+

AcidosispH < 7.35

AlkalosispH >7.45

Alters shapes of proteinsHyperkalemiaHypercalcemia

EFFECTS

DiarrheaRenal diseaseDiabetesDietAlcohol

HyperkalemiaHypercalcemiaHypoaldosteronism

CAUSESMetabolic

Impaired gas exchangeRapid shallow breathingNarcotic overdose

CAUSES

VomitingDiureticsConstipationExcess aldosterone

CAUSES

HypocalcemiaHypokalemiaLoss of HCO3-

Alters shapes of proteinsHypokalemiaHypocalcemia

EFFECTS

3 solutions to acid/base imbalances are… 1. Chemical buffers a. Bicarbonate-carbonic acid b. Protein c. Phosphate 2. Respiratory a. Increase C02, increase acid b. Decrease CO2, decrease acid 3.Kidneys a. High acid, excrete acid, absorb/make bicarbonate b. Low acid, excrete bicarbonate.

Acid [H ]+

K+ and H+exchange

K+

H+

Acidosis/Alkalosis affects K+ becauseK+ and H+ exchange across the membrane. -high H+ causes the cell to lose K+ -low H+ causes the cell to lose H+ and take up K+

K+

H+

K+ and H+exchange

K+

H+

Acidosis/Alkalosis affects K+ becauseK+ and H+ exchange across the membrane. -high H+ causes the cell to lose K+ -low H+ causes the cell to lose H+ and take up K+

K+

H+

High Acid = low pH

High base = high pH

OH

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

Ca2+

H+

Ca2+

H+

H+ and OH- alter hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds hold proteins (especially enzymes) in their correct shape.H+ and OH- will alter protein function

H+ and OH- alter hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds hold proteins (especially enzymes) in their correct shape.H+ and OH- will alter protein function

Albumin

Albumin

H+HCO3- CO2 == =pH rapid breathing

H+ HCO3-CO2 == =pHslow breathing

Respiratory

Respiratory

HyperventilationTumors that affect respirationAltitudePsychoneurosis

CAUSES

H+CO2 == pHrapid breathing

Metabolic

H+ CO2 == pH slow breathing

Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate

Kidneys secrete HCO3

- in PCT

Kidneys secrete HCO3

- in PCTand decrease ventilation to increase CO2

COMPENSATION

COMPENSATION

Kidneys absorb and make HCO3

- in PCT and increase ventilation to decrease CO2.

Kidneys secrete H+ and make HCO3

- in PCT

COMPENSATION

COMPENSATION