SpellingAcceleratedLearning Lab

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Lesson 230Le

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230

Problem Words

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Student's Name: Date:

Standard I Vocabulary Skills

Prefixes: Unit 1 A ____ B____

Worksheet Prefixes: Unit 1

Prefixes: Unit 2 A ____ B____

Worksheet Prefixes: Unit 2

Prefixes: Unit 3 A ____ B____

Worksheet Prefixes: Unit 3

Suffixes: Unit 1 A ____ B____

Worksheet Suffixes: Unit 1

Suffixes: Unit 2 A ____ B____

Worksheet Suffixes: Unit 2

Synonyms, Antonyms and Figures of Speech A ____ B____ Worksheet: Synonyms, Antonyms and Figures of SpeechDefinitions and Explanations A ____ B____

Worksheet: Definitions and Explanations

Clue Words and Phrases in General Context A ____ B____

Worksheet: Clue Words and Phrases in General Context

Word Classifications A ____ B____

Worksheet: Word Classifications

Word Analogies A ____ B____

Worksheet: Word Analogies

LessonNumber Dates Worked On Date Completed Mastery Test Score

102

112

16, 17, 18 120

Directions to the Instructor: In the column labeled Test Item Number, check the name of the test the student completes (Pretest or Posttest). Then circle the number of each test item missed or left blank. If the student misses one or more test items in a block, circle the number of the lesson that appears in the next column titled Lesson Number.

1, 2, 3 101

Time in Lesson

Directions to the Student: Complete the lessons whose numbers are circled in the order they are listed. 1. Find the lesson with the same lesson number and title in the Reading system. 2. Read the page titled "To The Student," and follow the directions to complete the lesson and the practice test. 3. Enter the date(s) you work on the lesson and the date you pass the mastery test. 4. Each section of a lesson has a worksheet you should complete. Record the date you complete the worksheet on this document. 5. Enter the date(s) you work on the lesson and the date you pass the mastery test. 6. Ask your instructor to enter the mastery test score on your Study Schedule.

Test Item Number

19, 20, 21 125

22, 23, 24 130

4, 5, 6

7, 8, 9 103

10, 11, 12 111

13, 14, 15

25, 26, 27 135

28, 29, 30 140

Pretest Posttest

ReadingStudy Schedule

Student's Name:

LLLeeessssoonNNNNuuummmmbber

111000022

11111122

16, 17, 18 111222200

Directions to thheeee IInnnnsssstttrrucPosttest). Then ccciirrrccclleeeee tthhenumber of tf he leessssssssoooonnnn ttthhat

1, 2, 3 111000011

Directions to thhheeee SSSSStttuuuddensame lesson nummmmmbbbeeeeerrr aanndlesson and the pprrraaaaccccttticccee telesson has a woorrrkkkkssshhhheeeeeett ywork on the lesssooooonnn aaaaannndd th

Test Item Number

19, 20, 21 111222255

22, 23, 24 111333300

4, 5, 6

7, 8, 9 111000033

10, 11, 12 11111111

13, 14, 15

25, 26, 27 111333355

28, 29, 30 111444400

Pretest Posttesstt

Problem WordsLesson 230

Spelling

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Published by Pace Learning Systems, Inc., Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Copyright © 2015 by Pace LearningSystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopy, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Reading

Lesson 201, Reading Strategies: Unit 1

CR07-4201

,

Spelling

Lesson 230 Problem Words

CSP4230

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To the Student You Should Know… How to spell advanced consonant sounds (Lesson 210: Advanced Consonant Sounds) How to spell advanced vowel sounds (Lesson 200: Advanced Vowel Sounds) How to spell using prefixes and suffixes (Lesson 220: Advanced Prefixes and

Suffixes) How to Use This Book… In this book, you will find numbered parts that are called frames. Within these frames, you will be asked to fill in the blanks with a word or words to complete a sentence or question about problem words. Write your answers on a separate piece of paper. Then look at the top of the next page in the book to check your answers. The wording of your answer may vary from the answer in the lesson. Be sure to write an answer for each blank in the lesson. Some words appear in this lesson in boldface type. This style is used to show that the word is important or significant to the study of spelling. Make sure you have the form called the Personal Spelling List. Write any words that you spell incorrectly on it. Then, when you are finished with the lesson, you can look up the definitions to words you had trouble with in the booklet called the Master Spelling List. If you work through the lesson in this way, you will learn how to spell problem words. If you do not know the subjects listed under the You Should Know… section, ask your teacher for the recommended lesson. If you do not understand how to use this book or need assistance with certain frames, ask your instructor for help. Now turn the page and begin.

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Problem Words Objectives:

• You will learn the difference between homophones, homonyms, and homographs.

• You will be able to recognize and define examples of homophones, homonyms, and homographs.

