAU46010102 PAU46010101COU460101

PAU460203PAU460202 PAU460201COU4602

PAU4703PAU4702 PAU4701COU47

PAU470103PAU470102 PAU470101COU4701

PAU47010103PAU47010102 PAU47010101COU470101

PAU470203PAU470202 PAU470201COU4702

PAU4801

PAU4802

PAU4803

COU48

PAU480101

PAU480102

PAU480103

COU4801

PAU48010101

PAU48010102

PAU48010103

COU480101

PAU480201

PAU480202

PAU480203

COU4802

PAU4903PAU4902 PAU4901 COU49

PAU490103PAU490102 PAU490101 COU4901

PAU49010103PAU49010102 PAU49010101 COU490101

PAU490203PAU490202 PAU490201 COU4902

PAU5003PAU5002 PAU5001 COU50

PAU500103PAU500102 PAU500101 COU5001

PAU50010103PAU50010102 PAU50010101 COU500101

PAU500203PAU500202 PAU500201 COU5002

PAU5103PAU5102 PAU5101 COU51

PAU510103PAU510102 PAU510101 COU5101

PAU51010103PAU51010102 PAU51010101 COU510101

PAU510203PAU510202 PAU510201 COU5102

PAU5203PAU5202 PAU5201 COU52

PAU520103PAU520102 PAU520101 COU5201

PAU52010103PAU52010102 PAU52010101 COU520101

PAU520203PAU520202 PAU520201 COU5202

PAU5303PAU5302 PAU5301 COU53

PAU530103PAU530102 PAU530101 COU5301

PAU53010103PAU53010102 PAU53010101 COU530101

PAU530203PAU530202 PAU530201 COU5302

PAU5403PAU5402 PAU5401 COU54

PAU540103PAU540102 PAU540101 COU5401

PAU54010103PAU54010102 PAU54010101 COU540101

PAU540203PAU540202 PAU540201 COU5402

PAU5503PAU5502 PAU5501 COU55

PAU550103PAU550102 PAU550101 COU5501

PAU55010103PAU55010102 PAU55010101 COU550101

PAU550203PAU550202 PAU550201 COU5502

PAU5603PAU5602 PAU5601 COU56

PAU560103PAU560102 PAU560101 COU5601

PAU56010103PAU56010102 PAU56010101 COU560101

PAU560203PAU560202 PAU560201 COU5602

PAU5703PAU5702 PAU5701 COU57

PAU570103PAU570102 PAU570101 COU5701

PAU57010103PAU57010102 PAU57010101 COU570101

PAU570203PAU570202 PAU570201 COU5702

PAU5803PAU5802 PAU5801 COU58

PAU580103PAU580102 PAU580101 COU5801

PAU58010103PAU58010102 PAU58010101 COU580101

PAU580203PAU580202 PAU580201 COU5802

PAU5903PAU5902 PAU5901 COU59

PAU590103PAU590102 PAU590101 COU5901

PAU59010103PAU59010102 PAU59010101 COU590101

PAU590203PAU590202 PAU590201 COU5902

PAU6003PAU6002 PAU6001 COU60

PAU600103PAU600102 PAU600101 COU6001

PAU60010103PAU60010102 PAU60010101 COU600101

PAU600203PAU600202 PAU600201 COU6002

PAU6103PAU6102 PAU6101 COU61

PAU610103PAU610102 PAU610101 COU6101

PAU61010103PAU61010102 PAU61010101 COU610101

PAU610203PAU610202 PAU610201 COU6102

PAU6203PAU6202 PAU6201 COU62

PAU620103PAU620102 PAU620101 COU6201

PAU62010103PAU62010102 PAU62010101 COU620101

PAU620203PAU620202 PAU620201 COU6202

PAU6303PAU6302 PAU6301 COU63

PAU630103PAU630102 PAU630101 COU6301

PAU63010103PAU63010102 PAU63010101 COU630101

PAU630203PAU630202 PAU630201 COU6302

PAU6401

PAU6402

PAU6403COU64

PAU640101

PAU640102

PAU640103COU6401

PAU64010101

PAU64010102

PAU64010103COU640101

PAU640201PAU640202

PAU640203COU6402

PAU6503PAU6502 PAU6501COU65

PAU650103PAU650102 PAU650101COU6501

PAU6603PAU6602 PAU6601COU66

PAU660103PAU660102 PAU660101COU6601

PAU6703PAU6702 PAU6701COU67

PAU670103PAU670102 PAU670101COU6701

PAU6803PAU6802 PAU6801COU68

PAU680103PAU680102 PAU680101COU6801

PAU6903PAU6902 PAU6901COU69

PAU690103PAU690102 PAU690101COU6901

PAU7003PAU7002 PAU7001COU70

PAU700103PAU700102 PAU700101COU7001

PAU7103PAU7102 PAU7101COU71

PAU710103PAU710102 PAU710101COU7101

PAU7203PAU7202 PAU7201COU72

PAU720103PAU720102 PAU720101COU7201

PAU7303PAU7302 PAU7301COU73

PAU730103PAU730102 PAU730101COU7301

PAU7403PAU7402 PAU7401COU74

PAU740103PAU740102 PAU740101COU7401

PAU7503PAU7502 PAU7501COU75

PAU750103PAU750102 PAU750101COU7501

PAU7603PAU7602 PAU7601COU76

PAU760103PAU760102 PAU760101COU7601

PAU7703PAU7702 PAU7701COU77

PAU770103PAU770102 PAU770101COU7701

PAU7803PAU7802 PAU7801COU78

PAU780103PAU780102 PAU780101COU7801

PAU7903PAU7902 PAU7901COU79

PAU790103PAU790102 PAU790101COU7901

PAU8001

PAU8002

PAU8003COU80

PAU800101

PAU800102

PAU800103

COU8001

PAU8103PAU8102 PAU8101 COU81

PAU810103PAU810102 PAU810101 COU8101

PAU8203PAU8202 PAU8201 COU82

PAU820103PAU820102 PAU820101 COU8201

PAU8303PAU8302 PAU8301 COU83

PAU830103PAU830102 PAU830101 COU8301

PAU8403PAU8402 PAU8401 COU84

PAU840103PAU840102 PAU840101 COU8401

PAU8503PAU8502 PAU8501 COU85

PAU850103PAU850102 PAU850101 COU8501

PAU8603PAU8602 PAU8601 COU86

PAU860103PAU860102 PAU860101 COU8601

PAU8703PAU8702 PAU8701 COU87

PAU870103PAU870102 PAU870101 COU8701

PAU8803PAU8802 PAU8801 COU88

PAU880103PAU880102 PAU880101 COU8801

