academic presentation on road network

BAYERO UNIVERSITY, KANOCIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL

(CIV8330)ASSIGNMENT

ON

REVIEW OF ROAD NETWORKBY

KAMALADDEN MOHAMMED RUMAHSPS/15/MCE/00018

([email protected])

COURSE LECTURER:Dr. HASHIM M. ALHASSAN

Introduction Historical overview (Literature review) Hierarchy of road network Analysis of road network Operation of road network Future road network Conclusion References

Outlined Of The Study

The road network is a set of nodes representing spatial locations and displays topological and geometric variations. (Wyatt, 1997)

Road networks are observed in terms of its components of accessibility, connectivity, traffic density, level of service, compactness, and density of particular roads (Mannering, Walter, and Scott, 2004)

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION CONT…

Fig. 1: Typical road network

In general term, Road Network consists of nodes at intersection and links connecting the intersection which are categorized into primary and/or secondary roads known as arterial and/or minor roads respectively

INTRODUCTION CONT…

There are many examples of early man-made roads that are found in various parts of the world.

Historically, people have travelled and goods have been moved from one place to another:

by road; walking and riding, using humans and various beasts to carry goods or to pull sleds, carts, carriages and wagons, and (since the late 19th century) using cycles and motor vehicles such as cars, buses and lorries;

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

by water, i.e. using (since early times) ships and boats on seas, rivers and canals;

by rail, i.e. initially using animals (in the early 19th century) and then steam-, oil- or electric-powered locomotives to pull passenger carriages and goods wagons; and

by air, i.e. using airships and airplanes (in the 20th century).

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW; CONT…

Early manufactured roads were; the stone-paved streets in the Middle East

(4000 BC), the corduroy-log paths near Glastonbury,

England (3300 BC), and brick paving in India (3000 BC).


the first 'professional' road network-makers was Roman road system, which consist of 29 major roads radiating from Rome to the outermost fringes of the Empire (totaled 78000 km).

The roads were commonly constructed at least 4.25 m wide to enable two chariots to pass with ease.


Overall, the first 40 years of the 20th century were years of evolutionary development rather than revolutionary change for roads.

Initially, the emphasis was on 'laying the dust' using, mainly, tar and bitumen surfacing, and then on reconstructing existing roads.


A safe and efficient road network combines the various types of roads in a hierarchical form thus facilitating the stepped adjustment of driving techniques from arterial routes to the domestic environment.

HIERARCHY OF ROAD NETWORK

The road network can be categorized into three types i.e. Arterial roads, collector roads and local streets

Arterial Roads – Arterial roads primarily serve long-distance travel and are typically designed as either access controlled or partially access controlled facilities with limited locations at which vehicles can enter or exit the roadway (typically via on- or off-ramps)

HIERARCHY OF ROAD NETWORK CONT…

Features; • Through traffic movements • Longer distance traffic movements • Line haul public transport task • Regional cycle movements (off road)



Figure 2: Principal Arterial Source: Ohio Statewide Imagery Program

Sub Arterial Roads – Sub Arterials provide service for trips of moderate length, serve geographic areas that are smaller than their higher Arterial counterparts and offer connectivity to the higher Arterial system


Collector roads –As their name implies, Collectors “collect” traffic from Local Roads and connect traffic to Arterial roadways. Collector routes are typically shorter than Arterial routes but longer than Local Roads. Collectors often provide traffic circulation within residential neighborhoods as well as commercial, industrial or civic districts


Features of collectors road; • carry traffic having a trip end within the

specific area • Direct access to properties • Access to public transport • Pedestrian movements • Local cycle movements



Figure 3: typical Collector roadsSource: www.roadstothefuture.com

http://www.roadstothefuture.com/

Local roads – Local Roads are often classified by default. In other words, once all Arterials and Collector roadways have been identified, all remaining roadways are classified as Local Roads


Features of local; • Direct access to properties • Pedestrian movements • Local cycle movements


Figure 4: typical local roadsSource: Google earth


Road Network Operations concerns all activities directly related to the concept of providing services for all users of the network

ROAD NETWORK OPERATIONS

Increasingly, opportunities exist to provide these services to customers through technological innovations arising from Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). To achieve these outcomes it is vital that we engage with all of our road network partners.

In achieving sustainable Road Network Operations it is imperative that the performance of the road network is considered as part of an integrated transport system

ROAD NETWORK OPERATIONS CONT…

The analysis of the road network involves the recognition of the patterns and qualities of the roads

Many techniques had earlier been used in analyzing road network patterns namely, connectivity, shortest path spanning tree, and minimum cost spanning tree from graph theory to facilitate structural analysis and road selection in the road networks.

ANALYSIS OF ROAD NETWORK

Modern techniques introduced for the explanation of the effects of accessibility on property values range from geographically weighted regression technique, multinomial logit models to geo-spatial analysis adopting the Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

ANALYSIS OF ROAD NETWORK CONT…

One of the techniques to ensure detailed analysis of the road network pattern is the graph theory.


A graph-based approach in studying patterns of road networks involves the introduction of hierarchical structure of different graphs to reproduce different levels of details of the network. The basic graph contains nodes and lines, the nodes represent line intersections, edges correspond to lines, and topological structure of the graph results in patterns of the road network (Heinzle, Anders, and Sester, 2005)


Better information has the power to unlock more value from our road networks. Already, drivers can get information about their journeys using the internet, Smartphone applications and a dedicated customer information line, allowing them to plan ahead. Traffic information can be delivered into the vehicle, keeping drivers aware of changes to the network’s status while they travel.

FUTURE ROAD NETWORKS

By 2040, experts expect a world of connected vehicles and road users in road networks, where ‘semi-autonomous’ and ‘autonomous’ control of vehicles will be part of life. Vehicles will communicate not only with the road infrastructure, but increasingly with each other within a network of advanced roads. Innovative ways to make vehicles cooperate with one another, such as the ‘platooning’ approach for heavy vehicles on strategic roads, have the potential to make our road networks work better for everyone.

FUTURE ROAD NETWORKS CONT…

This means that we are potentially on the verge of a great change in the way that we use our roads, and in the way that roads affect our economy and quality of life.

Therefore, advanced technologies is needed to deliver huge benefits for individual users and for the road network as a whole in the future.

CONCLUSION

“Managing our road networks, better to drive economic growth, boost innovation and give road users more for their money”-Alan Cook, November 2011

CONTRIBUTION

A historical overview of the development of the road

C.A. O'Flaherty Lay, M.G., Ways of the World. Sydney: Primavera

Press, 1993. Pannell, J.P.M., An Illustrated History of Civil

Engineering. London: Thames and Hudson, 1964. A Four Level Road Hierarchy For Network,

Planning And Management. Eppell, J.M. Bunker And B.A. Mcclurg; 20th ARRB

Conference, Melbourne.

REFERENCES

Highway Functional Classification: Concepts, Criteria And Procedures; 2013 Edition

US Department Of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration

Main Roads Western Australia; Road Network Operations Strategy, 2006-2010

Smarter Roads, Better Journeys Action for Roads, A network for the 21st century, July

2013 Department for transportation, UK http://dlca.logcluster.org/display/DLCA?

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REFERENCES

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