accessibility for the disabled_a design manual for a barrier free environment

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Accessibility for the Disabled[_headerthemes.htm]

Theme: Accessibility

Accessibility for the DisabledA Design Manual for a Barrier

Free EnvironmentTABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

I. URBAN DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

1. OBSTRUCTIONS2. SIGNAGE3. STREET FURNITURE4. PATHWAYS5. CURB RAMPS6. PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS7. PARKING

II. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

1. RAMPS2. ELEVATORS3. LIFTS4. STAIRS5. RAILINGS AND HANDRAILS6. ENTRANCES7. VESTIBULES8. DOORS9. CORRIDORS10. REST ROOMS

III. BUILDING TYPES

IV. IMPLEMENTATION CHECKLISTS

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PART 1 | PART 2 | PART 3

V. APPENDICES

TROUBLE SHOOTINGANTHROPOMETRICS [ PART 1 |PART 2 ]COMPARATIVE TABLESHEIGHT LIMITS

REFERENCES / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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Accessibility for the Disabled - ADesign Manual for a Barrier FreeEnvironment

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Ministry ofSocialAffairs

NationalCommittee for the

Disabled

PREFACEThe Ministry of Social Affairs devotes special attention tothe question of disability, striving to provide the variousfacilities required to ensure that every disabled personhas work opportunities that will help him or her tobecome a productive member of society.

The Ministry of Social Affairs is cooperating in the areawith the National Committee for the Disabled in anintegrated approach and a programme to ensure that thequestion of disability will be dealt with in every regard:quality of services offered, ease of procedures followed,current legislation, and standards criteria to be adoptedfor training and rehabilitation.

The approach followed by the Lebanese Company for











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the Development and Reconstruction of Beirut CentralDistrict (SOLIDERE) - an approach that developed intothe present Accessibility for the Disabled, a DesignManual for a Barrier Free Environment, met therequirements of the Ministry of Social Affairs, and the twoparties were largely in agreement on both goals andmethods of implementation.

The Ministry of Social Affairs therefore decided to adoptthe content of this program pending the promulgation ofnew laws currently being sought in Parliament.

The Ministry of Social Affairs and the NationalCommittee for the Disabled wish to thank all those whotook part in the drafting of this manual, in particular theLebanese Company for the Development andReconstruction of Beirut Central District (SOLIDERE)and ESCWA. It is hoped that joint efforts will continue tobe exerted to safeguard the rights of disabled persons -indeed of all citizens without exception.

Ministry of Social AffairsNational Committee for the Disabled

United NationsEconomic and

SocialCommission

for Western Asia

Twenty years have passed since the General Assemblyadopted resolution 31/123 of 16 December 1976,proclaiming 1981 the International Year of DisabledPersons, an event that constituted a landmark in the longstruggle towards recognizing the rights of the disabledand creating a better understanding of their needs andappreciation of their capabilities. After the InternationalYear of Disabled Persons came the World Programmeof Action concerning Disabled Persons, adopted by theGeneral Assembly in its resolution 37/52 of 3 December1982. In its resolution 37/53 of the same date, theGeneral Assembly proclaimed the period 1983-1992 theUnited Nations Decade of Disabled Persons. Theseactions prompted considerable activity in the field ofdisability at the international, regional and national levels.

The Conference on the Capabilities and Needs ofDisabled Persons in the ESCWA Region, which washeld in November 1989, provided a regional forum forthe discussion of the many issues related to disabilitybetween individuals, organizations and officials. Theissue of accessibility for the disabled in the urbanenvironment was given due attention and the Conferencerecommended that city planning and building andconstruction legislation, should take into account theconditions that facilitate the movement of disabledpersons and ensure their safety, including in the designof infrastructural services, transport and the entrancesand interiors of buildings.

Early in 1994, ESCWA was requested to provideLebanon with assistance in developing constructionstandards and policy recommendations to

accommodate disabled people. ESCWA began with anassessment of the magnitude of the issue on the nationallevel, hoping to devise a long-term strategy and aimingat placing urgent short-term measures within an integralcapacious perspective.

No dependable statistics exist at present defining theextent of disability in Lebanese society. However, giventhe severity and duration of war and unrest that thecountry has experienced and the damage to the urbanfabric, which is especially evident in the urban centres,and particularly visible in the Beirut Central District, onecan deduce that the disabled form a significant sector ofthe community. Some estimates put the figure at150,000 to 250,000, of which 80,000 are physicallydisabled as a result of the war. A good database ondisability in Lebanon is essential for any futuredevelopment effort in this field.

The present state of development in Lebanon calls for adual-track approach in handling the issue of accessibilityfor the disabled. The first track should aim at influencingthe development and reconstruction of the Beirut CentralDistrict (BCD). At the time of preparation of this Manual,the planning and design processes of the BCD were at afairly advanced stage, calling for the application ofestablished standards and recommendations, withappropriate review procedures. The contribution of thisManual should be viewed in this context.

The second track should have the long-term aim ofaddressing the issue on the national level. At the core,this approach is the development and legal enforcementof standards and regulations. Although the second trackwould have a wider geographical and social effectthroughout the country, implementation of the first trackwould certainly serve to make the BCD an excellentdemonstration case on both the national and regionallevels.

In physical terms, the provision of a barrier-freeenvironment can be undertaken in four complementarydomains:

(a) Inside buildings;(b) In the immediate vicinity of buildings;(c) On local roads and paths;(d) In open spaces and recreationalareas.

The idea for this Manual first came to surface in early1994 during meetings that were held with a number ofgovernment officials and representatives oforganizations concerned with disability in Lebanon. The

Manual represents the first phase in a broad effort toprovide a barrier-free environment throughout thecountry. It is designed so as to facilitate application in theplanning of new environments as well as in therenovation of existing ones. The Manual can also beuesd as a reference by designers and plannersthroughout the Arab region.

Experience gained from the application of the Manual tonew constructions and restored buildings within the BCDwill help in future development of the Manual and inarriving at appropriate legislation on accessibility. Futureefforts to implement essential parts of this Manual on thenational level will be coordinated with other concernedLebanese agencies, and it is hoped that the Manual willbecome a reference for the promotion of non-handicapping environments in the region.

The Lebanese National Council for the Affairs of theDisabled carried out a pre-publication review of theManual under the chairmanship of H.E. the Minister ofSocial Affairs. This Manual is the product of a joint effortbetween the Lebanese Company for the Developmentand Reconstruction of Beirut Central District(SOLIDERE) and the United Nations Economic andSocial Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA).

Hazem El-BeblawiExecutive Secretary

United Nations Economic and Social Commission forWestern Asia (ESCWA)

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Accessibility for the Disabled - ADesign Manual for a Barrier FreeEnvironment

INTRODUCTIONWe are all physically disabled (1) at some time in our





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lives. A child, a person with a broken leg, a parent with apram, an elderly person, etc. are all disabled in one wayor another. Those who remain healthy and able-bodiedall their lives are few. As far as the built-up environmentis concerned, it is important that it should be barrier-freeand adapted to fulfill the needs of all people equally. As amatter of fact, the needs of the disabled coincide with theneeds of the majority, and all people are at ease withthem. As such, planning for the majority implies planningfor people with varying abilities and disabilities.

PURPOSE

This publication is an attempt to provide for the first timein Lebanon a design manual on accessibility for thedisabled. It is a design guidebook made for the purposeof providing architects and designers with the basicinformation and data necessary for a barrier- freeenvironment. Its intent is to establish standards andrecommendations that will not only influence thedevelopment and reconstruction of the BCD but assumenational importance as well. The manual is expected tobe a stimulus that will lead, in the long run, to theestablishment of national building and planninglegislation covering access for disabled people.

APPLICATION

The manual does not cover all the requirements ofdisabled people in detail. It is a straightforward guideexpected to be the first in a series of publications havingthe same theme. Most of the recommended measureshave been tested in developed countries, and whilesome have proven to be effective, the outcome of othersis still unknown. To determine the reliability and efficacyof these measures for Lebanon, it is important to conductexperimental trials of all provisions. This will be of greathelp in determining the positive and negative aspects ofeach measure. Practical advice from legal, professionaland academic institutions as well as individuals withdisabilities is also of the utmost importance in shapingthe final form of an accessibility code which can beapplied on a national level, as an integral part of theLebanese building law.

THE BCD - A CASE-STUDY

Since the BCD is a pilot project in the reconstructionprocess of Lebanon, implementing accessibilityrequirements for the disabled will help to make the BCDa case-study or a demonstration project on a nationallevel. This will include the design of the trafficinfrastructure and new buildings plus the renovation ofthe existing infrastructure and buildings.

AIM

The social aim of this study is to integrate disabledpeople into society in order for them to take an activepart in society and lead a normal life. To be active, adisabled person should be able to commute betweenhome, work and other destinations. The technical aim ofthe manual is to provide a barrier-free environment forthe independence, convenience and safety of all peoplewith disabilities.

TARGET GROUP

The target group is composed of five major categories:

(a) Wheelchair users(b) People with limited walking abilities(c) The sightless(d) The partially sighted(e) The hearing impaired

Other categories that may benefit to some extent fromthe proposed measures include the mentally disabled,people susceptible to physical fits, people with extremephysical proportions, and people with functionaldisabilities of the arm or hand.

As for the composition and size of the target group, nodependable statistics currently exist to define the extentof disability in Lebanese society. However, taking intoconsideration the duration of the war, one can deducethat the disabled form a significant percentage of thepopulation. A good database on disability in Lebanon isessential for any future development in this field.

CONTENT

The manual deals with the technical considerations anddesign provisions or measures to be taken into accountin the planning of the built-up environment. This includesissues related to the design of several complementarydomains: open spaces and recreational areas, localroads and pathways, the immediate vicinity of buildings,building entrances and the interiors of buildings. For thepurposes of this manual, all information is divided intofive sections:

I. URBAN DESIGNCONSIDERATIONSII. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNCONSIDERATIONSIII. BUILDING TYPES

IV. IMPLEMENTATION CHECKLISTSV. APPENDICES


This section deals with the design requirements of openspaces, recreational areas and pedestrian routes. Itintroduces solutions to the principal problems in thedesign of an accessible outdoor environment.

It is subdivided into seven chapters:

1. OBSTRUCTIONS2. SIGNAGE3. STREET FURNITURE4. PATHWAYS5. CURB RAMPS6. PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS7. PARKING


This section deals with the design requirements ofvertical and horizontal access in both new and existingconstructions. It is subdivided into 10 chapters:

1. RAMPS2. ELEVATORS3. PLATFORM LIFTS4. STAIRS5. RAILINGS AND HANDRAILS6. ENTRANCES7. VESTIBULES8. DOORS9. CORRIDORS10. REST ROOMS

III. BUILDING TYPES

This section deals briefly with the accessibilityrequirements of selected building types. Specialbuildings for people with disabilities, such as health andresidential facilities and schools, do not fall within thescope of this section. To establish building and planninglegislation regarding access for disabled people, thissection needs to be thoroughly developed by localauthorities, based on the size of the target group, aclassification of the various building types and a study ofthe specific needs of each district.

IV. IMPLEMENTATION CHECKLISTS

This section can be used by both designers andinspectors to identify and assess physical barriers in thebuilt-up environment, for both new and existingconstructions. The checklists are arranged according tothe categories listed in sections I and II. Questions onalmost all problem areas are asked, and possiblesolutions are offered.

V. APPENDICES

1. TROUBLESHOOTING

2. ANTHROPOMETRICS

3. COMPARATIVE TABLES

4. HEIGHT LIMITS

CHAPTER ORGANIZATION

Each chapter is composed of four parts:

1) Problem identification

This part defines problems encountered by the disabledin the built-up environment owing to the absence orimproper application of a certain measure or provision.

2) Planning principle

This part defines the target group, the general goal andthe need for a certain measure.

3) Design considerations

This part deals with the technical and architecturalaspects of implementing certain measures with regard togeneral and particular application characteristics,criteria, minimum dimensions and measurements,materials, etc.

4) Existing constructions

This part defines the problems encountered in existingconstructions which hinder the implementation of acertain measure. Accordingly, alternative solutions andmodifications are suggested.

REFERENCES

The information provided is based on the accessibilitycodes and relevant knowledge available in variouscountries. A comparative study of the available sourceswas conducted regarding each measure. Theinformation was then synthesized and organized

according to the needs of the target group. (See the listof references at the end of the book).

DIMENSIONAL DATA

Dimensional data are given in metric units. The graphicillustrations show only the minimum allowabledimensions. Where appropriate, the maximum orapproximate dimension or an allowable range is given.

Notes:

(1) It should be noted that a handicap is not a synonymfor disability. A disability refers to a physical, sensory ormental limitation that interferes with a person's ability tomove, see, hear or learn; a handicap refers to acondition or barrier imposed by the environment, societyor oneself. As such, physical obstructions of the built-upenvironment constitute a handicap to a disabled person.For example, a stairway is a handicap to a wheelchairuser. On the other hand, feeling different and inferior toother people constitutes a handicap imposed by oneself

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1. OBSTRUCTIONS

1. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Obstacles and protruding elementsin the path of travel.

Low overhanging signs.

Lack of warning signs aroundobstructions.

2. PLANNING PRINCIPLE

To design a barrier-free path for thesafety and independence ofdisabled people, especially thesightless.

Obstructions with 0.10 m raised platform

3. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

3.1 General

Obstructions include streetfurniture, traffic signs,direction signs, street plans,bollards, plants, trees, shopawnings and advertising signs, etc.

