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ABSTRACTS

Conference chairman Ahmed Adel Abdulazim

Secretary General Nabil Abdel Ghany

4th

International Conference on Corrosion Mitigation and Surface Protection Technologies

14-17 December, 2015, Seagull Hotel - Hurghada, Egypt

Egyptian Corrosion Society (ECS) Email: [email protected]

ORAL URLs: www.egy-corr.org www.egycorr.net

LIST OF ORALS

[1] University Industry Partnership

Saad El-Raghy

[2] Protection of boilers from corrosion and scale forming

Aly El- Ghannam

[3] Boiler chemical cleaning (water side) Aly El- Ghannam

[4] Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in cooling water containing chloride and sulfate ions

Amr Ahmed Elsayed and Yehia Mohamed Elshazly

[5] Corrosion Failure Analysis of Old Boiler Blow Buried Steel Tanks

Mohamed Ahmed Khalil

[6] Corrosion Inhibition - Efficient Also Under High Flow?

Günter Schmitt

[7] Fascinating Role of Surfactants in Corrosion Inhibition in Petroleum Industry

Ahmed Al-Sabagh

[8] Corrosion Inhibition for Acidizing Oil Wells

N.A. Abdel Ghany, M.F. Shehata, R.M. Saleh and A A. El Hosary

[9] Solving Downhole Plugging Problem by Injecting Tetrakis Hydroxymethy Phosphonium Sulphate (THPS)

Maamoun Mohamed Tawfik Khattab, Moamen Said Mohamed Yehia,

Mohamed Ibrahim Hegazy and Hosny Ismail Youssif

4th





[10] Effect of acetic acid concentrations and CO2 on corrosion behaviour of carbon steel pipelines

Ahmed .M. El-Aziz, H. Hussein and Dina Essam

[11] Optimum Treatment of Oil Field Produced Water towards Inhibition of Pipeline Corrosion and Safe Injection in Oil Formation

Gamal Khedr

[12] Residual analysis of Scale Inhibitors in Oil Field: Why?

A A. El Hosary N.A. Abdel Ghany, M.F. Shehata

[13] Corrosion problems in Natural Gas Industry

Mohamed El Daoushy

[14] Tribocorrosion mechanisms in thermally sprayed and laser deposited coatings on stainless steel and titanium alloys

Peter A OLUBAMBI

[15] Corrosion control through organic coatings

Abd El Aziz Gomaa

[16] Properties and Corrosion Behaviour of Composite Electroless Ni-B-SiC Coatings

Panayota Vassiliou, Elsa Georgiza and Venice Gouda

[17] Aluminium coatings for corrosion protection applications

S. Zein El Abedin, …………..

[18] Microstructural modifications induced by a corrosion inhibitor admixed to reinforced mortar samples E. Volpi, S.P. Trasatti and D.A. Koleva

[19] Corrosion by iron ore of the tank top platting of bulk carriers –a laboratory approach

4th





Panayota Vassiliou, ………..

[20] The Anticorrosion Effect of Ni- RGO -TiO2 nanocomposite coating on mild steel in neutral environment

Kh. El-Sayed, Taher A. Salah Eldin, Z. Abdel Hamid and H. B. Hassan, M.W.Khalil

[21] Effect of overheating on the performance and properties of 9%Cr Heat Resisting steel

Randa Abdel-Kari, Taha Mattar, Mohamed Ismail, Mohamed K. El Fawkhry and Saad El-Raghy

[22] Corrosion resistant improvement of 316 L Stainless steel surface by plasma

oxidation

Saad Ghareba, ArashShahryari, LeronVandsburger, Philippe Jeanty, Sylvain Coulombe and Sasha Omanovic

[23] Enhancement of corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys via hard anodizing

Omar E. Abdel-Salam, Madiha A. Shoeib and Hagar Ashour Elkilany

[24] Electrochemical behavior and corrosion prevention of selected industrial materials

Rabab M. El-Sherif

[25] Electrochemical Behavior of an Electrode Metallic Wire during Electrical Discharge Machining

A. DAIMELLAH, R. L’HADDAD, Y. BENMERADI and F. HELLAL

[26] STUDY OF THE CORROSION MECHANISM OF IRON ARTEFACTS IN SOIL

E. Baužytė, S. Grassini, E. Angelini, D. Fulginiti, M. Parvis, N. Schiavon, V. Gouda and P. Vassiliou

https://exchange.mcgill.ca/owa/?ae=Item&t=IPM.Note&a=New&to=leron.vandsburger%40gmail.com&nm=Leron+Vandsburger

https://exchange.mcgill.ca/owa/?ae=Item&t=IPM.Note&a=New&to=coulombe.sylvain%40gmail.com&nm=Prof.+Sylvain+Coulombe



4th





[27] DYNAMIC LASER CLEANING FOR CORROSION PRODUCT REMOVAL

M. Hrnjic, E. Angelini, S. Grassini, M. Parvis, L. A. Angurel, R. Lahoz, X. de la Fuente, N. Schiavon and F. Porcelli

[28] Anti-tarnishing Lacquer for Preservation of Copper, Brass, and Bronze Architectural Work

Ashok Mohanty, S. K. Tiwari, T. Mishra and S. Chakravarty

[29] Multidiscipline cathodic protection system for sites of complex facilities

Saher Shawki

[30] Cathodic protection design for complex network

Ashraf Abd El-Baseer Ali

[31] A Study of Induced Voltages and Currents on Metallic Pipelines Neighbor to HV.T.L

Ahmed A.Hossam-Eldin and Ahmed Wahba

[32] Corrosion threats and in services planning and mitigations

Alaa Ahmed Abdelaziz

[33] Investigation of Cathodic Delamination by Using Different Types of Organic Coating on Steel Substrate

Nagi. Alsahabi and Issa Ali

[34] On-stream Inspection techniques to evaluate integrity of plants

Carlo Blasi and Giovanna Gabetta

[35] Cases Study for Corrosion in Heat Affected Zone of Carbon Steel

Mazen Mahmoud Mohamed

4th





[36] Corrosion Failure Analysis in Thermal Power Plants and Petroleum Industries

I.M. Ghayad, S. M. Mohamed and N.N. Girgis

[37] Fatigue Failure of 316 Stainless Steel welded tubes

Khalifa Abouswa

[38] Failure analysis of a ball valve in 12”crude oil offshore Pipeline

Medhat A. Hegazi, Sherif M. Anwar, Rawia M. Hammouda and Mohamed A. Taha

[39] The influence of temperature on the performance of morpholine methylene phosphonic acid (MMPA) as scale inhibitor in oil field water

Abubaker Elayatt, Elfitouri Ahmied Mohamed

[40] Stress Corrosion Cracking Of 316 Stainless Steel Plates Of Heat Exchanger

S. A. Khodi and H. Abdel-Aleem

ORAL ABSTRACTS

4th International Conference on Corrosion Mitigation and Surface Protection Technologies 14-17 December, 2015, Seagull Hotel - Hurghada, Egypt



1

University Industry Partnership Saad El-Raghy

Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University

Abstract UNISPAR term was coined by UNESCO 1986 standing for university - industry science

partnership; a program to encourage the three parties to join effort in developing countries.

An active relation between university and the industry is very important and results in

mutual benefits. The author has participial in good number of projects financed by the

industry as well as national and international organizations. This presentation will give

examples of this cooperation showing their benefits for both sides.

The first and more important project is "20 years cooperation between Cairo University and

EgyptAlum". It started as an MIT-Cairo University project through "Technology Adaptation

Program" , followed by University Linkage Program. This phase was useful for academia

and industry to formulate common language. Aluminum Company of Egypt wanted to

develop their Soderberg Reduction Cells and voted for local venture with Cairo University

team. The development work at the university ended with the basic design of the

prebacked cell through mathematical modeling of the electromagnetics, heat transfer,

stress analysis and electrochemistry of the cell. The company took over to the following

phases of detailed design, manufacturing and operation of the cell. The new cell proved to

have higher productivity, less power consumption and better working environment. Seven

scientific publications and 6 thesis came out of this project.

Another example of partnership was financial by the Academy of Science to look at the

needs of Egypt of types of special steels. This project included a market survey and making

two selected types of special steel. Laboratory facilities were added at Cairo University.

Also three M.Sc thesis and publications were additional fruits of this work.

A team of the university as well as specialists of the industry actued as consultant for the

National Bank of Egypt to evaluate a major thin slab casting and rolling of steel mill. The

Bank needed this study to decide financing the project.

These examples are few of many projects carried out and were a win-win formula for both

industry and university.




2

Protection of boilers from corrosion and scale forming

Aly El- Ghannam

Abstract Existence of some impurities in boiler feed water leads to corrosion and scale

formation. These impurities are oxygen, carbon dioxide, dissolved solids, and

suspended solids. If these dissolved gases are not removed before entering the

boiler they will cause serious damage to the boiler equipment. In addition the rate of

corrosion increases when some dissolved solids such as these include chloride and

sulfate ions enter or be concentrated in boiler.

Dissolution of iron increases in acidic medium leads to metal loss. When the pH is

raised it precipitate forming deposits which increases the corrosion and lead to

rupture of boiler tubes due to thermal stress.

The steam that produced from the boiler may contain harmful gases and its

tendency to dissolve metal increases. The acidic property of this steam is more

than boiler water so it is more corrosive.

Boiler may be out of service for a short or long time so it must be preserved to

protect it from corrosion.

From the previous we deduce that to prevent boiler corrosion and scale forming we

have to

-Conditioning metal surface with nonporous magnetite layer.

-Conditioning the corrosive environment and that means to treat corrosive gases,

prevent formation of scale and put the boiler in proper conditions.

-In case that the boiler is in storage we have to preserve it with effective chemicals

and method.

We will discuss the effective methods to protect boiler from corrosion and scale

forming by applying suitable chemicals.




3

Boiler chemical cleaning (Water side)

Aly El- Ghannam

Abstract In definite and specific condition we have to take the decision to perform a boiler

chemical cleaning process. Although chemical cleaning is effective it is neither risk

free nor simple.

A decision tree or logic diagram for help make clean decision can be developed by

creating a series of questions and response that lead to the decision to clean or not

to clean. The sequence f question may vary from to unit.

The chemical cleaning process consists of a series of operations which must be

known not only for the team who apply but also for the team who follow up the

process.

Laboratory studies must be done before starting the operations. These studies must

be done to determine the deposit chemical structure and calculate its quantity. The

choice of the suitable chemicals and conditions studies must be done. Another

study such as metallurgic study is important to make the process more successful.

Here we will define and explain the occasions requiring chemical cleaning ,the

steps and laboratory activities required to follow up.




4

Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in cooling water containing

chloride and sulfate ions

Amr Ahmed Elsayeda, Yehia Mohamed Elshazlyb

a Corrosion Engineer at Egyptian Projects Operation and Maintenance (EPROM),

Alexandria, Egypt.

Email: [email protected]

b Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria

University, Egypt.


Abstract

This work studies the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in chloride and sulfate

solutions. These ions usually exist in industrial cooling water and can cause severe

corrosion. The inhibition effect of many corrosion inhibitors falls because of the

presence of these ions in the cooling water. In this study, the inhibition effect of

molybdate-nitrite corrosion inhibitor was improved by increasing the stability of the

protective layer formed over the steel surface. It also designs a corrosion inhibitor

mixture for carbon steel in various environments containing up to 1000, 2000 ppm

(wt) of NaCl and (NH4)2SO4 respectively at pH 5 and matches with the

environmental limits. It also acts against MIC, hence reduces the required biocides

for cooling water treatment. The effect of the corrosion inhibitor components and

the effect of environmental parameters on corrosion inhibition were studied. As

usually used in industry, the coupons weight loss technique was used. The

corrosion inhibitor was tested at various velocities, concentrations and

temperatures. A corrosion inhibition of 99.33% was delivered. The experiments

use the factorial experimental design to find the interactions among a three

components corrosion inhibitor. The best combination that reduces corrosion and

meets the environmental limitations was used as a starting point for the one-factor-

at-a-time approach to study the effect of each component individually on the carbon

steel corrosion and find the local minimum in corrosion rate. Various combinations

of the corrosion inhibitor components are introduced according to the required cost,

environmental limitations and corrosion inhibition required.

mailto:[email protected]





5

Corrosion Failure Analysis of Old Boiler Blow Buried Steel Tanks

Dr. Mohamed Ahmed Khalil

Raslanuf Oil and Gas processing company.

Corrosion Engineering Spicalist

Technical Services Department

P.O.Box 2323 Tripoli

00218-91-3804797 & 00218-924084797

E-mail :[email protected]

[email protected]

Abstract

Corrosion Failure analysis has been conducted, on buried steel boiler blow down

tanks (20-Q-33A/B). All available documents concerning tanks materials, original

coating technical specification, construction, design and operating temperatures,

historical inspection results have been reviewed, evaluated and presented. Internal

external and visual inspection and potential measurements have been performed,

in order to evaluate, the old tanks corrosion existing, condition and to conduct the

necessary remedy corrective action. The inspection obtained results, revealed that,

both tanks have been extremely, subjected to stray current corrosion, from the

utility plant existing underground cathodically protected structures. The investigation

revealed that, both tanks, have been severely corroded, especially at tank heads

which found to be, completely deteriorated. Both tanks have been individually

replaced, by new ones, with same construction material. A suitable portative

coating system has been selected, and recommended to be applied at the

manufacture. A separate new cathodic protection system, has been designed,

installed and commissioned, all commissioning data has been recorded, evaluated

and presented. Periodical monitoring program has been fixed, and carried out using

periodical potential measurements, by using of both portable and permanent

reference-electrodes. The obtained results of more than 10 years were recorded,

interpreted, presented and revealed that, both new tanks, are externally adequately

cathodically protected.




6

Corrosion Inhibition - Efficient Also Under High Flow?

Günter Schmitt

IFINKOR - Institute for Maintenance and Corrosion Protection Technologies

Kalkofen 4, D-58638 Iserlohn, Germany

[email protected]

Abstract

In many industries the application of corrosion inhibitors is vital for failure prevention. Although

added in only tiny concentrations they can provide enormous protection in many technical corrosion

systems. Generally, corrosion inhibition is characterized as a heterogeneous interface/interphase

process in which inhibitor molecules interact with surface atoms and by that reduce the rate of

corrosion reactions. The intensity of interactions (physisorption, chemisorption) with free metal

surfaces and surfaces of corrosion product scales (and other scales) has been subject to numerous

scientific investigations mainly focussing on structure-efficiency relationships. However, it has been

realized in recent years that corrosion inhibitors can be active not only by adsorption on solid

surfaces but also within the corrosion medium when it comes to flow.

It was shown that corrosion inhibitors can influence the flow dynamic properties of liquids and

decrease the friction (wall shear stress) between solid surfaces and flowing media, thus reducing the

risk of flow induced localized corrosion (FILC). For a long time the mechanism of this effect was an

open question. It was found that inhibitors can increase the critical wall shear stress for the initiation

of FILC. In systems which form protective films or scales (this is the case in most aqueous corrosion

systems except highly acidic and some highly alkaline systems) FILC is initiated by a crack/spall

mechanism of the protective scale. However, it became obvious that wall shear stresses

encountered in technical flow systems are orders of magnitude too small to provide the fracture

stresses needed to crack protective scales by hydrodynamic forces.

The newly developed “Freak Energy” approach offers a solution for this problem. It assumes that

high-energy near-wall turbulence elements create freak events which impinge the surface vertically

with forces higher than the fracture stress of scales. It was proved that corrosion inhibitors can

reduce the impact energy of such freak events significantly below the fracture stress of scales thus

preventing initiation of FILC. Mechanistically this is explained by flow-induced concentrating of

inhibitor molecules in or near the viscous sublayer of the turbulent boundary layer causing a cushion

effect for impinging near-wall turbulence elements. Structure/efficiency relationships for inhibiting

and drag reducing compounds are discussed.