PAU8903PAU8902 PAU8901 COU89

PAU890103PAU890102 PAU890101 COU8901

PAU9003PAU9002 PAU9001 COU90

PAU900103PAU900102 PAU900101 COU9001

PAU9103PAU9102 PAU9101 COU91

PAU910103PAU910102 PAU910101 COU9101

PAU9203PAU9202 PAU9201 COU92

PAU920103PAU920102 PAU920101 COU9201

PAU9303PAU9302 PAU9301 COU93

PAU930103PAU930102 PAU930101 COU9301

PAU9403PAU9402 PAU9401 COU94

PAU940103PAU940102 PAU940101 COU9401

PAU9503PAU9502 PAU9501 COU95

PAU950103PAU950102 PAU950101 COU9501

PAU9601

PAU9602

PAU9603COU96

PAU960101

PAU960102

PAU960103COU9601

PAU9703PAU9702 PAU9701COU97

PAU970103PAU970102 PAU970101COU9701

PAU9803PAU9802 PAU9801COU98

PAU980103PAU980102 PAU980101COU9801

PAU9903PAU9902 PAU9901COU99

PAU990103PAU990102 PAU990101COU9901

PAU10003PAU10002 PAU10001COU100

PAU1000103PAU1000102 PAU1000101COU10001

PAU10103PAU10102 PAU10101

PAU1010103PAU1010102 PAU1010101

PAU10203PAU10202 PAU10201

PAU1020103PAU1020102 PAU1020101COU10201

PAU10303PAU10302 PAU10301COU103

PAU1030103PAU1030102 PAU1030101COU10301

PAU10403PAU10402 PAU10401COU104

PAU1040103PAU1040102 PAU1040101COU10401

PAU10503PAU10502 PAU10501COU105

PAU1050103PAU1050102 PAU1050101COU10501

PAU10603PAU10602 PAU10601COU106

PAU1060103PAU1060102 PAU1060101COU10601

PAU10703PAU10702 PAU10701COU107

PAU1070103PAU1070102 PAU1070101COU10701

PAU10803PAU10802 PAU10801COU108

PAU1080103PAU1080102 PAU1080101COU10801

PAU10903PAU10902 PAU10901COU109

PAU1090103PAU1090102 PAU1090101COU10901

PAU11003PAU11002 PAU11001COU110

PAU1100103PAU1100102 PAU1100101COU11001

PAU11103PAU11102 PAU11101COU111

PAU1110103PAU1110102 PAU1110101COU11101

PAU11201

PAU11202

PAU11203

COU112

PAU1120101

PAU1120102

PAU1120103

COU11201

PAU11303PAU11302 PAU11301 COU113

PAU1130103PAU1130102 PAU1130101 COU11301

PAU11403PAU11402 PAU11401 COU114

PAU1140103PAU1140102 PAU1140101 COU11401

PAU11503PAU11502 PAU11501 COU115

PAU1150103PAU1150102 PAU1150101 COU11501

PAU11603PAU11602 PAU11601 COU116

PAU1160103PAU1160102 PAU1160101 COU11601

PAU11703PAU11702 PAU11701 COU117

PAU1170103PAU1170102 PAU1170101 COU11701

PAU11803PAU11802 PAU11801 COU118

PAU1180103PAU1180102 PAU1180101 COU11801

PAU11903PAU11902 PAU11901 COU119

PAU1190103PAU1190102 PAU1190101 COU11901

PAU12003PAU12002 PAU12001 COU120

PAU1200103PAU1200102 PAU1200101 COU12001

PAU12103PAU12102 PAU12101 COU121

PAU1210103PAU1210102 PAU1210101 COU12101

PAU12203PAU12202 PAU12201 COU122

PAU1220103PAU1220102 PAU1220101 COU12201

PAU12303PAU12302 PAU12301 COU123

PAU1230103PAU1230102 PAU1230101 COU12301

PAU12403PAU12402 PAU12401 COU124

PAU1240103PAU1240102 PAU1240101 COU12401

PAU12503PAU12502 PAU12501 COU125

PAU1250103PAU1250102 PAU1250101 COU12501

PAU12603PAU12602 PAU12601 COU126

PAU1260103PAU1260102 PAU1260101 COU12601

PAU12703PAU12702 PAU12701 COU127

PAU1270103PAU1270102 PAU1270101 COU12701

PAU12801

PAU12802

PAU12803COU128

PAU1280101

PAU1280102

PAU1280103COU12801

PAU12903PAU12902 PAU12901

COU129

PAU1290103PAU1290102 PAU1290101COU12901

PAU13003PAU13002 PAU13001COU130

PAU1300103PAU1300102 PAU1300101COU13001

PAU13103PAU13102 PAU13101COU131

PAU1310103PAU1310102 PAU1310101COU13101

PAU13203PAU13202 PAU13201COU132

PAU1320103PAU1320102 PAU1320101COU13201

PAU13303PAU13302 PAU13301COU133

PAU1330103PAU1330102 PAU1330101COU13301

PAU13403PAU13402 PAU13401COU134

PAU1340103PAU1340102 PAU1340101COU13401

PAU13503PAU13502 PAU13501COU135

PAU1350103PAU1350102 PAU1350101COU13501

PAU13603PAU13602 PAU13601COU136

PAU1360103PAU1360102 PAU1360101COU13601

PAU13703PAU13702 PAU13701COU137

PAU1370103PAU1370102 PAU1370101COU13701

PAU13803PAU13802 PAU13801COU138

PAU1380103PAU1380102 PAU1380101COU13801

PAU13903PAU13902 PAU13901COU139

PAU1390103PAU1390102 PAU1390101COU13901

PAU14003PAU14002 PAU14001COU140

PAU1400103PAU1400102 PAU1400101COU14001

PAU14103PAU14102 PAU14101COU141

PAU1410103PAU1410102 PAU1410101COU14101

PAU14203PAU14202 PAU14201COU142

PAU1420103PAU1420102 PAU1420101COU14201

PAU14303PAU14302 PAU14301COU143

PAU1430103PAU1430102 PAU1430101COU14301

PAU14401

PAU14402

PAU14403

COU144

PAU1440101

PAU1440102

PAU1440103

COU14401

PAU14503PAU14502 PAU14501 COU145

PAU1450103PAU1450102 PAU1450101 COU14501

PAU14603PAU14602 PAU14601 COU146

PAU1460103PAU1460102 PAU1460101 COU14601

PAU14703PAU14702 PAU14701 COU147

PAU1470103PAU1470102 PAU1470101 COU14701

PAU14803PAU14802 PAU14801 COU148

PAU1480103PAU1480102 PAU1480101 COU14801