Obstructions should beplaced outside the path oftravel wherever possible.

Obstructions in the pathwayshould be easy to detect, andif possible, should be placedalong one continuous line.

Protruding elements shouldbe avoided.

The minimum width of a clearunobstructed path should be0.90 m.

3.2 Obstructions on the pathwaysurface

Obstructions on the pathwaysurface should have one ofthe following design featuresin order to be detected by the caneof a sightless person:

(a) A straight shaperising from thepathway surface(fig. 1).

(b) A 0.10 m raisedplatform (fig. 2).

(c) Tactile warningmarkings on theground around theobstruction. Thewarning markingsshould extend overa width of at least0.60 m outside theprojected area atthe base of theobstacle (fig. 3).

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

3.3 Overhanging obstructions

Overhanging signs inaccessible pathways shouldbe mounted at a minimumclear height of 2.00m to allow asightless person to pass safely (fig.4).

Overhanging vegetationshould be clipped to aminimum clear height of 2.00m (fig. 5).

Undetectable obstaclesmounted lower than 2.00 mmay project a maximumdistance of 0.10m into the pathway.Otherwise they should be recessedor covered (fig. 6).

3.4 Fixed poles

Fixed poles should havecontrasting durable colourmarking strips of at least 0.30m in length, placed with the centreline at a height between 1.40 m and1.60 m, to warn pedestrians withlimited vision (fig. 1).

3.5 Garbage bins

Garbage bins attached tolampposts should not face theline of pedestrian flow so asto minimize collisions and shouldbe painted in a contrasting colourso that people with limited visionmay easily identify them (fig. 7).

3.6 Spaces below ramps and stairs

Spaces below ramps andstairs should be blocked outcompletely by protective railsor raised curbs or marked with atactile surface (fig. 8).

3.7 Bicycle stands

Bicycle stands should belocated on a raised platform.

3.8 Wires

Stabilizing wires and wirenetting should be painted in a

Fig. 7

Fig 8.

contrasting colour or blockedout. 3.9 Bollards (1) (fig. 9)

Bollards should be painted ina contrasting colour or incoloured stripes.

The distance betweenguiding posts should bearound 1.20 m.

3.10 Roadworks

Excavations and roadworksform temporary obstructionswithin the route of travel. Theyshould be protected by easilydetected continuous barriers,scaffolding, and fences for safetyreasons.

Barriers should be identifiedby stripped colour markingsand should be lit at night, toguide people with limited vision.

The barrier height should bebetween 0.75 m and and 0.95m. The distance between thebottom of the barrier and thepathway surface should not exceed0.10 m.

4. EXISTING CONSTRUCTIONS

Existing obstructions withinthe path of travel should beredesigned to conform to allthe above requirements

Notes:(1) Bollards or guard posts areplaced to keep out undesired motortraffic from pedestrian areas or toindicate a non parking area.

Fig. 9

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International Symbol of Accessibility

Theme: Accessibility :Accessibility for the Disabled - ADesign Manual for a Barrier FreeEnvironment

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2. SIGNAGE


Orientation difficulties resulting fromillegible directional signs, streetnames and numbering and/or thelack of them.

Pedestrian accidents due to badlypositioned signs.

Hazards due to lack of warning andtraffic signals.

Non-identification of access routesand accessible facilities.


To facilitate orientation mainly forthe disabled.


3.1 General

Signage include directionsigns, signs of locality, streetnames and numbering,information signs, etc.

All types of signs should bevisible, clear, simple, easy toread and understand, andproperly lit at night.

In general, signs should not beplaced behind glass becauseof possible reflection.

Signage placed on thepedestrian path of travel are

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7





Character width-to-height ratios

considered obstructions; thus,they should be detectable (seeObstructions).

3.2 International symbol ofaccessibility

Accessible spaces andfacilities should be identifiedby the international symbol ofaccessiblity (fig. 1).

The symbol is composed of awheelchair figure with either asquare background or asquare border (fig. 2).

Contrasting colours should beused to differentiate the figurefrom the background. Thecommonly employed colours arewhite for the figure and blue for thebackground.

The wheelchair figure shouldalways be seen from drawnfacing right.

For completely accessiblebuildings, it is enough to haveone explanatory sign at theentrance.

3.3 Direction signs

Graphic or written directionsshould be used to indicateclearly the type and location ofthe available facility (fig. 3).

Directional signs need not beexcessive in number, but theyshould be placed at mainentrances and doors and in placeswhere changes in direction or leveloccur.

3.4 Street names

Fixed signs indicating streetnames should be placed at amaximum height of 2.50 m(fig. 4).

3.5 House numbers

Fixed signs indicating housenumbers should be placed at


Character width-to-height ratios

a maximum height of 2.00 m(fig. 4).

3.6 Maps and information panels

Maps and information panelsat building entrances, alongroads, and on public buildingsshould be placed at a heightbetween 0.90 m and 1.80 m (fig. 5).

3.7 Installation

Signs can be wall-mounted,suspended or pole-mounted.

(a) Wall-Mounted signs:

Wall-mountedsigns, such as thoseindicating roomnumbers, should beplaced with thecentre line at aheight between 1.40m and 1.60m fromthe finished floorlevel.

(b) Overhanging signs:

Overhanging signsshould allow aminimum clearanceof 2.00 m (seeObstructions).

(c)Pole-Mounted signs:

(see Obstructions)

3.8 Shape of signboards

Information signboards shouldbe rectangular.

Warning signboards should betriangular.

Interdictory signboards should



be circular.

3.9 Colour

The colour of signs shouldcontrast with the surroundingsurface so as to be clearlydistinguishable.

The commonly used coloursare: white, black, yellow, red,blue and green.

The colour combinationsred/green and yellow/blueshould not be used in order toavoid confusing colour- blindpersons.

3.10 Surface

The sign surface should beprocessed to prevent glare.

Engraved texts should beavoided unless they arecoloured. Relief prints areadvisable.

Key plans, orientation signsand push buttons in lifts musthave a text in Braille or inrelief. (1)

3.11 Lettering

The size of letters should be inproportion to the readingdistance (fig. 6).

Character width-to-height ratioshould be between 3:5 and1:1 and the character strokewidth-to-height ratio should bebetween 1:5 and 1:10 (fig. 7).

The letters and signs shouldpreferably be raised at least 1mm from the background, toenable sightless people to read theinformation using the tips of theirfingers.

The smallest letter type shouldnot be less than 15 mm.

Normal spacing betweenwords and letters should be

Rest areas at intervals of 100-200 m.

used.


The international symbol ofaccessibility should be addedto mark accessible spacesand facilities.

Directional signs should beadded to indicate clearly thelocation and function ofaccessible spaces and facilities.

Signs that do not comply withthe above designrequirements should bemodified or replaced.

Notes:

(1) Not all sightless persons arefamiliar with Braille.

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3. STREET FURNITURE


Lack of or improper design of streetfurniture.

Obstructed pathways.

Inaccessible street facilities.


To design accessible amenities

Fig. 1



Specifications for public phone booths.

convenient to all people, withoutobstructing the free passage ofpedestrians along travel routes.


3.1 General

Street furniture includes busstops, benches, mail boxes,lampposts, signboards,telephone booths, public toilets,newspaper kiosks, planting tubs,garbage bins, etc.

3.2 Location (1)

Street furniture should belocated so as to allow for thefree passage of all peoplewithout creating hazards.

Textural changes in thefootpath surface help sightlesspeople to identify the locationof public amenities (seeObstructions).

3.3 Resting facilities

Level rest areas with seats arehelpful for all pedestrians,especially for those withmobility problems.

Resting facilities should beplaced outside the maincirculation path in publicparks, recreational places, pathwaycrossings, in front of accessibleentrances and exits and wherevernecessary.

Resting facilities should beprovided at regular intervalsbetween 100.00 m and200.00 m (2) (fig. 1).

Some seatingaccommodations should beplaced close to public toilets,telephones, etc.

Resting spaces with benchesshould allow a minimum of1.20 m of adjoining space fora wheelchair (fig. 2).

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

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Public seats and benchesshould be approximately 0.45m above floor level, withbackrests at approximately 0.70 mabove floor level (fig. 3).

The height of a table should bebetween 0.75 m and 0.90 mand the minimum depth underthe table should be 0.60 m, in orderto fit a wheelchair under all sides(fig. 4).

3.4 Public telephone booths (3)

At public telephone booths,one telephone should beaccessible to a wheelchairuser and another to a person with ahearing impairment.

Telephones for the hearingimpaired should be equippedwith hearing aid devices andamplifiers. The location oftelecommunication devices shouldbe indicated by signs.

A push-button telephonenumbering system, with raisedletters which can also be readby touch, should be used for theconvenience of sightless users andother disabled people. A dialnumbering system is notrecommended unless the dialtension is reduced so as to requireless effort to rotate the dial.

A folding seat should beprovided in accessibletelephone booths for theconvenience of people with mobilityproblems.

The minimum unobstructedarea in front of the telephonecounter should be 1.20 m x0.85 m, allowing either a parallel ora frontal approach (fig. 5).

The coin slot should bemounted at an accessiblecomfortable height between0.90 m and 1.20 m.

The telephone cord length


should be at least 0.75m.

Accessible public telephonesshould be marked byappropriate signs.

3.5 Mailboxes

Mailbox slots should bemounted at an accessibleheight between 0.90 m and1.20 m (fig. 6).

3.6 Water Fountains (fig. 7)

Drinking fountain spoutsshould be located at anapproximate height of 0.90 m.

Drinking fountains can havetwo spouts located at differentheights, one convenient towheelchair users at approximately0.85 m, and one at approximately0.95 m for non-disabled people.

3.7 Signs (see Signage; PedestrianCrossings)

3.8 Garbage bins (seeObstructions)

3.9 Public toilets (see Rest Rooms)

3.10 Ticket vending machines (seeHeight Limits)


Resting facilities should berearranged where possible toallow an adjoining space for awheelchair.

Facilities mounted at amaximum height of 1.40 m areacceptable, while thoselocated at a higher level should bemodified.

Notes:

(1) Landscaped strips act as abuffer zone between pedestrian andvehicular zones, and street furniturecan be located within these strips.






(2) It might be beneficial to locaterest areas at more frequent intervalson long gradients

(3) Public telephone requirementsalso include those in hotels,information booths and other publicareas.

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4. PATHWAYS

1. PROBLEMIDENTIFICATION

Uneven curbs with obstaclesand holes.

Inconvenient or dangerousinterruptions in the path oftravel.

Insufficient width.

Changes in level.


To provide clear, obstruction-free, level and wide pathwaysfor the convenience of all users,especially the sightless andpeople with mobility problems.

3. DESIGNCONSIDERATIONS

3.1 General

Street pavements,pedestrian passages inopen spaces andrecreational areas, pedestrianunderpasses and overpassesare all considered pathways or

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Gratings on a pathway.

ramps.

Pedestrian routes inrecreational areas andopen spaces should bebroken regularly by detectableobstructions such as plantsand/or by changing thealignment to discouragebicyclists (see Obstructions).

3.2 Guide strips

The path of travel shouldbe easy to detect by asightless person using along white cane. Natural guidelines (1) and guide strips areused to help identify travelroutes.

A guide strip is a linemeans constructed in oron the road surface tofacilitate orientation forsightless pedestrians in thefollowing manner:

(a) To replace missing naturalguidelines fill gaps of more than10.00 m in a guide strip (fig.1);

(b) To guide to pedestriancrossings (fig.2) (see CurbRamps; Pedestrian Crossings).

Guide strips should belaid in a simple andlogical manner and shouldnot be located close tomanholes or drains to avoidconfusing sightless people.

Guide strips should havea colour which contrastswith the surroundingsurface for the benefit of peoplewith sight problems.

The guide strip ridgeprofile should be parallelto the main direction ofmovement and should be flushwith the top layer of the adjacentroad surface so as not to hinderpeople with mobility problems.

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig.7

Fig.8


Beveled edges of pathways.

Where travel routeschange direction, thereshould be a gradualchange in the direction of theguiding strip (fig. 3).

3.3 Tactile marking

Tactile tiling on thepedestrian route of travelshould be placed at thefollowing locations:

(a) On a guide strip wherealternative routes exist or at ajunction of guide strips (fig. 4).

(b) At a pedestrian crossing(see Curb Ramps; PedestrianCrossings ).

(c) Around obstructions whichare difficult for the sightless todetect (see Obstructions).

A tactile guiding area,preferably of rubber tiles(2) with minimumdimensions of 0.90 m x 0.90 m,should be constructed in aguide strip at cross pathwayswhere the route branches off inseveral directions (fig.4).

3.4 Curbs

The height of a curbshould be between 0.07m and 0.15m.

Stepped curbs should beavoided, as they arehazardous to allpedestrians, especially indarkness.

3.5 Curb ramps

Curbs should not obstructthe free passage ofphysically disabledpeople, mainly wheelchair users(see Curb Ramps).

3.6 Width (fig. 5)

The minimum width of anunobstructed pathway



should be 0.90 m.

The minimum width of atwo-way wheelchair trafficpassage is 1.50 m. Thepreferable width is 1.80 m.

3.7 Slope

The slope of anaccessible path shouldnot exceed 1:20.Pathways with a slope of morethan 1:20 should be designedas ramps (see Ramps).

The slope across a pathshould not exceed 1:50.

3.8 Surface

The surface of anaccessible pathwayshould be smooth,continuous, non-slip and even.