7

Fascinating Role of Surfactants in Corrosion Inhibition in

Petroleum Industry

Ahmed Al-Sabagh

Abstract:

Surface active agents (surfactants) play an important role in the corrosion

inhibition of different types of steel alloys in all corrosion problems in

petroleum industry. The ability of surfactants to reduce the surface and the

interfacial tension put them in a superior position to apply in petroleum

industry. Different type of surfactant is used as corrosion inhibitor in all

petroleum processing. Quaternary polyvinyl heterocyclic compounds have

been described as useful corrosion inhibitors particularly in acid systems. In

some cases, the nonionic surfactants were used alone or in mixtures with

cationic or anionic surfactants to make the inhibitor more tolerance

against high salt concentration in the formation water. The corrosion inhibition

effect of surfactants can be attributed to the strong adsorption ability of

surfactant molecules onto the reactive sites of the metal surface, preventing the

supply of the aggressive ions to the surface. The surface active properties and

thermodynamic parameters of surfactants could be used as indicator for

corrosion inhibition efficiency of surfactants as corrosion inhibitors. A lot of

papers and patents derived us to service the petroleum sectors in area of

corrosion inhibition.




8

Corrosion Inhibition for Acidizing Oil Wells N.A. Abdel Ghany, M.F. Shehata, R.M. Saleh and A A. El Hosary

Physical Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

Acidizing is a common job in both new and old oil and gas wells. In new wells acids

are forced into the pore spaces of the rock formation, dissolving them, enlarging the

existing flow channels and open new ones to the wellbore. In old wells it is used for

the removal of scale deposits which cause plugging the porosity of the formation

containing oil and/or gas and decreasing the production of the wells. Formation of

deposits on production equipments is also major problem, causes corrosion, flow

restriction and production decline.

The majority of acidizing treatments utilize HCl at high concentrations and high

temperatures. To avoid the acid attack on the metallic surface, highly effective

corrosion inhibitors are needed for this process.

In this paper, tow inhibitors formulations have been investigated for the inhibition of

mild steel in 15 and 20% HCl solutions at 65 and 90°C. One of these formulations is

composed mainly from coal tar distillation product (CTDP) and the second from the

aqueous extract of Ginger. The corrosion inhibition effectiveness was measured

from the weight loss of the steel coupons after immersing in the acid solution for 6

hours. The results showed decrease of corrosion rate (CR) and increase the

inhibition efficiency (Inh. Eff.) with increasing the concentration of the two inhibitors.

In 15% HCl, The lowest CR values given by CTDP are 0.112 and 1.365 g/dm2,

respectively, at 65 and 90°C. The corresponding blank CR values are 8.162 and

14.02 g/dm2, and the maximum Inh. Eff. values are 98.6 and 90.3%. Ginger extract

formulation achieved 99.3 and 96%, respectively at 65 and 95°C. No significant

change in the efficiency of the two formulations has been obtained with increasing

the HCl concentration to 20%.

The results have been compared with those obtained with commercial currently

used inhibitors and it is found that the two formulations are more effective.




9

Solving Downhole Plugging Problem by Injecting Tetrakis Hydroxymethy Phosphonium Sulphate (THPS)

*Maamoun Mohamed Tawfik Khattab, *Moamen Said Mohamed Yehia, *Mohamed Ibrahim Hegazy, *Hosny Ismail Youssif

Qarun Petroleum Company (QPC), Cairo, Egypt

Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

Yomna field is one of Qarun petroleum company fields, it has 18 producing wells.

All of them are artificial (ESP/SRP) and most of these wells have a downhole

plugging problem due to precipitation of iron sulphide at the pump intake. The

reasons behind the presence of the iron sulphide is the reservoir souring due to the

sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) and increasing the iron count gradually in the

reservoir due to sour corrosion of well tubing and recycling of produced water to

reservoir through water flood system. Recorded consequences of reservoir souring

include production loss, failures of surface production flow lines, and in addition to

resume production, workover is required to clean downhole plugging and/or surface

flow line rehabilitation/replacement. Three choices were available to solve this

problem; (1) to inject nitrate to overcome reservoir souring, (2) to inject Acrolein to

control reservoir souring, and (3) to inject THPS to dissolve the iron sulphide and

kill SRB at well downhole and surface facilities. Last choice has been selected and

applied. The obtained results were very good; increase in productivity and decrease

in failure frequency.

Keywords: THPS, iron sulphide, SRB, Acrolein, nitrate, reservoir souring, corrosion,

downhole plugging.







10

Effect of acetic acid concentrations and CO2 on corrosion behaviour of carbon steel pipelines

Ahmed .M. El-Aziz1,2, Dina Essam1

Ahmed .M. El-Aziz1,2

, H. Hussein3, Dina Essam

1

1German University in Cairo, Materials Science Department, 11835 New Cairo, Egypt

2Department of physical chemistry, National Research Center, 12622 Cairo, Egypt

3Engineering for the Petroleum and Process Industries Enppi, 11361 Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

The influence of acetic acid concentrations and CO2 on the corrosion behaviour of

carbon steel pipelines X52 was investigated. The corrosion behaviour was studied

at temperature 80 °C with different acetic acid concentrations ranging from (250,

500, 1000 ppm) using electrochemical techniques and weight loss measurements.

The microstructure was investigated after each test. The current study showed that

in the weight loss method the corrosion rates were directly proportional with

increasing in acetic acid concentration except for 500ppm. Similar results have

obtained from electrochemical measurements, whereas, the corrosion rates

significantly dependent on the concentration of acetic acid. The proposed corrosion

mechanism is called “direct reduction” of acetic acid. The acetic acid is reduced at

the metal surface according to the following reaction, in addition to the reduction of

hydrogen ions typical for all acids.

2HAC + 2e- → H2 + 2AC-

This mechanism has been supported by the change in the solution pH value and

the high corrosion rate of steel with increasing the concentration of acetic acid.




11

Optimum Treatment of Oil Field Produced Water towards Inhibition of Pipeline Corrosion and Safe Injection in Oil Formation

Prof. Dr. Gamal Khedr

Consultant of Water Desalination/Treatment, Ministry of Water & Electricity, Saudi Arabia

Abstract Severe localized corrosion of pitting and crevice types was detected on the internal surface

of the C-steel pipelines which transmit the treated oil field produced water (OFPW), for

several tens of kilometers, to the point of reinjection in the oil formation in order to enhance

the oil productivity.

OFPW is a highly polluted wastewater stream, the most important in the oil industry at a

much higher rate than the oil itself. Its treatment by the conventional (injection of O2

scavenger /coagulation/settling/media filtration) in the Suez Gulf was reported to be

insufficient and would lead, upon injection, to blocking of the porous structure of the oil

formation

Site inspection revealed the formation of thick grey black biofilm of a strong hydrogen

sulfide smell on the internal pipe wall and of solid scales on the well casing and pipelines.

Analysis showed the deterioration of the produced water quality by increase of content of

organics, suspended solids, iron compounds and other minor pollutants.

The biofilm had a strong bacterial count mainly of the anaerobic sulfate reducing bacteria

(SRB). Upon drying, ignition, acid digestion analysis showed a high percent by weight of

iron and sulfur, a remarkably high concentration of radioactive isotopes U238 and Ra226 & 228

and heavy metals ( HMs), at much higher concentrations than the traces in the Gulf water.

SRB was confirmed to induce microbial corrosion of steel and deposition of HMs and

radioisotopes through enzymatic reduction during anaerobic respiration

Upon comparative investigation of several techniques the proposed process of “intermittent

chlorination/coagulation/nanofiltration” of OFPW efficiently rejected the sulfate, which is the

material of anaerobic respiration and hardness scale deposition. NF rejected also efficiently

the radioisotopes, and HM cations and polished the removal of organics, bacteria, and

suspended solids. This process inhibited the formation of scales, accumulation of biomass,

corrosion of pipelines as well as the related undesirable phenomena. It, therefore, resulted

in a high quality PW for safe injection or the other environmental, agricultural or industrial

reuse purposes.




12

Residual analysis of Scale Inhibitors in Oil Field: Why?

A A. El Hosary N.A. Abdel Ghany, M.F. Shehata,

Physical Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

Residual analysis of corrosion and scale inhibitors and other additives is commonly

carried out in oil fields to ensure the effectiveness of these additives at different

conditions or travel through fluids. In the present paper, the residual analysis of

scale inhibitor has been carried out as a part of study case of scale-induced failure

of pump in an oil field.

The laboratory measurements confirmed the visual inspection of the broken parts of

the pump. The water contains high concentrations of Ca cations and bicarbonate

anions, indicating high tendency of CaCO3 deposits. This is in agreement with the

analysis of the collected scale, which is mainly CaCO3.

On the other hand, the residual analysis showed measurable amounts from the

constituents of the scale inhibitor. This discrepancy has been discussed in view of

the interaction mechanisms of scale inhibition. Finally, it has been concluded that

the measurement of the residual of one constituent of inhibitor formulation is not

satisfied. Also, correlation of the residual analysis with the inhibition action is highly

needed.




13

Corrosion problems in Natural Gas Industry

Dr Mohamed El Daoushy

Oil , Gas Technolgy & Industry Consultant

Ministry of Industry& Foreign Trade

[email protected]

Abstract

This paper deals with the corrosion problems encountered in some Egyptian gas

integrated industries starting from gas field production operations (offshore and

onshore) and ending with gas processing and petrochemicals production.

Daoushy Natural gas Model (DNG Model) deals with hydrocarbon wet &dry sour

and sweet natural gas types which are liable to contain corrosive constituents ,e.g.

CO2,H2S,Hg,chlorides,etc.. Some examples are given from different natural gas

reservoirs from Egypt Mediterranean offshore, Western desert, North Nile Delta and

Suez Gulf fields in addition to some North Sea and Arab Gulf Gas fields .

Construction materials for engineered equipment, pipelines and gas handling

equipments have to deal with all types of produced natural gases containing

corrosive contaminants and how to counteract their deleterious effects.

Corrosion mitigation processes include the utilization of corrosion resistant alloys,

corrosion inhibitors, application of surface coatings and cathodic protection in

addition to operational process control. Some applied corrosion control techniques

are highlighted.




14

Tribocorrosion mechanisms in thermally sprayed and laser

deposited coatings on stainless steel and titanium alloys

Peter A OLUBAMBI

1Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg

2Institute for NanoEngineering Research, Tshwane University of Technology,

Pretoria

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Stainless steels and titanium based alloys find enormous use in many engineering

applications. The demands for quality control on stainless steels and titanium based

components being used in many heavy engineering sectors and the emerging

technological innovations are however very stringent and are critical to their safe

and efficient usage. Of particular interest, the corrosion and wear responses of the

surfaces of these materials have become more important with the continuous

development of science and technology. In order to improve and extend the service

lives of the components made of these alloys, global efforts are currently being

tailored on exploring possible different tribological and corrosion resistant coating

formulations with multifunctional properties. Recent studies done in our research

group on understanding the metallurgical interactions during thermal spray and

laser materials deposition of tungsten carbide and chrome carbide based coatings

and titanium-nickel-zirconia based smart coatings on the surfaces of stainless

steels and titanium as well as the responses of the coatings under the synergistic

actions of wear and corrosion in chloride, sulphate and simulated mine water

environment are given in this presentation.





15

Corrosion control through organic coatings

Dr. Abd El Aziz Gomaa

(Consultant)

Abstract

Paints are found everywhere, refrigerator, furniture, coating of electrical wire,

houses, car, ship, bridges, tanks…

Paints are defined as liquid, paste, or powder coating materials which enable

optically opaque coating to be produced with decorative, protective and if necessary

also specific technical properties.

The main components of paints are binders, pigments, solvents and additives.

Paints & coatings reflect economic development of a country. The global demand

for paints and coatings is rise by ≈ 4 % annually with total sales of $132.3 billion

(2014), by 2015 the industry is expected to be worth 142 billion dollars.

Sales of solvent based paints & coatings are falling; the target is limiting the VOC

(volatile organic compounds).

Technical innovations remains a priority in the coating industry, where complying

the regulations is mandatory.

The challenges facing the industry include environmental rules and regulations

threats of substitutes. More challenges are reducing cost, improving the

performance with fulfilling strict legal requirements.

Corrosion can seriously damage a substrate. Corrosion costs about 3 % of GDP.

Cost of corrosion estimated to exceed $ 1 trillion in the United States in 2013.

Different mechanisms are used by paints for corrosion control, like barrier coating,

using inorganic inhibitive pigments, sacrificial pigments or using special types of

binders.

Corrosion of substrates undercoating takes place in stages; early detection will

permit correction of the problem, thereby preventing ultimate failure.

The future of paint industry is for high solids paints, water based paints, powder

coatings. Smart or “intelligent” coatings are used for many applications. These

coatings refer to the concept of coatings able to sense their environment and make

an appropriate response to the stimulus.




16

Properties and Corrosion Behaviour of Composite Electroless Ni-

B-SiC Coatings

Panayota Vassiliou1, Elsa Georgiza1, Venice Gouda2

1School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece


2National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

The study of electroless Ni-B coatings is pursued in order to obtain deposits on

metal substrates with advanced properties such as high microhardness and

corrosion resistance for particularly demanding engineering uses. In the present

study, composite Ni-B coatings enhanced with SiC microparticles on a steel

substrate were prepared using the method of electroless plating. Structure

characterization was performed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis,

where the amorphous structure, typical for this kind of coatings was revealed.

Surface morphology was studied under a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in

order to draw conclusions concerning the dispersion and incorporation of SiC

particles in the Ni-B matrix and how they affect surface roughness measured by a

profilometer. Vickers microhardness tests were performed in order to demonstrate

the notable increase in microhardness compared with the bare substrate and even

with other electroless coatings, such as Ni-P coatings prepared in previous works.

Furthermore, Tafel electrochemical tests in 3.5% NaCl(aq) were carried out in order

to evaluate how the ceramic microparticles and the amorphous structure affect the

behaviour of coatings in the corrosive medium. The results indicate, that improved

deposits are obtained capable to withstand very demanding applications where high

microhardness along with resistance to corrosion is a prerequisite.





17

Aluminium coatings for corrosion protection applications

S. Zein El Abedin1 and F. Endres2

1Electrochemistry and Corrosion Laboratory, National Research Centre, El Behoth St. 33, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

2Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany

Abstract

In this paper we report on the electroplating of steel by adherent aluminium layers

in ionic liquids. The increase of interest to use aluminium and its alloys in the car

industry makes aluminium coating onto steel surface a hot topic of great

importance. This is to avoid galvanic corrosion resulting from the direct connection

between aluminium and steel. Moreover, coating of steel by thin layers of

aluminium can improve its corrosion resistance. Due to their extremely large

electrochemical windows, more than 5 volts, ionic liquids give access to the

electrodeposition of metals, especially the elements that were only accessible from

high temperature molten salts, such as Al, Ta and rare earth metals. The main

challenge for the adhesive coatings is the proper surface pretreatment prior to Al

deposition. Our results show that a combination of degreasing, etching, plasma

treatment and electrochemical etching in the ionic liquid is a prerequisite for an

adhesive and well protecting Al coating. With this pretreatment the subsequent

deposition of Al leads to well adhering Al layers, protecting the steel surface

underneath from corrosion.




18

Microstructural modifications induced by a corrosion inhibitor

admixed to reinforced mortar samples.

E. Volpiº, S.P. Trasattiº, D.A. Koleva

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

º University of Milan, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Milano, Italy

TU Delft, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Materials and Environment,

Delft, The Netherlands

Curtin University of Technology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical

Engineering, Perth, WA, Australia

Abstract

Microbial induced deterioration of reinforced concrete structures, although being less

studied then other degradation mechanisms, is recognised to be a serious issue strongly

affecting the durability and service life of structures such as sewer systems, waste water

treatment plants and animal housing. In such environments the deterioration mechanism is

mainly related to bacteria involved in the sulphur cycle, i.e., Sulfate Reducing Bacteria

(SRB) and Sulphur Oxidizing Bacteria (SOB), being H2S and H2SO4 the products of their

metabolism respectively. H2SO4 plays a major role in the deterioration mechanism affecting

both the cementitious matrix (leading to the formation of gypsum and secondary ettringite)

and the reinforcing bars (onset of corrosion process).

A novel hybrid organic/inorganic additive based on porous hydroxylapatite micro particles

loaded with a corrosion inhibitor (methylene blue dye) was synthesized and admixed in

three different concentrations to the cementitious paste during the casting of reinforced

mortar samples. Part of the samples were then partially immersed into a diluted sulphuric

acid solution simulating a bacterial environment, while the remaining part was immersed in

tap water aiming to have a reference case. EIS spectra were regularly recorded over time

during a 5 months conditioning period, and significant changes were detected in the

electrochemical response, especially in the frequencies attributed the cementitious matrix.