PAU14903PAU14902 PAU14901 COU149

PAU1490103PAU1490102 PAU1490101 COU14901

PAU15003PAU15002 PAU15001 COU150

PAU1500103PAU1500102 PAU1500101 COU15001

PAU15103PAU15102 PAU15101 COU151

PAU1510103PAU1510102 PAU1510101 COU15101

PAU15203PAU15202 PAU15201 COU152

PAU1520103PAU1520102 PAU1520101 COU15201

PAU15303PAU15302 PAU15301 COU153

PAU1530103PAU1530102 PAU1530101 COU15301

PAU15403PAU15402 PAU15401 COU154

PAU1540103PAU1540102 PAU1540101 COU15401

PAU15503PAU15502 PAU15501 COU155

PAU1550103PAU1550102 PAU1550101 COU15501

PAU15603PAU15602 PAU15601 COU156

PAU1560103PAU1560102 PAU1560101 COU15601

PAU15703PAU15702 PAU15701 COU157

PAU1570103PAU1570102 PAU1570101 COU15701

PAU15803PAU15802 PAU15801 COU158

PAU1580103PAU1580102 PAU1580101 COU15801

PAU15903PAU15902 PAU15901 COU159

PAU1590103PAU1590102 PAU1590101 COU15901

PAU16001

PAU16002

PAU16003COU160

PAU1600101

PAU1600102

PAU1600103COU16001

PAU16103PAU16102 PAU16101COU161

PAU1610103PAU1610102 PAU1610101COU16101

PAU16203PAU16202 PAU16201COU162

PAU1620103PAU1620102 PAU1620101COU16201

PAU16303PAU16302 PAU16301COU163

PAU1630103PAU1630102 PAU1630101COU16301

PAU16403PAU16402 PAU16401COU164

PAU1640103PAU1640102 PAU1640101COU16401

PAU16503PAU16502 PAU16501COU165

PAU1650103PAU1650102 PAU1650101COU16501

PAU16603PAU16602 PAU16601COU166

PAU1660103PAU1660102 PAU1660101COU16601

PAU16703PAU16702 PAU16701COU167

PAU1670103PAU1670102 PAU1670101COU16701

PAU16803PAU16802 PAU16801COU168

PAU1680103PAU1680102 PAU1680101COU16801

PAU16903PAU16902 PAU16901COU169

PAU1690103PAU1690102 PAU1690101COU16901

PAU17003PAU17002 PAU17001COU170

PAU1700103PAU1700102 PAU1700101COU17001

PAU17103PAU17102 PAU17101COU171

PAU1710103PAU1710102 PAU1710101COU17101

PAU17203PAU17202 PAU17201COU172

PAU1720103PAU1720102 PAU1720101COU17201

PAU17303PAU17302 PAU17301COU173

PAU1730103PAU1730102 PAU1730101COU17301

PAU17403PAU17402 PAU17401COU174

PAU1740103PAU1740102 PAU1740101COU17401

PAU17503PAU17502 PAU17501COU175

PAU1750103PAU1750102 PAU1750101COU17501

PAU17601

PAU17602

PAU17603

COU176

PAU1760101

PAU1760102

PAU1760103

COU17601

PAU17703PAU17702 PAU17701 COU177

PAU1770103PAU1770102 PAU1770101 COU17701

PAU17803PAU17802 PAU17801 COU178

PAU1780103PAU1780102 PAU1780101 COU17801

PAU17903PAU17902 PAU17901 COU179

PAU1790103PAU1790102 PAU1790101 COU17901

PAU18003PAU18002 PAU18001 COU180

PAU1800103PAU1800102 PAU1800101 COU18001

PAU18103PAU18102 PAU18101 COU181

PAU1810103PAU1810102 PAU1810101 COU18101

PAU18203PAU18202 PAU18201 COU182

PAU1820103PAU1820102 PAU1820101 COU18201

PAU18303PAU18302 PAU18301 COU183

PAU1830103PAU1830102 PAU1830101 COU18301

PAU18403PAU18402 PAU18401 COU184

PAU1840103PAU1840102 PAU1840101 COU18401

PAU18503PAU18502 PAU18501 COU185

PAU1850103PAU1850102 PAU1850101 COU18501

PAU18603PAU18602 PAU18601 COU186

PAU1860103PAU1860102 PAU1860101 COU18601

PAU18703PAU18702 PAU18701 COU187

PAU1870103PAU1870102 PAU1870101 COU18701

PAU18803PAU18802 PAU18801 COU188

PAU1880103PAU1880102 PAU1880101 COU18801

PAU18903PAU18902 PAU18901 COU189

PAU1890103PAU1890102 PAU1890101 COU18901

PAU19003PAU19002 PAU19001 COU190

PAU1900103PAU1900102 PAU1900101 COU19001

PAU19103PAU19102 PAU19101 COU191

PAU1910103PAU1910102 PAU1910101 COU19101

PAU19201

PAU19202

PAU19203COU192

PAU1920101

PAU1920102

PAU1920103COU19201

PAU193013PAU193014PAU193015PAU193016PAU193017PAU193018PAU193019PAU193020PAU193021PAU193022PAU193023PAU193024

PAU193012PAU193011PAU193010PAU19309PAU19308PAU19307PAU19306PAU19305PAU19304PAU19303PAU19302PAU19301COU193

PAU19301013PAU19301014PAU19301015PAU19301016PAU19301017PAU19301018PAU19301019PAU19301020PAU19301021PAU19301022PAU19301023PAU19301024

PAU19301012PAU19301011PAU19301010PAU1930109PAU1930108PAU1930107PAU1930106PAU1930105PAU1930104PAU1930103PAU1930102PAU1930101COU19301

PAU1930101013PAU1930101014PAU1930101015PAU1930101016PAU1930101017PAU1930101018PAU1930101019PAU1930101020PAU1930101021PAU1930101022PAU1930101023PAU1930101024

PAU1930101012PAU1930101011PAU1930101010PAU193010109PAU193010108PAU193010107PAU193010106PAU193010105PAU193010104PAU193010103PAU193010102PAU193010101COU1930101

PAU19302013PAU19302014PAU19302015PAU19302016PAU19302017PAU19302018PAU19302019PAU19302020PAU19302021PAU19302022PAU19302023PAU19302024

PAU19302012PAU19302011PAU19302010PAU1930209PAU1930208PAU1930207PAU1930206PAU1930205PAU1930204PAU1930203PAU1930202PAU1930201COU19302