Pathways which are leveland even with adjacentsurfaces should be givena different texture and colourfinish for differentiation.

Intersecting pathwaysshould blend at onecommon level.

3.9 Gratings (fig. 6)

Gratings can behazardous to wheelchairusers, cane and crutchusers, parents with prams andwomen with high heels.

Manholes, drains andgratings should generallybe placed outside thepedestrian pathway.

Gratings should be flushwith the pathway surfaceand should have narrowpatterns of not more than 13mm.

Elongated gratingopenings should beperpendicular to the


pedestrian travel path.

3.10 Guards

For changes in level ofmore than 13 mmbetween the pathway andthe surrounding surface, guards,upstands or other types ofbarriers should be used.

Guards with a minimumheight of 0.15 m shouldbe used to separatepathways from planting areas,pools and landscape features(fig. 7).

The edges of the pathwayshould be beveledwherever changes in levelbetween 6 mm and 13 mm existbetween the pathway and thesurrounding area (fig. 8). 3.11Landscaping

Plant varieties andlocations within the travelroute should be chosenwith caution.

Thorny and poisonousplants should not be usedimmediately adjacent topedestrian paths.

Plants that drop seedsand leaves creating ahazard underfoot shouldbe avoided.

Trees with shallow rootsare hazardous as theroots may breakthroughthe pathway surface.

3.12 Obstacles and Signs (seeObstructions)

4. EXISTINGCONSTRUCTIONS

Textured rubber adhesivetiles can be applied toexisting pavement toavoid slipping and to warnsightless people.


Standard curb ramp

Returned curb ramp.

Existing curbs thatobstruct the pedestrianflow should be ramped(see Curb Ramps)

Existing pathways withsteps, stairs or steepslopes need not bemodified if an alternativeaccessible route exists.

Notes:

(1) A guiding line is a straightcontinuous line of detectablenatural objects and definededges (i.e., building frontages,grass verges, raised platforms,continuous railing, curbs,guards, low barriers, etc.).

(2) The acoustic effect of therubber tiles as compared withthe surrounding surface willprovide both a tactile andaudible warning of the changein direction.

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5. CURB RAMPS


Improperly designed transitionor no transition at all betweenthe curb and the street atpedestrian crossings and in thevicinity of building entrances.


To overcome changes in levelbetween the pavement and theroad surface and also on the

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.


Returned curb ramp.

Built up curb ramp.

Curb ramp in a drop-off zone.

road surface and also on thepavement itself.


3.1 General

Curb ramps are usedwherever there is adifference in level onpedestrian paths or cross paths.

To avoid confusingsightless pedestrians,curb ramps should bepositioned out of the usual lineof pedestrian flow. Theunobstructed width of thepathway should be not less than0.90 m (see Pathways).

Curb ramps should belocated away from placeswhere water accumulates.

3.2 Types (a) Standard curbramps: Cut back into thepavement with flared sidesproviding transition in threedirections (fig. 1).

(b) Returned curb ramps: (1)

Providing slope in one direction.This could be a dangerousmeasure if the sides are notprotected (fig. 2).

(c) Built-up curb ramps: (2)

Usually with flared edges (fig. 3).

3.3 Application

At each quadrant of eachstreet intersection (fig. 4).

At each pedestriancrossing, on oppositesides of the street (fig. 4).

At drop-off zones, nearbuilding entrances (fig. 5).

Between accessibleparking areas andpathways (fig. 6).

4

Fig.5

Fig.6




3.4 Curb ramps at intersections

At intersections, curbramps can be installed inany of the following ways:

(a) Directly in the path of travel(fig. 4).

(b) Diagonally across the corner(3) (fig. 7).

(c) Continuously wrappedaround the corner (fig. 8).

3.5 Narrow pavement

Where the construction ofcurb ramps would affectthe width of the travelroute, the whole pavementshould be lowered, at amaximum slope of 1:12, toprovide the necessary leveltransition (fig. 9).

For narrow pavementslowered at a corner, thetactile tiling indicating thelocation of the pedestriancrossing could be constructedas indicated in figure 10.

3.6 Width

The minimum width of acurb ramp should be 0.90m, excluding the slopingsides. The recommended widthis 1.20 m (4) (fig. 11).

3.7 Slope

The maximum slope of acurb ramp should be 1:12.

The maximum slope offlares should be 1:12.

Level transfer isrecommended betweenthe curb ramp and thesurface of a pathway. A lip notexceeding 15 mm can be used(fig. 11).

3.8 Guide strips

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig.9

Fig.10



A guide strip painted in acontrasting colour shouldbe constructed to guidesightless and partially sightedpedestrians to the location of thecurb ramp (fig. 4). (see Pathway;Pedestrian Crossings)

3.9 Surface and colour

Curb ramps, includingflares, should have a roughtexture or ground patternto make them detectable andslip-resistant.

The surface colour shouldbe distinct and shouldcontrast with thesurrounding surfaces to guidepedestrians with limited vision.


The maximum allowableslope for a curb rampconstructed along highpavements should not be morethan 1:10. The maximum slopeof the flares should also be 1:10.

If existing curb ramps donot comply with the abovementioned requirements,they should be modified.

For narrow pavementsmore than 0.15 m high,where the construction ofcurb ramps would obstruct thefree passage of pedestrians:

(a) The pavement can belowered to the road level toobtain the required transitionbetween the pavement and theroad surface (fig. 9) (fig.10).

(b) Built-up curb ramps can beconstructed if they would notobstruct the required width of theroad (fig. 3).

Notes:

Fig. 11



Guide strips used in pedestrian crossings.

(1) Returned curb ramps areunaccepted measures in somecountries.

(2) In some countries, such asCanada, built-up curb ramps areaccepted only as remedialmeasures to overcome existingbarriers, but not on publicstreets or pathways.

(3) Corner curb ramps could bedangerous to wheelchair users ifthe pedestrian crossing is notwide enough.

(4) The curb ramp constructionat pedestrian crossings doesnot need to cover the wholewidth of the crossing.

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6. PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS


Uneven road surface.

Lack of guide strips.

Lack of warning marking forcrossings.

Gratings on the road surface.


To facilitate the safe andindependent crossing of disabledpeople.


3.1 General

Guide strips used in pedestrian crossings.

Raised pedestrian crossing.

Pedestrian crossings shouldbe equipped with trafficcontrol signals.

Low-traffic crossingsfrequently used by disabledpeople can be controlled bya pedestrian push-button system.

Constructing traffic islandsto reduce the length of thecrossing is recommendedfor the safety of all road users.

3.2 Guide strips (fig. 1)

Guide strips should beconstructed to indicate theposition of pedestriancrossings for the benefit ofsightless pedestrians (seePathways; Curb Ramps).

A guide strip should lead topedestrian light poles withpush buttons for the benefitof the visually disabled.

3.3 Traffic signals

Pedestrian traffic lightsshould be provided withclearly audible signals forthe benefit of sightlesspedestrians.

Acoustic devices (1) shouldbe installed on a pole at thepoint of origin of crossingand not at the point of destination.

The installation of twoadjacent acoustic devicessuch as bleepers is notrecommended in order to avoiddisorientation.

The time interval allowed forcrossing should beprogrammed according tothe slowest crossing persons.

3.4 Push buttons

Push buttons should be easyto locate and operate andshould be placed between0.90 m and 1.20 m off the ground

Fig. 1

Fig. 2




0.90 m and 1.20 m off the groundfor the benefit of wheelchair users.

3.5 Traffic islands

The traffic island depthshould not be less than 1.50m.

The width of a traffic islandshould not be less than 1.50m.

A coloured tactile markingstrip at least 0.60 m wideshould mark the beginningand the end of a traffic island, toguide pedestrians with impairedvision to its location.

3.6 Road hump

The road surface atpedestrian crossings can beraised to the same level asthe pathway so that wheelchairusers do not have to overcomedifferences in height (2) (fig. 2).

3.7 Surface

The road surface should befirm, well-drained, non-slipand free of constructionjoints.

3.8 Drains and gratings (seePathways)

4. EXISTING CONTRUCTIONS

The road surface should befirm, well-drained, non-slipand free of constructionjoints.

Notes:

(1) Experience shows thatacoustical signals encouragesafer crossing behavior amongchildren as well

(2) Road bumps are also helpful inreducing the speed of trafficapproaching the intersection.



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7. PARKING


Poor parking facilities.

Insufficient width of the parking aisle.

No allocation of parking space forthe disabled.


To provide accessible parkingfacilities as close as possible to thepoint of destination.


3.1 General

Accessible parking provisionsapply to both outdoor andunderground facilities.

For multi-storey indoor parkingfacilities, at least one levelshould be served by anaccessible elevator.

3.2 Number

For parking facilities of lessthan 50 cars, at least oneaccessible parking spaceshould be provided in every parkingfacility.

For parking facilities of amaximum number of 400spaces, accessible parkingspaces should at least be providedin the ratio of 1:50 (one accessiblespace for every 50 spaces).

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Drop off area dimensions.

For parking facilities of morethan 400 spaces, at least 8accessible parking spacesshould be provided plus 1 space foreach additional increment of 100cars over 400.

3.3 Location

For outdoor parking,accessible parking spacesshould be located not morethan 50 m from accessible buildingentrances.

For indoor parking, accessibleparking spaces should belocated right next toaccessible elevators, or as close aspossible to exits.

The ends of rows arepreferable for vans with lifts forwheelchair users.

3.4 Dimensions

The minimum width of anaccessible parking space is3.60 m. The recommendedwidth is 3.90 m (fig. 1).

An access aisle 1.20 m widecan be located between twoordinary parking spaces (fig.2).

For indoor parking, theminimum height clearance forvans with hydraulic lifts is 2.40m.

Where parking spaces areangled, the extra space at theend of a row can be used as aparking aisle for disabled persons(fig. 3). 3.5 Parking curb

If a curb exists, curb rampsshould be provided to linkaccessible parking spaces toaccessible pathways (fig. 2).

If no curb exists, a texturedsurface at least 0.60 m wide isneeded to separate thepathway from the vehicular area;otherwise bollards should be used

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

(see Street Furniture). Pre-castwheelstops can also be used to setapart a passage at least 0.90 mwide (fig. 4) (fig. 5).

3.6 Curbside parking

Curbside parking isdangerous for disabledpeople unless it is designedas an accessible drop-off area.

3.7 Drop-off areas (fig. 6)

Drop-off areas are beneficialfor picking up and dropping offpeople with physicallimitations, parents with children,people carrying loads, etc.

Drop-off zones should beprovided at public transportstops such as bus stops, andnot more than 30.00 m fromaccessible building entrances.

The drop-off area should be atleast be 3.60 m wide andincorporate an aisle 1.20 mwide to allow for manoeuvring. Thelength should accommodate at leasttwo cars.

Appropriate curb rampsshould be provided to facilitatecirculation over pavedsurfaces.

Where no curb exists to markthe separation betweenpedestrian and vehicle zones,the installation of a cue is necessaryto guide sightless pedestrians:

(a) Bollards may be used (seeStreet Furniture); (b) A tactilemarking strip at least 0.60 m widecan be constructed at the edge ofthe pathway to warn of the transitionto a vehicular area.

A protected shelter or canopywith seating facilities is arecommended design featureat passenger loading zones.

Signs should be installed toidentify a drop-off zone and

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

prevent its misuse as aparking space.

3.8 Surface

The surface of a parkingfacility should beuniform andsmooth.

The slope of a parking rampshould not exceed 1:20.

3.9 Signs (fig. 7)

Accessible parking areasshould be marked by theinternational symbol ofaccessibility. (1)


If the parking area is morethan 50.00 m from the buildingentrance, a vehicular drop-offarea within 30.00 m of the entranceshould be built or an accessibleparking space close to the entranceshould be constructed.

If no accessible parking spaceis available, one of thefollowing measures should beimplemented:

(a) Block a peripheral regular stallwith bollards to get one accessibleparking space (fig. 8).

(b) Block a central regular stall withbollards to get two accessibleparking spaces (fig. 9).

(c) Two accessible parking aisles(fig. 9).

For indoor parking spaceswith clear height of less than2.40 m, alternative outdoorprovisions for vans carryingdisabled people should beprovided.

Notes:

(1) An exacting fine can be imposedon non-disabled drivers who park ina parking space designated for the


Straight run ramp with a landing.

disabled.

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1. RAMPS


Inaccessible building entrances due todifference between indoor andoutdoor levels.

Inaccessible routes due to differencesin level.

Lack of or improper design of ramps.

Very steep and/or long ramps with noresting landings.


To provide ramps wherever stairsobstruct the free passage ofpedestrians, mainly wheelchair usersand people with mobility problems.


3.1 General

An exterior location is preferredfor ramps. Indoor ramps are notrecommended because theytake up a great deal of space.

Ideally, the entrance to a rampshould be immediately adjacentto the stairs.

3.2 Ramp configuration (1)

Ramps can have one of thefollowing configurations:

(a) Straight run (fig. 1);

Fig. 1

Fig.2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5


Maximum recommended slope is 1:20.

(b) 90 turn (fig. 2);

(c) Switch back or 180turn (fig. 3).

3.3 Width

Width varies according to use,configuration and slope.

The minimum width should be0.90 m.

3.4 Slope

The maximum recommendedslope of ramps is 1:20. Steeperslopes may be allowed inspecial cases depending on thelength to be covered (fig. 4).