How the hybrid additive affects the properties of the cementitious matrix was furthermore

investigated by means of compressive strength testing, hydration rate, mercury intrusion

porosimetry measurements and ESEM observations. All these results were successfully

correlated to the previously mentioned electrochemical responses.




19

Corrosion by iron ore of the tank top plating of bulk

carriers-a laboratory approach

Panayota Vassiliou1, Irene Hourmouzi1, Th. Argyropoulos1, Venice Gouda2, K.

Ritsakis3

1School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Email: [email protected]

2National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt 3Ka-Energy, Greece

Abstract

Two types of iron ores have been studied for their corrosion effects on the tank top

plating of bulk carriers in corrosion simulation conditions in the laboratory. The ores

porosity and subsequently their capability in absorbing the environmental humidity

affects the corrosion of the steel plates of the bulk carriers. One type of the iron ore,

with provenance from Australia, has been left in relative humidity of 90% in the

presence of steel plates-specimens and the corrosion rates of steel after 7 months

total exposure was calculated. Steel specimens in similar humidity conditions have

also been tested to compare to the previous ones. The corrosion of steel plates by

the iron ore is severe pitting corrosion on its surface, caused by the differential

aerated cells created by the ore powder and the absorbed environment humidity on

the steel plates. The laboratory exposure did not include any added chlorides

during the measurements, which would have increased the pitting corrosion in real

sea conditions. The tank top plating of the bulk carriers is not protected by organic

coatings, thus, it is imperative to remove the iron ore dust between cargo loading

trips to eliminate the possibility of corrosion advancing during the working life of the

bulk carrier.

Keywords: Bulk Carriers, Seawater, Iron Ore, Top Plating Corrosion





20

The Anticorrosion Effect of Ni- RGO -TiO2 nanocomposite coating

on mild steel in neutral environment

Kh. El-Sayed.a,d, Taher A. Salah Eldinb, Z. Abdel Hamidc, H. B. Hassand,

M.W.Khalild

a,b Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials Central Lab (NAMCL), Agriculture

Research Center, Giza, Egypt.

c Corrosion Control and Surface Protection Laboratory, Central Metallurgical R&D

Institute, CMRDI, P.O. Box 87, Helwan 11421, Cairo, Egypt

d Faculty of science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

Author Email:[email protected]

Abstract

Reduced graphene oxide - nanoparticles anatase (RGO-TiO2) nanocomposite was

prepared via hydrothermal method. In this method graphene oxide (GO) was

reduced to RGO simultaneously with anatase (TiO2) growth in situ on the RGO

sheet surface. The fabricated composite has been used as a protective coating for

mild steel used in grain silos. The resulting RGO-TiO2 nanocomposite was

characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), High resolution transmission electron

microscope (HR-TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier

transform infrared (FTIR). RGO-TiO2 nanocomposite was coated on mild steel

specimens by the electrodeposition technique from Ni bath solution producing Ni-

RGO-TiO2 composite coatings. The coating film was characterized using field

emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray

(EDX). Moreover, the composite coatings were subjected to different

electrochemical and mechanical tests to evaluate its corrosion behavior and

hardness compared with pure Ni coating. The results demonstrate a good corrosion

resistance for the composite coating electrodes compared with pure Ni coating.

Different operating conditions for the plating process were optimized to obtain Ni -

RGO-TiO2 composite coating with the best corrosion resistance and high hardness.




21

Effect of overheating on the performance and properties of 9%Cr Heat Resisting steel

Randa Abdel-Karim1, Taha Mattar2, Mohamed Ismail3 , Mohamed K. El

Fawkhry2, Saad El-Raghy 1) Cairo Petrochemical Industries Company, Cairo, Egypt

2) Central Metallurgical R&D Institute (CMRDI), P. O. Box 87 Helwan Cairo Egypt 3) Metallurgical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt

Abstract Chromium alloyed steel is used for the manufacturing of chemical industries

applications in general and petrochemical industries in particular where the high

temperature operation tubes are made of these grades. Chromium tube steel for

high temperature applications were evaluated for the failure during operation due to

overheating. Samples from damaged tube due to overheating, as well as reference

sample from the delivered tube before usage were studied in terms of chemical

composition, dimension instability and deviation due to overheating, hardness

values, macro and microstructure where optical and scanning electron microscope

(SEM) investigations were employed and wear abrasion behavior. The predicted

phases at high temperature were studied using dilatometer and thermocalc

software. Corrosion performance of as received as well as heat treated samples

was conducted in 3.5% NaCl electrolyte using potentiodynamic testing. The

obtained results showed that there are changes and deviation in macro and

microstructure, composition, dimensions and properties of studied damaged

samples due to the accidentally overheating of tube during operation.

Keywords: Chromium steel, petrochemical industries, high temperature

applications, microstructure, SEM, wear, hardness, dimension stability




22

Corrosion resistant improvement of 316 L Stainless steel surface

by plasma oxidation

Saad Ghareba(1)*, ArashShahryari(2), LeronVandsburger(2), Philippe Jeanty(2),

Sylvain Coulombe(2), Sasha Omanovic(2)

(1) Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Al-Mergib University,

Alkhums Libya

(2) Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec,

Canada H3A 2B2


Abstract

The use of a plasma oxidation as a method of improving corrosion properties of

passive oxide films formed on a 316L stainless steel surface in 0.16 NaCl was

studied. The results demonstrate that the modification of 316L SS surface by

plasma oxidation results in the improvement of a passive film that offers

significantly increased corrosion resistance when compared to the naturally grown

passive film. The effect of different plasma conditions on the resulting corrosion

properties is discussed. The results from EIS measurements were used to find the

optimum plasma conditions that provide a better corrosion resistance of the 316 L

SS in the saline solution.

Keywords: 316L stainless steel; phosphoric acid; sulphuric acid; EIS, SEM and nickel

nanoparticles.

https://exchange.mcgill.ca/owa/?ae=Item&t=IPM.Note&a=New&to=leron.vandsburger%40gmail.com&nm=Leron+Vandsburger






23

Enhancement of corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys via hard

anodizing

Omar E. Abdel-Salama ([email protected] 01006537751),

Madiha A. Shoeibb ([email protected] 01006356373),

Hagar Ashour Elkilanyc ([email protected] 01113666386)

a Chemical engineering department, Faculty of engineering, Cairo university, Giza

12613 , Egypt , b Central Metallurgical research and development institute, El-

Tebbin, Helwan 11422, Egypt, c chemical engineering department, Cairo university,

Egypt.

Abstract

In this paper, we have investigated the effect of hard anodizing on the morphology

and corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys. The corrosion of aluminum alloys has

been studied using potentiodynamic technique. The morphology and composition of

anodic layers were examined by scanning electron microscope and Fourier infrared

spectroscopy. The results showed that the corrosion rate decreased to the half after

hard anodizing of 2014 alloy and to the tenth after hard anodizing of 6061,7075

alloys. Addition of lignin sulphonate significantly improved the corrosion resistance

of 2014 alloy by formation of Cu2+-lignin sulphonate complex. The anodic layer

formed on 2014 is non-homogenous.

Keywords: A. Aluminum; A. Sulphuric acid; B. IR spectroscopy; B. Polarization; B. SEM; C. Anodic protection







24

Electrochemical behavior and corrosion prevention of selected industrial alloys

Rabab M. El-Sherif,

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza-12613, Egypt

*E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The electrochemical behavior, especially the corrosion and passivation of different

brass alloys was investigated. Electrochemical techniques including open-circuit

potential, anodic polarization, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance

spectroscopy were used. It was found that the addition of chloride ion up to 0.15 M

in 0.5 M Na2SO4 solution decreases the corrosion rate due to the formation of CuCl,

whereas at higher concentration of the chloride ion, the corrosion rate increases

due to the formation of the soluble CuCl2 – . The activation energy was found to be

10 kJ mol–1. This value indicates that the corrosion process is under diffusion

control. The impedance measurements showed that a duplex layer, a relatively

thick porous outer film on top of a thin compact layer, could represent the passive

film. An equivalent circuit was used to explain and analyze the impedance data.

The model includes another R-C combination and Warburg impedance in addition

to the simple Randles cell to account for the spontaneously formed passive film and

the diffusion phenomena.

Keywords:

Keywords: Aluminum bronze; Monel; Corrosion; Chloride; Cyclic voltammetry;

Impedance; Sulfate





25

Electrochemical Behavior of an Electrode Metallic Wire during Electrical Discharge Machining.

A. DAIMELLAH1, R. L’HADDAD

1, Y. BENMERADI

1, F. HELLAL

1

1 Laboratory of Science and Engineering of Materials, Department of Metallurgy, National Polytechnic School, P.O. Box 182, El Harrach, 16200, Algiers, Algeria,

[email protected],

Abstract

Among different material removal techniques, EDM (Electrical Discharge

Machining) is regarded as one of the rare applications involving sparks for

machining. This technique uses a metallic electrode wire, which allows performing

cutting operations.

During EDM operation, the wire must be enough stretched to give an efficient

cutting result. On another side, at different steps of EDM operation, the electrical

discharge and the Joule effect may induce a heating at the surface of the metallic

wire. In some cases, a premature fracture of the wire has been observed leading to

the interruption of the process.

In order to give some indication on the behavior of CuZn37 electrode wire during

work, some experimental tests have been carried on. The electrochemical linear

polarization has been mainly used. Mechanical tension has been varied until

reaching the yield strength of the material (200MPa). On another side, the

temperature of the bath (demineralized water) has been raised to 75C.

It has been showed that, in both cases, the corrosion current density observes a

growth that corresponds to a greater degradation of the surface of the wire. This

highlights the coupling effect of chemical and mechanical solicitation and the role of

the alloy microstructure in stress corrosion. The second conclusion concerns the

composition of the bath along the EDM operation. The concentration of oxygen and

residual metallic ions changes and makes the bath more conductive and thus more

aggressive against the electrode wire.

Key-words: Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Behavior, Heating,

Mechanical stretching, CuZn37 alloy.





26

STUDY OF THE CORROSION MECHANISM OF IRON ARTEFACTS IN SOIL

E. Baužytė1, S. Grassini2, E. Angelini2, D. Fulginiti2, M. Parvis3, N. Schiavon1,

V. Gouda4, P. Vassiliou5 1Laboratorio HERCULES, Universidade de Évora, Portugal

[email protected], [email protected]

2Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Technologia, Politecnico di Torino, Italy


3Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Italy

[email protected]

4National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

[email protected]

5School of Chem. Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

[email protected]

Abstract

The study of long-term corrosion processes on iron artefacts during burial in soil and after

excavation can help archaeologists and conservators in establishing proper conservation

procedures, avoiding the destruction of the archaeological and historical information contained.

This study aims to give a contribution to the understanding of the long-term corrosion phenomena of

some iron artefacts, excavated in the archaeological site of Tharros (Sardinia, Italy) by means of a

multi-analytical approach. Even if the corrosion mechanism of iron is well-known, the objects buried

in soil are subjected to various forms of deterioration, depending on the material structure and on

several parameters (geographic location, climate, land use, environmental acidification, chemical

and physical properties of the soil), so that tailored further investigation are still needed.

The results of the micro-morphological characterisation put in evidence the presence of different

typologies of corrosion products. Goethite (α-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) are usually

present on the external surface; poorly crystallised maghemite (χ-Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) are

mainly present in the internal zones of the corrosion product layer. The presence of akaganeite

(-FeOOH) needle-like crystals, which grow rarely in nature and mainly in chlorides ions rich

environment, such as the coastal areas, and the relative volume increase due to the formation of

iron hydroxides, seems to be the responsible of the flacking of the surface, that compromising

dramatically the integrity of the artefact.

The study confirmed that the different findings observed on the ironwork should be taken into

account, since they can significantly affect the conservation state of the object after excavation.











27

DYNAMIC LASER CLEANING FOR CORROSION PRODUCT REMOVAL

M. Hrnjic1, E. Angelini

2, S. Grassini

2, M. Parvis

3, L. A. Angurel

4, R. Lahoz

4, X. de la Fuente

4, N.

Schiavon1, F. Porcelli

2

1Laboratorio HERCULES, Universidade de Évora, Portugal


2Dipartimento Scienza Applicata e Technologia, Politecnico di Torino, Italy


3Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Italy

[email protected]

4 Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Spain

angurel@unizar,es, [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Cleaning and removal of corrosion products and burial incrustations is one of the

most critical steps of the conservation procedure of archaeological metallic artefact.

In this context, laser cleaning is a selective and precise methodology already

employed in the cultural heritage field. Nevertheless, it is still necessary to study

different laser cleaning methodologies in hope to optimise the cleaning procedure,

taking into account the nature of the corrosion product layer, the bulk properties and

the aesthetical appearance of the object.

This study deals with a systematic investigation of the layer-by-layer removal of

corrosion products from the surface of some Cu-based coins excavated from the

archaeological site of Bubastis, in Egypt. A dynamic laser cleaning process has

been performed with near-IR laser and the effect of different parameters, such as

irradiance and number of passes/loops, has been previously assessed on artificially

corroded Cu-based reference alloys. A series of complementary analytical

techniques, such as digital microscope, FESEM-EDX, XRD and XPS, have been

employed for the chemical, microstructural and morphological characterisation of

the treated surface.

Following the optimisation of the laser parameters, the obtained results allow

understanding the main mechanisms of the different laser cleaning regimes, while

the optimum cleaning methodologies for the studied materials are being

established.










28

Anti-tarnishing Lacquer for Preservation of Copper, Brass, and Bronze

Architectural Work

Ashok Mohanty, S. K. Tiwari, T. Mishra, S. Chakravarty,

CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur – 831007, Jharkhand, India


Abstract

Metal architectural work and handicrafts made from copper and its alloys (brass, bronze)

tarnish (surface becomes black) when exposed to humid sulfide environments resulting in

loss of aesthetic appeal. It is highly desirable to maintain the natural color of copper and its

alloys in these architectural works. Lacquers are used for this purpose. Lacquers are

generally formulated by mixing polymers with one or more corrosion inhibitors, levelers and

antioxidants in a suitable organic solvent.

In the present study, a new lacquer was formulated which can be used to prevent

tarnishing of copper based alloys for several years. The lacquer has several advantages

over market available lacquers. It has better anti-tarnishing efficiency, available in ready to

use form, can be easily applied on metal surface by brushing, spraying or dipping, has

lower drying time, and does not requires any post application treatment like baking. The

active ingredient of the lacquer is a newly developed and patented copolymer that contains

two kinds of functional groups in its molecular structure. One functional group is

responsible for the corrosion inhibition properties whereas the other functional group

imparts hydrophobicity to the metal surface. Outdoor and indoor exposure tests,

accelerated tarnishing tests, and electrochemical tests revealed that the developed lacquer

can protect copper based alloy surfaces from tarnishing both in indoor and outdoor

atmospheres.




29

Multidispline Cathodic Protection System for Sites of Complex Facilities

Saher Shawki,CMRDI

E.mail: [email protected] Large plants of complex facilities such as underground piping ,above-ground tanks

and towers, concrete structures ... etc, requires special design considration for

cathodic protection .

The general guidelines for The C.P. design procedures are presented.

For The best distribution of cathodic , it is necessary to deal with individual

structural members and their individual current requirement separately.

D.c. Power capacity, anode type and location are The most important design

parameters to Provide adequate protction at a reasonable cost.

Three large plants are given as examples of diverse C.P. designs:

Two Water T reatment Plants, and one Petro-chemical Plant. The C.P.

Systems designed for the plants suggest the use of galvanic anodes and / or

impressed current. The anode configuration inculde: Anode ground bed,distributed

anodes and deep well anodes.

The designs also considered the presence of induced voltage effect due to high-

tesion overhead transmission cables or AC power transmission cables buried in

vicinity of the structure.

THe means to protect buried pipelines against stray current produced by foreign

underground crossing pipelines, cathodically protected or not, was taken into

account.




30

Cathodic protection design for complex network

Ashraf Abd El-Baseer Ali

NACE Certified CP Specialist

NACE Certified CIP Peer Review

API Certified Risk Based Inspector

Corrosion Mgr at Jacobs (Rated # 2 of the global top design firms).