PAU19401PAU19402PAU19403PAU19404

PAU19405PAU19406PAU19407PAU19408

PAU19409PAU194010PAU194011PAU194012

PAU194024PAU194023PAU194022PAU194021

PAU194020PAU194019PAU194018PAU194017

PAU194016PAU194015PAU194014PAU194013

COU194

PAU1940101PAU1940102PAU1940103PAU1940104

PAU1940105PAU1940106PAU1940107PAU1940108

PAU1940109PAU19401010PAU19401011PAU19401012

PAU19401024PAU19401023PAU19401022PAU19401021

PAU19401020PAU19401019PAU19401018PAU19401017

PAU19401016PAU19401015PAU19401014PAU19401013

COU19401

PAU194010101PAU194010102PAU194010103PAU194010104

PAU194010105PAU194010106PAU194010107PAU194010108

PAU194010109PAU1940101010PAU1940101011PAU1940101012

PAU1940101024PAU1940101023PAU1940101022PAU1940101021

PAU1940101020PAU1940101019PAU1940101018PAU1940101017

PAU1940101016PAU1940101015PAU1940101014PAU1940101013

COU1940101PAU1940201PAU1940202PAU1940203PAU1940204

PAU1940205PAU1940206PAU1940207PAU1940208

PAU1940209PAU19402010PAU19402011PAU19402012

PAU19402024PAU19402023PAU19402022PAU19402021

PAU19402020PAU19402019PAU19402018PAU19402017

PAU19402016PAU19402015PAU19402014PAU19402013

COU19402

PAU195013PAU195014PAU195015PAU195016PAU195017PAU195018PAU195019PAU195020PAU195021PAU195022PAU195023PAU195024

PAU195012PAU195011PAU195010PAU19509PAU19508PAU19507PAU19506PAU19505PAU19504PAU19503PAU19502PAU19501COU195

PAU19501013PAU19501014PAU19501015PAU19501016PAU19501017PAU19501018PAU19501019PAU19501020PAU19501021PAU19501022PAU19501023PAU19501024

PAU19501012PAU19501011PAU19501010PAU1950109PAU1950108PAU1950107PAU1950106PAU1950105PAU1950104PAU1950103PAU1950102PAU1950101COU19501

PAU1950101013PAU1950101014PAU1950101015PAU1950101016PAU1950101017PAU1950101018PAU1950101019PAU1950101020PAU1950101021PAU1950101022PAU1950101023PAU1950101024

PAU1950101012PAU1950101011PAU1950101010PAU195010109PAU195010108PAU195010107PAU195010106PAU195010105PAU195010104PAU195010103PAU195010102PAU195010101COU1950101

PAU19502013PAU19502014PAU19502015PAU19502016PAU19502017PAU19502018PAU19502019PAU19502020PAU19502021PAU19502022PAU19502023PAU19502024

PAU19502012PAU19502011PAU19502010PAU1950209PAU1950208PAU1950207PAU1950206PAU1950205PAU1950204PAU1950203PAU1950202PAU1950201COU19502

PAU19601PAU19602PAU19603PAU19604

PAU19605PAU19606PAU19607PAU19608

PAU19609PAU196010PAU196011PAU196012

PAU196024PAU196023PAU196022PAU196021

PAU196020PAU196019PAU196018PAU196017

PAU196016PAU196015PAU196014PAU196013

COU196

PAU1960101PAU1960102PAU1960103PAU1960104

PAU1960105PAU1960106PAU1960107PAU1960108

PAU1960109PAU19601010PAU19601011PAU19601012

PAU19601024PAU19601023PAU19601022PAU19601021

PAU19601020PAU19601019PAU19601018PAU19601017

PAU19601016PAU19601015PAU19601014PAU19601013

COU19601PAU196010101PAU196010102PAU196010103PAU196010104

PAU196010105PAU196010106PAU196010107PAU196010108

PAU196010109PAU1960101010PAU1960101011PAU1960101012

PAU1960101024PAU1960101023PAU1960101022PAU1960101021

PAU1960101020PAU1960101019PAU1960101018PAU1960101017

PAU1960101016PAU1960101015PAU1960101014PAU1960101013

COU1960101PAU1960201PAU1960202PAU1960203PAU1960204

PAU1960205PAU1960206PAU1960207PAU1960208

PAU1960209PAU19602010PAU19602011PAU19602012

PAU19602024PAU19602023PAU19602022PAU19602021

PAU19602020PAU19602019PAU19602018PAU19602017

PAU19602016PAU19602015PAU19602014PAU19602013

COU19602

PAU197013PAU197014PAU197015PAU197016PAU197017PAU197018PAU197019PAU197020PAU197021PAU197022PAU197023PAU197024

PAU197012PAU197011PAU197010PAU19709PAU19708PAU19707PAU19706PAU19705PAU19704PAU19703PAU19702PAU19701COU197

PAU19701013PAU19701014PAU19701015PAU19701016PAU19701017PAU19701018PAU19701019PAU19701020PAU19701021PAU19701022PAU19701023PAU19701024

PAU19701012PAU19701011PAU19701010PAU1970109PAU1970108PAU1970107PAU1970106PAU1970105PAU1970104PAU1970103PAU1970102PAU1970101COU19701

PAU19801PAU19802PAU19803PAU19804

PAU19805PAU19806PAU19807PAU19808

PAU19809PAU198010PAU198011PAU198012

PAU198024PAU198023PAU198022PAU198021

PAU198020PAU198019PAU198018PAU198017

PAU198016PAU198015PAU198014PAU198013

COU198

PAU1980101PAU1980102PAU1980103PAU1980104

PAU1980105PAU1980106PAU1980107PAU1980108

PAU1980109PAU19801010PAU19801011PAU19801012

PAU19801024PAU19801023PAU19801022PAU19801021

PAU19801020PAU19801019PAU19801018PAU19801017

PAU19801016PAU19801015PAU19801014PAU19801013

COU19801

PAU199013PAU199014PAU199015PAU199016PAU199017PAU199018PAU199019PAU199020PAU199021PAU199022PAU199023PAU199024

PAU199012PAU199011PAU199010PAU19909PAU19908PAU19907PAU19906PAU19905PAU19904PAU19903PAU19902PAU19901COU199

PAU19901013PAU19901014PAU19901015PAU19901016PAU19901017PAU19901018PAU19901019PAU19901020PAU19901021PAU19901022PAU19901023PAU19901024

PAU19901012PAU19901011PAU19901010PAU1990109PAU1990108PAU1990107PAU1990106PAU1990105PAU1990104PAU1990103PAU1990102PAU1990101COU19901

PAU20001PAU20002PAU20003PAU20004

PAU20005PAU20006PAU20007PAU20008

PAU20009PAU200010PAU200011PAU200012

PAU200024PAU200023PAU200022PAU200021

PAU200020PAU200019PAU200018PAU200017

PAU200016PAU200015PAU200014PAU200013

COU200

PAU2000101PAU2000102PAU2000103PAU2000104

PAU2000105PAU2000106PAU2000107PAU2000108

PAU2000109PAU20001010PAU20001011PAU20001012

PAU20001024PAU20001023PAU20001022PAU20001021

PAU20001020PAU20001019PAU20001018PAU20001017

PAU20001016PAU20001015PAU20001014PAU20001013

COU20001

PAU201013PAU201014PAU201015PAU201016PAU201017PAU201018PAU201019PAU201020PAU201021PAU201022PAU201023PAU201024

PAU201012PAU201011PAU201010PAU20109PAU20108PAU20107PAU20106PAU20105PAU20104PAU20103PAU20102PAU20101

PAU20101013PAU20101014PAU20101015PAU20101016PAU20101017PAU20101018PAU20101019PAU20101020PAU20101021PAU20101022PAU20101023PAU20101024

