ACCOUNTS OF

BANKING COMPANIES

DEFINITION

Section 5 of banking regulation act defines banking as “the accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment, of deposit of money from the public repayable on demand or otherwise and withdrawable by cheque, draft, order or otherwise.

Features of banking company

• The borrowing,raising,or taking up of money.

• The lending or advancing of money either upon or without security.

• The granting and issuing of letters of credit,travellers cheques and circular notes.

• The buying and selling of bullion.• The buying and selling of foreign

exchange including foreign bank notes.

• Contracting for public and private loans negotiating and issuing the same.

• Undertaking and executing trust.

Continued . . . . .• The acquisition, constructing,

maintenance and alternation of any building or works necessary or convenient for the purpose of the company.

• Carrying on and transacting every kind of guarantee and indemnity business.

• The collecting and transmitting of money and securities.

• Undertaking the administration of estates as executor, trustee or otherwise

General Information

• No banking company can carry on business in India unless its subscribed capital is not less than one- half of the authorized capital and its paid up capital is not less than one – half of subs.capital.

• A banking company cannot create any charge upon its uncalled capital.

• Every banking co.shall transfer a sum equal to 25% of profits to statutory reserve.

• A bank can open a branch only at the permission or reserve bank

Accounting System

The accounting system of a banking company is different from that of a trading or manufacturing company. A bank has a large number of customers whose acc are to be maintained in such a way so that these should be kept upto date.

Features Of Banking Acc System

• Entries in the personal ledgers are made directly from vouchers.

• From such entries in personal acc each day summary sheets in total are prepared.

• The general ledger’s trial balance is extracted and agreed every day.

• A trial balance of detailed personal ledger is prepared periodically and get agreed with general ledger.

• Two vouchers are prepared for every transaction not involving cash- debit and credit voucher.

Books Required• Receiving cashier’s counter cash

book.• Paying cashier’s counter cash

book.• Current accounts ledger.• Loan ledger.• Cash credit ledger.• Investment ledger.• Saving bank accounts ledger.• Recurring deposits accounts

ledger.• Bill discounted and purchased

ledger.

Principal Books Of Accounts Are:

• Cash book: This book gives the summary of the receiving cashier’s counter cash book and paying cashier’s cash book.

• General ledger: This ledger contains control acc for subsidiary ledger listed above and acc of expenses and assets not covered by the subsidiary ledger.

Notes And Instruction For Compilation

• The formats of balance sheet and profit n loss acc cover all items likely to appear in these statement.

• The words ‘current year’ and ‘previous year’ used in the formats are only to indicate the order of presentation and may not appear in acc.

• Figures should be rounded off to nearest thousand.

BANKS PREPARE THEIR ACCOUNTS ACCORDING TO BANKING REGULATION ACT, 1949. THE FINAL ACCOUNTSOF BANK ARE IN VERTICAL FORMAT . THE FINAL ACCOUNTS CONSIST OF :-

a)PROFIT and LOSS ACCOUNT b)PROFIT and LOSS APPROPRIATION ACCOUNT

c)BALANCE SHEET

THERE ARE 16 SCHEDULES IN THE FINAL ACCOUNTS OF BANKS.

BALANCE SHEET OF XYZ BANK AS ON 31ST MARCH 2008 PARTICULARS SCHEDULE AMT. NO.

Capital 1.Reserves and surplus 2.Deposits 3.Borrowings 4.Other liabilities 5. TOTALCash in hand and with RBI 6.Bal. with other banks and money at Call and short notice 7.Investments 8.Advances 9.Fixed assets 10.Other assets 11. TOTAL CONTINGENT LIABILITIES 12.

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31ST MARCH, 2008.

PARTICULARS SCHEDULE NO. AMOUNT

INCOMES:-Interest earned 13.Other incomes 14. TOTAL(A)EXPENDITURE:-Interest expanded 15.Operating expenses 16.Provision and contingencies - TOTAL (B) PROFIT (A-B)

PROFIT AND LOSS APPROPRIATION ACCOUNT

PARTICULARS AMOUNT

Net profit during the year Profit of the last year TOTAL PROFIT AVAILABLE FOR APPROPRIATIONStatutory reserveGeneral reserves or other reservesDividends

SURPLUS TO BALANCE SHEET

WORKING NOTES :-

CAPITAL ( SCHEDULE NO. 1 )

PARTICULARS Amt.