Founder of Middle East Corrosion Control Co. (MECORR)

Emails: [email protected] & [email protected]

Abstract:

Cathodic protection design for complex network of facilities has several challenges.

The main target of designer is to ensure that his design can secure the required

protection current to all parts of the complex network. It is always difficult to get the

current distribution to achieve protection criteria at the whole structure without over

protection in some areas and low protection levels in some others.

The document will focus on the challenges of shared well casing design when several

well casing fall in the same vicinity. The design must consider these well casing as

shared wells to avoid the interference between well casing if single well casing design

considered. The major challenge appears when the different well casing belongs to

different owners.

Key words:

Design of shared well casings, multiple connected pipelines / network of piping and

structure, complex of piping and structure, distributed CP for piping network.






31

A Study of Induced Voltages and Currents on Metallic Pipelines Neighbor to HV.T.L

Prof. Dr .Ahmed A.Hossam-Eldin, Ahmed Wahba [email protected] [email protected]

Electrical Engineering department, Alexandria University, Alex, Egypt

Abstract Because of the continuous growth of energy consumption and the tendency to site

power lines and pipelines along the same route, the close proximity of power lines

and buried metallic pipelines has become more and more frequent. Therefore, there

has been and still is a growing concern about possible hazards resulting from the

influence of power lines on metallic pipelines.

Underground pipelines that run parallel to or in close proximity to power lines are

subjected to induced voltages caused by the time-varying magnetic fields produced

by the power line currents. The induced electro-motive force causes currents

circulation in the pipeline and voltages between the pipeline and surrounding earth.

This paper analyzes the induced voltage on the oil pipelines buried in parallel with

overhead power lines due to inductive coupling. Design Matlab M-file program by

the author are used to calculate the pipeline induced voltage and current. Also this

paper compares features of two mitigation methods: insulating joints and earthing.

An existing pipeline is modelled using the specialized Matlab software incorporating

these two mitigation methods in order to compare the performance, also compare

the cost of using different two earthing electrodes. Results of this case study may

be used as guidelines for designing the mitigation schemes for new pipelines.




32

Corrosion threats and in services planning and mitigations Alaa Ahmed Abdelaziz

GAPCO Petroleum Co., Egypt

Abstract

While corrosion processes form an interesting basis for scientific studies which are

frequently undertaken as exercises in chemistry, and particularly electrochemistry,

by far the greatest interest in, and concern for corrosion stems from its practical

effects and how they may be avoided. Various estimates have been made of the

annual economic loss resulting from corrosion. There is no general agreement as to

just what should be included in calculating this loss. Owners and users of plant

(„Duty Holders‟ within this report) have the option tomanage the integrity of their

plant and plan inspection from assessments of the main causes risksof failure.

They need to be able to demonstrate that the risk assessment andinspection

planning processes are being implemented in an effective and appropriatemanner.

The aim of this assessment is to assist Duty Holders and regulators identify

bestpractice for plant integrity management by risk based inspection (RBI). In

terms of plant integrity, key information is generated from the design,

operationalexperience and inspection records, and knowledge of the deterioration

mechanismsand the rate at which deterioration will proceed. This knowledge

enables current andfuture fitness-for-service to be assessed. Inspections can then

be planned atappropriate intervals using inspection methods that are able to detect

the type and level of deterioration anticipated.




33

Investigation of Cathodic Delamination by Using Different Types of

Organic Coating on Steel Substrate

Nagi. Alsahabi. Issa Ali

Benghazi University Mechanical Dept


Abstract

Organic coatings barrier are frequently applied to prevent corrosion of steel

structures immersed in sea or fresh water by preventing aggressive species from

getting into direct contact with the steel. To protect the steel from corrosion, the

coating must maintain adequate adhesion to the steel during environmental

exposure. Inadequate adhesion will promote failure of the coating system and

subsequent exposure of the bare steel to the aggressive environment, causing

corrosion. For this reason mechanisms of adhesion and de-adhesion have been

subject to numerous studies. Organic coatings represent one of the most effective

methods to control metallic corrosion especially in aggressive environments.

This paper investigates the mechanism of cathodic delamination of a simple coated

with Juton painting, Pachin painting, Almadina painting, comparison with Epoxy

painting sample. This work was divided into three main experiments; the first

investigated the effect of surface of painted steel by measuring the area of

delamination. The second experiment investigated the effect of painted steel on

weight loss behaviour.

The third experiment investigated the effect of painted steel on the Pull-off adhesion

test. Corrosion testing was carried out by the immersion in 3.5% Na Cl solution. The

sample, which was painted by Juton, had an enhanced performance, due to less

area of delamination obtained than the other samples tested. Comparing this result

with those from the Sigma yield point and pull off adhesion test, it was also found

that the sample coated with Juton gave less weight loss than the others




34

On-stream Inspection techniques to evaluate integrity of plants

Carlo Blasi, Giovanna Gabetta

Eni DOT, San Donato Milanese, /Italy


Abstract

On stream inspection techniques are useful to evaluate plant components integrity

since they do not require shutting down the plant and allow the containment of

costs without impacting on safety. Such techniques are also important for the

management of older plants, where integrity must be assessed following

regulations, but lack of production shall be kept to a minimum.

Eni is working to implement the use and the efficacy of such techniques for

application in the Mediterranean area. In the present paper the non-intrusive

inspection of Low Pressure Flare Drums installed in offshore platforms is

described. The described inspection technique requires more than one phase,

namely:

Data Collection

Study of damage mechanisms

Non- intrusive Inspection

Analysis of results

Implementation of an inspection plan

In the data collection phase, moreover, where historical data are missing or not

complete, a non-intrusive measurement technique is proposed, designed in the

frame of a research activity in cooperation with VeneziaTecnologie. The system,

called INPRINT, allows the measurement of mechanical properties of metallic

components via the inverse analysis of a micro-indentation mark. The technique

was applied to a spool extracted from an oil pipeline and could appreciate a

variation of mechanical strength along the pipeline wall.

A more extensive application of the technique to components in field is now

foreseen.




35

Cases Study for Corrosion in Heat Affected Zone of Carbon Steel

Mazen Mahmoud Mohamed

M.SC. in Corrosion Engineering, Faculity of Engineeirng, Cairo University

Section Head in Corrosion Engineering Dept., Gulf of Suez Petroleum Company

(GUPCO)

[email protected]

[email protected]

Abstract

Corrosion in heat-affected zone (HAZ) is considered as one of main reasons for

industrial facilities failures in petroleum oil production fields; where most of failure

cases are referred to severe reduction in wall thickness of area adjust to girth-welds

of the industrial facilities like to pipework systems and pipelines. Corrosion in HAZ

of stainless steel has a common mechanism called sensitization and it depends on

depletion of chromium in granules of stainless steel alloys; while HAZ corrosion in

carbon steel can be described by preferential weld corrosion mechanism. The

recent work is an analysis for different practical cases that have severe reduction in

wall thickness of carbon steel piping and pipelines. This analysis is done to

determine how much the corrosion in HAZ is existed; and that to determine the

majority of corrosion in HAZ in case of carbon steel.






36

Corrosion Failure Analysis in Thermal Power Plants and

Petroleum Industries

I.M. Ghayad, S. M. Mohamed, N.N. Girgis

Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI),

P.O.Box:87; Helwan, Cairo, Egypt, [email protected]

Abstract

This article presents some corrosion failure cases, which have big concern to

petroleum, thermal power plants and other industries. Failure cases were collected

from international failure analysis journals. The article concentrates on the corrosion

failure of heat exchangers, pipelines carrying petroleum oil or natural gas, and

turbine blades. Examples of failure cases, which have been addressed, are:

Investigation of turbine blade failure in a thermal power plant

Breakdown of heat exchangers due to erosion corrosion and fretting caused

by inappropriate operating conditions

Failure analysis of stress corrosion cracking in heat exchanger tubes during

start-up operation

Failure analysis of a copper tube in a finned heat exchanger

The generation of corrosion under insulation and stress corrosion cracking

due to sulphide stress cracking in an austenitic stainless steel hydrocarbon

gas pipeline

Stress corrosion failure of an X52 grade gas pipeline




37

Fatigue Failure of 316 Stainless Steel welded tubes

Khalifa Abouswa

Libyan Petroleum Institute P.O. Box 6431 Tripoli / Libya Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Failures of small piping connections (2 inch and small) continue to occur frequently

at refinery, petrochemical and gas plants. Fatigue can occur in any location where

cyclic stresses of sufficient magnitude are functioning. The probability of fatigue

failure at a weld is a function of many considerations: type of weld profile, material,

weld size, wall thickness, heat treatment, grinding after welding, etc.

Seam weld can be considered as one of the most vulnerable areas to fatigue failure

where weld defects such as under cut, misalignment, surface imperfection,

corrosion might be found at the weld and will act as a stress raiser.

The 2 inch branch welded to 5 inch process flow line condensate feed stream to

stabilizer column in gas plant showed circumferential cracking at weld seams after

several years in service.

The operating temperature of the process flow line is 21 to 27°C, the operating

pressure is 33 to 37 barg and no chloride in the stream.

Visual examination showed circumferential crack initiated near the circumferential

weld and propagated through parent metal.

Detailed investigations include visual observation, hardness measurement,

microscopic and metallographic examination of the fracture surface showed that the

circumferential fatigue crack was initiated at drastic change in thickness, poor weld

profile on branch connections at the heat affected area and propagate (grow) with

time during operation particularly when it is under stresses.

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirms the finding that the fracture

morphology was transgranular and the crack was single non -branching. The tube

material was specified as low carbon 316L austenitic stainless steel and the

microstructure is not sensitized.

Key words: seam weld, transgranular cracks, fatigue crack, sensitisation, and

cyclic stresses.




38

Failure analysis of a ball valve in 12”crude oil offshore Pipeline

Corresponding author & paper presented by Medhat A. Hegazi, Gulf of Suez Petroleum Company (GUPCO)

E-mail: [email protected] Paper Authors:

Medhat A. Hegazi*, Sherif M. Anwar*, Rawia M. Hammouda** and Mohamed A. Taha**

* Gulf of Suez Petroleum Company (GUPCO), ** Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University

Abstract On routine inspection of an unmanned offshore crude oil producing platform, a

failure was observed in one carbon steel ball valve in a 12” crude oil pipeline. The

failure occurred in the valve body, where the 1.5 inch bleed plug (fitting) was found

sheared off the body, which could lead to oil leak resulting probably in fire and

environmental hazard.

Failure analysis procedures were designed to investigate the root cause. The

procedures included visual inspection, analysis of the operating conditions including

oil pressure, and metallurgical investigation, dimensions measurements, ultrasonic

testing, chemical analysis, microscopical investigation (optical and SEM), testing

mechanical properties. This was made on the whole valve including valve body,

seat, bleed plug and the ball.

It was proved that the failure was not related to any obvious personal factor neither

any abnormal operating condition was recorded, thus mechanical reasons were

excluded. The internal visual inspection showed that there was a gap formed

between the ball and the seat, due to the decrease in seat thickness as confirmed

by ultrasonic test. This indicated that the service fluid flowed between the ball and

seat, resulting in corrosion occurring in the seat. The reason was detected by the

chemical analysis where the seat was found to be carbon steel, instead of being

superduplex stainless steel as specified. Chemical analysis of the corrosion

products indicated that the main corrosion mechanisms are CO2 corrosion and

corrosion under deposits. It also probable that over-stressing the bleed fitting due to

uncontrolled manual tightening might lead to thread damage.





39

The influence of temperature on the performance of morpholine methylene phosphonic acid (MMPA) as scale inhibitor in oil field

water Abubaker Elayatt, Elfitouri Ahmied Mohamed, The University of Sirte, Libya


Abstract

Scale deposition can occur in any place where a significant temperature differential

occurs, such as in well tubular, in pipelines and heat exchangers, it can seriously

degrade performance, it can also cause problems at point where significant amount

accumulate in separators. It is therefore not a local problem, but may occur

anywhere within the production process.

Laboratory experiments of both static jar and dynamic test has been carried out for

sample of well (Q-25) Waha oil field, and to identify the efficiency of the scale

inhibitor (MMPA) in eliminating the scale of calcium carbonate CaCO3 at different

temperatures (40, 60, 80 and 95°C) and scale inhibitor injection rates (3, 5, 7, 10,

and 20 ppm).

From the results, the scale inhibition (MMPA) in various temperature (40, 60, 80

and 95oC), it is concluded that the 7ppm and 10ppm are the good inhibition and

economically cost and the best inhibition at all temperatures was clear at

concentration of 20 ppm.

KEYWORD: Morpholine methylene phosphonic acid, Scale formation, scale

Inhibitors, oil field water, Inhibitor efficiency.




40

STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF 316 STAINLESS STEEL

PLATES OF HEAT EXCHANGER

Saad. A. Khodi, H. Abdel-Aleem

Central Metallurgical R&D Institute, Manufacturing Technology Dept., Helwan, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail:[email protected]

Abstract

In this investigation, an attempted has been made to unravel the exact reasons for

premature failure of cooler plates made of 316 stainless steel used to cooling down

the temperature of process water in heat exchanger. The stainless steel plates

were subjected to visual examination, non-destructive tests, chemical analysis,

microstructure observation and hardness tests. Based on the results obtained in

this investigation, the stainless steel plates were failed by stress corrosion cracking.

The chemical compositions of the steel plates are in conformity with the required

specification. The presence of chloride ions from cleaning solution or probably from

water, in addition to accumulated residual stresses from pressurized water, heavy

deformation at protuberance shape and over tightening of cooler plates are the

main causes for stress corrosion cracking failure.

Keywords: Plate heat exchanger, failure, stainless steel 316, stress crack corrosion.

4th International Conference on Corrosion Mitigation and Surface Protection technologies



POSTER URLs: www.egy-corr.org www.egycorr.net

LIST OF POSTERS 14 -17/12/2015 POSTER SESSION –I (From1-25)

[1] Corrosion Behaviour of Copper in LiBr Solutions

O.R.M. Khalifa, Sh.E Abd Elhamid, A.E El Meleigy, M.F Shehata, and A. A. El Warraky

[2] Role Of Material Selection in Preventing Corrosion Related Failures of Firefighting Piping System in Process Industries

Ahmed Eissa

[3] Role of Li+ on the Pitting Corrosion Of Copper In Libr Solutions

Abeer Esmat El Meleigy, Mohamed Farouk Shehata, Shaimaa Esmat Abd Elhamid, Ali Abdel Fattah El Warraky

[4] Electrochemical and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of -Al Bronze in Sulfide-Polluted Salt Water: Effect of Environmentally-Friendly Additives

E.A. Ashour, L.A. Khorshed, G.I. Youssef, H.M. Zakria and T. A. Khalifa

[5] Hydration Characteristics of Boiler Scales Blended Cement Pastes

B.A. Elsabagh, M. A.Tantawy , M. E. I. Saraya and T. M. El-Sokkary

[6] Green Tea Extract As Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel and Brass in Acidic Medium

Nazly Hassan and Hala El-Adawy

[7] Influence of Chromate Ions On Corrosion Processes of Magnesium Alloy

A. Foly Galal and Mohamed.M. El-Rabiei

[8] Utilization of Cut Oil Based Mud in the Production of Blended Portland Cement

A. Foly Galal, E.El-Shimy and H. H. Assal





[9] Deposition, Characterization and Electrochemical Properties of Tungstaten -Based Coating Treatments Over ZE41 Mg-Zn-Rare-Earth Alloy

W.A.Ghanem , Abdel Salam Hamdy , Enas M. Attia and Hoda M. Hussien

[10] The Influence of Metal Oxides on the Activity of the Platinum Towards the Oxidation of Methanol in Acidic Solution

R.M. Abdel Hameed, R.S. Amin, K.M. El-Khatib, Amani E. Fetohi

[11] The Effect of Structure Parameters on the Corrosion Inhibition Effect of Some Heterocyclic Nitrogen Organic Compounds

M. A. Bedair

[12] Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum Alloy (A5754) in Sulfuric Acid Solutions and Effect of Halides Ions and Some Inorganic Inhibitors