Maximumslope

Maximumlength

Maximumrise

1:20 i.e.,9%

- -

1:16 i.e.,6%

8 m 0.50 m

1:14 i.e.,7%

5 m 0.35 m

1:12 i.e.,8%

2 m 0.15 m

1:10 i.e.,10%

1.25 m 0.12 m

1:08 i.e.,12%

0.5 m 0.06 m

3.4 Landings

Ramps should be provided withlandings for resting,maneuvering and avoidingexcessive speed.

Landings should be providedevery 10.00 m, at every changeof direction and at the top andbottom of every ramp.

The landing should have aminimum length of 1.20 m and aminimum width equal to that ofthe ramp

3.5 Handrail

A protective handrail at least0.40 m high must be placedalong the full length of ramps.

For ramps more than 3.00 mwide, an intermediate handrailcould be installed (fig. 5).

The distance between handrailswhen both sides are used forgripping should be between0.90 m and 1.40 m (fig. 5).

3.6 Surface

The ramp surface should behard and non-slip.

Carpets should be avoided.

3.7 Tactile marking

A coloured textural indication atthe top and bottom of the rampshould be placed to alertsightless people as to the location ofthe ramp.

The marking strip width shouldnot be less than 0.60 m.

3.8 Drainage n Adequate drainageshould be provided to avoidaccumulation of water.

3.9 Obstacles

The same clearanceconsiderations that apply topathways apply to ramps (seeObstructions).

3.10 Mechanical Ramps

Mechanical ramps can be usedin large public buildings but arenot recommended for use bypersons with physical impairments.

If the ramp is to be used by awheelchair-confined person, the

slope should not exceed 1:12.

The maximum width should be1.00 m to avoid slipping.


If the topography or structure of theexisting building is restrictive, minorvariations of gradient are allowed as afunction of the ramp length:

Maximumslope

Maximumlength

Maximumrise

1:20 i.e.,9%

- -

1:16 i.e.,6%

8 m 0.50 m

1:14 i.e.,7%

5 m 0.35 m

1:12 i.e.,8%

2 m 0.15 m

1:10 i.e.,10%

1.25 m 0.12 m

1:08 i.e.,12%

0.5 m 0.06 m

A non-slip surface finish shouldbe added to slippery ramps.

Notes:

(1) Circular or curved ramps are notrecommended

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2. ELEVATORS


Inadequate space inside theelevator cab.

High position of switches, buttonsand control panel.

Narrow entry doors.

Insufficient opening time interval.


To provide well-dimensionedelevators, that disabled people canuse conveniently.


3.1 General

The accessible elevatorshould serve all floorsnormally reached by thepublic.

Key-operated elevatorsshould be used only in privatefacilities or when an elevatoroperator is present.

Wide elevator cabs arepreferable to long ones.

3.2 Elevator cab

The minimum internalelevator dimensions, allowingfor one wheelchair passengeralone, are 1.00 m x 1.30 m (fig. 1).

The door opening should notbe less than 0.80 m.

The inside of the elevatorshould have a handrail onthree sides mounted 0.80 to0.85 m from the floor (fig. 2).

The maximum tolerance forstop precision should be 20mm.

3.3 Control panel

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

The control panel can bemounted at one of thealternative locations shown infigure 3.

For ease of reach, the controlpanel should be mounted0.90 m to 1.20 m from thefloor (fig. 2).

Control buttons should be inan accessible location andilluminated. Their diametershould be no smaller than 20 mm.

The numerals on the floorselector buttons should beembossed so as to be easilyidentifiable by touch.

3.4 Call buttons

For ease of reach, callbuttons should be mounted0.90 m to 1.20 m from thefloor (fig. 4). 3.5 Floor identifiers

Tactile numerals should beplaced on both sides of thedoor jambs at anapproximate height of 1.50 m tohelp a lone sightless passenger toidentify the floor reached (fig. 4).3.6 Hall signal

The elevator hall signalshould be placed at anapproximate height of 1.80 m(fig. 4).

3.7 Door re-opening activators

The door opening intervalshould be no less than fiveseconds. Re-openingactivators should be provided.

3.8 Audiovisual signals

The elevator should signalarrival at each floor by meansof a bell and a light to alertsightless and hearing-impairedpassengers simultaneously.

3.9 Floor surface

The floor of the elevator and

Fig. 4

the area in front of theelevetor on each floor shouldhave a non skid resilient surface ora low-pile fixed carpet.

3.10 Colour

The colour of the elevatordoor should contrast with thesurrounding surface so as tobe easily distinguishable bypersons with visual impairments.


The minimum acceptablesize of an existing elevatorcab, allowing for a singlewheelchair passenger, is 0.95 m x1.25 m. Smaller cabs should bereplaced.

The minimum acceptablewidth of an existing elevatordoor opening is 0.75 m.

Call buttons and controlpanels mounted higher thanthe recommended height maybe left in place if they are within1.40 m of the floor, this being themaximum reach of a wheelchairuser.

Controls mounted higher than1.40 m should be replaced.

Where there are two identicalcontrol panels, only one needbe replaced.

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3. PLATFORM LIFTS (1)

1. PROBLEMIDENTIFICATION Fig. 1


Changes in level betweenindoor and outdoor areas.

Changes in level inside abuilding.

Insufficient space for ramps.


To allow people with mobilityproblems to have free verticalaccess between differentlevels.


3.1 General

Platform lifts are specialpassenger-elevatingdevices for the disabled.

Platform lifts can haveeither a vertical or aninclined movement.

3.2 Vertical movementplatform lifts

For maximum levelchanges of 2.50 m,vertical movementplatform lifts may be installedadjacent to the stairs (fig. 1).

For level changes ofmore than 1.20 m, the liftshould be placed in aclosed structure with doors atthe different accessible levels(fig. 2).

Vertical platform lifts canhave a variety of openingfor entry and exit (fig. 3).

3.3 Inclined movement platformlifts

Inclined movementplatform lifts consist ofthree elements: a railing,an electric generator and amoving platform or seat.

Fig.2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

The operating system ofthe lift can be eitherlateral (fig. 4) orsuspended (fig. 5).

Inclined movementplatform lifts can beinstalled along the stairwall, as long as they do notobstruct the required width ofthe exit. The seat or platformcan be folded when not in use.

The minimum width ofthe stairs should be 0.90m to allow the installationof a lift (fig. 6).

Platform lifts can beinstalled on all types ofstairs including switch-back stairs i.e. those with arotation angle of 180 (fig. 7)and spiral staircases (fig. 5).

3.4 Lift size

The minimum width ofthe lift platform should be0.90 m and the minimumlength should be 1.20 m (fig.3).


Platform lifts can provideaccess to existingbuildings where it wouldbe difficult or unfeasible toinstall a ramp or an elevator.

Inclined movementplatform lifts are usuallyused to connect one ormore floors or to overcomesplit levels in existing buildings.In buildings that are or wouldbe frequently used by personswith mobility problems, suchdevices should not be utilized.

Notes:

(1) Platform lifts are also

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

known as stairway lifts orwheelchair lifts.

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4. STAIRS


Steep staircases.

Poorly designed steps that hinderfoot movement.


To provide safe and well-dimensioned staircases for thecomfort of all people, especiallythose with mobility problems.


3.1 General

Differences in level should beilluminated or minimized asmuch as possible for thecomfort of disabled people.

A complementary rampedroute, elevator or lift should beprovided where there aresteps in an otherwise accessiblepath.

All steps should be uniform.

Circular stairs and steppedlandings should be avoided(fig. 1).

Open risers are notrecommended.

3.2 Width

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Recommended nosing types.

Intermediate handrail for wide staircases.

The minimum width of astairway should be 0.90 m forone-way traffic and 1.50 m fortwo-way traffic.

For indoor stairs, the risershould be between 0.12 mand 0.18 m, and the treadbetween 0.28 m and 0.35 m.

For outdoor stairs, themaximum riser should be 0.15m and the minimum treadshould be 0.30 m.

3.3 Landing (fig. 2) (fig. 3)

An intermediate landingshould be provided when thestairs cover a difference inlevel of more than 2.50 m.

The length of the landingshould be at least 1.20 mextending along the full widthof the stairs.

3.4 Nosing (fig. 4)

Sharp edges and overhangingnosing should not be used fortreads.

Nosing should be flush orrounded and should notproject more than 40 mm.

3.5 Handrails

Handrails must be installed onboth sides of the stairs andaround the landing for gripping(fig. 3).

For stairs more than 3.00 mwide, one or moreintermediate handrails couldbe provided (fig. 5).

The distance between thehandrails when both sides areused for gripping should bebetween 0.90 m and 1.40 m (fig. 5).

Handrails must extend adistance between 0.30 m and0.45 m at the top and bottomof the stairs (see Railings and

Fig. 3

Fig. 4: Recommended nosing types

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Handrails) (fig. 3).

3.6 Tactile marking (fig. 2) (fig. 3)

A textural marking strip shouldbe placed at the top andbottom of the stairs and atintermediate landings to alertsightless people as to the locationof the stairs.

The tactile marking stripshould be at least 0.60 m wideand should extend over the fullwidth of the stairs.

To guide users with poorvision, the colour of the stripshould contrast with thesurrounding surface. 3.7 Surface

Landings, treads and nosingshould be slip-resistant andfree of projections.

Exterior stairs should bepitched forward at 10 mm permetre to drain surface water.

Slip-resistant stair nosingshould be used to fix carpetson stairs.

3.8 Emergency stairs

Emergency stairs should beidentified by tactile markings.

3.9 Mechanical stairs (escalators)

Mechanical stairs can beprovided with an adaptabletread at least 1.20 m long, ifthey are to be used by personsconfined to wheelchairs (fig. 6).

The edges of escalatorsshould be painted in acontrasting colour for thebenefit of poor- sighted users.


When the configuration of thenosing cannot be modified,slip-resistant strip scould beapplied to the nosing as an

Fig. 7


alternative solution (fig. 7).

Slip-resistant strips should be40 mm wide and should notextent more than 1 mm abovethe tread surface.

To guide people with sightproblems, the colour of thestrips should contrast with thatof the stairs.

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5. RAILINGS AND HANDRAILS


Unsafe railings.

Hard to grip handrails.

No railings or handrails.


To install adequate railing, whereverneeded for the comfort and safety ofall people, especially those withmobility problems.


3.1 General

Safety guards or railingsshould be installed aroundhazardous areas, stairs,ramps, accessible roofs,mezzanines, galleries, balconiesand raised platforms more than 0.40

Fig. 1



and raised platforms more than 0.40m high.

On stairways, windowspositioned less than 1.00 mfrom the landing should haverailings.

Handrails should be installedto assist disabled persons inbathrooms and toilets (seeRest Rooms).

Spacing between the verticaland horizontal bars of railingsshould be narrow for the safetyof children.

Handrails should not obstructthe path of travel.

3.2 Height (fig. 1) (1)

To facilitate use by ambulantdisabled and elderly people,handrails should be mountedbetween 0.85 m and 0.95 m abovethe finished floor level.

For the benefit of wheelchairusers, a second handrail canbe mounted between 0.70 mand 0.75 m from the floor.

To facilitate use by childrenand short people, a thirdhandrail can be mounted at aheight of 0.60 m.

To guide sightless peopleusing a long cane, a railshould be mounted at a heightbetween 0.10 m and 0.15 m (fig. 1);or a low curb should be installed at aheight between 50 mm and 75 mm(fig. 2). Low curbs also act aswheelstops.

3.3 Mounting

Railings should be securelyattached to the wall or to asupporting structure so as towithstand heavy loads.

Railings should not endabruptly but extend to the flooror blend into the wall so as not

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6



to create a hazard for sightlesspeople.

3.4 Form (fig. 3)

Handrails should allow a firmand easy grip.

Circular cross-sections with adiameter of 40 mm arepreferable.

Sharp edges should beavoided.

3.5 Handrails for ramps and stairs

Handrails should continueuninterrupted (except fordoorways) on both sides andaround the landing.

Handrails should extendhorizontally for a distancebetween 0.30 m and 0.45 m atthe top and bottom of stairs andramps, except in places whereextensions could obstruct thepedestrian flow (fig.4).

For stairs or ramps more than3.00 m wide, a continuousintermediate handrail could beprovided (see Ramps; Stairs).

3.6 Wall-mounted handrails

The space between thehandrail and the wall shouldbe between 40 mm and 50mm for smooth walls and 60 mm forrough textured walls (fig. 5).

Where handrails are fullyrecessed into walls, a spaceof at least 0.15 m should beallowed between the top of the railand the top of the recess (fig. 6).

3.7 Tactile marking

For emergency exit stairs orramps, a contrasting tactilestrip at least 0.90 m longshould be applied to the top andbottom edges of the handrail to alertthe partially sighted.



3.8 Colour

A contrasting colour isrecommended for handrails toalert people with sightproblems.


If existing railings andhandrails do not comply withthe above requirements, theyshould be modified or replaced.

Notes:

(1) Measurements are taken fromthe front of the tread.

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6. ENTRANCES


No distinct accessible entrance.

Inadequate space in front of theentrance.


To provide accessible andeasy-to-find building entrances.


3.1 General

For new accessibleconstructions, all mainpublic entrances shouldbe accessible to an ambulantdisabled person.

Fig.1

At least one entrance perfacility should beaccessible to awheelchair user. In newbuildings, the accessibleentrance(s) should be the mainentrance(s) intended for use bythe general public.

Each accessible entranceshould be connected byaccessible pathways toaccessible indoor or outdoorparking areas, local publictransit stops and drop-off areas(fig. 1).