Equity share capital Preference share capitalLess:- calls in arrears Add:- calls in advanceAdd:- share forfeiture

RESERVES AND SURPLUS ( SCHEDULE NO. 2 ) PARTICULARS AMOUNT

Statutory ReserveGeneral reserveCapital reserveInvestment Fluctuation ReserveWorkmen compensation fundSinking fundSurplus ( P/L app. a/c)Building fundDepreciation fundTax fundCapital redemption reserve

DEPOSITS ( SCHEDULE NO. 3 ) PARTICULARS AMOUNT

Fixed depositsSaving depositsCurrent accountRecurring deposit L/C a/cOther deposits except income tax deposit

BORROWING ( SCHEDULE NO. 4 ) PARTICULARS AMOUNTBorrowing from RBIBorrowing from other banksBorrowing in India or outside in India

OTHER LIABILITIES (SCHEDULE NO. 5 ) OTHER LIABILITIES (SCHEDULE NO. 5 ) PARTICULARS AMOUNTBills payableOutstanding expenses Unpaid dividendIncomes received in advanceInteroffice adjustmentReserve for unexpired discount

CASH IN HAND AND WITH RBI (SCHEDULE NO. 6 ) PARTICULARS AMOUNTCash in hand with bank Balance with RBI

BALANCE WITH OTHER BANKS AND MONEY AT CALL AND SHORT NOTICE ( SCHEDULE NO. 7 )

PARTICULARS AMOUNT

Balance with other banksMoney at call and short notice(short term loan given by bank to its Esteem customers)

INVESTMENTS ( SCHEDULE NO. 8 )

PARTICULARS AMOUNT

Government securitiesBondsMutual fundsEquity shares of other companiesGold etc.

ADVANCES ( SCHEDULE NO. 9 ) PARTICULARS AMOUNTTerm loan Bank overdraftCash credit and bill discount

FIXED ASSETS ( SCHEDULE NO. 10 )

PARTICULARS AMOUNT

Premises FurnitureFixturesEquipmentsLand and buildingPlant and machinerymotor vehiclesComputers etc.

OTHER ASSETS ( SCHEDULE NO. 11 ) PARTICULARS AMOUNT

Prepaid expensesSilverNon-banking assetInter branch adjustmentAccrued incomesStamps in hand

CONTINGENT LIABILITIES (SCHEDULE NO. 12 )

PARTICULARS AMOUNT

BR/ bills for collection Forward exchange transactionsFuture contractsAcceptance, endorsement and guaranteeLiability for bill rediscountedDisputed liabilitiesIncome tax under appeal Income tax depositsClaims not acknowledged as debt Liability for partly paid investments

INTEREST EARNED ( SCHEDULE NO. 13 )

PARTICULARS AMOUNT

Interest on term loan Interest on cash creditInterest on bank overdraftDiscount on bill discountedIncome on investmentsInterest in balance with RBIAny other interest income

OTHER INCOMES ( SCHEDULE NO. 14 )

PARTICULARS AMOUNT

Draft making chargesCommission, exchange and brokerageLocker rentsDividendsProfit on exchange transactionsTransfer fees and registration fees Profit on sale of fixed assetsLess:- loss on sale of fixed assets Profit on sale of investmentsless:- loss on sale of investmentsProfit on revaluation of fixes assets or Investments and miscellaneous incomes

INTEREST EXPANDED ( SCHEDULE NO. 15 ) PARTICULARS AMOUNT

Interest on fixed deposits Interest on recurring depositsInterest on saving deposits Interest on borrowings from RBI and other banksInterest on any other deposit

OPERATING EXPENSES ( SCHEDULE NO. 16 )

PARTICULARS AMOUNT’

Rent , rates and taxesInsurance , salary , director fee ,Management fee , printing and stationary ,Audit fee , depreciation , provident fund of employees, general expenses, law charges, Advertisement and publicity , repair and Maintenance , sundry charges etc .

PROVISIONS AND CONTINGENCIES

PARTICULARS AMOUNT

Bad debts Provision for doubtful debtsProvision for taxProvision for contingenciesProvision for depreciationOther provisions

Explanation of some terms relating to balance sheetMONEY AT CALL AND SHORT NOTICE :-This item appears on the assets side of a bank balance sheet and represents temporary loans to Bill Brokers and other banks . If the loan is given for one day, it is called ‘money at call’ and if the loan cannot be called back on demand and will require at least a notice of three days for calling back , it is called ‘ money at short notice ’ . It also includes deposits repayable within 10 days or less than 15 days notice lent in the inter bank call money market . The rate of interest on which money is lent fluctuate every day , sometimes very sharply ( more than 30 % ) , depending on the demand and supply of money .

ADVANCES :-

Advances appear on the Assets side as fourth head and include loans , cash credits , bank overdrafts and bills discounted and purchased . Banks generally advance money to their customers in the form of loans , cash credits , overdrafts and purchasing and discounting of bills . PROVISIONS IN RESPECT OF DOUBTFUL ADVANCES ARE DEDUCTED FROM ADVANCES TO THE EXTENT NECESSARY AND THE EXCESS PROVISION FOR DOUBTFUL DEBTS IS INCLUDED UNDER “ OTHER LIABILITIES AND PROVISIONS” .

CASH CREDIT :- It is an arrangement by which the customer is granted the right to borrow money from time to time upto a certain limit . Cash credit is usually given on hypothecation or pledge of stock . The bank usually charges a higher bank interest on the actual amount withdrawn than that charged on loan because the bank has to keep the amount allowed as cash credit .

OVERDRAFT :- This facility is available to a customer who operates a current account with the bank . This facility is granted to customers who have high goodwill and need for honest dealings .