PAU20101012PAU20101011PAU20101010PAU2010109PAU2010108PAU2010107PAU2010106PAU2010105PAU2010104PAU2010103PAU2010102PAU2010101

PAU20201PAU20202PAU20203PAU20204

PAU20205PAU20206PAU20207PAU20208

PAU20209PAU202010PAU202011PAU202012

PAU202024PAU202023PAU202022PAU202021

PAU202020PAU202019PAU202018PAU202017

PAU202016PAU202015PAU202014PAU202013

PAU2020101PAU2020102PAU2020103PAU2020104

PAU2020105PAU2020106PAU2020107PAU2020108

PAU2020109PAU20201010PAU20201011PAU20201012

PAU20201024PAU20201023PAU20201022PAU20201021

PAU20201020PAU20201019PAU20201018PAU20201017

PAU20201016PAU20201015PAU20201014PAU20201013

COU20201

PAU203013PAU203014PAU203015PAU203016PAU203017PAU203018PAU203019PAU203020PAU203021PAU203022PAU203023PAU203024

PAU203012PAU203011PAU203010PAU20309PAU20308PAU20307PAU20306PAU20305PAU20304PAU20303PAU20302PAU20301COU203

PAU20301013PAU20301014PAU20301015PAU20301016PAU20301017PAU20301018PAU20301019PAU20301020PAU20301021PAU20301022PAU20301023PAU20301024

PAU20301012PAU20301011PAU20301010PAU2030109PAU2030108PAU2030107PAU2030106PAU2030105PAU2030104PAU2030103PAU2030102PAU2030101COU20301