• You will be able to form plurals of irregular and foreign words. • You will know how to correctly form possessives.

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1. English is often a strange language. For every spelling rule there is always an exception. Often the only way to become a really good speller is to memorize the way certain words are spelled. You already know about homophones, which are words that are spelled differently but sound alike, such as too and two. Now let’s look at homonyms.

2. People often get homonyms and homophones confused. Two words such

as knew and new that sound alike but are spelled differently are called _______. In contrast, homonyms are words that are spelled alike and pronounced alike but have different meanings.

3. Consider the word bark. Bark can mean the outer covering of a tree, a

small boat, or the sound a dog makes. All of these words are pronounced the same and spelled the same; they are _______ (homophones / homonyms).

4. What is the meaning of the word bank? _______

A a building where money and valuables are stored B the side of a river C to bounce a ball off a wall or corner D all of the above

5. You can probably guess that the answer to frame 4 is D. The word bank

can mean all of those things; it is a _______ (homonym / homophone). There are thousands of homonyms in the English language.

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6. The only way to tell one homonym from another is through context.

Context is the part of a sentence coming before and after a particular word. Context can change a word’s meaning. For example, which of these sentences causes the word light to mean not heavy? _______

A I asked Franklin to stop turning off the light. B I hate it when I’m outside and all those mosquitoes try to light on me. C The desk we had to move was surprisingly light. D Light can travel faster than anything in the universe.

7. You can tell that the correct answer is C. We know this because of the

_______, which is the group of words coming before the word light. In answer C, the word light must mean not heavy, because if it did not the sentence would not make sense.

8. Let’s try another one. Choose the correct definition of ball in this sentence:

To go to the ball, Rodney had to rent a tuxedo. _______

A a round object B a formal dance C a pitch in baseball that is not over home plate D to crumple up something

answers to page 2

2. homophones 3. homonyms 4. D. all of the above 5. homonym

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9. Excellent! Now you know that _______ (homonyms / homophones) are

words like night and knight that sound alike but are spelled differently, and _______ (homonyms / homophones) are words that sound and are spelled alike but have different meanings.

10. Now let’s look at homographs. A homograph is a word that is spelled the

same as another word but is pronounced differently and has a different meaning. An example is the word bass. Here are two sentences using this word:

A The record large-mouth bass caught in this lake weighed fourteen pounds. B The high school band just bought a new bass drum.

11. The word bass in the first sentence rhymes with grass and means a type of

fish. The word bass in the second sentence rhymes with case and means having a low sound. A word like this is a _______ (homonym / homograph).

12. Here is a funny-looking sentence that also uses homographs:

The farmers in this area produce produce.

In this case the homograph is the word _______. It can mean both to make and fruits and vegetables.

answers to page 3

6. C. The desk we had to move was suprisingly light. 7. context 8. B. a formal dance

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13. I shed a tear because I found a tear in my expensive dress.

In this sentence, the word _______ is a _______ (homonym / homograph). The first tear rhymes with the word _______ (near/ air) and the second tear rhymes with the word _______ (near/ air).

14. Let’s review. Complete the following sentences with the words homonym,

homophone, or homograph.

A _______ is a word that is spelled the same as another word but is pronounced differently and has a different meaning.

A _______ is a word that is spelled the same and pronounced the same as another word but has a different meaning.

A _______ is a word that sounds the same as another word but has a different spelling and meaning.

Answer the following questions about homonyms and homographs.

answers to page 4

9. homophones; homonyms 11. homograph 12. produce

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15. Which of the following is true about the word lead in this sentence?

I had to lead the miners to the lead I found at the bottom of the mine.

A The word lead is a homonym. B The first lead rhymes with speed, and the second lead rhymes with head. C Lead is pronounced the same in both cases. D The first lead rhymes with bread, and the second lead rhymes with need.

16. Choose the correct word in the following examples.

The _______ (role / roll) of the secretary is to call the _______ (role / roll). 17. Normally you cannot buy _______ (desert / dessert) in the _______

(desert / dessert). 18. Common homophones that often confuse people are the words break and

brake. Notice that these two words are spelled _______ (differently / the same) and sound _______ (differently / the same). Break is a verb, as in break a leg, while brake is a noun referring to something that helps a vehicle stop, such as a parking brake.

answers to page 5

13. tear; homograph; near; air 14. homograph; homonym; homophone

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19. Complete this sentence.

I hit the _______ (breaks / brakes) so hard it felt like my foot would _______ (break / brake).

20. Another way people are often confused is with plurals and possessives.

At first, the rules for plurals and possessives seem easy:

A noun is made plural by adding s or es as a suffix. For example, one writer becomes two writers and one cow becomes five _______. One fox becomes two foxes and one tuxedo becomes three _______. A singular noun is made possessive by adding an apostrophe and an s, such as the policeman’s dog or Victor’s hat.