S. S. Abd El-Rehim, H. H. Hassan, M. A. Deyab, A. Abd El Moneim

[13] Noble Organic Corrosion Inhibitors For Carbon Steel Used in Petroleum Equipment

M. M. Mukhtar - A.S.Fouda- M.Fayad- A.Desoky

[14] Wall Shear Stress for the Prediction of the Corrosion Rate During the Crude Oil Transportation Using the RC Geometry

M.en C. María de Lourdes Elizalde Aguilar., M. en C. Jesús Daniel Robles Salas

Dra. Esther Torres Santillán

[15] The Role of the Anions on the Inhibition of the Acidic Corrosion of Aluminum by Lupine Extract

B.A.Abd-El-Naby, O.A.Abdullatef, H.M. El-Kshlan, E. Khamis and M.A.Abd-El-Fatah

[16] The Elsholtzia Communis: A Green Corrosion Inhibitor For Mild Steel 0.5 M H2SO4 Solution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy





Ramananda Singh Mayanglambam, Pebam Sanjeeta Devi

[17] Preparation and Characterization of Pt–CeO2/C And Pt–TiO2/C Electrocatalysts With Improved Electrocatalytic Activity for Methanol Oxidation

R.M. Abdel Hameed, R.S. Amin, K.M. El-Khatib , Amani E. Fetohi

[18] Lawsonia Extract as Corrosion Inhibitor for Tin in Sodium Chloride Solutions

Salah Eid, M. Abdallah, A. Y. El-Etre, E. M. Kamar

[19] Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Magnesium Alloy (AZ91)

S. Mamdouh, S. El raghy, H. Abd El azeem, I. Ghayad and W. Metwally

[20] Extracts of Mint and Tea as Green Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution

M. A. Bedair, M.S. Metwally, S. A. Soliman, A. M. Al-Sabagh, A. M. Salem and T. A. Mohamed

[21] Gravimetric and Electrochemical Evaluation of Three Nonionic Dithiol Surfactants as Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in 1 m HCl Solution

Samy M. Shaban, , Salah M. Tawfik and Ali A. Abd-Elaal

[22] Studying the Corrosion Inhibition of New Synthesized Cationic Surfactants on the Mild Steel in 1M HCl

Samy M. Shaban

[23] Synthesis and Investigations on Improved Anticorrosive Polyurethane Coating Formulations

Tamer Ezzat Youssef





[24] Influence of Oil Well Drilling Waste on the Engineering Characteristics of Clay Bricks

Medhat S. El-Mahllawy* and Tarek A. Osman

[25] Corrosion Behavior of Reinforcing Steel in Slag Based Geopolymer Cement Immersed in Ammonium Sulfate Solution.

Tarek A.Osman and Waleed Huseen sufe

[26] Alkali Carbonate Aggregate Reaction in Concrete and Technology Overcome It's Risk

H. El Didamony, H.A. El Sayed, T.M. El-Sokkary and A. A. Abd EL- raoof

[27] Corrosion protection of aluminum by coating with polypyrrole nano-composite film

Abou-Elhagag A. Hermas, Mahmoud A. Hussein and Bahaa M. Abu-Zied

[28] Effect of Different Austmpering Treatments on Corrosion Behavior of ADI

A.A. Dawod, A.A. Nofal, M.A. Shoeib, A.A. Hussein and M.M. Ibrahim

[29] Evaluation of the corrosion inhibition efficiency of citric acid toward mild and tinplate steel in aqueous Solution

Ahmed Khalifa Rateb, H.B. Hassan, M.A. Abdel Rahim and M.W. Khalil

[30] Microstructure evolution of Thermal Barrier Coating System with Al2O3 Inter-Layer under Thermal Cycling

N. El Mahallawy, M. Shoeib and H. A. AbdelDaim

[31] Corrosion behaviour in Egyptian oil field: Valve metallurgical failure investigation

Medhat A. Hegazi

[32] Study of electrical and physical performance of non- ceramic insulator using deposit density technique





L.S. Nasrat, I.A. Ibrahim, S.M. EL-khodry and A.M. El Aziz

[33] Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mitigation of Sulfide Attach on Leaded Bronze Surface

A. M. El-Shamy, Mohamed M. Megahed, Amal M. Abd Elkarim and Atef Kalmouch

[34] New surfactants as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel pipelines under severe environments

A.M. Al-Sabagh, M.A. Migahed, Mohamed A. Abbas, E.S. Gad and H. M. Abd EL-Bary

[35] Synthesis, characterization and anticorrosion potentials of chitosan-g-PEG assembled on silver nanoparticles

Hassan H. H. Hefni, E.M.S. Azzam, Emad A. Badr, M. H. M. Hussein and Salah M. Tawfik

[36] Anti-corrosive asphaltic material for metallic surface protection

Said A. Abed

[37] Factors Affecting the Corrosion Behavior of Reinforcing Steel

S.M.Abd El Haleem, E.E.Abd El Aal, S.Abd El Wanees and A. Diab

[38] Biodegradable Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in Acidic Medium

Ismail Aiad, Samy M. Shaban, Mohamed M. El-Sukkary

[39] Investigation of the adsorption of Sodium Caprylate as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in sulfuric acid

Saad Ghareba, Sasha Omanovic

[40] Corrosion protection of 316L stainless steel by inorganic anions and Ni nanoparticles in mixed acid mixture

Reham H. Tammam*, Amany M. Fekry

http://link.springer.com/search?facet-author=%22Ismail+Aiad%22

http://link.springer.com/search?facet-author=%22Samy+M.+Shaban%22

http://link.springer.com/search?facet-author=%22Mohamed+M.+El-Sukkary%22





[41] Synthesis of New Cationic Surfactants and Evaluation of their Effect as Corrosion Inhibitors and Antimicrobial Agents for Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) in Oil Fields

M. A. Migahed, M. M. Khattab, I. Aiad, , A. M. Al-Sabagh

[42] EQCM based in-situ Corrosion monitoring of nano-nickel modified electrodes for ethanol electro-oxidation in alkaline medium

Ahmed B. Soliman, Hesham S. Abdel-Samad, M. A. Ahmed, Sayed S. Abdel-Rahim, and Hamdy H. Hassan

[43] Evaluation of morpholine methylene phosphonic acid (MMPA) as scale inhibitor in oil field water

Elfitouri Ahmied Mohamed, Abubaker Elayatt

[44] Eco-friendly Ionic Liquid Chitosan as corrosion inhibitor for X-65 tubing

M.A. Migahed, S.M. Elsaed, A.M .Al-Sabagh , E.A. Khamis , E.G .Zaki

[45] Mitigation of Brass Corrosion by Methyl α -Cyanoacrylate (MACA) Coating: Applied On a Cup from Dhamar Museum, Yemen

A. M. El-Shamy, Mohamed M. Megahed, K. M. Zohdy and Amal M. Abd Elkarim

POSTER ABSTRACTS

4th International Conference on Corrosion Mitigation and Surface Protection technologies 14-17 December, 2015, Seagull Hotel - Hurghada, Egypt


POSTER 1 URLs: www.egy-corr.org www.egycorr.net

Corrosion Behaviour of Copper in LiBr Solutions

O.R.M. Khalifa a, Sh.E Abd Elhamid b, A.E El Meleigy b, M.F Shehata b, and

A. A. El Warraky b

a Chemistry Department, Faculty of Girls for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams

University, Cairo, Egypt

b Department of Electrochemistry and Corrosion, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt,

[email protected]

Abstract

The electrochemical behaviour of copper in concentrated solutions of LiBr (up to

9M) was investigated. Results showed that up to 5x10-1M passivity was more

evident and pitting corrosion took place. At 7x10-1M LiBr, some evidence of limited

passivity was seen which is followed by pitting corrosion. At more anodic potential

(≈ 900mV) general dissolution takes place. As the concentration of LiBr increased

from 1 to 9M, the dissolution start to appear with pitting which changed with higher

rate to general depending on the concentration.




Role of material selection in preventing corrosion related failures

of firefighting piping system in process industries

Ahmed Eissa

Engineering for the Petroleum and Process Industries (ENPPI), Cairo/Egypt


Abstract

Although different materials of construction (MOC) are used for firefighting water

systems depending on the type of water available, firefighting system design and

operation mode, yet Carbon steel (C.S) piping and valving materials have been the

most commonly used materials for fire water systems in hydrocarbon and chemical

process industries (CPI).

This paper will explore various materials of construction including nonmetallic

materials available for Wet/Dry firefighting system from material and corrosion

point of view with focus on corrosion mechanisms and microbial attack reported for

C.S material used for surface water wet fire systems in CPI also, the paper will also

discuss the effect of material upgrading as a remedy to mitigate corrosion related

failure along with other available mitigation techniques and recommended practice

for plant operators to ensure fitness for purpose, trouble free operation and reliable

firefighting piping systems.




Role of Li+ on the pitting corrosion of copper in LiBr solutions

ABEER ESMAT EL MELEIGY, MOHAMED FAROUK SHEHATA, SHAIMAA

ESMAT ABD ELHAMID, ALI ABDEL FATTAH EL WARRAKY,

National Research Center

Physical Chemistry Dept., Cairo, Egypt,

[email protected]

Abstract

The pitting corrosion of copper in both LiBr and NaBr solutions has been studied using

potentiodynamic measurements and surface analysis techniques. It was found that

pitting of Cu was evident only after the formation of a protective film of CuO and/or

Cu(OH)2, depending on the bromide content. In case of NaBr the hysteresis loop of

pitting corrosion started to appear at 3.1·10-2 M while in case of LiBr it started at

7.4·10-2 M bromide content. These results, together with the current – time trend and

the surface analysis, confirm the role of Li+ on the passivation and pitting attack on

copper metal.




Electrochemical and stress corrosion cracking behavior of -Al

bronze in sulfide-polluted salt water: Effect of environmentally-

friendly additives

E.A. Ashour,1 L.A. Khorshed,1 G.I. Youssef,1 H.M. Zakria2 and T. A. Khalifa2

1Electrochemistry laboratory, Physical chemistry Department, National Research

Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt

2Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha


[email protected]

Abstract

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of α -Al bronze alloy (Cu7Al) was

investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution in the absence and in the presence of different

concentrations of Na2S under open circuit potentials using the constant slow strain

rate technique. Also, the addition of different concentrations of cysteine (cys), and

alanine (ala) to the test solution, as corrosion inhibitors, was studied. Increasing the

sulfide ions in polluted salt water resulted in a reduction in the maximum stress

(max) and an increase in the susceptibility of α -Al bronze towards SCC. The

addition of alanine and cysteine to the test electrolyte increased the time to failure

by changing the mode of failure from brittle transgranular cracking to ductile failure.

Electrochemical tests were performed to assist the interpretation of the SCC data.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to investigate the

mechanism of corrosion inhibition. The results

support film rupture and anodic dissolution at slip steps as the operating

mechanism of the SCC process. Therefore, cys and ala can be considered as a

potential environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors for the SCC of α -Al bronze in

3.5% NaCl solution containing sulfide ion.

Keywords: bronze, sulfide, corrosion, SCC, inhibitor, amino acids





Hydration Characteristics of Boiler Scales Blended Cement Pastes

B. A. Elsabaghc, M. A.Tantawy a, M. E. I. Saraya and b T. M. El-Sokkaryc

a Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.

b Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

c Housing and Building National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.

Abstract

The aim of this investigation is to study the utilization of boiler scales waste as a

blending material in comparison with limestone filler in the preparation of filled

cement. The boiler scales sample (as-received) used in the present study was

directly collected from the boilers of a local sugar factory and is mainly composed of

aragonite mineral (CaCO3) whereas limestone is mainly composed of calcite

mineral as confirmed by the XRD analysis. The crystal size range calculated from

XRD analysis of boiler scales and limestone fillers indicate that the fineness of

boiler scales and limestone fillers is nearly the same.

The hydration characteristics of hydrated OPC and filled cement pastes containing

5, 10, 15 and 20 wt% boiler scales or limestone fillers were evaluated by measuring

the combined water content, bulk density and compressive strength up to 90 days.

The phase composition and microstructure of some selected samples were

analyzed by XRD, DSC and FTIR techniques. It was observed that the metastable

aragonite mineral enhances the hydration of C3S and forms CSH whereas the

calcite mineral which reacts mainly with C3A to form calcium carboaluminate

hydrates which contain higher amount of water than CSH. Hence, the combined

water content of boiler scales filled cement pastes decreases, the bulk density as

well as the compressive strength increases compared to limestone cement pastes

at all ages of hydration. Accordingly, it may be concluded that the boiler scales filler

improves the physico-chemical properties of cement pastes more than the

limestone and can be used as afiller in the preparation of blended cement instead

of disposal to open landfills.

Keywords:boiler scales, limestone, filler, cement paste, hydration, XRD, DSC, TIR.




Green tea extract as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel and brass in

acidic medium

Nazly Hassan1 and Hala El-Adawy2

1Composites and Nano Structured Dept., New materials and advanced Technology

Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg Elarab,

Alexandria, Egypt.

E.mail: [email protected]

2Medical biotechnology Dept., Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, City of

Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg Elarab, Alexandria, Egypt.

E. mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The use of corrosion inhibitor is an important method of protecting metallic materials against deterioration due

to corrosion in various media. Although many synthetic compounds showed good anticorrosive properties, most

of them are highly toxic to both human being and environment. Therefore, the trend of studying the effect of

naturally occurring products as corrosion inhibitors is started to emerge. These green corrosion inhibitors have

the advantages of being inexpensive, easily available, eco-friendly, and biodegradable. In this study, the effects

of aqueaous green tea extract as organic green inhibitor on the corrosion of mild steel and brass erew

investigated in 1 M HCl solution by means of weight loss method, polarization technique and electrochemical

impedance spectroscopy. The green tea extract was subjected to HPLC anaylsis and the main active

constituents were found to be 75% polyphenols: catechins (catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin

gallate and epigallocatechin gallate) and proanthocyanins (prodelphinidin). The effects of different inhibitor

concentrations at different temperatures were examined. It has been found that the inhibition efficiency

increases with increasing the temperature and the concentration of the extract. Calculated results of both

kinetic and thermodynamic parameters indicated chemical adsorption of the inhibitor extracts on the metallic

surface. The results obtained from employed techniques are in good agreement with each other.

Keywords: Green tea extract, corrosion inhibition, weight loss, polarization, electrochemical impedance

spectroscopy.






Influence of chromate Ions on Corrosion Processes of Magnesium

alloy

*A. Foly Galal and **Mohamed.M. El-rabiei

*Housing and Biulding National Research Center

**Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University – Fayoum, Egypt

Abstract

The electrochemical behaviors of Mg-Al-Zn alloy were investigated in aqueous

solutions of pH 6, 7 and 8. The effect of chromate ion in aqueous solution of pH 6

also studied. Conventional electrochemical techniques such as open-circuit

potential measurements, polarization methods and electrochemical impedance

spectroscopy (EIS) were used. The results have shown that the rate of corrosion in

acidic solution is relatively high compared to that in neutral or basic solutions. The

addition of chromate ion in aqueous solution increase the passivity of Mg alloy

Keywords: Alloy, corrosion, chromate, impedance, magnesium, Polarization.




Utilization of Cut Oil Based Mud in the Production of Blended

Portland Cement

A. Foly Galal, E.El-Shimy and H. H. Assal

Housing and Building National Research Center, P. O. Box 1770, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

Estimating solid wastes and composition are typically the first task in any local

management study. This work is aimed to study the effect of the addition of several

proportions of ignited waste shale produced from oil industry (drilling) to ordinary

Portland cement clinker for the production of blended cement. The water/ solid

ratios of the blended pastes were used corresponding to their water of consistency.

Curing of blended pastes was done under water. The change of phases was

performed using X- ray diffraction analysis. In general, the test results indicate that

a significant improvement in the physico-chemical and mechanical properties of

ordinary Portland cement is achieved due to oil shale waste treatment




Deposition, Characterization and Electrochemical properties of

Tungstaten -Based Coating Treatments Over ZE41 Mg-Zn-Rare-

Earth Alloy

W.A.Ghanem a, Abdel Salam Hamdy a, Enas M. Attia b and Hoda M. Hussien a.

a Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box: 87, Helwan, 11421 Cairo,

Egypt.

b Faculty of Science, Al_Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.


