absolute monarchs. what is an absolute monarch? o an absolute ruler has complete control of their...
TRANSCRIPT
Absolute Monarchs
What is an Absolute Monarch?
O An absolute ruler has complete control of their region – They centralize power!
O They believe in divine rightO This means that God created the
monarchy and that the king acts as God’s representative on Earth.O Does this increase or decrease their
power??
O Absolute rulers exercise complete control of subjects’ lives
Examples of Absolute Rulers
1. Louis XIV in France2. Peter the Great in Russia
Louis XIV – “The Sun King”
OKing of France (1638-1715)OExercised absolute rule in
FranceOVery extravagant! He loved
fancy things!OUsed divine right in order to
keep full control!
Louis XIV – “The Sun King”
O Louis had a hero in France!O Cardinal Richelieu
O What did he do that Louis admires??
O Richelieu: created absolute monarchy in France (remember: he changed the war from religious to political=absolute monarchy)
O Made it possible for Louis to rule!
Louis XIV - VersaillesO Louis was also a very big fan of the artsO He built the palace of Versailles outside
of Paris as his homeO It has 1,400 fountains and 5,000 acres of
gardens and lawnsO The fountains couldn’t even all run at the
same time! If the King was out walking in the gardens, servants would turn them on as he went around
O http://en.chateauversailles.fr/templates/versailles/map/MapMain.php
Louis XIV – The Unfair King
O Louis sets up an “Estate” system
O There are 3 estates in France1. First Estate: Priests and
clergy2. Second Estate: Rich
landowners3. Third Estate: EVERYONE else!
O Peasants, middle class, poor!O First and Second Estates
don’t pay taxes! AND they get to live at Versailles!
O What will occur now?
Edict of NantesO Louis XIV repeals the Edict of Nantes
O What does that mean?O He takes religious freedom away
from the Huguenots (Protestants)
Peter the Great
Peter the GreatO Country: RussiaO Policy: Westernization
O What does that mean?
Historically, RUSSIA has been isolated and backwards due to its harsh CLIMATE
PETER the Great desired to make RUSSIA more like the advanced countries in ENGLAND , FRANCE, and NETHERLANS (DUTCH).
PETER the Great visited western EUROPE and even forced RUSSIA men to shave off their BEARDS just like men in ENGLAND did.
Ultimately, RUSSIA remained poor and backwards.
PETER THE GREAT
Introduces potato
Started Russia’s first newspaper All men must
shave their beards
Nobles must wear western
clothesSchools for arts and
sciences started
Built St.
Petersburg for trade
Peter the
Great
Why has Russia
historically been
backwards?
COLD CLIMATE
RURAL (few cities) 90% uneducated
peasants (very poor)
English Civil War&
The Glorious Revolution
WHII.6c
O Principle that government derives power from the consent of the governed
O Government get power from the PEOPLEO Who would approve of this idea?
What is POLITICAL DEMOCRACY?
O Jury TrialO Magna Carta (limited the King’s
power)O Common Law (law developed by
judges)
Foundations of English rights
The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution
prompted further development of the rights
of Englishmen.This led to the creation of
the English Bill of Rights of
1689.
Development of the Rights of Englishmen
Do you Know?1. Charles I
1. Son of James I
2. Did not like to be told what to do—dissolved many rights and laws Parliament passed
3. Took power away from Parliament
• How did this make them feel?
4. 1st king to face public trial and public execution
The Reign of Charles I
Development of the Rights of Englishmen
Do you Know?1. Charles I
2. English Civil War
1. 1642-1649—supporters of Charles I against opponents of Charles I
• Those loyal to Charles I=Royalists/Cavaliers
• Puritan supporters of Parliament=Roundheads
2. The war is basically the Parliament vs. King
The English Civil War
Development of the Rights of Englishmen
Do you Know?1. Charles I
2. English Civil War
3. Oliver Cromwell
1. General of the Puritan Army (Roundheads)
2. Helped Puritans win (began defeating Cavaliers)
3. Captured Charles I and held him as prisoner
4. 1649—Tried Charles I for treason against Parliament and his head was chopped off!
5. Became military dictator—seized Ireland (Northern Ireland is still part of the United Kingdom)
6. He established a commonwealth—a republican form of government
7. Favored religious toleration for all Christians except Catholics
8. Government he established collapsed soon after his death
The Reign of Oliver Cromwell
Interesting fact: Under Cromwell’s rule
Christmas was abolished!