In multi-storey buildings,the accessible entranceshould permit access to aconveniently located accessibleelevator or lift.

3.2 Signs

Accessible entrancesshould be clearlyidentified using theinternational symbol ofaccessibility including alternatelocations of accessibleentrances (fig. 2).

No signs are needed if thewhole building isaccessible.

3.3 Entrance landing

Where the entrance dooropens outward, theminimum landingdimensions should comply withfigure 3.

Where the entrance dooropens inward, theminimum landingdimensions should comply withfigure 4.

The surface of the landingshould have a slope of 2%for drainage.

The finish material shouldbe non-slippery.

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Jute door mats should beavoided. When usedhowever, the uppersurface of the mat should belevel with the floor finish (fig. 5).

Sheltered landings arepreferable.

3.5 Threshold

Thresholds should beremoved whereverpossible (see Doors).

3.6 Colour

The colour of the entrancedoor should contrast withthe surrounding surface soas to be distinguishable bypeople with sight problems.

3.7 Entrance vestibules (seeVestibules)

3.8 Entrance doors (see Doors)


Public buildings shouldhave at least oneaccessible entrance.Wherever possible, this shouldbe the main entrance intendedfor use by the general public (1)

(see Building Types).

If for architectural ortechnical reasons themain entrance cannot bemade accessible, an alternativeaccessible entrance should beprovided. The location of thealternative entrance should beclearly indicated by signs.

To allow for an accessibleentrance, one of thefollowing solutions can beadapted:

(a) Ramps, bridges ormechanical lifts be used; (2)







(b) The entrance level might bemodified earthfill, or bychanging the grade or thelandscaping of the surroundingsite;

(c) A window or another door atground might be converted intoan accessible entrance.

Notes:

(1) For existing constructions, aservice entrance can be usedtemporarily as an accessibleentrance, but it should not be theonly accessible entrance.

(2) Mechanical lifts arerecommended for buildingswhere modifications areimpossible or unacceptable.

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7. VESTIBULES


Narrow doorways and vestibules.


To provide sufficient space tomanoeuvre a wheelchair betweentwo sets of doors.


3.1 General

Vestibule entrance doors canbe either the sliding type orthe swinging type.

For swinging doors, the door

Fig. 1

Fig.2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Dimensions for inward swinging doors.

Enlarging existing vestibule.

mechanism should allow themaximum opening swing.

3.2 Layout

The layout of two swingingdoors in a series can be oneof the following:

(a) Outward-swinging (fig. 1);

(b) Double-swinging (fig. 2);

(c) Swinging in the same direction (1) (fig. 3);

(d) Inward-swinging (fig. 4).


For narrow vestibules either ofthe following solutions can beemployed:

(a) Replace swinging doors withsliding doors;

(b) Change the direction of the doorswing so that both doors can bemade to swing outwards, if possible(fig. 5).

(c) Install double-swinging doors forsmall exit vestibules with a minimumwidth of 1.20 m.

(d) Remove the inside or seconddoor.

(e) Enlarge the existing vestibule ifpossible (2) (fig. 6).

Notes:

(1) Doors swinging in the samedirection can be aligned, offset onopposite walls or offset on adjacentwalls.

(2) This is recommended forvestibules that also serve asemergency exits because othersolutions, such as changing thedirection of the door swing, mightnot solve the problem.

Fig. 6



Activating mat for automatic doors.

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8. DOORS


Narrow doorways.

Doors hinged on the wrong side,thus hindering accessibility.

Doorways with high thresholds.

Heavy and hard-to-operate doorleaves.


To facilitate the passage of awheelchair user through doors.


3.1 General

Accessible doors should beso designed as to permitoperation by one person in asingle motion with little effort.

Power-operated doors are thebest for people withdisabilities. The activatorsystem should be automatic orplaced within easy reach.

An accessible door shouldhave the following features: asign, a door handle, an extrapull handle, glazing and a kick plate.

3.2 Door types (a) Automatic doors:- Can be of the sliding or swingingtype. In general sliding doors arepreferable to swinging doors (fig. 1)(fig. 2).

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

- Automatic doors are useful whentraffic is heavy.

- Automatic doors should have anadequate opening interval. -Guard-rails can be installed near double-swinging doors to indicate a door-opening area and to prevent peoplefrom being hit by the door.

(b) Revolving doors: - Revolvingdoors are not suitable for the use ofdisabled people or people withprams.

- Wherever there are revolvingdoors, an adjacent accessibleswinging or sliding door should beprovided (fig. 3).

- Auxiliary gates should be providednext turnstiles (fig. 3).

(c) Pivoted doors: - Pivoted doorsshould swing away from thedirection of travel whereverpossible.

- Pivoted doors in series areconsidered as vestibules (seeVestibules).

(d) Sliding and folding doors: -Manual sliding and folding doors arerecommended for narrow spacesnot heavily used by the public (fig.4).

3.3 Door opening

For exterior doors, theminimum opening is 0.90 mwhen the door is open.

For interior doors, theminimum opening is 0.80 mwhen the door is open.

The minimum door openingcan be 0.75 m if the access isstraight or if the door can stayopen by itself (fig. 5).

The minimum door width ofrest rooms should be 0.75 m.

For doors installed in anopening more than 0.60 m in

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8


depth, the clear door openingshould be at least 0.90 m (fig. 6).

For double-leaf doors, at leastone leaf should have aminimum clear width of 0.80 m(fig. 7).

3.4 Manual door hardware

Operational devices on doors,such as handles, pulls, latchesand locks, should be easy tograsp with one hand (fig. 8).

(a) Handles: - Lever-type handles,push plates or pull handles arerecommended for swinging doorsbecause they are easy to open. (1)

- Round knobs are notrecommended.

- Door handles should be located ata comfortable height between 0.90m and 1.00 m from the floor surface.

(b) Locks: Locks on entrance doorsshould be mounted at a comfortableheight between 0.90 m and 1.00 mfrom the floor.

(c) Extra pull handle: To facilitateclosing, a door fitted with springclosers should be equipped with anextra pull handle approximately 0.30m in length, located between 0.20 mand 0.30 m from the hinged side ofthe door and mounted between 0.90m and 1.20 m from the floor.

3.5 Automatic doors hardware

Automatic doors can beactivated by:

(a) Push buttons located at acomfortable height between 0.90 mand 1.20 m; (b) Activating mats,which can also serve as a locationcue (fig. 2);

(c) Card-insert switch;

(d) Remote control.

3.6 Threshold (fig. 8)


Thresholds should be omittedwherever possible. Weather-stripping at the door bottom ispreferred to thresholds.

The threshold should not bemore than 20 mm higher thanthe finished floor level.

Thresholds higher than 6 mmshould be beveled or havesloped edges to facilitate thepassage of a wheelchair.

3.7 Exit doors landing

The exit landing should not belower than the finished floorlevel by more than 20 mm.

3.8 Glazing and glazed doors

Outward swinging doors anddoors in public corridorsshould have low windows toenable users to see oncomingtraffic. The bottom edge of thewindow should not be higher than1.00 m from the finished floor level(fig. 8).

Completely glazed doorsshould be avoided in buildingsfrequented by people withvisual impairments.

Glazed doors should beclearly marked with a colouredband or mark placed for thebenefit of all users at a heightbetween 1.40 m and 1.60 m (fig. 2).

3.9 Kick plates

Kick plates are useful inprotecting the finish on thelower part of the door. Kickplates should be between 0.30 mand 0.40 m in height (fig. 8).

3.10 Signage

In public buildings, the functionor room number, incorporatinginternational symbols shouldbe identified at eye level, i.e.between 1.40 m and 1.60 m (fig. 8).

Room numbers should beplaced on door frames andnot on doors themselves sothat the room number is visible evenwhen the door is open.

3.11 Colour

The door or the door framecan be painted in a colour thatcontrasts with the adjoiningwall to facilitate its identification bypeople with visual impairments.


It is recommended thatautomatic doors replaceheavy, hard-to-open swingingdoors.

Door openings narrower than0.75 m should be widened. Aswing-clear hinged door maybe used to slightly enlarge anopening.

Notes:

(1) Lever type handles can beactivated by hand, elbow or othermeans.

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9. CORRIDORS


Long and narrow corridors creatingorientation difficulties.


To provide well-dimensionedcorridors to facilitate the passage

and maneuvering of a wheelchair.


3.1 General

Wide corridors are useful forwheelchair users, serviceequipment, high traffic areas,etc.

3.2 Width

The unobstructed width of alow-traffic corridor should notbe less than 0.90 m. This alsoallows maneuverability in 90 turns(fig. 1).

The unobstructed width of apublic corridor should not beless than 1.50 m. Therecommended width is 1.80 m (1)

(fig. 2).

To allow maneuverability in180 turns, the minimumcirculation space should beas shown in figure 3.

The corridor width shouldallow maneuverability throughthe doors located along itslength (fig. 2) (fig. 4).

3.3 Obstructions

Obstacles protruding into thecorridor, such as drinkingfountains or publictelephones, should be placedoutside the circulation path, inalcoves or cul-de-sacs (fig. 5).

Overhanging signs andobstacles should be mountedat least 2.00 m high (fig. 6).

3.4 Surface

Changes in surface level ofmore than 13 mm should beramped.

Floor surfaces should be non-slip and even. Carpets shouldbe securely fastened.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4



Narrow corridors should bewidened along their full lengthif feasible; otherwise, passingareas should be located atappropriate intervals along thecorridor length.

The minimum width of thepassing area should be 1.50m and the minimum lengthshould be 2.40 m.

In highly restricted spaces, theheight of an obstacle or signcan be dropped to 1.95 m.

Notes:

(1) 1.50 m is the minimum width fortwo wheelchairs to pass each otheror for one wheelchair to make a fullturn.

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

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10. REST ROOMS


Insufficient space inside arest room.

Poor design andpositioning of fixtures andfittings.

Taps that are difficult togrip.

2. PLANNINGPRINCIPLE

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

To provide sufficientaccessible space insiderest rooms, with all fixturesand fittings being withineasy reach.


3.1 General

Turning circles of1.50 m diameter arerecommended insidethe rest room to allow forfull-turn maneuvering of awheelchair.

The ease oftransfering from awheelchair to a toiletseat or bidet depends onthe approach. In generalthere are four differentapproaches:

(a) The parallel approach,which is the easiest (fig. 1);

(b) The diagonal approach,which is difficult (fig. 2);

(c) The perpendicularapproach, which is alsodifficult (fig. 3);

(d) The frontal approachwhich is the most difficultand needs particular care(fig. 4).

3.2 Public rest rooms

In any public restroom, at least onecompartment for eachsex should be accessible toan ambulant disabledperson.

In any public restroom at least oneunisex com partmentshould be accessible to awheelchair user.

Accessible rest

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig 6.

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Fig. 11

Fig. 12

Fig. 13

rooms should bemarked with theinternational symbol ofaccessibility. No indicationis needed if all rest roomsare accessible.

Pivoted doors shouldopen outward unlesssufficient space isprovided within the toiletstall.

3.3 Special public restrooms

Installation of aseparate unisex unitis always desirable inpublic buildings, even whenall rest rooms areaccessible, so as to allow adisabled person to beassisted by an attendant ofthe opposite sex.

Special rest roomsshould be markedwith the internationalsymbol of accessibility butshould not be the onlyaccessible rest rooms.

A water-closet and alavatory should beprovided withinspecial rest rooms.

The size and layout ofspecial rest roomsshould comply withthe minimum requirements(fig. 5).

3.4 Residential rest rooms

Residential restrooms include thosein private residences,health facilities, dormitoriesand other residentialinstitutional settings.

Residentialbathrooms are usuallyequipped with a toilet,a bidet, a wash-basin and a

Requirements for wash basins.

bath-tub or shower.

In multiple-rest-roomarrangements (suchas dormitories):

(a) Only one wash-basinper rest room needs to beaccessible; (b) At least oneshower stall and one toiletstall should be designed fora wheelchair user.

To save space inprivate occupancies:

(a) The tiled floor areaadjacent to the tub can beused as a shower space;(b) The wash-basin seatmight be used as a seatduring the use of the wash-basin or the hand shower.

The size and layout ofresidential rest roomsshould comply withthe minimum requirements(fig. 6).

3.5 Rest room fixtures

1) Water closets:

The size and layout ofwater-closets andtoilet stalls shouldcomply with the minimumrequirement (fig. 7) (fig. 8).

The height of the toiletseat should bebetween 0.45 m and0.50 m from the finishedfloor level. (1)

The distancebetween the centerline of the toilet seatand the adjacent wall, ifprovided with a grip bar,should be between 0.45 mand 0.50 m.

Grab bars should bemounted on the wallbehind the water


Requirements for wash basins.

Minimum requirements for bathtubs.

Minimum requirments for shower stalls

closet, if it is of the tanklesstype, and on the side wallclosest to the water closet,or mounted on the floor atthe edges of the seat. (2)

Grab bars should bemounted at a heightbetween 0.85 m and0.95 m from the floor.

Flushingarrangements andtoilet paper should beplaced within reach at aheight between 0.50 m and1.20 m.

Accessible hand-operated flushingcontrols, located onthe open side of the water-closet, are recommended.

Wall-mounted waterclosets arerecommended.

2) Lavatories:

The dimensions oflavatories shouldcomply with theminimum requirements (fig.9).

The height of a washbasin should bebetween 0.80 m and0.85 m above the finishedfloor level.