PAU20401PAU20402PAU20403PAU20404

PAU20405PAU20406PAU20407PAU20408

PAU20409PAU204010PAU204011PAU204012

PAU204024PAU204023PAU204022PAU204021

PAU204020PAU204019PAU204018PAU204017

PAU204016PAU204015PAU204014PAU204013

COU204PAU2040101PAU2040102PAU2040103PAU2040104

PAU2040105PAU2040106PAU2040107PAU2040108

PAU2040109PAU20401010PAU20401011PAU20401012

PAU20401024PAU20401023PAU20401022PAU20401021

PAU20401020PAU20401019PAU20401018PAU20401017

PAU20401016PAU20401015PAU20401014PAU20401013

COU20401

PAUS01013PAUS01014PAUS01015PAUS01016

PAUS01017PAUS01018PAUS01019

PAUS01020PAUS01021PAUS01022

PAUS01023PAUS01024

PAUS01012PAUS01011PAUS01010PAUS0109

PAUS0108PAUS0107PAUS0106

PAUS0105PAUS0104PAUS0103

PAUS0102PAUS0101

COUS01

PAUS0101013PAUS0101014

PAUS0101015PAUS0101016PAUS0101017

PAUS0101018PAUS0101019PAUS0101020PAUS0101021PAUS0101022PAUS0101023PAUS0101024

PAUS0101012PAUS0101011

PAUS0101010PAUS010109PAUS010108

PAUS010107PAUS010106PAUS010105PAUS010104PAUS010103PAUS010102PAUS010101

COUS0101 PADesignator101PAU102 PAU10102PAU1010102PAU10202

PAU202 PAU20102PAU2010102PAU20202

PAU302 PAU30102PAU3010102PAU30202

PAU402 PAU40102PAU4010102PAU40202

PAU502 PAU50102PAU5010102PAU50202

PAU602 PAU60102PAU6010102PAU60202

PAU702 PAU70102PAU7010102PAU70202

PAU802 PAU80102PAU8010102PAU80202

PAU902 PAU90102PAU9010102PAU90202

PAU1002 PAU100102PAU10010102PAU100202

PAU1102 PAU110102PAU11010102PAU110202

PAU1202 PAU120102PAU12010102PAU120202

PAU1302 PAU130102PAU13010102PAU130202

PAU1402 PAU140102PAU14010102PAU140202

PAU1502 PAU150102PAU15010102PAU150202

PAU1602 PAU160102PAU16010102PAU160202

PAU1702 PAU170102PAU17010102PAU170202

PAU1802 PAU180102PAU18010102PAU180202

PAU1902 PAU190102PAU19010102PAU190202

PAU2002 PAU200102PAU20010102PAU200202

PAU2102 PAU210102PAU21010102PAU210202

PAU2202 PAU220102PAU22010102PAU220202

PAU2302 PAU230102PAU23010102PAU230202

PAU2402 PAU240102PAU24010102PAU240202

PAU2502 PAU250102PAU25010102PAU250202

PAU2602 PAU260102PAU26010102PAU260202

PAU2702 PAU270102PAU27010102PAU270202

PAU2802 PAU280102PAU28010102PAU280202

PAU2902 PAU290102PAU29010102PAU290202

PAU3002 PAU300102PAU30010102PAU300202

PAU3102 PAU310102PAU31010102PAU310202

PAU3202 PAU320102PAU32010102PAU320202

PAU3302 PAU330102PAU33010102PAU330202

PAU3402 PAU340102PAU34010102PAU340202

PAU3502 PAU350102PAU35010102PAU350202

PAU3602 PAU360102PAU36010102PAU360202

PAU3702 PAU370102PAU37010102PAU370202

PAU3802 PAU380102PAU38010102PAU380202

PAU3902 PAU390102PAU39010102PAU390202

PAU4002 PAU400102PAU40010102PAU400202

PAU4102 PAU410102PAU41010102PAU410202

PAU4202 PAU420102PAU42010102PAU420202

PAU4302 PAU430102PAU43010102PAU430202

PAU4402 PAU440102PAU44010102PAU440202

PAU4502 PAU450102PAU45010102PAU450202

PAU4602 PAU460102PAU46010102PAU460202

PAU4702 PAU470102PAU47010102PAU470202

PAU4802 PAU480102PAU48010102PAU480202

PAU4902 PAU490102PAU49010102PAU490202

PAU5002 PAU500102PAU50010102PAU500202

PAU5102 PAU510102PAU51010102PAU510202

PAU5202 PAU520102PAU52010102PAU520202

PAU5302 PAU530102PAU53010102PAU530202

PAU5402 PAU540102PAU54010102PAU540202

PAU5502 PAU550102PAU55010102PAU550202

PAU5602 PAU560102PAU56010102PAU560202

PAU5702 PAU570102PAU57010102PAU570202

PAU5802 PAU580102PAU58010102PAU580202

PAU5902 PAU590102PAU59010102PAU590202

PAU6002 PAU600102PAU60010102PAU600202

PAU6102 PAU610102PAU61010102PAU610202

PAU6202 PAU620102PAU62010102PAU620202

PAU6302 PAU630102PAU63010102PAU630202

PAU6402 PAU640102PAU64010102PAU640202

PAU6502PAU650102

PAU6602PAU660102

PAU6702PAU670102

PAU6802PAU680102

PAU6902PAU690102

PAU7002PAU700102

PAU7102PAU710102

PAU7202PAU720102

PAU7302PAU730102

PAU7402PAU740102

PAU7502PAU750102

PAU7602PAU760102

PAU7702PAU770102

PAU7802PAU780102

PAU7902PAU790102

PAU8002PAU800102

PAU8102PAU810102

PAU8202PAU820102

PAU8302PAU830102

PAU8402PAU840102

PAU8502PAU850102

PAU8602PAU860102

PAU8702PAU870102

PAU8802PAU880102

PAU8902PAU890102

PAU9002PAU900102

PAU9102PAU910102

PAU9202PAU920102

PAU9302PAU930102

PAU9402PAU940102

PAU9502PAU950102

PAU9602PAU960102

PAU9702PAU970102

PAU9802PAU980102

PAU9902PAU990102

PAU10002PAU1000102PAU1020102

PAU10302PAU1030102

PAU10402PAU1040102

PAU10502PAU1050102

PAU10602PAU1060102

PAU10702PAU1070102

PAU10802PAU1080102

PAU10902PAU1090102

PAU11002PAU1100102

PAU11102PAU1110102

PAU11202PAU1120102

PAU11302PAU1130102

PAU11402PAU1140102

PAU11502PAU1150102

PAU11602PAU1160102

PAU11702PAU1170102

PAU11802PAU1180102

PAU11902PAU1190102

PAU12002PAU1200102

PAU12102PAU1210102

PAU12202PAU1220102

PAU12302PAU1230102

PAU12402PAU1240102

PAU12502PAU1250102

PAU12602PAU1260102

PAU12702PAU1270102

PAU12802PAU1280102

PAU12902PAU1290102

PAU13002PAU1300102

PAU13102PAU1310102

PAU13202PAU1320102

PAU13302PAU1330102

PAU13402PAU1340102

PAU13502PAU1350102

PAU13602PAU1360102

PAU13702PAU1370102

PAU13802PAU1380102

PAU13902PAU1390102

PAU14002PAU1400102

PAU14102PAU1410102

PAU14202PAU1420102

PAU14302PAU1430102

PAU14402PAU1440102

PAU14502PAU1450102

PAU14602PAU1460102

PAU14702PAU1470102

PAU14802PAU1480102

