ace operations: arff and emergency response - aaae · pdf fileace operations: arff and...

ACE Operations: ARFF and Emergency Response

Presented by

C. Daniel Prather, Ph.D., A.A.E, CAM

Chair & Professor of Aviation ScienceCalifornia Baptist University

DPrather Aviation Solutions, LLC

Index Determination

ARFF Equipment and Agents

ARFF Operational Requirements

Airport Emergency Plan

Accident Investigation

Q&A

Mod 1

Overview of Webinar

Mod 4

Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting (ARFF)

Part 139.315

ARFF Index Determination

ARFF Index

Index Aircraft Length Sample Aircraft

A Less than 90’

BAt least 90’, less than

126’

CAt least 126’, less

than 159’

DAt least 159’, less

than 200’

E At least 200’

Based on the longest air-carrier

aircraft that serves the airport

with five or more average daily

departures.

If there are five or more average daily departures of air carrier aircraft in a single Index group serving that airport, the longest aircraft with an average of five or more daily departures determines the Index required for the airport.

When there are fewer than five average daily departures of the longest air carrier aircraft serving the airport, the Index required for the airport will be the next lower Index group than the Index group prescribed for the longest aircraft.

The minimum designated index must be Index A.

ARFF Index - Points to Remember

Index “A” Aircraft - Less than 90’

Dash 7

ATR-42 Embraer 145

Dornier 328

Index “B” Aircraft - At least 90’ but less than 126’

A-320

B-737

B-717

Index “C” Aircraft - At least 126’ but less than 159’

B-727

MD-80

B-757

B-767

Index “D” Aircraft - At least 159’ but less than 200’

Index “E” Aircraft - At least 200’

B-777

B747-8

A-380

Part 139.317

ARFF Equipment and Agents

Smother the fire to prevent oxygen from mixing with the hydrocarbons.

Suppress the release of fuel vapors.

Separate the combustible materials.

Lower the temperature of the fire through a cooling effect.

Purpose of Extinguishing Agents

AFFF - Aqueous Film Forming Foam 3% or 6%

PRIMARY EXTINGUISHING AGENT

Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting

EXTINGUISHING AGENTSPRIMARY EXTINGUISHING AGENT

AFFF

SECONDARY EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Dry Chemicals (DC)

Sodium-based & Potassium-based

One vehicle carrying at least―500 pounds of sodium-based dry chemical, halon

1211, or clean agent; or450 pounds of potassium-based dry chemical and

water with a commensurate quantity of AFFF to total 100 gallons for simultaneous dry chemical and AFFF application

Note: Halon is no longer being produced. Halotronis an alternative.

Index A

Index “A” Vehicle - 150 Gallon/DC

Emergency One R200

Pump & turret equipped vehicles provide faster response times and

more practical training.

Either of the following:

One vehicle carrying at least 500 pounds of sodium-based dry chemical, halon 1211, or clean agent and 1,500 gallons of water and the commensurate quantity of AFFF for foam production.

Two vehicles―

One vehicle carrying the extinguishing agents as specified for Index A; and

One vehicle carrying an amount of water and the commensurate quantity of AFFF so the total quantity of water for foam production carried by both vehicles is at least 1,500 gallons.

Index B

Typical Index “B” Vehicles-1500 Gallon

Oshkosh T1500

Emergency One Titan III

Either of the following:

Three vehicles―

One vehicle carrying the extinguishing agents as specified for Index A; and

Two vehicles carrying an amount of water and the commensurate quantity of AFFF so the total quantity of water for foam production carried by all three vehicles is at least 3,000 gallons.

Two vehicles―

One vehicle carrying the extinguishing agents as specified for Index B one vehicle requirement; and

One vehicle carrying water and the commensurate quantity of AFFF so the total quantity of water for foam production carried by both vehicles is at least 3,000 gal.

Index C

Three vehicles―One vehicle carrying the extinguishing

agents as specified for Index A; andTwo vehicles carrying an amount of

water and the commensurate quantity of AFFF so the total quantity of water for foam production carried by all three vehicles is at least 4,000 gallons.

Index D

Three vehicles―One vehicle carrying the extinguishing

agents as specified for Index A; andTwo vehicles carrying an amount of

water and the commensurate quantity of AFFF so the total quantity of water for foam production carried by all three vehicles is at least 6,000 gallons.

Index E

Typical Index C/D/E Vehicle - 3000 Gallon

Oshkosh T3000

E-One P-23 trucks may be used at some joint-use airports where the Air

National Guard provides part 139 ARFF services under contract to the

airport operator.

Index C/D/E Vehicle - 3300 Gallon

Emergency One P-23

Part 139.319

ARFF Operational

Requirements

Must be available during air carrier operations (15 minutes before/after).