The distancebetween the centerline of the wash-basinand the adjacent side wallshould at least be 0.45 m.

The wash-basin maybe drawn forwardfrom the wall adistance between 0.15 mand 0.20 m.

No shelves must belocated above thewash- basin.




Minimum requirments for urinals.

3)Bath-tubs:

In general bath-tubsare difficult to use bythose confined to awheelchair without the helpof an attendant.

The dimensions ofbath-tubs shouldcomply with theminimum requirements (fig.10).

The minimumdimensions of thebath-tub should be1.60 m x 0.70 m.

The height of the tubshould be between0.45 m and 0.50 mfrom finished floor level.

An in-tub seat or aseat at the sameheight of the tubshould be provided at thehead side of the tub. (1)

A grab bar should bemounted on the wallbetween 0.85 m and0.95 m from the finishedfloor level. (2)

Tubs with a toerecess arerecommended.

4) Showers:

The dimensions ofshowers shouldcomply with theminimum requirements (fig.11) (fig. 12).

The shower shouldhave a seatconvenientlypositioned for the showerhead at a height of 0.45 mand 0.50 m. (1)

The shower seatshould be of the

hinged pull-down orremovable type, not spring-loaded.

A grab bar should beplaced on the wallopposite the seat andaround the back wall,mounted at a heightbetween 0.85 m and 0.95m.

Drain openingsshould be placed in acorner of the stall sothat slip-resistant rubbermats can be used.

The floor of theshower stall shouldnot be more than 20mm below the level of thesurrounding floor area.

The shower stallshould have abeveled threshold notexceeding 13 mm abovethe finished floor.

5) Bidets:

The dimensions ofbidets should complywith the minimumrequirements.

The upper edge ofthe bidet should bebetween 0.45 m and0.50 m from the finishedfloor level. (1)

The distancebetween the centerline of the bidet andthe adjacent wall should beat least 0.45 m.

Wall mounted bidetsare recommended.

6) Urinals: (fig. 13)

At least oneaccessible urinalshould be provided inpublic rest rooms.

Urinals should have aclear space on bothsides.

A full-length urinal isthe most accessible.

Urinals with aprotruding lip shouldbe mounted at aheight of 0.45 m from thefinished floor level.

3.6 Rest room door

The clear dooropening should be atleast 0.75 m with thedoor in the open position.

Doors should belockable from insideand releasable fromoutside under emergencysituations.

Regardless of thedoor type, a handleshould be placed onthe door from the inside tofacilitate closing. Anotherhandle should be providedon the outside (see Doors).

3.7 Accessories

All accessories, suchas soap, towel andtoilet paperdispensers, should beplaced at a height between0.50 m and 1.20 m from thefinished floor level.

3.8 Grab bars

Grab bars should beinstalled in water-closets, bath-tubs andshowers to assist disabledpersons to use the facilitiessafely and easily. (2)

Grab bars shouldhave a diameter of 30mm to 40 mm.

Wall-mounted grabbars should extentbetween 35 mm and45 mm from the wall.

Grab bars should befirmly fixed with standloads and shouldhave non-slip surfaces;knurled surfaces usuallyprevent slipping.

3.9 Mirrors

Mirrors should besuitable for use byboth standing andseated persons. Lowmirrors or downward tiltedmirrors can be used.

The bottom edge ofmirrors should belocated at amaximum height of 1.00 mfrom the finished floor level(fig. 9).

3.10 Faucets

Single-lever mixing-type faucets, whichare easily operatedby hand or elbow, arerecommended. Faucetswith push buttons are alsoconvenient.

The clearancebetween the grip ofthe tap and anyadjacent vertical surfaceshould not be less than 35mm.

The space betweentwo taps should notbe less than 0.20 m.

The left tap should beconnected to the hotwater supply.

Telephone fixtureswith a cord at least1.50 m long arerecommended for use in

showers and bath-tubs.These can be hand-held orfixed at an adjustableheight between 1.20 m and1.80 m from the floor to suitall users.

3.11 Flooring

Rest rooms must nothave doorsteps. Thegradient of the floorshould be as low aspossible.

Thresholds should beavoided. Wheninevitable, themaximum threshold heightshould be 20 mm (seeDoors).

Flooring materialsshould be skid-proofand easy to clean.

The floor should bewell-drained andprovided withadequate waterproofing.

3.12 Alarms

Rest rooms should beequipped with analarm system.

3.13 Pipes

All exposed hot waterpipes should beinsulated or covered.

It is preferable thatpipes be fitted in thewall.


4.1 Public rest rooms

For accessible buildings, atleast one accessible unisexrest room should beprovided per facility (seeBuilding Types).

4.2 Wate-closets

To obtain an accessibletoilet combine two adjacentstalls by removing onewater-closet and the mutualpartition, provided that thenumber of remainingfixtures is sufficient for thefloor population.

4.3 Urinals

Existing high urinals neednot be replaced ifaccessible toilet fixturesare available.

One urinal per restroom can be lowered.

4.4 Rest room vestibules

For narrowvestibules, replacedoors with automaticdoor openers or use swingclear hinges.

Doors that restrictmaneuvering space,should be removedso long as this does notinhibit privacy.

4.5 Grab bars

If grab bars are notprovided in the initialconstruction, wallsshould be reinforced towithstand loads.

4.6 Accessories

Rest roomaccessories locatedat a maximum heightof 1.40 m need not bemodified if they areaccessible.

4.7 Mirrors

If existing mirrors aretoo high, they can betilted or a full-lengthmirror can be installed on

another wall.

Notes:

(1) Toilet seats, bidets,shower seats and bath-tubseats are required to bemounted at the same heightof the wheelchair seat, i.e.between 0.45m and 0.50 mabove floor level.

(2) Grab bars aremanufactured in variousdimensions and shapes.They can either be wall-mounted or floor-mounted.Retractable bars are alsoavailable.

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III. BUILDING TYPES


Lack of special provisions for thedisabled regarding accessiblebuildings and facilities.


To design, to the extent possible,public buildings accessible to all.


3.1 General

Buildings that have to complywith accessibility requirementsfor the disabled include allpublic buildings, governmentalfacilities and institutions, officebuildings, residential buildings,commercial buildings, healthfacilities, educational institutionsrestaurants, recreational facilities,sports facilities, religious buildings

and all other building types normallyused by the general public.

Except as specified below,only buildings for private use,such as private residences,clubs, offices or studios, etc. neednot comply with requirements foraccessibility for the disabled.

For accessible buildings, atleast one entrance per facilityshould be accessible to awheelchair user. For new buildings,the accessible entrance(s) shouldbe the main entrance(s) intended foruse by the general public.

Wherever waiting areas,coffee shops, display areas,merchandising departments,service areas, ticket counters,refreshment stands, etc. areprovided for public use, thesefacilities should be accessible todisabled people, mainly towheelchair users.

All work areas in whichphysically disabled personsmay be employed should beaccessible.

In any public rest room, atleast one unisex compartmentshould be accessible to awheelchair user.

3.2 Residential buildings

Private residences may be leftinaccessible to a wheelchairuser. However, it is desirableto consider a minimum ofaccessibility requirements so as toaccommodate disabled guests.

In new apartment buildingsconstructed for rent or sale,provisions for disabledpersons should be considered. Thenumber of wheelchair housing unitsshould be provided at a rate of oneunit for a typical population of 1000.(1)

3.3 Office buildings


New office buildings should beas accessible as possible soas to accomodate all personsand not hinder employment ofdisabled persons.

New low-rise office blocks withno elevators need not beaccessible to a wheelchairuser. Office space at ground level, ifany, should be accessible.

For small office buildingswhere the floor area limits theprovision of accessible restrooms on each floor, one accessiblerest room could be provided toserve the entire building. Theaccessible rest room should belocated adjacent to an accessibleelevator.

Where an office building issubdivided among varioustenants, wheelchair rest roomsshould be provided on each floor.

3.4 Commercial uses

Accessibility requirements forwheelchair users should beapplied to all new largespeciality shops having a sales areaof 100 m or more.(2) In small shops,provisions for wheelchair usersshould be applied whereverpossible. In large multi-storeydepartment stores andsupermarkets, accessibleelevators should be installed toprovide access to lower and/orupper levels for the benefit ofwheelchair users and people withmobility problems.

Merchandise display areas inaccessible shops should beas conveniently located aspossible to a wheelchair user.Angled mirrors can be placed abovehigh shelves for visibility.

In accessible clothes shops, atleast one changing roomshould allow for a full 360 turnof a wheelchair.


3.5 Assembly halls

Under this category fall movie-theaters, lecture halls,spectator seating in sportscentres, and other assembly hallswith fixed seating.

The number of spacesdesignated for wheelchairusers in a seating area can beestimated according to the followingtable:

Number ofseats in aseating area

Number ofrequiredspaces forwheelchairusers

up to 600 6 i.e. 1/100

up to 1000 6 + 2

over 1000 8+1 for eachadditional

increment of1000 seats

Some seats with removable orflip-up armrests should beprovided at row ends toaccommodate a wheelchair user ora person with limited ambulatorymobility.

A level floor area forwheelchair users should beplaced at row ends and shouldbe scattered on different levels soas to have a variety of seating andviewing locations (fig. 1).

3.7 Cafeterias and restaurants

New restaurants or parts ofnew restaurants and eatingspaces should be asaccessible as possible to awheelchair user.

In self-service restaurants trayslides and counters should bemounted approximatly 0.90 mfrom the floor. Food shelves should

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

be mounted at a maximum height of1.20 m (fig. 2).

Cantilevered tables or tableswith straight legs at eachcorner are preferable tocentral pedestals that might restrictwheelchair access.

Stools and high tables are notsuitable for wheelchair users.Low tables should be providedas well.

3.8 Hotels

At least one room per newhotel or motel should beaccessible to a wheelchairuser. Bathrooms connected to theserooms have to be fully equipped.The layout should allow a lateraltransfer to the toilet seat.

Rooms designated forwheelchair users should,where possible, be placed atground level so as to have a directmeans of escape in case of fire.

3.9 Hospitals and health facilities

All entrances should beaccessible to a wheelchairuser. All rooms should beaccessible for the benefit ofpatients, disabled visitors anddisabled staff members.

All clinics on all floors shouldbe accessible.

All patients' rest rooms shouldbe accessible to wheelchairuser.

All administrative departmentsshould be accessible to staffmembers confined towheelchairs.

3.10 Educational buildings

All teaching, administrativeand common areas should beaccessible to a wheelchairuser.

Fig. 2

Suitable arrangements shouldbe made for stepped lecturehalls or auditoriums (see tableabove).

At least one accessible unisexrest room should be providedin each building other thanstudent dormitories and residentialaccommodations.

All recreational facilitiesshould be usable by disabledpeople, to the extent possible.

Colleges for physicaleducation, police or militarytraining and other activitiesrequiring full physical abilities neednot be accessible to disabledpeople. However, provisions shouldbe made for disabled administrativestaff members.

3.11 Libraries

All open book stacks shouldbe accessible.

All library facilities andequipment should beaccessible.

A special room should beprovided for sightless and forhearing-impaired people whoneed assistance while reading.

3.12 Sports buildings

Sports halls should be asaccessible as possible to awheelchair user.

At least one shower room, onerest room and one changingroom per facility should beaccessible to a wheelchair user.

Spectators' seating areasshould be provided forwheelchair users as specified(see table above).

3.13 Public transit buildings

All public areas used bypassengers such as banks,

shops, waiting areas, customsareas baggage halls, booking halls,waiting areas, inquiry offices, etc.should be accessible to awheelchair user, wherever possible.

In bus, air and sea terminals,adjoining spaces next toseating facilities should beprovided for wheelchair users.

3.14 Industrial buildings

Arrangements for disabledemployees are directly relatedto the type of work theyperform. Arrangements for disabledpeople need not be considered inheavy manufacturing factories.

Arrangements for all disabledpeople should be incorporatedinto the design of new lightmanufacturing factories wheredisabled people may be employed.


The highest degree ofaccessibility to all peopleshould be provided to theextent possible in accordance withthe requirements mentioned above.

For historic buildings,impossible to adapt to suit therequirements of disabledpeople without affecting thehistorical character, the challenge isto find alternative solutions or otherinnovative methods that do notconflict with preservationrequirements. However, under allcircumstances the character of ahistorical building should bepreserved. Any modification thatseriously harms its character,material, features or spaces isprohibited.

Notes:

(1) This figure is just a preliminaryestimation based on a summary ofsuggested housing provisions bySelwyn Goldsmith in Designing for

the Disabled (p .418). It is up toevery local authority to determine theexact number and the distribution ofhousing accommodations fordisabled people, mainly thoseconfined to a wheelchair, based onthe needs of individual districts.

(2) This figure is also a preliminaryestimation based on the samesource.

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III. IMPLEMENTATION CHECKLISTS

Part 1/3 Part 1 : Part 2 : Part 3

Text in italics refers to existing constructions only.

1. OBSTRUCTIONS

Question Possible solutions

Can all protruding objects within thepath of travel be detected by asightless person with a cane?

Remove or block out protrudingparts.Place tactile markings in an areaextending at least 0.60 m beyondthe projection area of theobstruction.

Are all overhanging obstructionsmounted at a minimum height of2.00 m (1.95 m)?

Construct a raised platform 0.10mhigh around the obstacle.Place an object, easily detectablewith a cane, on the ground or floorbeneath low-mounted overhangingobstructions.

Can all obstacles within the path oftravel be easily identified by aperson with partial sight?