PAU14902PAU1490102

PAU15002PAU1500102

PAU15102PAU1510102

PAU15202PAU1520102

PAU15302PAU1530102

PAU15402PAU1540102

PAU15502PAU1550102

PAU15602PAU1560102

PAU15702PAU1570102

PAU15802PAU1580102

PAU15902PAU1590102

PAU16002PAU1600102

PAU16102PAU1610102

PAU16202PAU1620102

PAU16302PAU1630102

PAU16402PAU1640102

PAU16502PAU1650102

PAU16602PAU1660102

PAU16702PAU1670102

PAU16802PAU1680102

PAU16902PAU1690102

PAU17002PAU1700102

PAU17102PAU1710102

PAU17202PAU1720102

PAU17302PAU1730102

PAU17402PAU1740102

PAU17502PAU1750102

PAU17602PAU1760102

PAU17702PAU1770102

PAU17802PAU1780102

PAU17902PAU1790102

PAU18002PAU1800102

PAU18102PAU1810102

PAU18202PAU1820102

PAU18302PAU1830102

PAU18402PAU1840102

PAU18502PAU1850102

PAU18602PAU1860102

PAU18702PAU1870102

PAU18802PAU1880102

PAU18902PAU1890102

PAU19002PAU1900102

PAU19102PAU1910102

PAU19202PAU1920102

PAU193012PAU193015

PAU19301012PAU19301015

PAU1930101012PAU1930101015

PAU19302012PAU19302015

PAU194012PAU194015

PAU19401012PAU19401015

PAU1940101012PAU1940101015

PAU19402012PAU19402015

PAU195012PAU195015

PAU19501012PAU19501015

PAU1950101012PAU1950101015

PAU19502012PAU19502015

PAU196012PAU196015

PAU19601012PAU19601015

PAU1960101012PAU1960101015

PAU19602012PAU19602015

PAU197012PAU197015

PAU19701012PAU19701015

PAU198012PAU198015

PAU19801012PAU19801015

PAU199012PAU199015

PAU19901012PAU19901015

PAU200012PAU200015

PAU20001012PAU20001015

PAU201012PAU201015

PAU20101012PAU20101015

PAU202012PAU202015

PAU20201012PAU20201015

PAU203012PAU203015

PAU20301012PAU20301015

PAU204012PAU204015

PAU20401012PAU20401015

PAUS01012

PAUS01015

PAUS0101012

PAUS0101015

PAU103 PAU10103PAU1010103PAU10203

PAU19309 PAU1930109PAU193010109PAU1930209

PAU203 PAU20103PAU2010103PAU20203

PAU19308 PAU1930108PAU193010108PAU1930208

PAU303 PAU30103PAU3010103PAU30203

PAU19307 PAU1930107PAU193010107PAU1930207

PAU403 PAU40103PAU4010103PAU40203

PAU19306 PAU1930106PAU193010106PAU1930206

PAU503 PAU50103PAU5010103PAU50203

PAU19305 PAU1930105PAU193010105PAU1930205

PAU603 PAU60103PAU6010103PAU60203

PAU19304 PAU1930104PAU193010104PAU1930204

PAU703 PAU70103PAU7010103PAU70203

PAU19303 PAU1930103PAU193010103PAU1930203

PAU803 PAU80103PAU8010103PAU80203

PAU19302 PAU1930102PAU193010102PAU1930202

PAU903 PAU90103PAU9010103PAU90203

PAU193023 PAU19301023PAU1930101023PAU19302023

PAU1003 PAU100103PAU10010103PAU100203

PAU193022 PAU19301022PAU1930101022PAU19302022

PAU1103 PAU110103PAU11010103PAU110203

PAU193021 PAU19301021PAU1930101021PAU19302021

PAU1203 PAU120103PAU12010103PAU120203

PAU193020 PAU19301020PAU1930101020PAU19302020

PAU1303 PAU130103PAU13010103PAU130203

PAU193019 PAU19301019PAU1930101019PAU19302019

PAU1403 PAU140103PAU14010103PAU140203

PAU193018 PAU19301018PAU1930101018PAU19302018

PAU1503 PAU150103PAU15010103PAU150203

PAU193017 PAU19301017PAU1930101017PAU19302017

PAU1603 PAU160103PAU16010103PAU160203

PAU193016 PAU19301016PAU1930101016PAU19302016

PAU1703 PAU170103PAU17010103PAU170203

PAU19409 PAU1940109PAU194010109PAU1940209

PAU1803 PAU180103PAU18010103PAU180203

PAU19408 PAU1940108PAU194010108PAU1940208

PAU1903 PAU190103PAU19010103PAU190203

PAU19407 PAU1940107PAU194010107PAU1940207

PAU2003 PAU200103PAU20010103PAU200203

PAU19406 PAU1940106PAU194010106PAU1940206

PAU2103 PAU210103PAU21010103PAU210203

PAU19405 PAU1940105PAU194010105PAU1940205

PAU2203 PAU220103PAU22010103PAU220203

PAU19404 PAU1940104PAU194010104PAU1940204

PAU2303 PAU230103PAU23010103PAU230203

PAU19403 PAU1940103PAU194010103PAU1940203

PAU2403 PAU240103PAU24010103PAU240203

PAU19402 PAU1940102PAU194010102PAU1940202

PAU2503 PAU250103PAU25010103PAU250203

PAU194023 PAU19401023PAU1940101023PAU19402023

PAU2603 PAU260103PAU26010103PAU260203

PAU194022 PAU19401022PAU1940101022PAU19402022

PAU2703 PAU270103PAU27010103PAU270203

PAU194021 PAU19401021PAU1940101021PAU19402021

PAU2803 PAU280103PAU28010103PAU280203

PAU194020 PAU19401020PAU1940101020PAU19402020

PAU2903 PAU290103PAU29010103PAU290203

PAU194019 PAU19401019PAU1940101019PAU19402019

PAU3003 PAU300103PAU30010103PAU300203

PAU194018 PAU19401018PAU1940101018PAU19402018

PAU3103 PAU310103PAU31010103PAU310203

PAU194017 PAU19401017PAU1940101017PAU19402017

PAU3203 PAU320103PAU32010103PAU320203

PAU194016 PAU19401016PAU1940101016PAU19402016

PADesignator102

PAUS01010

PAUS0101010

PADesignator103

PAUS01011

PAUS0101011

PADesignator104

PAUS01014

PAUS0101014

PADesignator105

PAUS01013

PAUS0101013

PADesignator1015

PAUS0101

PADesignator1016

PAUS010101

PADesignator106

PAU193010 PAU19301010PAU1930101010PAU19302010

PAU194010 PAU19401010PAU1940101010PAU19402010 PAU196010 PAU19601010PAU1960101010PAU19602010 PAU198010PAU19801010

PAU199010PAU19901010

PAU200010PAU20001010

PAU201010PAU20101010

PAU202010PAU20201010 PAU204010PAU20401010

PADesignator107

PAU193011 PAU19301011PAU1930101011PAU19302011

PAU194011 PAU19401011PAU1940101011PAU19402011 PAU196011 PAU19601011PAU1960101011PAU19602011 PAU198011PAU19801011 PAU200011PAU20001011 PAU204011PAU20401011