Abstract

Rare-earth ZE41 alloy possesses unique mechanical properties. However, the

sharp potential difference between the rare-earth phases (cathode) inside the Mg

matrix (anode) results in building up micro-electrochemical cells and enhancing

galvanic corrosion. In chloride solution, the galvanic corrosion propagates and

enhances intergranular corrosion around the rare-earth phases. At the end, the

rare-earth phase can be debonding from the matrix leaving holes. The optimum

conditions for obtaining protective W coatings of improved corrosion resistance for

ZE41 alloy were determined. A simple one step surface treatment in 4 g/l tungstate

coating solution for short time was found promising to improve the localized

corrosion resistance.

Keywords: Advanced materials, Tungstate, ZE41 Mg-Zn-rare earth alloy, Clean

Protective Coating and Corrosion.




The influence of metal oxides on the activity of the platinum

towards the oxidation of methanol in acidic solution

R.M. Abdel Hameeda, R.S. Aminb,*, K.M. El-Khatibb, Amani E. Fetohib

a Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.

bChemical Engineering Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

[email protected]

Abstract

Pt−CeO2/C, Pt−TiO2/C and Pt−ZrO2/C electrocatalysts were prepared by chemical

reduction of hexachloroplatinic acid using ethylene glycol as a reducing agent at

metal oxide/C powders with the aid of intermittent microwave irradiation. Crystalline

structure, surface morphology and Pt particle size were investigated by X-ray

diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Pt crystal lattice was

expanded when TiO2 was added to Pt/C. The incorporation of different metal oxides

increased the dispersion degree of Pt nanoparticles and reduced their diameter to

2.50 and 2.33 nm when TiO2 and ZrO2 were introduced to Pt/C. The electrocatalytic

activity of various electrocatalysts was examined towards methanol oxidation in

H2SO4 solution using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and electrochemical

impedance spectroscopy. The lowest onset potential of methanol oxidation was

observed at Pt−ZrO2/C. The oxidation intermediates were easily oxidized at

Pt−TiO2/C as inferred from its high steady state oxidation current density value after

operation for long time. Lower charge transfer resistance values were measured at

all prepared Pt-metal oxide/C electrocatalysts in relation to that at Pt/C to infer the

improved electron transfer rate during the oxidation process. Among the studied

composites, Pt−ZrO2/C was selected to be a candidate electrocatalyst for better

electrochemical performance in direct methanol fuel cells.

Keywords: Methanol; fuel cells; zirconium oxide; cerium oxide; titanium oxide; acid

medium.





The Effect Of Structure Parameters On The Corrosion Inhibition

Effect Of Some Heterocyclic Nitrogen Organic Compounds

M. A. Bedair (a)

(a) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Men’s Campus), Al-Azhar

University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt

Email: [email protected] , [email protected]

Abstract

The corrosion inhibition effect of pyridine, quinolone, acridine and their n-hexadecyl

derivatives were studied by quantum chemical methods. The density functional

theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311G+ (d,p) basis set level, ab initio calculations

using the HF/6-311G+ (d,p) and semi-empirical PM6 methods were performed to

investigate the correlation between its molecular structure and the corresponding

corrosion inhibition efficiency (%IE). Inspection of the calculated parameters and

corrosion inhibition efficiencies were made to observe any clear links, which might

exist between them. Possible correlations between experimental inhibition

efficiencies and parameters such as dipole moment (DM), highest occupied (EHOMO)

and lowest unoccupied (ELUMO) molecular orbitals and the differences between

them, HOMO–LUMO gap (ΔE), as well as some structural characteristics were

investigated. Computational studies have been used to find the most stable

adsorption sites for these compounds. This information help to gain further insight

about corrosion system, such as the most likely point of attack for corrosion on iron

(1 1 1), the most stable site for adsorption and the binding energy of the adsorbed

layer

Key words: Corrosion inhibition; Quantum chemical calculation; DFT; Molecular

dynamic simulation




Corrosion behavior of aluminum alloy (A5754) in sulfuric acid

solutions and effect of halides ions and some inorganic inhibitors

S. S. Abd El-Rehim1, H. H. Hassan1, M. A. Deyab2*, A. Abd El Moneim1

1 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt

2* Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +201006137150; fax: + 202 22747433

E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract

The corrosion behavior of aluminum alloy (A5754) in sulfuric acid solutions and

effect of halides ions and some inorganic inhibitor were investigated using

electrochemical techniques. The data reveal that increasing sulfuric acid

concentration, solution temperature and scan rate, enhances the corrosion rate of

aluminum alloy (A5754). Addition of Cl-, Br- or I- enhances the active dissolution of

aluminum alloy (A5754) and tends to breakdown the passive film and induces

pitting attack. The aggressiveness of the halide ions to words the corrosion process

of aluminum alloy (A5754) decrease in the order Cl- > Br- > I-. The effect of MoO2-

as an inorganic inhibitor on the pitting corrosion of aluminum alloy (A5754) in (0.1M

NaCl + 0.3M H2SO4 ) solution has also been studied.











Noble organic Corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel used in

petroleum equipment

M. M. Mukhtar - A.S.Fouda- M.Fayad- A.Desoky

Department of inspectio, Balaeim Petroleum Co, Nile Delta Field (NDF) , Egypt


Abstract

The corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in 1 M HCl solution in the absence and

presence of 4-(2-Cyano-7- hydroxy-4-methylene-hepta-2,5-dienoylamino)-benzoic

acid (a), 4-[2-Cyano-3-(4-methoxy -phenyl)-acryloylamino]-benzoicacid.(b), 4-(2-

Cyano-3-phenyl acryloylamino)-benzoic acid (c) ,4-[3-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-2-cyano-

acryloylamino]-benzoic acid(d), was investigated using weight loss,

potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and

electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) techniques. The inhibitive action of

the investigated compounds was discussed in terms of blocking the electrode

surface by adsorption of the molecules through the active centers contained in their

structures. The adsorption of these derivatives on carbon steel surface is consistent

with Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The effect of temperature on the rate of

corrosion in the absence and presence of these compounds were also studied.

Physical adsorption mechanism is proposed from the calculated thermodynamic

parameters for all investigated compounds.

Key words: carbon steel, corrosion





Wall Shear Stress for the prediction of the Corrosion Rate during

the crude oil transportation using the RC Geometry

M.en C. María de Lourdes Elizalde Aguilar., M. en C. Jesús Daniel Robles Salas

Dra. Esther Torres Santillán,

M. en C. María de Lourdes Elizalde Aguilar, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería

Mecánica y Eléctrica ESIME-Zacatenco, México Distrito Federal

[email protected]

Abstract

There are different variables that can increase the corrosion speed during the crude

oil transportation; one of the most important parameters that is believed is the

speed in which the crude oil is transported.

The corrosion rate study is presented in this research considering room

temperature in a pipeline of carbon steel taking different speeds which include

laminate flow up to the development of high turbulence and, using the cylindrical

rotating geometry (RC) for observing a physical simulation of the conditions

developed by the fluid on the internal wall of the pipeline.

It is important to reiterate that an adequate simulation of fluid flow using RC may

contribute to further research to reproduce in the laboratory conditions of different

field of interest and modeling different variables involved.

The corrosion velocity was obtained through electrochemical techniques and as a

result a predictive model of the corrosion rate was proposed.

The predictive model for the system at room temperature is proposed as a function

of the wall shear stress (τω) were Rcorr = 0.1409 Tω 0.3229 and the rotational speed

(ω) Rcorr = 4.27 X10- 3 ω 0.5489.




The Role of the Anions on the Inhibition of

the Acidic Corrosion of Aluminum by Lupine Extract

B.A.Abd-El-Naby**, O.A.Abdullatef*, H.M. El-Kshlan****, E. Khamis*** and

M.A.Abd-El-Fatah****

** Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Alexandria University

P.O.Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt

***City of Scientific Research & Technological Applications, New Borg El-

Arab City, P.O. Box: 21934 Alexandria, Egypt

**** Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

* Pharos University, Faculty of Pharmacy (Corresponding author)

KanalElmahmodia Street, Smoha, Alexandria, Egypt

Tel: 002033877032/033; 0201226594955

Fax: 002033877149

E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract

The corrosion behavior of aluminum in 0.1 MHCl, 0.1 M HClO4 and 0.05 M H2SO4

solutions was studied using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical

impedance spectroscopy techniques. The results showed that the rate of corrosion

of aluminum was arranged in the order: HCl> HClO4 > H2SO4. Lupine extract is

effective green inhibitor for the corrosion of aluminum in acidic solutions. The

inhibition efficiency of the extract obtained from impedance and polarization

measurements was in a good agreement and was found to increase with increasing

concentration of the extract. The obtained results showed that, the lupine extract is

effective in the order HClO4>HCl> H2SO4. Theoretical fitting of the corrosion data to

the Kinetic-Thermodynamic model was tested to show the nature of adsorption.

Keywords: Corrosion, acidic, aluminum, lupine, impedance.





The Elsholtzia communis: A green corrosion inhibitor for mild

steel 0.5 M H2SO4 Solution

Ramananda Singh Mayanglambam*, Pebam Sanjeeta Devi

Department of Chemistry, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi (India)


Abstract

In the present study, an attempt was made to use extract from the Elsholtzia

communis for control of metallic corrosion. The extract of Elsholtzia communis in

aqueous 0.5 M H2SO4 was systematically investigated to ascertain its inhibitory

effect on corrosion of mild steel and its mechanism of the inhibition by weight loss

method, potentiodynamics polarisation technique and electrochemical impedance

spectroscopy (EIS). The inhibition efficiency of Elsholtzia communis on corrosion of

mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution increases on increasing in its concentration at

room temperature. The mechanism of inhibition is due to adsorption of the extract

on metal surface. The nature of adsorption of the extract on mild steel surface was

in conformity with Langmuir isotherm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study

confirmed that the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel is through adsorption of the

extract molecules on surface of metal.





Preparation and characterization of Pt–CeO2/C and Pt–TiO2/C

electrocatalysts with improved electrocatalytic activity for

methanol oxidation

R.M. Abdel Hameeda, R.S. Aminb,*, K.M. El-Khatibb , Amani E. Fetohib

aChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.

bChemical Engineering Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

[email protected]

Abstract

Pt−TiO2/C and Pt−CeO2/C electrocatalysts were synthesized by solid state reaction

of TiO2/C and CeO2/C powders using intermittent microwave heating, followed by

chemical reduction of platinum ions using mixed reducing agents of ethylene glycol

and sodium borohydride. The crystal structure, surface morphology and chemical

composition of prepared electrocatalysts were investigated using X-ray diffraction

(XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray

analysis (EDX). The phase angle values of different Pt diffraction planes in

Pt−TiO2/C and Pt−CeO2/C were shifted in the positive direction relative to those in

Pt/C. Pt particles with diameter of 3.06 and 2.78 nm were formed in Pt−TiO2/C and

Pt−CeO2/C, respectively. The electrochemical performance of prepared

electrocatalysts was examined using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Pt−CeO2/C showed an enhanced

oxidation current density when compared to Pt/C. Long time oxidation test at

Pt−TiO2/C and Pt−CeO2/C revealed their improved stability. Lower charge transfer

resistance values were estimated at Pt-metal oxide/C electrocatalysts as a result of

increased electric conductivity of TiO2 and CeO2.

Key words: Methanol; fuel cells; zirconium oxide; cerium oxide; titanium oxide; acid

medium.




Lawsonia extract as corrosion inhibitor for tin in sodium chloride

solutions

Salah Eid, M. Abdallah, A. Y. El-Etre, E. M. Kamar

Salah Eid, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha,

Egypt


Abstract

The corrosion behavior of tin electrode in 0.6 M NaCl solution as well as the effect

of addition aqueous extract of lawsonia were investigated using potentiodynamic

techniques. It was found that the inhibition efficiency increases as the concentration

of extract is increased. The inhibitive action of the extract was interpreted in view of

adsorption of the extract components at the tin surface. The results showed that

such adsorption follows Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The negative value of free

energy of adsorption suggests a spontaneous process. Moreover, the addition of

lawsonia extract increases the resistance of tin toward pitting corrosion.




Corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of magnesium alloy

(AZ91)

S. Mamdouh a,*, S. El raghy b, H. Abd El azeem b, I. Ghayad a and W. Metwally a

a Corrosion control and surface protection laboratory, CMRDI, Cairo, Egypt.

b Mining, Petroleum and Metallurgy Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo

university, Cairo, Egypt.

E-mail address : [email protected]

Abstract

Magnesium alloys are lightweight materials having attractive applications in

automobile and aerospace industries; yet its main drawback that limits their use is

their poor corrosion resistance. This investigation is dealing with corrosion and

stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of magnesium alloy- AZ91, under

different heat treatment conditions; in the as cast, solid solution (T4) and artificial

aging (T6) and in different environments, i.e. 3.5%NaCl ( marine environment) and

3.5%Na2SO4 ( industrial environment). General corrosion rate was studied using

haydrogen evolution test due to the negative difference effect phenomenon (NDE)

related to magnesium alloys. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique

(EIS) was used for surface characterization of the alloy. Different electrochemical

techniques e.g. open circuit potential, potentiodynamic and cyclic polarization were

carried out to indentify the corrosion behavior of the alloy. Stress corrosion cracking

(SCC) behavior was also studied using slow strain rate test (SSRT) to evaluate the

mechanically-assisted corrosion performance of the alloy under different heat

treatment and environmental conditions. Results were analyzed based on the

presence of microstructural cathodic precipitates and aggression of the testing

environments.





Extracts of Mint and Tea as Green Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild

Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution

M. A. Bedair (a,*), M.S. Metwally (a), S. A. Soliman (a), A. M. Al-Sabagh (b), A.

M. Salem (a), and T. A. Mohamed (c)

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Men’s Campus), Al-Azhar University,

Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt.

(b) Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.

(c) Central Laboratories of Health, Cairo, Egypt.

[email protected]

Abstract

The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution by the extracts of

Stems of Mint (SM), Leaves Mint (LM), Caffeine (CE), and Tea extract (TEX) has

been studied as cheap and eco-friendly inhibitors using weight loss,

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and potentiodynamic polarization

techniques. Inhibition was found to increase with increasing concentration of the

extract. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in 1.0 M

HCl with addition of extracts was also studied. The inhibition was assumed to occur

via adsorption of the inhibitor molecules on the metal surface. The adsorption of the

molecules of the extract on the mild steel surface obeyed the Langmuir adsorption

isotherm. The results obtained showed that the extracts of Mint (stems, leaves) and

Tea (Caffeine, TEX) are mixed type inhibitors and could serve as an effective

inhibitor of the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid media.

Key words: Corrosion inhibition; eco-friendly inhibitors, potentiodynamic

polarization, weight loss.




Gravimetric and Electrochemical Evaluation of Three Nonionic

Dithiol Surfactants as Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in 1 m

HCl solution

Samy M. Shaban, , Salah M. Tawfik Ali A. Abd-Elaal*

Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.

Corresponding author: (Ali A. Abd-Elaal). E-mail: [email protected]

Tel.: +20 1226324796; fax: +20 222747433

Abstract

Three nonionic dithiol surfactants were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for mild

steel in 1 M HCl at different temperatures 25, 40 and 55 oC. Three different

techniques were used for evaluation; weight loss method at the three different

temperatures and the electrochemical methods at 25oC. From the obtained results,

three nonionic dithiol surfactants have good inhibition efficiency and significantly

increase by increasing the concentration. Increasing temperatures show two

different trends; at low concentration, the efficiencies decrease, while at high

concentration the efficiencies increase for the three surfactants. From the

electrochemical polarization data, the prepared thiol surfactant behave as mixed-

type of inhibitors for carbon steel in 1M HCl. Double-layer capacitances obtained

from electrochemical impedance of synthesized surfactant decrease comparing to

the blank one when they be added due to the adsorption process on the metal steel

surface. The Villamil adsorption isotherm was found to be the more fitted model

describing the adsorption process.

Keywords:

nonionic thiol surfactants; Carbon steel; Weight loss; activation energy; Arrhenius

equation; Villamil isotherm.