21. Unfortunately, you know that there are always exceptions to these rules!

Since many words do not follow the rules, the only way to learn them is by memorization. Fill in the blanks to complete the table. Each blank is similar to the word above it.

Singular Plural child children ox _______ man men woman _______ foot feet goose _______ shelf shelves leaf _______

answers to page 6

15. B 16. role; roll 17. dessert; desert 18. differently; the same

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22. Other special plurals come from foreign languages. Many of the “big

words” we have in English come from Greek and Latin. Often, Greek and Latin words have strange plurals, even though they are now considered English words.

23. Many of the “big words” in English come from _______ and _______.

Many of the Greek words end in –us, such as cactus, radius, and octopus. Here is the rule:

Greek words that end in –us are made plural by changing the -us to -i.

24. Complete the plural forms of these Greek words. The first two have been

done for you.

Singular Plural cactus (a desert plant) cacti radius (line from center to edge of a circle) radii octopus (eight-legged sea creature) _______ nucleus (center of an atom) _______ hippopotamus (large African animal) _______

25. Many Latin words end in -sis, such as thesis, diagnosis, and crisis. Here is

the rule to make these words plural:

Latin words that end in –sis are made plural by changing the –sis to –ses.

answers to page 7

19. brakes; break 20. cows; tuxedoes 21. oxen; women; geese; leaves

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26. Complete the plural forms of these Latin words. The first two have been

done for you.

Singular Plural analysis (careful examination) analyses thesis (important point in an essay) theses diagnosis (finding out disease) _______ hypothesis (educated guess) _______ crisis (terrible event) _______

27. Very good! Now you can make plurals of some Greek and Latin words.

But English is even stranger than that! For example, you may have heard of graffiti, which are drawings or writings on a wall. However, you may not know that the word graffiti is plural. If you only had one, it would be a graffito.

28. More than one graffito is called _______. This is an Italian word. Another

Italian word you may hear on television is paparazzi. Paparazzi are photographers who take pictures of celebrities. One paparazzi is a paparazzo.

answers to page 8

23. Greek; Latin 24. octopi; nuclei; hippopotami

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29. Here is a list of words you often hear in their plural form. Their singular

form is rarely used:

Singular Plural medium media (television, newspapers, etc.) datum data (information) bacterium bacteria (tiny organisms) stratum strata (layers of rock)

30. Now let’s practice the plural forms you’ve learned. Complete each of the

following sentences with the correct plural or singular form. 31. The kindergarten teacher tried to get the _______ to settle down.

A childs B children C childes D childers

32. We often feed the many _______ in the park.

A geese B gooses C goose D goosi

answers to page 9

26. diagnoses; hypotheses; crises 28. graffiti

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33. That tree has many funny-looking _______.

A branchs B branches C branchi D branchus

34. On his math test, Leon had to measure the _______ of several circles.

A radiuss B radiuses C radi D radii

35. One medium of information is the internet; it is part of the overall

_______.

A mediums B medii C media D medias

answers to page 10

31. B. children 32. A. geese

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36. The blue-ringed octopus is the most dangerous of all _______.

A octopi B octopuss C octopuses D octopusis

37. The scientist was studying bacteria, so she put one tiny _______ under a

microscope.

A bacterio B bacterium C bacterius D bacterii

38. It occurred to Mike that he might not be famous anymore, because when

he left his house he did not see one single _______.

A paparazzo B paparazzi C paparazzium D paparazzia

answers to page 11

33. B. branches 34. D. radii 35. C. media

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39. The doctor was respected throughout the country for his many expert

_______.

A diagnosis B diagnosises C diagnosi D diagnoses

40. Great work! Now let’s talk about possessives. You remember the general

rule about possessives from frame 20:

A singular noun is made possessive by adding an apostrophe and an s, such as the woman’s car or Rico’s shoes.

41. Many plural nouns, however, end in s. For this reason, another s is not

necessary. All that is needed for words that end in s is an apostrophe, such as the boys’ dogs or the bosses’ companies.

answers to page 12

36. A. octopi 37. B. bacterium 38. C. paparazzo

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42. Complete the following sentences with the correct possessive form:

Pedro is running for class president. That is one of _______ campaign posters.

A Pedros B Pedros’ C Pedro’s D Pedros’s

43. I can tell there were gorillas here. These piles of leaves and branches are

the _______ nests.

A gorillas’ B gorilla’s C gorillas D gorillas’s

44. The hippopotamus is a very dangerous creature, so be careful! We are

passing through a dozen _______ territory.

A hippopotamus’ B hippopotami’s C hippopotamuses’ D hippopotamus’s

answers to page 13

39. D. diagnoses

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45. The evidence is very clear; only one criminal was involved. Here are the

_______ footprints.

A criminal’s B criminals’ C criminals D criminals’s

46. He didn’t really know what to feed a llama, so leftover casserole became

the _______ food.