Increase in Index, as necessary. Index may be reduced during shorter aircraft operations,

although certain conditions must be met (procedures, recall, NOTAMs).

ARFF vehicles must have two-way radio communications with other vehicles, ATCT, CTAF, and fire stations.

ARFF vehicles must have a flashing/rotating beacon and high contrast paint/markings.

Create a path for evacuation/rescue and extinguish fire. Timely respond.

Main ARFF Operational Requirements

Within 3-Minutes – 1 Truck

Midpoint of

Farthest Runway

Snozzle

Within 4 Minutes – All Others

Airport familiarization, including airport signs, marking, and lighting Aircraft familiarization Rescue and firefighting personnel safety Emergency communications systems on the airport, including fire

alarms Use of the fire hoses, nozzles, turrets, and other appliances

required for compliance with this part Application of the types of extinguishing agents required for

compliance with this part Emergency aircraft evacuation assistance Firefighting operations Adapting and using structural rescue and firefighting equipment for

aircraft rescue and firefighting Aircraft cargo hazards, including hazardous materials/dangerous

goods incidents Familiarization with firefighters' duties under the airport emergency

planMod 4

Required ARFF Training Areas

Bleeding

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Shock

Primary patient survey

Injuries to the skull, spine, chest, and extremities

Internal injuries

Moving patients

Burns

Triage

Mod 4

Basic Emergency Medical Care Training (at least 1 person)

All rescue and firefighting personnel must participate in at least one live-fire drill prior to initial performance of rescue and firefighting duties and every 12 consecutive calendar months thereafter.

The size of the fire used in the drill must replicate the potential created by the size of the typical aircraft using the airport.

Mod 4

Drills

Mod 4

Airport Emergency Plan

Assigns responsibility to organizations and individuals for carrying out specific actions at projected times and places in responding to an emergency.

Sets forth lines of authority and organizational relationships, and shows how all actions should be coordinated.

Describes how people and property will be protected in emergencies and disasters.

Identifies personnel, equipment, facilities, supplies, and other resources available—within the airport or by agreement with communities—for use during response and recovery operations.

As a public document, cites its legal basis, states its objectives, and acknowledges assumptions.

Facilitates response and short-term recovery to set the stage for successful long-term recovery.

Mod 4

The AEP…

Aircraft incidents and accidents

Terrorism incidents, including designation of parking areas for the aircraft involved

Structural fires, fuel farms, and fuel storage areas

Natural disasters, including hurricane, earthquake, tornado, volcano, and flood

Hazardous materials incidents

Sabotage, hijack incidents, and other unlawful interference with operations

Failure of power for movement area lighting

Water rescue situations, as appropriate*

Crowd control*A body of water or marsh land is significant if the area exceeds one-quarter square mile and cannot be traversed by conventional land rescue vehicles.

Mod 4

Airport Emergency Plan (AEP)

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Terms and Definitions

Functional Sections Command and Control

Communications

Alert Notification and Warning

Emergency Public Information

Protective Actions

Law Enforcement/Security

Firefighting and Rescue

Health and Medical

Resource Management

Airport Operations and Maintenance

Hazard-Specific Sections (from previous slide)Mod 4

Basic Structure of AEP

Emergency Alerting System Siren Horn Beeper Light signal Telephone (“red phone” or “hot line”) other means

Means of emergency identification Dedicated direct communication link (“hot line”) telephone, a computer, a radio ATCT LOA/MOU

Coordinate with law enforcement agencies Rescue and fire-fighting agencies Medical personnel and organizations Principal tenants Other persons having responsibilities

Mod 4

Notification

Describes how communities, tribes, states, the federal government, private-sectors, and nongovernmental partners work together to coordinate national response

Describes specific authorities and best practices for managing incidents

Builds upon the National Incident Management System (NIMS), which provides a consistent template for managing incidents

Mod 5

National Response Framework

Provides a set of standardized organizational structures - such as the Incident Command System (ICS), Unified Command (UC), multiagency coordination systems, and public information systems - as well as requirements for processes, procedures, and systems designed to improve interoperability among jurisdictions and disciplines in various areas, including

Training

Resource management

Personnel qualification and certification

Equipment certification

Communications and information management

Technology support

Continuous system improvementMod 4

National Incident Management System (NIMS)

Management system designed to enable effective and efficient domestic incident management by integrating a combination of facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications operating within a common organizational structure.

Based on a military model, where one individual assumes the role of incident commander for all responses to an airport emergency.

Incident commander (IC) works from a centrally located incident command post and coordinates the responsibilities of the functional response groups.

Mod 4

Incident Command System (ICS)

Runners

Cellular phones

Walkie-talkies

Radios

Language(s) used (e.g., code words, signals, terminology)

Consider overburdened cellular and telephone communications, missing keys for locks, people not remembering codes, faxes or printers that run out of ink, etc.