Development of the Rights of Englishmen
Do you Know?1. Charles I
2. English Civil War
3. Oliver Cromwell
4. Charles II
1. King after Cromwell
2. Restored the monarchy in England—This is known as The Restoration
3. Habeas Corpus Act passed by parliament during his reign (
4. Had no rightful heir (legitimate child) to the English throne except James II (his brother) who was Catholic
Why is this a problem!?!?
The Reign of Charles II
Development of the Rights of Englishmen
Do you Know?1. Charles I
2. English Civil War
3. Oliver Cromwell
4. Charles II
5. James II
1. Political Parties formed when Charles II died and James II took the throne
• Whigs opposed James
• Tories supported James
• Whigs and Tories are the ancestors of first political parties in England
2. Displayed Catholicism
3. Appointed several Catholics to high office
The Reign of James II
Development of the Rights of Englishmen
Do you Know?6. William and Mary
1. Mary daughter of James II
• Protestant, unlike her dad!
2. Mary was married to William of Orange
• He was the Prince of Netherlands (Dutch)
3. Invited by England’s Parliament to overthrow James II
• In order to restore Protestantism
4. William led an army to London, England to fight James II for the throne
5. James fled to France without any fighting
Do you Know Answers
Development of the Rights of Englishmen
Do you Know?6. William and Mary
7. Glorious Revolution
1. Bloodless overthrow of James II
2. England was returned to Protestantism!! (AGAIN!)
3. Parliamentary power (legislative) increased and royal power (monarchy) decreased
• William and Mary recognized Parliament as a partner in governing
• England became a CONSTITUTIONAL Monarchy instead of an ABSOLUTE Monarchy
THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
Development of the Rights of Englishmen
Do you Know?6. William and Mary
7. Glorious Revolution
8. English Bill of Rights 1689
1. Goal was to make clear limits on the ruler’s (king’s/queen’s) power
2. Rulers could NOT:
• Suspend any of Parliament’s laws
• Levy taxes without a specific grant from Parliament
• Interfere with freedom of speech in Parliament
• Penalize a citizen who petitions the king about grievances
English Bill of Rights 1689
RECAPThe English Civil War was a conflict between Parliament
supporters (Roundheads) and Royalist supporters (Cavaliers). This war led to the execution of King Charles I. A guy named Oliver Cromwell led the Roundheads and took over after Charles I. After Cromwell dies he has no
heirs so Charles II (son of Charles I) restored the monarchy! Charles II later dies and also has NO HEIR! So, his brother, James II takes over. James II is Catholic and
has supporters called Tories and opponents called Whigs. Parliament hates James II and asks his daughter Mary (a protestant) and her husband, William of Orange, to come to England and take over. They agree and James II runs away to France (GLORIOUS)! William & Mary then put
the English Bill of Rights into place and limited powers of the kings/queens of England!
The French Revolution
WHII.6e
The Revolution Begins!!
O Time- 1700s: France was considered the most advanced country in EuropeO Large populationO Prosperous foreign tradeO Center of EnlightenmentO Culture praised and imitated by the worldO King Louiz XVIO Absolute Monarchy
Problems in France!!O Appearance of all the wonderful things in
France was deceiving…Problems
O Bad harvestO High priced goodsO High taxes (for Third Estate)O Disturbing questions raised by Locke,
Rousseau, and Voltaire during the Enlightenment
O Ideas of success from the American Revolution
Social Class in FranceO France’s social class is divided into three different groups, called ESTATES
Top 2 EstatesO First Estate—Priests/ClergyO Second Estate—Rich
Nobles/Landowners
O Privileges of both estatesO Power, prestigeO Did NOT pay taxes (exempt)O Could hold government jobs/be
appointed to high officesO Under Louis XIV could live at Versailles
Social Class in FranceOThird Estate (divided into three
separate groups)O 97% of France’s populationO Bourgeoisie—Middle Class
O Bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals
O Made GOOD money, but had to pay taxes and had no privileges
O WorkersO Trades people, apprentices, laborers,
servantsO Earned low wages and frequently
unemployed
O PeasantsO 80% of France’s populationO Peasants paid HALF their income in dues to
nobles, tithes to the Church, and taxes to the king
Population and Land Ownership in France, 1789
France’s Weak Leader (not in notes)
O Louis XVI (16) and Marie AntoinetteO Reigned in France during the 1770s
and 1780sO During this time:
OFrance sank deeper into debt
OBorrowed heavily to help with the American RevolutionODoubled France’s debt to
where bankers refused to lend the government any more money
Causes of the French Revolution1) Resentment of the lower classes’ (place in
life)2) Enlightenment views about power and
authority in government1) Quoting Rousseau and Voltaire, the Third
Estate began to demand equality, liberty, and democracy
3) Success of the American Revolution1) The French had HELPED America WIN!!!!