Mark obstructions at eye level withcontrasting colour marking strips atleast 0.30 m long in a contrastingcolour.

2. SIGNAGE




Are accessible spaces identified bythe international symbol ofaccessibility?

Mark accessible spaces with theinternational symbol of accessibility.

Are there directional signsindicating the location of accessiblefacilities?

Provide directional signs.

Are maps, information panels andwall-mounted signs placed at aheight between 0.90 m and 1.80m.?

Adjust the height of signs mountedtoo high or too low.

Are signs clear, simple and easy toread?

Colour engraved texts.Replace sign.

Is the colour of signs clearlydistinguishable?

Use contrasting colours.

Is the surface of the sign processedso as to prevent glare?

Provide a non-gloss surface.

Is the sign supplement by a text inembossed letters or in Brailleavailable next to information signs?

Add a text in embossed letters or inBraille.

Is the lettering size proportional tothe reading distance?

Change the lettering size.

3. STREET FURNITURE


Does the location of street furnitureobstruct the free passage ofpedestrians?

Change the location of streetfurniture.Mark the location of street furniturewith tactile marking.

Resting facilitiesAre resting facilities provided atregular intervals?

Provide seating facilities at regularintervals between 100.00 m and

200.00m.

Is there an adjoining space for awheelchair next to benches andpublic seats?

Rearrange the layout of seats toallow an adjoining space of at least1.20 m.

Are public seats between 0.45 mand 0.50 m high?Are the tops of tables between 0.75m and 0.90 m high?Are knee spaces at accessibletables at least 0.70 m high, 0.85 mwide and 0.60 m deep?

Modify or replace seats and tablesthat are too low or too high.

Public telephonesIs there at least one telephoneaccessible to a wheelchair user?

Enlarge or adjust one telephonebooth.

Is there at least one telephoneequipped with hearing aids?

Install volume controls and inductionloops.

Are the numerals on the teleponeraised to allow identification bytouch?

Install push-buttons with raisednumerals.

Is the coin slot mounted at amaximum height of 1.20 m (1.40m)?

Reduce the mounting height.

Are accessible facilities identified? Add signage.

MailboxesAre mail box slots mounted at amaximum height of 1.20 m (1.40m)?

Modify the height of the letter slot.

Water fountainsAre water fountain spouts mountedat an approximate height of 0.90m?Are controls easy to operate withone closed fist?

Modify the height of high drinkingfountains.Install a double-tiered fountain.Replace controls.

4. PATHWAYS


Is the pathway clear ofobstructions?

Remove or relocate obstructions.Mark obstructions with tactilemarking.

Is the path of travel free of steps orstairs?

Provide an alternative accessiblepathway.Construct a ramp.

Is the path of travel easy to detect? Continue natural guide lines.Construct guide strips.Provide a tactile marking area of atleat 0.90 m x 0.90 m at changes inthe pathway directionConstruct tactile marking to indicatethe location of curb ramps, stairs,ramps and obstructions.

Is the pathway at least 0.90 mwide?

Widen the pathway.Remove obstructions andlandscape features that limit thepathway width.

Is the surface, level, smooth andnon-slip? Does the pathway have adifferent colour and texture than theadjacent surfaces?

Replace gravel paths with a surfaceof uniform texture.Repair holes and uneven paving.Apply textured rubber stick - ontiles to slippery paving.

Are manholes placed outside thepedestrian path of travel?Is grating flush with the surface ofthe pathway?Are the grating openings narrow,not more than 13 mm?

Relocate grating outside the path oftravel.

Make grating flush with the pathwaysurface.Replace gratings with wide openingpatterns.

Are the edges of raised pathwaysprotected?Are there barriers separating thepathway from planting areas, poolsand other landscape features?

Construct guards with a minimumheight of 0.15 m.

Are the plant varieties usedobstructive to the pathway ?Are the plant varieties usedharmful?Are the plant varieties used harmfulto the surface of the pathway?

Replace plant varieties.Relocate plant varieties.Clean pathway surface constantly.Erect warning signs.

5. CURB RAMPS


Are curb ramps provided toovercome differences in levelbetween the road surface andpathway level at:* Pedestrian crossings?* Drop-off zones?* Accessible parking spaces?* Building entrances?

Install curb ramps.Slope narrow pavements to streetlevel.

Are curb ramps located at eachcorner of each street intersection?Is every curb ramp faced by anothercurb ramp on the opposite side ofthe street?

Install curb ramps.

Are curb ramps easy to identify? Apply a coloured texture to thesurface of the curb ramp.Construct guide lines to directpedestrians to the location of curbramps.

Are curb ramps placed outside theusual line of pedestrian flow?

Widen pathway.Add a small built-up curb ramp.

Is the maximum slope of a curbramp 1:12 (1:10)?

Redesign or replace steep, unsafecurb ramps.

6. PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS


Is the road surface even and slip-resistant at pedestrian crossings?

Add a slip-resistant surface.

Is the road surface at pedestriancrossings easy to identify?

Mark the pedestrian crossing areaon the road surface with colouredstripes.

Are pedestrian traffic lightsinstalled?

Install traffic lights.

Do traffic lights have both audibleand visual signals?

Provide both audible and visualtraffic light signals.

Is the minimum time interval forcrossing adapted to the slowestperson?

Delay the crossing time interval.

Are push-buttons located at amaximum height of 1.20 m?

Install push-buttons at a maximumheight of 1.20 m.

Do traffic islands have street-levelpathways cut through them?Is the minimum width of the cut 1.50m?

Cut a level area, at least 1.50 mwide through traffic islands.

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7. PARKING




Are there accessible parkingfacilities?Is the number of accessible parkingspaces sufficient?Are the designated spaces wideenough?

Re-strip to obtain the requirednumber of spaces.Combine two parking spaces toobtain one accessible space.Combine three parking spaces toobtain two accessible spaces.

Are accessible indoor parkingspaces located closest toaccessible elevators or lifts?

Locate accessible parking spacesclose to accessible elevators.

Are accessible parking spaceswithin 50.00 m of buildingentrances?

Construct accessible parkingspaces close to the accessibleentrance.Provide a drop-off zone near theaccessible entrance.

Is the minimum height clearance inindoor parking 2.40 m?

Modify the parking slab height.Provide alternate outdoorprovisions for disabled peoples'vans.

Do curb ramps connect accessibleparking spaces with side curbs?

Construct curb ramps.

If there is no curbs, can the parkingspace be differentiated from thepedestrian path?

Provide a tactile marking at least0.60 m wide to separate thepathway from the vehicular area.Use pre-cast wheel stops.Use bollards.

Are accessible parking spacesmarked by the international symbolof accessibility?Are there enforcement proceduresto ensure that accessible parkingspaces are not misused or used bynon-disabled people?

Add signage.

Is there a 3.60 m wide drop-off areawithin 30.00 m of the accessibleentrance?

Provide a drop-off area.

If the drop-off area has a curb, isthere a curb ramp leading to thepathway?

Provide a curb-ramp.

If the drop-off area has no curb, isthere a warning to sightless

Provide a tactile marking at least0.60 m wide to separate the

people? pathway from the vehicular area.Use pre-cast wheel stops.Use bollards.

Is the drop-off area marked bysignage?

Add signage.

Is there an accessible path of travelfrom the drop-off area to the mainentrance?

Provide an accessible route.Use another entrance, accessiblefrom the drop-off area.

8. RAMPS


Is there a complementary rampedroute next to stairs or steps?

Construct a ramp.

Is the ramp slope no greater than1:20?Do steeper ramps comply withrequirements?

Redesign or relocate ramp.Lengthen ramp to reduce slope.

Is there a landing of at least 1.20 mlength, at 10.00 m intervals, at everychange in direction and at the topand bottom of every ramp?

Remodel or relocate the ramp.

Are ramps with a rise of 0.45 m ormore protected on both sides?

Add railings.

Are wide ramps( more than 3.00 m)provided with an intermediatehandrail?

Add an intermediate handrail wherenecessary.

Is the width of the ramp at least 0.90m?

Widen the ramp.

Is the surface of ramps non-slip? Add non-slip surface material.

Is the ramp surface clear ofobstructions?

Remove obstructions.

Is the location of the ramp clearlyidentifiable

Construct coloured tactile markingstrips at least 0.60 m wide at thetop and bottom of the landing and atevery change of direction.

9. ELEVATORS


Is there an accessible path leadingto the elevator?Are all levels generally used by thepublic accessible?

Add a ramp or a platform lift if stairsexist.

Are the minimum internaldimensions of a residential elevatorcab no less than 1.00 m x 1.30m.(0.95 m x 1.25 m)?

Enlarge the elevator dimensions.Install a new cab.

Is the clear door opening no lessthan 0.80 m (0.75 m)?

Enlarge the door opening.Install new doors.

Is the elevator cab provided withhandrails on three sides?

Install handrails.

Are the handrails mounted at aheight between 0.80 m and 0.85m?

Modify height of handrails.

Is the maximum tolerance for stopprecision 20 mm?

Adjust the stop precision.

Is the control panel mounted at aheight between 0.90 m and 1.20 m(not exceeding 1.40 m)?

Modify the height of control panels.

Are control buttons large andprovided with embossed numerals?

Change control panel.Install tactile or Braille numeralsnext to buttons.

Are lobby call buttons placed at aheight between 0.90 m and 1.20 m(not exceeding 1.40 m)?

Adjust the position of call buttons.

Is the elevator provided with audibleand visual warning signalsindicating arrival at a floor?

Add bells and flashing light signals.

Is the finish of the elevator cab nonskid-resistant?

Change finish.

Is the elevator door easy to identify? Change the colour of the elevatordoor frame.

Is the emergency intercom usablewithout voice communication?

Replace the communicationsystem.

Are there tactile or Brailleinstructions for the communicationsystem?

Add simple tactile instructions.

Is the door opening/closing intervallong enough?

Install devices to delay the motion ofthe door.

Is there a sign on the jamb of theelevator door identifying the floornumber in raised or Braille letters?

Install tactile signs at anapproximate height of 1.40 m fromthe floor to identify the floor number.

10. PLATFORM LIFTS


Can the lift be used withoutassistance?

Post clear instructions for use of thelift at each stopping level.Provide a call button.

When vertical movement platformlifts are installed, is the maximumlevel change 2.50 m?

Replace the special platform lift withan elevator.

Is the lift placed within a closedstructure for level changes of 1.20m or more?

Place the lift within an enclosedstructure.

Where inclined movement platformlifts are installed, is the minimum

Widen the stairs.

width of the stairs 0.90 m?

Is the minimum lift size 0.90 m x1.20 m?

Replace the lift.

Are controls placed at a height notexceeding 1.20 m (1.40 m)?

Lower the controls.

11. STAIRS


Is the minimum width of the stairs0.90 m?

Widen the stairs.

Is an intermediate handrail installedfor stairs 3.00 m wide or more?

Install an intermediate handrail,where necessary.

Is there an intermediate landing witha length no less than 1.20 m, whenthe stairs cover a difference in levelof more than 2.50 m?

Remodel the stairs.

Is the landing length at the top andat bottom of the stairs no less than1.20 m?

Enlarge the landing space.

Do stairs have flush or roundednosing?

Remodel nosing.Add slip-resistant strips to nosing.

Do treads have a non-slip surface? Change finish material.

Is the location of the stairs clearlyidentifiable?

Construct coloured tactile markingstrips at least 0.60 m wide, at thetop and bottom of the stairs andintermediate landings of each stairs.Identify emergency stairs withsignage.

12. RAILINGS AND HANDRAILS


Are safety guards or railingsinstalled around all hazardousareas and raised platforms morethan 0.40 m high?

Install safety guards or railings.

Is the spacing between the verticaland horizontal elements of railingaround dangerous areas narrow?Are handrails mounted at a heightbetween 0.85 m and 0.90 m?

Change railings.

Are handrails easy to grip? Change handrails.

Are railings securely attached? Reinforce the fixtures.

Do handrails extend horizontallybetween 0.30 m and 0.45 m at thetop and bottom of every staircaseor ramp?

Add or replace railings.

Are handrails continuous throughoutthe full length of ramps and stairs?Are handrails continuous throughoutthe landing of ramps and stairsexcept when interrupted bydoorways?

Continue or replace handrails.

Are low positioned windows atlandings protected by railings?

Install railings.

Is the space between the handrailand the wall no less than 40 mm forsmooth walls, and 60 mm for roughtextured walls?For fully recessed handrails, is thedistance between the top of the railand the top of the recess no lessthan 0.15 m?

Adjust the location of the handrail.

Are handrails easy to identify? Paint the handrail in a contrastingcolour.Provide a tactile strip indication foremergency stairs.

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13. ENTRANCES


Are the primary entrances tobuildings accessible?

Redesign the entrance so that it willbe accessible.

Is the approach to the entrance freeof stairs and steps?

Construct a ramp.

In multi-storey buildings, does theaccessible entrance permit accessto a conveniently located elevator?

Provide an accessible route.

Is the accessible entrance clearlyidentifiable?

Add the international symbol ofaccessibility.Paint the entrance door with acolour that will contrast with thesurrounding surface.

Are the entrance landingdimensions sufficient?

Enlarge the landing area.

Is the landing surface level and non-slippery?

Add a slip-resistant finish.

Can entrance doors operateindependently?

Install a lighter door.Change the door openingmechanism.

Is the clear door width at least 0.90m?

Enlarge the door opening.Install automatic sliding doors.Use swing clear hinge doors.