Mod 4

Communication

Mitigation - Actions that can prevent, alleviate, or diminish the potential effects of a disaster situation, including zoning, public education, budget allocations, and earthquake-resistant construction

Preparedness - Actions that enhance emergency response capabilities, including emergency plans, training, drills and exercises

Response - Time-sensitive actions to save lives and property, reduce the possibility of secondary damage, and speed recovery operations, including mobilizing emergency response, personnel and equipment, conducting search and rescue, alerting the public, and evacuation

Recovery - Actions that restore the airport/community to pre-emergency conditions, including crisis counseling, long-term medical assistance, reconstruction, rehabilitation, public information programs, and hazard-reduction programs Mod 4

Phases of Comprehensive Emergency Management

Discovery/notification

Identification/verification

Response

Resolution

Mod 4

Response Phase

1. Discovery/notification How emergency is first reported

Acquire accurate data

Transmit to appropriate persons for verification

Mod 4

Response Phase cont.

2. Identification/Verification

Determine an actual emergency exists

Information needed

Aircraft identification

Nature of the emergency

Quantity of fuel on board

Runway intended to be used

Number of occupants or Souls On Board (SOB)

Presence of any hazardous material

Location of the aircraft if on the ground.

Mod 4


3. Response

Alert levels

Alert I —Signifies a precautionary approach to a situation where a real or suspected emergency exists on an aircraft, but the nature of the emergency would not normally cause serious difficulty or make the anticipated landing unsafe.

Alert II —Signifies an actual aircraft emergency exists in flight, and an accident may well occur resulting in injuries and aircraft damage.

Alert III —Signifies an actual aircraft accident has occurred.

Mod 4


4. Resolution

ARFF response (Create exit path, extinguish fire, triage, stabilization, first aid, and removal of injured survivors)

Security of the scene

Airport operations personnel are normally responsible for several key command, control, and communications functions.

Prepare for off-airport accidents:

Understand role in such emergency situations

Developing, coordinating, and practicing crisis management plans and techniques with other federal, state, and local agencies

Understanding the human factors involved in tragedies

Learning to deal with the unexpectedMod 4


Requires attention to detail to ensure safe restoration of the airport to normal operation.

Maintenance, airport operations, and security personnel play key roles in the restoration to normal operations after an emergency.

Before any airfield operation can resume, a thorough inspection must be conducted to ensure that the airport is in compliance with its ACM.

If the airport is not fully certificated, personnel should ensure that no unsafe conditions exist.

Additionally, NOTAMs will be cancelled and efforts will be coordinated with ATC.Mod 5

Recovery Phase

Ensure compliance with all appropriate aviation standards and regulations.

Ensure that the command vehicle (e.g. mobile command center, bus, etc.) is provided at the scene as soon as possible.

Coordinate emergency response efforts with air traffic control personnel.

Ensure any and all required NOTAMs have been issued.

Provide overall airport familiarization and training program for designated on- and off-airport maintenance personnel. Provide training to reduce the potential for Vehicle/Pedestrian Deviations

(V/PD) and runway incursions.

Provide grid maps for each vehicle, as appropriate.

Ensure completion of necessary airport inspections upon emergency termination.

Mod 5

Operations Role in Emergency Response

Prepare detailed SOPs and checklists that include:

Contact information and mechanisms for notifying personnel.

Step-by-step procedures for performing assigned tasks.

Contact information for agency notification (e.g. air traffic control, FAA, NTSB, etc.).

Listing of the radio communications call signs and frequencies used by responding organizations.

Provide means (e.g. buses), to evacuate people from the accident scene.

Provide information regarding the status of the airport to the news media through the Public Information Officer (PIO).

Maintain a chronological event log Mod 5

Operations Role in Emergency Response cont.

Aircraft operating areas are safe and secure

Aircraft movement areas that are to be reopened have been properly inspected

Adequate aircraft rescue and fire fighting protection is available for aircraft operations

Public safety is assured

Mod 5

Closed Areas Not Reopened Until...

Prepare and maintains an airport resource list. Ensure the restoration of utilities to critical and essential facilities,

when necessary. Ensure the safety of facilities (e.g. post-fire, flood, earthquake,

tornado, hurricane, explosion). Provide backup electrical power. Clear debris, as necessary Ensure availability of potable water supply. Prepare detailed SOPs and checklists that include:

Contact information and mechanisms for notifying personnel. Step-by-step procedures for performing assigned tasks.

Provide sanitation services. Maintain a chronological event log

Mod 5

Maintenance Role in Emergency Response

Airline Responsibility under Aviation Disaster Family Assistance Act (ADFAA)

Establish a group of all air carriers serving the airport which would respond to assist the affected carrier during the first 12 hours.