Studying The Corrosion Inhibition of New synthesized Cationic

Surfactants on the mild Steel in 1M HCl

Samy M. Shaban,

Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute


Abstract

New three cationic surfactants were prepared and their chemical structure were

confirmed using different spectroscopic techniques. The corrosion inhibition of the

three cationic surfactants based on was evaluated using three different techniques,

weight loss, polarization and impedance. Surface coverage from weight loss at

three different temperatures was used to fit different adsorption isotherm for

obtaining more insight on the mechanism of adsorption on steel surface. The best

adsorption isotherm was vilamil isotherm. The prepared inhibitors showed high

inhibition efficiency for carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl and the inhibition efficiency

increase with increasing the temperature. The prepared surfactants act as mixed

type inhibitors.




Synthesis and Investigations on Improved

Anticorrosive Polyurethane Coating Formulations

Tamer Ezzat Youssef*

Chemical industries research division, National Research Centre (NRC), 12622

Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.


Abstract

The interest in polyurethane (PU) materials has been continuously growing both in

academia and in industry due to their widely applications in our daily life.

In this work, the incorporation of Zinc metal in PU matrix was carried out through

“one-pot reaction” to different loading levels (0.1% to 1.0% by weight). The resulted

Zn/PU coating systems applied to steel substrate (SS). The steel panels, which are

standardized, are made of normal carbon steel (St37) and blast cleaned to a

designation SA3 according to ISO8501-1.

The Zn/PU composites have been structurally characterized by means of their

structural properties through Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier

transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy

dispersive X-ray (EDAX), respectively. Examination of the corrosion resistance was

performed by a number of experiments in order to cover the efficiency of our anti-

corrosive coating systems. Autolab potentiostat was used in performing all the

electrochemical tests. They have significantly positively shifted Ecorr

of -55 mV,

confirming an effective corrosion protection by the coating. Also Icorr

is also found to

be decreased to 286 nA for the composite coated SS at 330 h. The Ecorr

did not

change much over a long immersion time, indicating that, the effect of Zinc filler

characteristics on chemical stability of the composite coatings in a corrosive

environment over a long immersion time. Therefore, the resulted Zn/PU coating

systems are attractive coating material in-line production with improved

anticorrosive coating properties and low capital cost.





Influence of Oil Well Drilling Waste on the

Engineering Characteristics of Clay Bricks

Medhat S. El-Mahllawy* and Tarek A. Osman

Raw Building Materials Technology and Processing Research Institute

Housing and Building National Research Center, Egypt

P. O. Box 1770, Cairo - E.mail*: [email protected]

Abstract

Huge quantities of oil-based mud waste (as a slurry material) were produced during oil well

drilling operations in Egypt. These quantities are environmental hazards and usually

disposed in open pits that constructed during drilling operations. These pits, approximately

50 years old, resemble an extreme environmental and health hazards integrated with fire and

dangerous sinking risks. Consequently, the main objective of this paper is to explore the

influence of oil well drilling waste, basically oil based mud waste, on the engineering

characteristics of the manufactured environmentally friendly, sufficient performing red clay

building brick. For this purpose, the compositions of these materials as well as physico-

mechanical characteristics of fired briquettes were investigated. In order to obtain

comparable results, ratios of the waste were gradually added (0, 10, 20 and 30% by mass)

as a substitute to the clay raw material. Standard test methods were used to determine the

principle physico-mechanical properties of the briquettes fired at different fringing

temperatures (800o, 850o & 900oC). Also, average values of these properties were presented

as a function of firing temperatures and waste additions. The laboratory results demonstrate

that the water absorption, bulk density, efflorescence and compressive strength of the fired

briquettes are met the acceptable engineering Egyptian Standard No. 204-2005 for clay

masonry units used for load and non-load bearing walls construction. The reuse of this waste

material in the building industry will contribute to the protection of the environment through

great advantages in waste minimization and beneficial income to the community through the

utilization process in building industry.





Corrosion behavior of reinforcing steel in slag based geopolymer cement

immersed in ammonium sulfate solution

Tarek A.Osman and Waleed Huseen sufe

Housing and building research center. Egypt, Dokki

[email protected]

Abstract

Ammonia is one of the elements substantially in each of the remnants of waste

water, industrial or service or some units within building industrial waste.

Ammonium sulfate concentration and effect of time are studied in compared with

OPC according to mechanical properties of above condition. Effect of ammonium

sulfate concentration explained the electrochemical behavior of reinforcing steel.

This point completed by studied the effect of curing time. The above studied

confirmed by using FTIR. This study represents the harmful effect of ammonium

sulfate solution especially at highly concentration. Also, Sulfate ions increases the

dense structure but this effect are neglect in presence of ammonium solution and

Corrosion increases with increasing of ammonium sulfate concentration. Effect of

curing time represents decreasing in corrosion resistance. The above result

matched with FTIR determination.





Alkali carbonate aggregate reaction in concrete and technology

overcome its risk

H. El Didamony* H.A. El Sayed** T.M. El-Sokkary** A. A. Abd EL- raoof**

* Professor Zagazig University

** Housing and Building National Research Center Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.

Abstract

Aggregates usually form about 75 percent of concrete therefore; it is expected that they play a great

effect on concrete properties. Compared to alkali – silica reaction (ASR), there are more and more

cases of deterioration of concrete due to alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR).The current study is

focused on furnishing additional information regarding the evaluation of crushed dolostone (50% low

content dolomite and high content dolomite 90%) properties in terms of their influence on the

concrete properties in both fresh and hardened state and effects of, Ordinary Portland Cement

(OPC) on expansion when admixed as a mortar with low content dolomite (50% Dolomite ) and high

content dolomite (90% Dolomite) aggregates due to the ACR were investigated. A variety of tests

have been performed to characterize the properties of the crushed aggregates including chemical

compositions, mineralogical and physical properties and its performance in concrete mixtures. The

experimental work included the effect of parameters relevant to the mix design on the properties of

the final products. The concrete was prepared using 10 and 25-mm nominal maximum size

aggregates locally available in Egypt. A total of 4 concrete mixtures with different water-to-cement

ratio, aggregate-to-cement ratio have been employed in this investigation. Over 200 cubes were cast

and tested for concrete compressive strength. Test results were presented in terms of the concrete

compressive strength versus different properties. It is concluded that careful attention should be

given to the mineralogical characteristics before using this type of aggregate. Considering the

compressive strength as a basic property, test results indicated that concrete up to 420 kg/cm2 could

be easily achieved with mineral dolomite consisting of (45.73% CaCO3, 54.27% MgCO3)

aggregates. And results obtained indicated that mortar contained Low dolomite is more prone to

alkali experienced expansion due to ACR than high dolomite. It was found that OPC mortar had

lower resistance to the ACR.

Keywords: Aggregates, Concrete, Alkali-carbonate reaction, Ordinary Portland cement,




Corrosion protection of aluminum by coating with polypyrrole nano-

composite film

Abou-Elhagag A. Hermas, Mahmoud A. Hussein, Bahaa M. Abu-Zied

Chemistry department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

Abstract

Efforts have being continuously made to improve existing materials and to develop

new ones which are stronger, lighter, and more resistant to aggressive

environments. Polypyrrole (PPy) films can be used as an alternative to the

traditional method of chromate coating, as protection against the corrosion of

metals [1, 2]. The electrochemical synthesis of adherent and homogenous PPy

films on Al and Al alloys were successfully achieved, by Mert et al [3], from oxalic

acid medium. In this work electrodeposition of polypyrrole-single carbon nanotubes (PPy-

sCNT) and polypyrrole-nickel lanthanum nano particles (PANI-NiLa) composites have been

formed on aluminum by cyclic voltammetry from aqueous solution of oxalic acid and in

presence of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Presence of sCNT and NiLa nanoparticles in the

electrolyte increased the electrodeposition rate of the PPy, the NiLa nanoparticles

increased largely the deposition at the first cycles. But, presence of the dissolved PVA in

the electrolyte decreased the electrodeposition of the polymer. SEM images indicated

immerging of the the nanoparticles materiales in the polymer layer forming composities.

The TGA and DTA analysis indicated that PVA and NiLa nanoparticles decreased the

thermal stability of PPy while the sCNT increased the stability. The corrosion test in 0.5 M

H2SO4 and 0.1 M NaCl solutions indicated Good improvements in the protection role of the

PPy coating by prsence of the nanoparticles particularly NiLa nano-particles. Most likely,

the NiLa nanoparticles increased the barrier effect of the polymer layer, and they catalyzed

the oxygen reduction reaction and thus enhance the aluminum oxide formation.

References

1- A.A. Hermas, M. Nakayama, K. Ogura, Electrochim. Acta, 50 (2005) 3640–3647

2- W.J. Hamer, L. Koene, J.H.W. de Wit, Mater. Corros. 55 (2004) 653.

3- B.D. Mert, R.Solmaz, G.Kardas, B.Yazıcı, Progress in Organic Coatings, in press,

doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2011.08.006.




Effect of Different Austmpering Treatments on Corrosion Behavior

of ADI

A.A. Dawod(1), A.A. Nofal(1), M.A. Shoeib(1), A.A. Hussein(2) , M.M. Ibrahim(2) .

(1) Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Helwan, Egypt.

(2) Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.

Abstract

In this study, the effect of different austempering treatments on microstructure and

corrosion characteristics of ductile iron was studied by using different ways. Three

ways to produce ADI have been studied, where austempring is carried out with

conventional austempering heat treatment, two step austempering, and intercritical

austempering and compared with corrosion behavior of ductile cast iron which is

considerable as received condition. Conventional austempering is carried out at two

different temperatures (275ᵒC and 375ᵒC). Polarization test in 3.5% NaCl Solution

was conducted to explore how austempering heat treatments influenced the

corrosion behavior of ductile cast Iron. The corrosion measurements revealed that

the order of irons used in this study according to corrosion resistance from highest

to lowest is two-step ADI, ADI austempered at 375ᵒC, ADI austempered at 275ᵒC,

Intercritical ADI (IADI), ductile iron (DI).




Evaluation of the corrosion inhibition efficiency of citric acid

toward mild and tinplate steel in aqueous Solution

Ahmed Khalifa Rateb, H.B. Hassan, M.A. Abdel Rahim, M.W. Khalil,

Ahmed Khalifa Rateb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Cairo

university, Giza/Egypt


Abstract

In the present study the effect of addition of citric acid on the corrosion inhibition

behaviour of mild steel and tinplate steel in a mixture of Na2SO4 + H2SO4 was

carried out. The effect of changing both the concentration of citric acid inhibitor and

the electrolyte temperature on the performance of the corrosion inhibition process

was investigated. Measurements were performed using potentiodynamic

polarization cathodic Tafel lines. The obtained experimental data were found to

follow Langmuir and Fruendlich isotherms. Moreover, estimation of the activation

energy and some thermodynamic parameters in the presence and absence of the

inhibitor were carried out. Some quantum mechanical calculations are carried out to

indicate the charge distribution on the inhibitor molecule and its mode of adsorption

on the metal surface.




Microstructure evolution of Thermal Barrier Coating System with

Al2O3 Inter-Layer under Thermal Cycling

N. El Mahallawy*, M. Shoeib **, H. A. AbdelDaim*.

*Design and Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Ain Shams University, Abasia, Cairo, Egypt.

** Central Metallurgical Research Center, ElTebbin, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt

Corresponding author: Prof. Nahed El Mahallawy, [email protected],

tel.; +2 0122- 78 28 240; fax +202 2758 1041

Abstract

Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) systems are economically demanded for efficient and

environmental friendly gas turbine engines which work under the most severe conditions of

temperature and mechanical loading. Commercial TBC system includes a ceramic top coat

(TC), a bond coat (BC) and a thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer formed on the substrate. In

the present study, an inter-layer α-Al2O3 layer was deposited by Slurry - Dip Coating and Sol

Gel - Dip Coating on the surface of APS-CoNiCrAlY Bond Coat, which was deposited on Ni-

Based superalloy substrate. The YSZ ceramic Top Coat was deposited on the top of Al2O3

layer by APS. The new TBC system was tested under thermal cycling and compared with

the standard TBC system. The samples microstructure including the cracks generated within

the TC and the TGO growth were investigated by optical microscopy, Scanning Electron

Microscopy (SEM) equipped by Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray Diffraction

(XRD). The inter-layer acts as diffusion barrier for oxygen which protects the BC from

severe oxidation, hence prolonging the TBC life.

Keywords: Thermal barrier Coating; Al2O3 intermediate layer; Sol gel; thermal grown oxide

layer; Thermal cycling behavior.





Corrosion behaviour in Egyptian oil field:

Valve metallurgical failure investigation

Medhat A. Hegazi, GUPCO, Ain Shams University


Medhat Hegazi, Gupco, Ain Shams University / Sherif Anwar, Gupco /

Mohamed Taha, Ain Shams University / Rawya Hamouda, Ain Shams Univeristy

Abstract

On routine inspection of an unmanned offshore crude oil producing platform, a

failed 12” ball valve was found; its body bleed fitting was sheared off. Investigations,

covering the ruptured section of the valve body, the ruptured seat section, the

damaged bleed fitting and the ball, were done. It was proven through complete

metallurgical failure analysis that the failure was not related to any obvious personal

factor and no abnormal operating conditions were recorded where pressure records

on the 12” pipeline indicated that the operating pressure was in steady state.

Chemical analysis confirmed that the construction material of the ball and the seat

was the reason behind the failure as it was chemically attacked and corroded.

Composition of the corrosion products indicated that the main corrosion

mechanisms are CO2 corrosion and corrosion under deposits. Furthermore,

overstressing the bleed fitting due to uncontrolled manual tightening has led to

thread damage.





Study of electrical and physical performance of non- ceramic

insulator using deposit density technique

L.S. Nasrat1, I.A. Ibrahim2, S.M. EL-khodry3 and A.M. El Aziz4

1Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, South Valley

University, Aswan, Egypt

2 Arab Contractor Company (Osman Ahmed Osman), Cairo, Egypt

3Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams


4Department of physical chemistry, National Research Center, 12622 Cairo, Egypt

4German University in Cairo, Materials Science Department, 11835 New Cairo,

Egypt

Abstract

This work presents a study of flashover voltage and surface electrical resistance of

outdoor polyester and composite insulator under coastal condition. In order to

improve the electrical and physical proprieties in addition to maximize surface flash

over voltage, cylindrical polyester composite samples have been prepared after

incorporated with different concentration of inorganic filler e.g. Alumina tri-hydrate

(ATH), 30, 40 and 50 wt%. The electrical performance of the materials have

evaluated by the equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD). It was observed that

higher fillers wt% additives reflect better electrical performance.

Materials micro scan indicates better distribution of the internal molecules with the

addition of fillers as well as the tendency to agglomerate increased with increasing

filler content.

Furthermore, the salt deposition, salt spray test, (ASTM B117-11) have been

studied to investigate the salt deposition and thus measuring the electrical

resistance. Significant decrease in the electrical resistance was obtained with

increasing salt deposition.




Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mitigation of Sulfide Attach on

Leaded Bronze Surface

A. M. El-Shamy*1, Mohamed M. Megahed2, Amal M. Abd Elkarim1 and Atef

Kalmouch3

1Physical Chemistry Department, Electrochemistry and Corrosion Lab., National

Research Centre, El-Bohouth St. 33, Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt

2Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Fayoum University, Egypt

3Peptide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth St. 33,

Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt, e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The corrosion inhibition efficiency of leaded bronze was evaluated in unpolluted and

sulfide polluted 3.5% NaCl. The Sodium (Z)-4-Oxo-4-p-Tolyl-2-Butenoate (SOTB)

has been used as environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor. It is well known that

the best commercial corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys is

benzotriazole, but in the same time it also known that it is carcinogenic compound.

The replacing of toxic materials by green chemicals is considered very good goal.

The corrosion inhibitor is perfectly studied by electrochemical methods to monitor

the corrosion inhibition of leaded bronze. The results showed that this inhibitor act

as cathodic and anodic inhibitor for the surface of bronze in both chloride and

sulfide polluted medium. The bronze electrodes were subjected to surface

characterization by scanning electron microscope SEM at the highly effective dose,

which achieved at 200 ppm from the used inhibitor in both chloride and sulfide

media. The mode of action of corrosion inhibitor is also considered to prove the

probable mechanism. It is found that the inhibition efficiency and the persistence of

protective film are depends on the inhibitor concentration in both chloride and

sulfide media.