14. VESTIBULES


Is there enough space to maneuverbetween two sets of doors?

Enlarge the vestibule space.Install automatic sliding doors. nInstall double-swinging doors.Remove the inside or second set ofdoors.Change the direction of the swing ofthe door.

15. DOORS


Can doors be opened without mucheffort?

Install lighter doors.Install power-assisted dooropeners.

Do automatic doors have asufficiently long opening interval?

Adjust the opening interval.

Are push-buttons for automaticdoors located at a maximum heightof 1.20 m (not exceeding 1.40 m)?

Lower the height of buttons.

Is there sufficient space beside thelatch side of the door?

Move the door.Move or remove obstructingpartitioning.

Are accessible doors placedadjacent to revolving doors andturnstiles?

Install adjacent sliding or pivotingdoors.

Are glazed doors marked with acoloured band at eye level?

Add a coloured band.

Is the clear width of straight accessinterior doors at least 0.75 m?Is the minimum clear width ofinterior doors at least 0.80 m?For double leaf doors, is the widthof one of the leaves at least 0.80m?

Enlarge door opening.Install offset or swing clear hinges.

Do door handles have a shape thatis easy to grasp with one hand?

Install lever-type handles easy tooperate with a closed fist.Install power-assisted dooropeners.

Do bathrooms doors and doorsfitted with spring closers have anextra pull handle?

Install an extra pull handle.

Is manual door hardware (handles,locks, pulls, etc.) located no higherthan 1.20 m (not exceeding 1.40m)?

Adjust the height of the doorhardware.

Are door mats flush with the floorsurface and secured to the floor atall edges?

Replace or remove mats.Secure mats at edges.

Is the threshold no more than 20mm high and beveled?

Remove high thresholds.Bevel both sides.

16. CORRIDORS


Is the minimum unobstructed widthof low traffic corridors no less than0.90 m?Is the unobstructed width of a publiccorridor no less than 1.50 m?

Widen the corridor.Locate passing areas at frequentintervals.

Does the corridor width allowmaneuvring through doors locatedalong its length?

Change the direction of the doorswing.Widen the corridor.Remove door if possible.

Are differences in level bridged byramps or lifts?

Install a lift.Construct a ramp.

17. REST ROOMS


Public rest roomsIs there at least one unisex restroom accessible to a wheelchairuser?

Reconfigure rest rooms.Combine two water-closet stalls tocreate one unisex accessible restroom.Widen toilet stalls by moving one ofthe side partitions and/or installingoutward-swinging door.

Is the accessible rest roomidentified by a sign?

Place the international symbol ofaccessibility.

Residential rest roomsIs there sufficient space inside therest room to maneuver awheelchair?

Enlarge rest room space.

Is there at least one accessibleshower and/or bath-tub?

Reconfigure shower stalls.Enlarge rest room.Use the tiled floor area inside therest room as a shower space.

FixturesAre water-closets and bidetsmounted at a height between 0.45m and 0.50 m?

Adjust the height of wall mountedfixtures.Replace low floor mounted fixtures.

Is the distance between the toiletseat and the closest adjacent wallfitted with a grab bar between 0.45and 0.50 m?

Adjust the location of fixtures.Install floor-mounted grab bars.

Is the accessible wash-basinmounted at a height between 0.80m and 0.85 m?

Adjust the height of wall-mountedfixtures.Replace floor-mounted fixtures.

Are the accessible shower and thebath-tub provided with folding seats?

Install a shower seat at a heightbetween 0.45 m and 0.50 m.Adjust the height of seats.

Is the floor of the tub slip-resistant? Change the finish material.Install a slip-resistant rubber mat.

Does the shower tub have abeveled threshold not exceeding 13mm above the finished floor?Is the shower tub floor no lower than20 m below the surrounding floorarea?

Modify the shower tub.

Are grab bars installed in waterclosets, bath tubs and showers at aheight between 0.85 m and 0.95m?Do grab bars have a diameterbetween 30 mm and 40 mm?Do wall mounted grab bars have aclearance between 35 mm and 40mm?

Install grab bars.Adjust mounting height.

Are grab bars non slip? Replace grab bars.Add a knurled slip-resistant surface.

Can grab bars withstand loads? Reinforce walls on which grab barsare installed.

FaucetsAre faucets easy to grip and

Replace faucets with single lever orpush-button type.

operate with one hand?

Are telephone like shower fixtureswith at least 1.50 m long hosesused in showers and bath tubs?

Replace hose.

PipesAre hot water pipes insulated orcovered?

Insulate or cover hot water pipes.

Accessories and controlsIs the lower edge of mirrorspositioned at a height notexceeding 1.00 m?

Lower or tilt high mirrors.Install another mirror on anotherwall.

Is the rest room equipped with analarm system?

Install an alarm that can be set offby a push-button located at amaximum height of 1.20 m.

Are flushing arrangements,dispensers and toilet papermounted between 0.50 m and 1.20m?

Adjust the height of too high and toolow fixtures.

Are flushing mechanisms easy tooperate?

Change the flushing mechanism.

FlooringIs the flooring material skid-proof,well drained and waterproofed?

Change flooring material.

DoorsIs the door opening at least 0.75 m? Enlarge the door opening.

Remove doors if privacy is notdiminished.

Can doors be lockable from insideand releasable from outside underemergency situations?

Adjust door lock mechanism.

Do pivoted doors open outward? Change the direction of the swing ofthe door.

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V. IMPLEMENTATION CHECKLISTS

TROUBLESHOOTING

1. Wheelchair users

Problem Measure

Overcoming differences in levelbetween road and pavement

Install curb ramps

Bridging great differences in heightusually tackled by providing stairs

Provide ramps, wide elevator cabsor platform lifts

Maneuvering in tight spaces Provide wide routes and spaces

Passing through narrow dooropenings and over high thresholds

Provide sufficiently wide dooropenings with low beveledthresholds or none at all

Reaching high-mounted controlsand objects

Provide low-mounted controls

Maneuvering in rest rooms Install grab bars, bath-tub andshower seats

2. People with limited walking abilities

Problem Measure

Overcoming differences in level Provide curb ramps, ramps,elevators or platform lifts

Maneuvering in situations requiring Increase the pedestrian crossing

speed time intervalIncrease the opening interval ofelevators and automatic doors

Climbing stairs and ramps Provide handrails for gripping

Maneuvering in rest rooms Provide sufficiently wide rest roomsProvide grab bars, bath-tub and ashower seat

Passing through narrow dooropenings and over high thresholds

Provide sufficiently wide dooropenings with low beveledthresholds or none at all

3. People with limited use of hands or arms

Problem Measure

Opening heavy doors Use automatic or easy-to-opendoors

Gripping door knobs Use lever-type door handles

Gripping faucets Use lever-type or push-buttonsfaucets

4. The sightless

Problem Measure

Orientation Provide guide strips within thepathway surfaceProvide raised curbs and otherdetectable guiding elementsProvide tactile marking strips toindicate changes in direction andthe location of stairs and ramps

Identifying obstructions within thepath of travel

Provide textured paving or tactilemarking strips around obstructions

Crossing roads Provide audible traffic signals

Maneuvering in elevators Provide audible signals and callbuttons with tactile text

Recognizing emergency situations Provide audible alarm signals

Locating exit doors and stairs Provide tactile marking around theknobs of exit doors and thehandrails of exit

5. The partially sighted

Problem Measure

Identifying obstructions within thepath of travel

Provide bright-coloured markingsor signals to identify obstructions

Orientation Provide clearly legible lettering andsufficiently large dimensions fordirection signs

Crossing roads Provide audible traffic signals

Maneuvering in elevators and inemergency situations

Use contrasting colour for doors,handrails, tactile signs, etc

Locating facilities Provide alarm signals

6. The hearing impaired

Problem Measure

Crossing roads Provide clearly visible coloured

Wheelchair dimensions.

signs and traffic signals

Managing in situations involving theuse of speech messages, verbaltransmission and interaction

Use clearly written messages,especially in emergency situationsInstall induction loops in assemblyhalls and in public telephones

Not hearing door, elevator andemergency

Provide flashing light signals

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ANTHROPOMETRICS (part 1 of 2)

Dimensional data varies fromone person to another, andthe average dimensions varyfrom one country to another.The dimensions of theindividual human being varywith time. The tables belowprovide a range ofdimensions derived fromvarious studies (seeComparative Tables). Thegiven measurements takeinto consideration sizevariation between males andfemales as well as betweendifferent persons of the samesex.

Wheelchair Dimensions(fig.1)

Dimensions shown in thefigure are of a conventionalmanual wheelchair. Thelarger, encircled dimensionsrefer to electric wheelchairs.


Wheelchair dimensions.

Dimensional data of a wheelchair user.

Fig.1

Dimensional data to anormal person (fig. 2)

Height 1.50 m -1.90 m

Eye 1.40 m -1.75 m

Shoulder 1.20 m -1.55 m

Fig.2

Dimensional data of a wheelchair user

Fig. 3

Dimensional data of a wheelchair user.

Reaching zones of anormal person (fig. 4)

Max. ReachUp

1.85 m -2.10 m

ObliqueReach Up

1.65 m -2.00 m

ForwardReach

1.30 m -1.45 m

Fig. 4

Vertical reaching zones of a wheelchair user

Vertical reaching zones of a wheelchair user

Fig. 5

Horizontal forward reachof a wheelchair user (fig. 6)

Eye 1.16 m -1.33 m

Shoulder 0.99 m -1.14 m

Fig. 6

Common reaching zone

Common reaching zone

Fig. 7

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ANTHROPOMETRICS (part 2 of 2)

5-02-01.gif (16743 bytes)

Field of Vision

Fig.8

Pathway dimensions

Visually impaired personusing a long white cane.

Person using a cane Persons using crutches Detectable path dimension

Wheelchair maneuvering space dimensions

Fig. 9

Wheelchair maneuvering space

Fig. 10

Maneuvering atdoors

Fig 11.

Wheelchair maneuvering space dimensions

Maneuvering at doors. 1.50-1.80 m allowance.

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REFERENCES"Accessibility in Public Accommodations". 581: Readily Achievable Checklist.ADA Compliance Guide, USA, Thompson Publishing Group, December1991. pp. 113-119.

Adaptive Environments Center, Inc., Access Boston. BostonRedevelopment Authority, 1990. 42 pages.

Adaptive Environments Center, Inc. and Barrier Free Environments, Inc.,"The Americans with Disabilities Act Checklist for Readibly Achievable BarrierRemoval." USA, 31 March 1992. 12 pages.

American National Standards Institute. American National Standard forBuildings and Facilities: Providing Accessibility and Usability for PhysicallyHandicapped People. New York, 1986. 84 pages.

Beckman, Mats. Building for Everyone. Stockholm, Ministry of Housingand Physical Planning, 1976. 108 pages.

The Canadian Paraplegic Association, Manitoba Division. Access: AGuide for Architects and Designers. Second Edition, Manitoba, Canada, theCanadian Paraplegic Association, Manitoba Division, 1989.

Central Coordinating Committee for the Promotion of Accessibility for theDisabled (CCPT). Accessibility of Buildings and the Outdoor Environment.Delft, Dutch Standard Institute, 1988. 67 pages.

Dansk Ingeni�rforning (Danish Engineering Association) Planning ofOpen Spaces as regards Access for Disabled People. Translated by EvaEriksen, Copenhagen, Forlag Normstyrelsen Publicationer, 1984. 51pages.

Denmark. Ministry of Housing, Circular No.49 of 23 MARCH 1972. 6pages.

Goldsmith, Selwyn, Designing for the Disabled. Third Edition. London,RIBA Publications Ltd, 1976. 525 pages.

Grosbois, Louis- Pierre. Handicap Physique et Construction. Third Edition.Paris: Le Moniteur, 1991. 327 pages.

The Housing Committee for the Handicapped (NKB). "Accessibility ofBuildings to Handicapped Persons: Guidlines for Nordic Building Regulation"(preliminary draft). Copenhagen, 1973. 14 pages.

_____. "Bathrooms and Toilets for Everybody". Copenhagen, 1974. 5 pages.

_____. "Dwelling for Everybody". Copenhagen, 1974. 5 pages.

Netherlands. Ministry of Transport and Public Works. Manual TrafficProvisions for people with a Handicap. The Hague, 1986. 138 pages.

Park, Sharon C. and Thomas C Jester "Strategies for Making HistoricProperties Accessible to Persons with Disabilities". United States NationalPark Service, Preservation Assistance Division. 6 pages.

The Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA) in collaborationwith the United Nations and Habitat. Designing with Care: A guide toAdaptation of the built Environment for Disabled People. United Nations,International year of Disabled Persons (IYDP) 1981. 102 pages.

The Research & Training Center of Independent Living. Guidelines forReporting and Writing About People With Disabilities. Third Edition.

Lawrence, Kansas, USA, 1990. 4 pages.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis manual has been prepared by SOLIDERE in collaboration with ESCWA and withthe approval of the Ministry of Social Affairs and the National Committee for theDisabled.

ESCWA expert

RIAD TAPPUNI

Research and textpreparation

MONA KHECHEN

Autocad illustration

KHALED AL-AZHARI ISMAIL AL-TAWIL

Editing

ORESTES PLASENCIA (ESCWA)

Proofreading

LORI SATRISI (ESCWA)

Arabic translation

Saudi Arabia Research Institute (SARI)

Production

The Communications Division-SOLIDERE

accessibility for the disabled_a design manual for a barrier free environment

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