absolutism of western europe chapter 13 witchcraft throughout europe 100,000 prosecuted mostly poor...
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Witchcraft
Throughout Europe100,000 ProsecutedMostly PoorSell ointments, herbsWomen-”scum of humanity”Result of Th. Yr. War
TolerationEducation
Absolute?
Sovereign power (ultimate authority) rests with a monarch claiming divine right
Sovereignty -power to make lawstaxadminister justice control foreign policy
Divine Right
Bishop Jacques Bossuet (1627-1704)
God established kings to control all people
Responsible to no one but God
Absolutism in France
Cardinal RichelieuLouis XIII chief
advisor 1624 – 1642Eliminates the
Huguenots power
Intendants
Royal officials -enforce gov’t policyCollect taxesSuccessful – increase power of the crownTax system -corruptWealthy-get richFrance-Debt begins to mount under
Richelieu
Cardinal Mazarin
Regent (advisor) to young Louis XIV, 1642 – 1661
Followed in Richelieu footsteps
Most important event…
The Fronde (Revolution) 1648-1652
Nobles resent the monarchy Tired of taxes Thirty Years’ WarGet rid of Mazarin Here come Louis XIV
Louis XIV (r.1643 -1715)
Set standard for Absolute monarchs
He got involved in the day-to-day activities of the court
Administration of GovernmentLouis controls details“Keep your friends close and your
enemies even closer.”keeps policy-makers close-”input on big’ issueswar, religion, taxesLet local authorities control small things
Religious policy
Louis Catholic“One king, one law, one faith”October 1685 – Edict of Fontainebleau
Revokes the Edict of Nantesdestroys Protestant schools and churches
Many skilled artisans leave France – hurts economy
Financial Issues
Big issue for Louis – Versailles, many wars
Jean-Baptiste Colbert – Finance Minister
Follows the ideas of mercantilism
Mercantilism
Government regulation of the economyDecrease importsincrease exportsColbert -increase the quantity and quality
of French manufactured goods
Not sure how much these policies helpedRegulations evadedHigh tariffs lead to retaliation by other
countriesMore money – More Louis spent
Versailles-King’s Palace
Symbol of power Residence for the kingOffice Home for Royal officialsKeeps everyone close to himSymbolism-big for LouisNobles do very demeaning task
Access to powerKeeps them busy-he runs things
Louis XIV’s Wars
Louis studies history – wants military gloryFrance develop a huge army 100,000 in peace400,000 during warsLouis obsessed with military
War #1 & 21667 – Louis invades Spanish
NetherlandsSN with English and Swedes defeat LouisWar #2 – Dutch War – 1672
Louis attacks NetherlandsLouis gains little
War #3 –War of the League of Augsburg 1689 -1697
L. of A. – alliance btw Spain, Sweden, England
Pointless wareconomic disaster in FranceLouis gives up most of his lands in
Germany
War #4 – War of Spanish Succession 1702-1713
Spanish ruler leaves his throne to Louis’s grandson – Philip V
Many afraid that Spain and France would unite
maintain a balance of powerEngland, Austria, vs. France and SpainWar fought in Europe and U.S. colonies
Louis is defeatedTreaty of Utrecht – 1713Philip V -king of SpainOnly if France and Spain remain separateBig winner – EnglandFrench land in CanadaBritish Columbia
Louis dies two years later“Try to remain at peace with your
neighbors. I loved war to much. Do not follow me in that or overspending. Take advice in everything…Lighten your people’s burden.”
LOUIS SUCC.
HARD WORK-FOCUSED“INTENDANTS”MINISTERS- “COLBERT”BUILDING PROJECTS
ROADSCANALSREFORM
MILITARY
FAILURES
LOVED HIS BLINGREIGNED TO LONG – 60 YRSUPSET NOBLES-GOT THEM MADTOOK BACK EDICT OF NANTESNO EXIT PLANLOUIX XV-WEAKTAX PROBLEMS
Constitutionalism in England
Elizabeth I dies 1603 – no heir End of House of Tudor – start of House of
StuartJames I (1603-1625) takes over; ScottishFirmly believes in divine right
James I speech to the House of Commons
I am surprised that my ancestors should ever be permitted such an institution to come into existence. I am a stranger, and found it here when I arrived, so that I am obliged to put up with what I cannot get rid of!
Religious Policy
Puritans wanted James I to change Church of EnglandCurrent – Episcopal – bishops hold powerReform – Presbyterian – ministers, elders have
power
James I refuses – large political power source
Angers much of the gentry – well to do land owners
Charles I (r. 1625-1649)
1628 – Petition of RightNo taxation without Parl.
consentCharles acceptsthen renegeshe cannot work with
Parliament refuses to call for them
to meet-1629 - 1640
Charles becomes hated
Charles must collect taxes He marries a CatholicTries to make the Scots Anglican
(English)Scots rise up Charles can’t afford to fight backMust call Parliament
“Long Parliament” 1640-1660Severe limitations on
royal authorityTriennial Act –
Parliament to meet every three years, with or without king’s consent
Radical groups want change
Charles has them arrested
Leads to…
English Civil War 1642 - 1649
Royalists(Cavaliers)Royalists(Cavaliers)
Parliamentarians (Roundheads)
Parliamentarians (Roundheads)
• House of Lords• N & W England• Aristocracy• Large landowners• Church officials• More rural, less prosperous
• House of Commons• S & E England• Puritans• Merchants• Townspeople• More urban , more prosperous
Roundhead Leader
Oliver CromwellPuritans small-
powerfulLead the armyInspired by sermons,
prayers and psalmsBecame unbeatable
King Charles I captured
During trial Charles plots his return to power
Found GuiltyOff with his head!
Cromwell’s New Governments
Commonwealth (1649 – 1653) – Cromwell has power
House of Commons Cromwell crushes uprisings in Ireland and
ScotlandRadical groups want
freedom of speechreligious tolerationuniversal manhood suffrage
Cromwell destroys them
The Protectorate
Cromwell became Lord Protector (executive)
Dissolves Parliament and institutes military rule
Cromwell dies 1658Military cannot hold the country together
The Restoration
Charles II (r. 1660 -1685) is invited back
‘I never knew I was so popular in England”
Charles II tries to regain power of the monarchy
Stifled by Parliament
Political Groups
Two main groups developWhigs – those who support Parliament Tories – those who support the king
James II (r. 1685 – 1688)
He a… Catholic!!! Oh no!!!
Starts putting Catholics in very high positions
At first many did not worry because he was old
Then he has a son…
1688
A group of nobles finds James’s daughter Mary and her husband William
They are asked to invade EnglandJames II quickly flees – almost no
bloodshed“Glorious Revolution”Destroys the idea of divine right – people
must participate
English Bill of Rights - 1689
Parliament makes the laws and levy’s taxes
Standing armies only with Parliament’s OK
Right to petition the gov’tRight to bear armsRight to trial by juryNo excessive bail