PADesignator108

PAU193014 PAU19301014PAU1930101014PAU19302014

PAU194014 PAU19401014PAU1940101014PAU19402014

PAU203014PAU20301014

PAU204014PAU20401014

PADesignator109

PAU193013 PAU19301013PAU1930101013PAU19302013

PAU194013 PAU19401013PAU1940101013PAU19402013 PAU196013 PAU19601013PAU1960101013PAU19602013

PAU203013PAU20301013

PAU204013PAU20401013

PADesignator1014

PAU101 PAU10101PAU1010101PAU10201

PAU201 PAU20101PAU2010101PAU20201

PAU301 PAU30101PAU3010101PAU30201

PAU401 PAU40101PAU4010101PAU40201

PAU501 PAU50101PAU5010101PAU50201

PAU601 PAU60101PAU6010101PAU60201

PAU701 PAU70101PAU7010101PAU70201

PAU801 PAU80101PAU8010101PAU80201

PAU901 PAU90101PAU9010101PAU90201

PAU1001 PAU100101PAU10010101PAU100201

PAU1101 PAU110101PAU11010101PAU110201

PAU1201 PAU120101PAU12010101PAU120201

PAU1301 PAU130101PAU13010101PAU130201

PAU1401 PAU140101PAU14010101PAU140201

PAU1501 PAU150101PAU15010101PAU150201

PAU1601 PAU160101PAU16010101PAU160201

PAU1701 PAU170101PAU17010101PAU170201

PAU1801 PAU180101PAU18010101PAU180201

PAU1901 PAU190101PAU19010101PAU190201

PAU2001 PAU200101PAU20010101PAU200201

PAU2101 PAU210101PAU21010101PAU210201

PAU2201 PAU220101PAU22010101PAU220201

PAU2301 PAU230101PAU23010101PAU230201

PAU2401 PAU240101PAU24010101PAU240201

PAU2501 PAU250101PAU25010101PAU250201

PAU2601 PAU260101PAU26010101PAU260201

PAU2701 PAU270101PAU27010101PAU270201

PAU2801 PAU280101PAU28010101PAU280201

PAU2901 PAU290101PAU29010101PAU290201

PAU3001 PAU300101PAU30010101PAU300201

PAU3101 PAU310101PAU31010101PAU310201

PAU3201 PAU320101PAU32010101PAU320201

PAU3301 PAU330101PAU33010101PAU330201

PAU3401 PAU340101PAU34010101PAU340201

PAU3501 PAU350101PAU35010101PAU350201

PAU3601 PAU360101PAU36010101PAU360201

PAU3701 PAU370101PAU37010101PAU370201

PAU3801 PAU380101PAU38010101PAU380201

PAU3901 PAU390101PAU39010101PAU390201

PAU4001 PAU400101PAU40010101PAU400201

PAU4101 PAU410101PAU41010101PAU410201

PAU4201 PAU420101PAU42010101PAU420201

PAU4301 PAU430101PAU43010101PAU430201

PAU4401 PAU440101PAU44010101PAU440201

PAU4501 PAU450101PAU45010101PAU450201

PAU4601 PAU460101PAU46010101PAU460201

PAU4701 PAU470101PAU47010101PAU470201

PAU4801 PAU480101PAU48010101PAU480201

PAU4901 PAU490101PAU49010101PAU490201

PAU5001 PAU500101PAU50010101PAU500201

PAU5101 PAU510101PAU51010101PAU510201

PAU5201 PAU520101PAU52010101PAU520201

PAU5301 PAU530101PAU53010101PAU530201

PAU5401 PAU540101PAU54010101PAU540201

PAU5501 PAU550101PAU55010101PAU550201

PAU5601 PAU560101PAU56010101PAU560201

PAU5701 PAU570101PAU57010101PAU570201

PAU5801 PAU580101PAU58010101PAU580201

PAU5901 PAU590101PAU59010101PAU590201

PAU6001 PAU600101PAU60010101PAU600201

PAU6101 PAU610101PAU61010101PAU610201

PAU6201 PAU620101PAU62010101PAU620201

PAU6301 PAU630101PAU63010101PAU630201

PAU6401 PAU640101PAU64010101PAU640201

PAU6501PAU650101

PAU6601PAU660101

PAU6701PAU670101

PAU6801PAU680101

PAU6901PAU690101

PAU7001PAU700101

PAU7101PAU710101

PAU7201PAU720101

PAU7301PAU730101

PAU7401PAU740101

PAU7501PAU750101

PAU7601PAU760101

PAU7701PAU770101

PAU7801PAU780101

PAU7901PAU790101

PAU8001PAU800101

PAU8101PAU810101

PAU8201PAU820101

PAU8301PAU830101

PAU8401PAU840101

PAU8501PAU850101

PAU8601PAU860101

PAU8701PAU870101

PAU8801PAU880101

PAU8901PAU890101

PAU9001PAU900101

PAU9101PAU910101

PAU9201PAU920101

PAU9301PAU930101

PAU9401PAU940101

PAU9501PAU950101

PAU9601PAU960101

PAU9701PAU970101

PAU9801PAU980101

PAU9901PAU990101

PAU10001PAU1000101PAU1020101

PAU10301PAU1030101

PAU10401PAU1040101

PAU10501PAU1050101

PAU10601PAU1060101

PAU10701PAU1070101

PAU10801PAU1080101

PAU10901PAU1090101

PAU11001PAU1100101

PAU11101PAU1110101

PAU11201PAU1120101

PAU11301PAU1130101

PAU11401PAU1140101

PAU11501PAU1150101

PAU11601PAU1160101

PAU11701PAU1170101

PAU11801PAU1180101

PAU11901PAU1190101

PAU12001PAU1200101

PAU12101PAU1210101

PAU12201PAU1220101

PAU12301PAU1230101

PAU12401PAU1240101

PAU12501PAU1250101

PAU12601PAU1260101

PAU12701PAU1270101

PAU12801PAU1280101

PAU12901PAU1290101

PAU13001PAU1300101

PAU13101PAU1310101

PAU13201PAU1320101

PAU13301PAU1330101

PAU13401PAU1340101

PAU13501PAU1350101

PAU13601PAU1360101

PAU13701PAU1370101

PAU13801PAU1380101

PAU13901PAU1390101

PAU14001PAU1400101

PAU14101PAU1410101

PAU14201PAU1420101

PAU14301PAU1430101

PAU14401PAU1440101

PAU14501PAU1450101

PAU14601PAU1460101

PAU14701PAU1470101

PAU14801PAU1480101

PAU14901PAU1490101

PAU15001PAU1500101

PAU15101PAU1510101

PAU15201PAU1520101

PAU15301PAU1530101

PAU15401PAU1540101

PAU15501PAU1550101

PAU15601PAU1560101

PAU15701PAU1570101

PAU15801PAU1580101

PAU15901PAU1590101

PAU16001PAU1600101

PAU16101PAU1610101

PAU16201PAU1620101

PAU16301PAU1630101

PAU16401PAU1640101

PAU16501PAU1650101

PAU16601PAU1660101

PAU16701PAU1670101

PAU16801PAU1680101

PAU16901PAU1690101

PAU17001PAU1700101

PAU17101PAU1710101

PAU17201PAU1720101

PAU17301PAU1730101

PAU17401PAU1740101

PAU17501PAU1750101

PAU17601PAU1760101

PAU17701PAU1770101

PAU17801PAU1780101

PAU17901PAU1790101

PAU18001PAU1800101

PAU18101PAU1810101

PAU18201PAU1820101

PAU18301PAU1830101

PAU18401PAU1840101

PAU18501PAU1850101

PAU18601PAU1860101

PAU18701PAU1870101

PAU18801PAU1880101

PAU18901PAU1890101

PAU19001PAU1900101

PAU19101PAU1910101

PAU19201PAU1920101

PAU193024 PAU19301024PAU1930101024PAU19302024

PAU194024 PAU19401024PAU1940101024PAU19402024

PAU195024 PAU19501024PAU1950101024PAU19502024

PAU196024 PAU19601024PAU1960101024PAU19602024

PAU197024PAU19701024

PAU198024PAU19801024

PAU199024PAU19901024

PAU200024PAU20001024

PAU201024PAU20101024

PAU202024PAU20201024

PAU203024PAU20301024

PAU204024PAU20401024

PAUS01024

PAUS0101024

PAU1930101PAU193010101

PAUS0109

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PAU1940101PAU194010101

PAUS0108

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PAU1950101PAU195010101

PAUS0107

PAUS010107

PAUS0106

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PAU19301PAU1930201

PAUS0105

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PAU19401PAU1940201

PAUS0104

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PAU19501PAU1950201

PAUS0103

PAUS010103

PAU19601PAU1960201

PAUS0102

PAUS010102

PAU19701PAU1970101

PAUS01023

PAUS0101023

PAU19801PAU1980101

PAUS01022

PAUS0101022

PAU19901PAU1990101

PAUS01021

PAUS0101021

PAU20001PAU2000101

PAUS01020

PAUS0101020

PAU20101PAU2010101

PAUS01019

PAUS0101019

PAU20201PAU2020101

PAUS01018

PAUS0101018

PAU20301PAU2030101

PAUS01017

PAUS0101017

PAU20401PAU2040101

PAUS01016

PAUS0101016

FREE License the schematic layout of the GaussSense PCB board

for Individual and Educational use from Today!Please check the materials on the website or

contact us at our Interactivity booth

AttachableHall-Sensor Grid

GaussSense

[Liang et al. UIST’12]

Page 80: ACM CHI 2013 - GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

Rong-Hao Liang, Kai-Yin Cheng, Liwei Chan, Chuan-Xhyuan Peng, Mike Y. Chen, Rung-Huei Liang, De-Nian Yang, and Bing-Yu Chen

GaussBits: Magnetic Tangible Bits for Portable and Occlusion-Free Near-Surface Interactions

National Taiwan University, Academia Sinica, and National Taiwan University of Science and Technology

13年1月5日星期六

13年1月5日星期六Thanks for your attention!