LOAN :-Loan is advance of fixed amount to a customer to be withdrawn in lump sum by him . Interest is charged on the total amount of the loan agreed to be paid to a customer whether he uses the full amount of the loan or not . So , customers prefer to take cash credit and pay interest at a little higher rate .DISCOUNTING OF BILLS :-Discounting of a bill means making the payment of the bill before the maturity date of the bill . While making payment of the bill , the bank deducts the discount for the unexpired period for the amount of the bill discounted . The bank keeps the bill with it till the maturity date and get its payment for the customer on the due date.

PURCHASING AND DISCOUNTING OF BILLS :-

The bank may purchase or discount clean or documentary bills at the current rate of interest .

NON-BANKING ASSETS :-

A banking company is not allowed to deal directly or indirectly in the purchase or sale or barter of goods except in connection with its legitimate banking business . But a bank can always lend against the security of assets . The bank may have to take possession of the asset given as a security if the loanee fails to repay the loan .

REBATE ON BILLS DISCOUNTED OR UNEXPIRED DISCOUNTS :-This item is like interest received in advance and represents unearned discounts for those bills which will mature after the closing of the financial accounts . JOURNAL ENTERIES FOR REBATE ON BILLS DISCOUNTED . PARTICULARS Dr. AMT Cr. AMT

Rebate on bill discounted a/c Dr To discount earned Discount earned a/c Dr To P/L a/c

PARTICULARS Dr. AMT Cr. AMT

Bill discounted a/c Dr. To customer To discount earned a/c

Discount earned a/c Dr. To P/L a/c To rebate on bill discountedIf the date of bill is not given and months of maturity after close of year is given, add 3 days of grace to calculate the bill date .

EXAMPLEQues . From the following trial balance of Excellent Bank ltd. Prepare the balance sheet and P/L a/c making all the necessary provisions . You are required to provide the following :1.Provision for taxation Rs 10,00,000

2.Transfer to dividend Equalisation reserve

Rs 3,00,000

Trial balance as on 31-3-2008Particulars amt . Particulars amt .

(Rs. ‘000’ ) ( Rs. ‘000’ )Current deposits 45200 investment in govt. securities 45200Saving bank deposits 14520 investment in shares 4700Term deposits 37180 interest accrued on invest. 875Sundry creditors a/c 1455 loans 43800Debts due to banks secured by bills purchased and discounted 33100Investments 12200 furniture , fixtures and Rebate on bills discounted 15 equipment – depreciation 500Branch adjustment (cr.) 4555 interest paid 1200Statutory fund 10000 exchange and commission paid 100Dividend Equalisation fund 2500 payment to employees 2400Capital 2,00,000 shares of Rs. Directors fees 100 100 each , Rs. 50 per share printing and stationery 400 Paid up 10000 miscellaneous expenses 300Interest and discount received 5800 furniture and fixture 1000Exchange and commission 1700 premises 3000General charges recovered 55 money at call and short notice 1500P/L A/c bal. as on 1-4-2007 852 property acquired in satisfaction of claims 50cash in hand 438 cash with banks 6869

Additional information :-Current accounts included Rs . 88 , 00 ,000 ( debit balance ) being overdrafts . One of the accounts Rs. 95,000 including Rs. 7,000 as interest for 2007-2008 is doubtful . During the year , property acquired in 2005 in satisfaction of defaulted debt of Rs. 25,000 was sold for Rs. 18,000 . The amount of Rs. 18,000 was credited to the account no further adjustments having been made . Bills for collection with the bank are of Rs.22,10,000 .Acceptances , endorsements and guarantees of the bank are Rs. 11,68,000 .

Profit and Loss a/c of excellent bank ltd . for the year ended 31st march , 2008 PARTICULARS S.NO. AMOUNT

INCOME :- INTEREST EARNED 13 5800 OTHER INCOME 14 1755 TOTAL 7555EXPENDITURE:-’ INTEREST EXPANDED 15 1300 OPERATING EXPENSES 16 3707 PROVISIONS & CONTINGENCIES 1095 TOTAL 6102 NET PROFIT = 1453

PROFIT AND LOSS APPROPRIATION ACCOUNT PARTICULARS AMT.

NET PROFIT 1453PROFIT OF LAST YEAR 852 TOTAL 2,305

STATUTORY RESERVE ( 25% OF 1453) 363TRANSFER TO DIV. EQUILI. RESRVE 300PROPASED DIVIDEND 1000BALANCE CARRIED TO B/S 642 TOTAL 2305

BALANCE SHEET AS ON 31ST MARCH 2008

PARTICULARS S.NO. AMT

CAPITAL 1 10,000RESERVE AND SURPLUS 2 13805DEPOSITS 3 105700BORROWINGS 4 12200OTHER LIABILITIES AND PROVISIONS 5 7120 TOTAL 148825CASH AND BANK BALANCE WITH RBI 6 438BALANCE WITH BANKS AND MONEY AT CALL 7 8369INVESTMENTS 8 49900ADVANCES 9 85700FIXED ASSTS 10 3500OTHER ASSETS 11 918 TOTAL 148825CONTINGENT LIABILITIES 3378