Key Words: Corrosion; corrosion inhibition; leaded bronze; (SOTB); sulfide attack;

mechanisms.





New surfactants as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel pipelines

under severe environments

A.M. Al-Sabagh1, M.A. Migahed1, Mohamed A. Abbas1, E.S. Gad2* and H. M.

Abd EL-Bary2

1Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt

2Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

Three novel surfactants were synthesized from N,N'-(azanediylbis(ethane-2,1-

diyl))dioleamide namely (OE100, OER100 and OEAr100). Their chemical structures

were confirmed using FTIR, 1HNMR and elemental analysis. Also the surface active

properties for the synthesized compounds were calculated. The inhibition effects of

(OE100, OER100 and OEAr100) on the corrosion susceptibility of grade API X70

steel pipeline in deep oil wells formation water under CO2 and H2S environments

were studied by electrochemical techniques and quantum chemical calculations.

Polarization curves showed that by increasing the inhibitor concentration the

corrosion current density was decreased until 500 ppm, and the prepared

surfactants acted as mixed type inhibitors. Data obtained from EIS technique were

analyzed to model the corrosion inhibition process through equivalent circuit (EC).

Quantum chemical calculations based on ab initio method were performed on

OE100, OER100 and OEAr100. Adsorption of the inhibitor obeys the Langmuir

isotherm. Finally, the nature of the formed protective film was analysed by SEM and

EDX techniques.

Keywords: Surfactants, corrosion inhibitors, deep oil wells formation water, X- 70

tubing steel, potentiodynamic polarization, EIS, SEM, EDX.




Synthesis, characterization and anticorrosion potentials of

chitosan-g-PEG assembled on silver nanoparticles

Hassan H. H. Hefni, E.M.S. Azzam, Emad A. Badr*, M. H. M. Hussein, Salah M.

Tawfik

Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute/ Nasr City/ Cairo/ Egypt.

Email: [email protected], Tel. 002-01063931833.

Abstract

Chitosan (Ch) grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) (Ch-g-PEG) were synthesized

using PEG with molecular weights 2000 g/mol. The synthesized Ch-g-PEG was

characterized using GPC, FTIR, 1HNMR, and XRD techniques. Ch-g-PEG self-

assembled on silver nanoparticles (Ch-g-PEG/AgNPs) was synthesized and

characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and

energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX). The synthesized Ch-g-PEG and its

nanostructure with the prepared silver nanoparticles were examined as non-toxic

corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in 1 M HCl solution using potentiodynamic

polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The

results show that the inhibition efficiency obtained by Ch-g-PEG self-assembled on

silver nanoparticles is greater than that obtained by Ch-g-PEG only.

Potentiodynamic polarization results reveal that the synthesized compound could

be classified as mixed-type corrosion inhibitors with predominant control of the

cathodic reaction. The results of EIS indicate that the both charge transfer

resistance and inhibition efficiency tend to increase by increasing the inhibitor

concentration.

Keywords:

Chitosan; Poly(ethylene glycol); silver nanoparticles; carbon steel; corrosion

inhibition; electrochemical





Anti-corrosive asphaltic material for metallic surface protection

Said A. Abed

General administration of chemical and research laboratories, [Assiut Oil

Refining Company (ASORC)], Assiut, Egypt.

Corresponding author: Tel.: +20 1007521038.

E-mail address : [email protected]

Abstract

Soft asphalt not commonly used in coating for its long curing time in spite of it has

adhesion properties and low cost while, Long oil alkyd resin (LOAR) is

predominantly used, yet it is a weak material. This paper aims to produce modified

asphaltic coating for metallic surface overcoming the disadvantages of asphalt and

LOAR. To achieve this aim, LOAR was mixed with asphalt of penetration grade

60/70 in ranges of 3 to 12% (w/w). The prepared coatings were characterized

mechanically and physically and evaluated for corrosion resistance. The results

concluded that the prepared coating produces an effective coating material. The

data obtained from the study reveals that the blend of long oil alkyd resin and

asphalt cement result in better blend coating properties compared to virgin asphalt

and LOAR used separately. The microstructure of the coating blend was studied

using SEM and the components present were found to be compatible. Chemical

testing indicated that the coating blends offered good coating resistance when

exposed to a salt-spray environment for500 h, and mechanical testing indicated

very good properties with respect to adhesion, flexibility, gloss and scratch

hardness. The resin blended well with the asphalt cement, resulting in a material

that has high resistance to moisture and good adhesion properties with respect to

steel substrate materials. This indicates that the coatings ideally suited for

application to steel structures that are to be immersed in water, or buried in the

earth. The incorporation of long oil alkyd resin improved the asphalt cement drying

time, gloss, scratch hardness and chemical and corrosion resistance.





Factors Affecting the Corrosion Behavior of Reinforcing Steel

S.M.Abd El Haleem, E.E.Abd El Aal, S.Abd El Wanees and A. Diab

Faculty of Science – Zagazig University, Zagazig – Egypt


Abstract

Potential-time curves are obtained for an Egyptian reinforcing steel in naturally

aerated Ca(OH)2 solutions, simulating the concrete pore solution, in absence and

presence of chloride and sulphate anions as corrosive agents. In aggressive ions

free Ca(OH)2 solution, the steady state potential is approached from negative value

indicating oxide film healing and thickening. Chloride and sulphate anions cause

oxide film destruction and initiation of visible pits. The rates of oxide film thickening

in Ca(OH)2 solution and oxide film destruction by the aggressive anions follow a

direct logarithmic law as evident from the linear relationships between the open

circuit potential and the logarithm of immersion time. Chromate, phosphate, nitrite,

tungstate and molybdate ions inhibit the pitting corrosion of the steel. In presence of

a constant inhibitors concentration, the inhibition efficiency of pitting inhibition

increases in the order: (weak) chromate < nitrite < tungstate < molybdate (strong).





Biodegradable Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in Acidic

Medium

Ismail Aiad, Samy M. Shaban, Mohamed M. El-Sukkary

Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, EPRI, Cairo, Egypt

[email protected]

Abstract Three cationic surfactants based on Schiff base were laboratory prepared. These

compounds were tested as corrosion inhibitors and biocide for the sulfate reducing

bacteria, (SRB). Three techniques were used for the corrosion inhibition evaluation,

namely; weight loss, polarization and electrochemical impedance. The corrosive

media was the 1.0 M HCl. The concentrations of tested inhibitor were around their

CMC. The serial dilution method was used to evaluate the inhibiting effect of these

compounds on SRB growth. The results showed that the prepared compounds

have good biodegradability, they completely degradable before 28 days. they also

have high antimicrobial activities against SRB, as well as they have higher

efficiency as corrosion inhibitors for carbon mild steel in 1.0 M HCl, this efficiency

increases by increasing the tested solution temperature, as well as the

hydrophobicity of the inhibitor.

Keywords: Weight loss, Potentiodynamic polarization, Impedance, Acid solution,

Adsorption isotherm.

http://link.springer.com/search?facet-author=%22Ismail+Aiad%22

http://link.springer.com/search?facet-author=%22Samy+M.+Shaban%22

http://link.springer.com/search?facet-author=%22Mohamed+M.+El-Sukkary%22





Investigation of the adsorption of Sodium Caprylate as a

Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in sulfuric acid

Saad Ghareba(1)*

, Sasha Omanovic(2)

.

(1) Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Al-Mergib University, Alkhums Libya

* Corresponding author ([email protected])

(2) Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2

Abstract

The interaction of a sodium salt of octanoic acid, sodium caprylate (SC), with a

carbon steel (CS) surface was investigated over a wide pH and temperature range,

using a range of experimental techniques. The aim of the research was to

investigate the possibility of using SC as a corrosion inhibitor, and to determine the

mechanism of its corrosion inhibition.

It was shown that SC acts as a good CS general corrosion inhibitor, yielding a

maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 97% at pH 2. This high inhibition

efficiency is maintained even at higher temperatures. It was determined that SC

inhibits both partial corrosion reactions, and can thus be considered to be a mixed-

type inhibitor. The adsorption of SC on the CS surface at low pH was described by

the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was found that this process is spontaneous,

irreversible and driven by the entropy gain. The CS surface morphology was

studied by SEM and it was demonstrated that SC is a very effective general

corrosion inhibitor of CS at low pH values. This also was confirmed by contact

angle measurements which showed that the CS surface became more hydrophobic

when the SC was added to the solution.




Corrosion protection of 316L stainless steel by inorganic anions and Ni

nanoparticles in mixed acid mixture Reham H. Tammam*, Amany M. Fekry

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza-12613, Egypt


Abstract

The electrochemical behavior of 316L stainless steel alloy was investigated using open

circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization

measurements and surface examination via scanning electron microscope technique in

phosphoric and sulphuric acid solution mixtures with different percentages. The effect of

additives (fluoride and iodide) on the corrosion and hydrogen evolution of the tested alloy in

acid mixture were also studied. It was found that the corrosion rate decreases in the acid

mixture solution containing iodide than fluoride ion. However, electrodeposition of nickel

nanoparticles (NiPs) protects well the alloy surface more than added anions either iodide or

fluoride in the mixed acid mixture. The efficiency increases according to the following

order: NiPs>I->F

->blank mixed acid mixture.

Keywords: 316L stainless steel; phosphoric acid; sulphuric acid; EIS, SEM and nickel

nanoparticles.





Synthesis of New Cationic Surfactants and Evaluation of their Effect as Corrosion Inhibitors and Antimicrobial Agents for

Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) in Oil Fields

M. A. Migaheda, M. M. Khattabb, I. Aiada, , A. M. Al-Sabagha

a Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt

b Qarun Petroleum Company (QPC), Cairo, Egypt


Abstract:

Two cationic surfactants namely; 1-dodecyl-1-methyl-2-(phenethylimino)pyrrolidin-

1-ium bromide (I) and , 1-dodecyl-2-((4-hydroxyphenyl)imino)-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-

ium bromide (II) were synthesized , characterized and evaluated as corrosion

inhibitors for X- 65 type tubing steel in deep oil wells formation water and as

antimicrobial agents against sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). Potentiodynamic

polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were

used to evaluate these compounds as corrosion inhibitors, while the serial dilution

method was used to evaluate their inhibition effect on sulfate reducing bacteria

growth. The results showed that the selected surfactants have good antimicrobial

activities against the SRB as well as they have acceptable efficiency as corrosion

inhibitors for tubing steel in deep oil wells formation water.

Key words: Cationic surfactants, carbon steel, Corrosion inhibitors, SRB. Oil wells

formation water.





EQCM based in-situ Corrosion monitoring of nano-nickel modified electrodes for ethanol electro-oxidation in alkaline medium

Ahmed B. Soliman, Hesham S. Abdel-Samad, M. A. Ahmed, Sayed S. Abdel-Rahim, and

Hamdy H. Hassan

Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt


Abstract As a result of the high catalytic response of nano nickel for the oxidation of small

alcohol molecules, it is considered a perfect substituent for the low-abundant group

metal. Despite the wide studies performed on the nano nickel based

electrocatalysts yet its corrosion studies are rare. For this reason the

electrochemical behaviour of the nano dispersed Ni modified graphite electrode,

obtained by potentiostatic electrodeposition from Ni (II) aqueous solution is carried

out in 0.5M NaOH with and without 1M ethanol. This is the typical electrolyte used

in the direct alkaline ethanol fuel cell (DAEFC). The electro-catalytic response

optimization is obtained through the control of the electrodeposition parameters

using voltammetric techniques, where the maximum obtained stable response is

162mA/cm -1. The morphology of the electrodeposited nano nickel is examined by

Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Regarding the in-situ

corrosion monitoring, an in-situ mass change profile of the deposited nano Ni

electrocatalyst were done using a hyphenated combined electrochemical Quartz

Crystal Microbalance with cyclic voltammetry (EQCM-CV) showing a decrease of

15% in the electro-catalytic response accompanied with a 2.6 µg/cm -1 decrease in

the active phase mass moving from 1st to 5th operating cycles showing a high

stability of the prepared electrocatalyst. This high stability may be attributed to the

regenerative nature of the Ni nano electrocatalyst as discussed in details in this

work.




Evaluation of morpholine methylene phosphonic acid (MMPA) as scale inhibitor in oil field water

Elfitouri Ahmied Mohamed, Abubaker Elayatt, The University of Sirte, Libya Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Scale formation in gas and oil wells is a common and persistent problem during

production, treatment, transportation, and disposal of co-produced salt water;

inhibition of this scale formation is a priority. An important industrial use of

phosphonates is in cooling waters, desalination systems, and in oil fields to inhibit

scale formation.

The Dynamic test has been carried out using dynamic scale rig test to determine

the efficiency of scale inhibitor (MMPA) at injection rates of (3, 5, 7, 10, and 20ppm)

The experiments shows that the scale inhibitor (MMPA) is effective in preventing

formation of calcium carbonate CaCO3 scale, where it has achieved efficiency from

94.83% to 98.20% at concentration of scale inhibitor of 10ppm.

It has been noticed that the rate of change in pressure with respect to the time is

constant, and this proves that the scale inhibitor (MMPA) achieved a very good

efficiency as it managed to prevent formation of calcium carbonate CaCO3 scale

through a time period with respect to the injection of both the scale inhibitor and

sample (scaling solution). The scale inhibitor (MMPA) achieved a very good

efficiency at injection rates of 10ppm.

Keywords: morpholine methylene phosphonic acid, Scale formation, scale

Inhibitors, oil field water, Inhibitor efficiency.




Eco-friendly Ionic Liquid Chitosan as corrosion inhibitor for X-65 tubing

M.A. Migahed, S.M. Elsaed, A.M .Al-Sabagh , E.A. Khamis , E.G .Zaki*

Egyptian petroleum research institute, Nasr city 11727, Cairo,Egypt.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Ionic liquids ( ILs) attracted great attention as green corrosion inhibitors for steel in

aggressive environments. The present work synthesizes new quaternized N-alkyl

chitosan. The chemical structure of the prepared polymeric ionic liquid was

investigated using FTIR analysis. The corrosion inhibitive effect of the prepared

polymeric ionic liquid on steel corrosion in acid solution was studied using different

electrochemical techniques. Potentiodynamic polarization data revealed that the

prepared ionic liquid reduces both dissolution and hydrogen evolution corrosion

reactions. Impedance technique shows one capacitive loop that indicated the

charge-transfer process of the steel corrosion.The quantum chemistry calculations

were carried out to study the molecular geometry and electronic structure of

obtained derivatives. The energy gap between the highest occupied molecular

orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital has been calculated using the

theoretical computations to reflect the chemical reactivity and kinetic stability of

compounds.

Keywords: corrosion inhibition, Polarization, EIS, Acid medium, adsorption,

quantum chemistry





Mitigation of Brass Corrosion by Methyl α -Cyanoacrylate (MACA) Coating: Applied On a Cup from Dhamar Museum, Yemen

A. M. El-Shamy1,*, Mohamed M. Megahed2, K. M. Zohdy3 and Amal M.

Abd Elkarim1

1Physical Chemistry Department, Electrochemistry and Corrosion Lab., National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt, 12622

2Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Fayoum University, Egypt 3Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City, Egypt

*E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract In this paper the brass cup was subjected to XRF analysis to fabricate an electrode

has approximately the same elemental analysis. The electrochemical techniques

have been studied for the fabricated brass electrode in 3.5% NaCl solutions. The

brass electrode was immersed in mixture from MACA and absolute alcohol for 30

min and then the solvent is evaporated in room temperature before carrying out the

electrochemical measurements. The inhibition efficiency has been estimated in

absence and in the presence of thin film of methyl α-cyanoacrylate (MACA) as an

applied corrosion inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency is directly proportional to the

number of layers of MACA. The corrosion inhibition process is attributed with the

formation of thin film on the metal surface from the corrosion inhibitor.

Potentiodynamic polarization and EIS curves indicated that MACA act as excellent

corrosion inhibitor for brass in salt water with efficiency of about 95.3% and 96.6%

at 1% and 2% respectively. Due to the narrow difference 1.3% between the 1% and

2% percentages, we recommend to treat the cup under study with 1% MACA after

chemical cleaning method. The surface was subjected to optical microscope, SEM,

EDS and XRD.

Keywords: Impedance; Corrosion and electrochemical property; Corrosion inhibitor


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