A llamas B llamas’ C llamas’s D llama’s

47. Congratulations! You’ve completed this lesson on spelling problem

words. Keep your Personal Spelling List and add to it any words you misspelled in this lesson. You might also want to add more words to it from the Practice Test. Go to the Summary on the next page and review the guidelines carefully.

answers to page 14

42. C. Pedro’s 43. A. gorillas’ 44. B. hippopotami’s

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answers to page 15

45. A. criminal’s 46. D. llama’s

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Lesson Summary In this lesson you learned about problem words. You learned that homophones are words that are spelled differently and have different meanings but are sounded alike, such as sight and site. You learned that homonyms are words that are spelled the same and sound the same but have different meanings, such as bill (a duck’s beak) and bill (a check needing to be paid). You learned that homographs are words that are spelled the same but sound differently and have different meanings, such as sewer (a person who sews) and sewer (waste water pipe). You learned that context is the sentence surrounding a word that helps give it meaning. You learned that most nouns in English are made plural by adding s or es as a suffix, such as race, races and box, boxes. You learned that there are exceptions to this rule, several of which are listed below: Singular Plural child children ox oxen man men woman women foot feet goose geese shelf shelves leaf leaves

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You learned that words borrowed from foreign languages often have strange plural forms. For Greek words ending in –us it is necessary to change the –us to -i, such as: Singular Plural cactus cacti radius radii octopus octopi nucleus nuclei hippopotamus hippopotami For Latin words ending in –sis it is necessary to change the –sis to –ses, such as: Singular Plural analysis analyses thesis theses diagnosis diagnoses hypothesis hypotheses crisis crises You learned that some words are often used in their plural form, and their singular form is sometimes unknown, such as: Singular Plural graffito graffiti paparazzo paparazzi medium media datum data bacterium bacteria stratum strata You learned that a singular noun is made possessive by adding an apostrophe and an s, such as the lifeguard’s boat or Sandra’s parakeet. All that is needed for plural words that end in s is an apostrophe, such as the girls’ basketball team or the dogs’ barking. If you need to review any parts of this lesson, go back and do so now. If you think you are ready to take the Practice Test, turn the page and begin.

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Pace Learning Systems Spelling

Practice Test

Lesson 230: Problem Words Read each item carefully. Choose the best answer for each item. For Questions 5-10, choose the word that is spelled correctly and best completes the sentence. 1. The word last can mean coming after

all others or to endure. Therefore, last is a _______.

A homonym B homophone C homograph D none of the above 2. Which of these sentences causes the

word sound to mean healthy and good? _______

A The barking of a tiny dog is an annoying sound. B My grandmother was always known for her sound values. C After the storm the ship safely made it to the sound. D The submarine commander tried to sound his ship before it was seen.

3. I wound the bandage around my

wound. In this sentence, wound is a _______.

A homonym B homograph C homophone D none of the above

4. I wish I had read yesterday what I needed to read today.

Which of the following is true about

the word read in this sentence? _______

A It is a homonym. B It is a homophone. C The first read rhymes with dead and the second read rhymes with speed. D The first read rhymes with feed and the second read rhymes with bread.

5. I’m afraid of _______ because they

chase and try to peck me.

A gooses B goosis C gease D geese

6. At Busch Gardens a few years ago,

one of the _______ gave birth.

A hippopotami B hippopotamis C hippoptamuses D hippopotamus

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7. The earthquake was only one of many _______ this year.

A crisis B crisises C crises D criseses

8. It was clear that one _______ of the

rock had been moved by a glacier.

A strata B strati C stratum D strato

9. Because it was broken, I could not open my _______ tailgate.

A trucks B truck’s C trucks’ D trucks’s

10. Kip likes to talk to people online. That is _______ computer.

A Kip’s B Kips’ C Kips’s D Kips

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Pace Learning Systems Spelling

Practice Test Answer Key

Lesson 230: Problem Words

Answer Content to Review Frames to Review

1. A Understanding homonyms and homophones 1 – 9 2. B Understanding homonyms and homophones 1 – 9 3. B Understanding homographs 10 – 15 4. C Understanding homographs 10 – 15 5. D Understanding irregular plurals 20 – 21 6. A Understanding plurals of Greek words 22 – 24 7. C Understanding plurals of Latin words 25 – 26 8. C Understanding rare singular forms 27 – 29 9. B Understanding how to form possessives 40 – 46 10. A Understanding how to form possessives 40 – 46

NOTE: Write any word you misspelled on your Personal Spelling List.

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Pace Learning Systems10852 Mallard Lake LaneCottondale, AL 35453-2210

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