Utilize local emergency service resources for specific functions at pre-designated areas, such as collecting names, addresses, and telephone numbers of passengers that do not receive medical attention.

Pre-determine locations for key facilities, such as a “Friends and Relatives” reception area, and other areas where families may gather.Mod 5

Considerations for Family Support

Incorporate existing security plans to include the affected air carrier ticket counter, “Friends and Relatives” reception area, and other areas where families may gather.

Identify information that station managers and airport operator may need concerning passengers, their families, and the accident site. Establish a process by which this information is relayed to the affected air carrier and emergency operations centers.

Review procedures for emergency access to the terminal by air carrier employees and emergency service providers during an event.

Pre-arrange or assist in securing hotel rooms in the local area for non-tenant air carriers involved in an emergency diversion or for charter carriers that have no employees at the airport.Mod 5

Considerations for Family Support cont.

Exercising the AEP is critical for finding gaps or difficulties in the Plan

Five types of exercises

1. Orientation seminar

2. A drill

3. Tabletop exercise

4. Functional or partial exercise

5. Full-scale exercise

Mod 4

Exercising the Airport Emergency Plan

1. Orientation Seminar

Involves bringing together those with a role or interest in the AEP (airport, ARFF, law enforcement, EMS, air carriers, media, airport tenants, etc.) to discuss the AEP and the initial plans for upcoming drills and exercises, as well as to become familiar with the roles, procedures, responsibilities, and personalities of all those involved.

Mod 4


2. Drill

Lowest level of an exercise

Used to test, develop, or maintain skills in a single emergency response procedure (such as the emergency notification process)

Mod 4


3. Tabletop Exercise

Learn limitations & capabilities of each response resource

Describe actions each response resource would take

Estimate amounts of time, equipment, and travel needed

Predict the personnel and equipment problems they would face

Reveal problems

conflicts of functional area

lack of means for communication

lack of equipment

vague procedural descriptions

confusing jargon or terminology

procedural omissions Mod 4


4. Functional or Partial Exercise

Focuses on a single aspect of the AEP

Can be conducted more often than full-scale exercises

Economical because of their limited scope

Provide easy way to practice complex skills

Coordinate tasks

New techniques

Mod 4


5. Full-scale Exercise

Most comprehensive test intended to evaluate the operational capability of the emergency management system in a stress-induced environment with actual mobilization and deployment of resources

Class I conducts full-scale every consecutive 36 months

Careful advance planning

Requires reaction from personnel and use of equipment

Mod 4


Needs assessment

Define the scope

Statement of Purpose

Goals/Objectives

Scenario

Messages/Problems Statements

Evaluation/Critique

Mod 3

Steps to Development of any Drill or Exercise

FAA requires a full-scale demonstration of the emergency plan at least once every 36 consecutive calendar months for Class I certificated airports.

The full-scale demonstration requires a simulated emergency that is commensurate with the index of the airport. In other words, it must be of a size and scope to take into account the largest aircraft the airport serves.

Mod 3

Full Scale Requirement

ARFF Index Minimum Number of Casualties

A 20-30

B 40-50

C 60-70

D 80-90

E 100 or more

Develops rules & regulations governing accident notification & reporting

Authority for removal of aircraft wreckageGo-team dispatched within 12-24 hours if necessaryPreservation & security of on-airport accident site (airport

responsible for preservation of accident scene) If off-airport, responsibility resides with local jurisdiction

after release by NTSBSecurity must be provided 24-hoursDelegate authority to FAA –aircraft less than 12,500

poundsMakes recommendations to FAA regarding aviationMod 4

Role of National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)

U.S. Customs and Border Protection Involving international passengers

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Hijacking, Dignitaries, Bomb threats, Hostage taking

U.S. Postal Service (USPS) Mail is involved

U.S. Air Force (USAF) for Search and Rescue (SAR) operations in the 48 contiguous states

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hazardous materials spills

U.S. Army Bomb Squad Bomb threats or explosives

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Hazardous materials spills

U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Involving bodies of water

Mod 4

Other Agencies Possibly Involved

For accidents involving both military & civilian aircraft, the NTSB includes military participation in the investigation

For accidents involving only military aircraft or equipment (i.e., arrestor gear), the military has sole investigative authority, but may involve the NTSB or FAA if it would contribute to the promotion of aviation safety.

Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) New digital frequency of 406MHzLocating ELT signal can be accomplished with a hand-held

radio or Direction Finding (DF) equipmentU.S. Air Force or U.S. Coast Guard Rescue Coordination

Centers monitor and resolve ELT signalsCivil Air Patrol (civilian auxiliary of U.S. Air Force) often

called upon to assist in locating aircraftMod 4

NTSB and Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)

Mod 1

Questions?

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