4) Decline in the economy1) Heavy taxes make profit impossible
5) A weak leader1) Louis XVI (chose himself before others—very
selfish)
France’s Weak Leader (not in notes)
O Louis XVI was not strong enough to battle such large problemsO Paid little attention to his advisors and had little
patience for the details of governingO Allowed Marie Antoinette to interfere and offer poor
adviceO She was unpopular as an Austrian (France’s enemy)O She spent so much money on gowns, jewels, gambling,
and gifts she was known as “Madame Deficit”
The National Assembly
O The 3rd Estate decided to separate themselves from the 1st and 2nd
O Formed The National Assembly, as part of the Estates General, to pass laws and reforms to the government themselvesO Louis XVI and the 1st and 2nd estates DID NOT like
this!!O Became the first action of the French Revolution
The Tennis Court OathOThree days after the Estates General
began and the National Assembly was formed the 3rd Estate was locked out of the meeting room at Versailles!
OSo…they broke into an indoor tennis court on the grounds of Versailles
OMembers pledged to stay until a new constitution was establishedO Tennis Court OathO Second action of the French Revolution
O Louis reacts by placing his army around the grounds of Versailles
Rumors FlyO People thought Louis XVI was going to use military
force to dismiss the National AssemblyO Others thought the troops were going to massacre
the French citizens in Paris
Storming of the BastilleOPeople began to gather
weapons to defend the cityO Where would they get
weapons…..they have no money?
O On July 14, 1789 a mob searching for gunpowder and arms stormed the Bastille
Storming of the BastilleO Bastille was a Paris Prison
O Great symbolic act of revolution
O Hacked the commander and guards to death and paraded their heads on sticks around Paris
The National Assembly Reforms France
O On August 4, 1789 many nobleman joined the National Assembly and made grand speeches about liberty and equalityO They did this more out of fear than by actual
idealismO NO more feudal privileges to the First and Second
Estates
Declaration of the Rights of Man
O Revolutionary ideasO Adopted by the National AssemblyO Men are born FREE and are EQUAL in rightsO Guaranteed citizens EQUAL justice, freedom of
SPEECH, and freedom of RELIGIONO What does this sound like?
So, what happened to Louis XVI and his family? Escape
O After the National Assembly reformed the government Louis XVI tried to flee France with his family!!O Was found and returned to Paris under guard (put in
prison)O This action fueled government radicals and sealed
Louis’ fate
New GovernmentO The National Assembly created a new constitution
and governmentO LIMITED Monarchy
O Louis was dismissed from the throne and had NO MORE absolute power
O New LEGISLATIVE body—Legislative AssemblyO Had power to create laws and to approve or reject
declarations of warO King still had the power to enforce laws
The ideas of the Enlightenment and
French participation in the American
Revolution influenced the French people to
view their government in new ways. They
overthrew the absolute monarchy and
established a new government.
National ConventionO With added fear of rebels loyal to the king, the
National Assembly set aside the Constitution and created a new governing body known as the National ConventionO It abolished the monarchy and made France a
Republic
The JacobinsO Radical political organizationO Many of the members were involved with the
drastic changes in the French governmentO Made Louis XVI a prisoner and tried him for
treasonO Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette both were sentenced
to death O The Guillotine
Maximilien RobespierreO People were REALLY upset with King Louis XIV’s
execution and the government control of the church
O Rival groups to the Jacobins were starting to rebelO Jacobin leader, Maximilien Robespierre, gained
power in FranceO Wanted to wipe out France’s past O Even changed the calendar O Did away with Sunday because viewed religion old-
fashioned
The Reign of TerrorORobespierre governed France as a dictatorORobespierre’s reign became known as The
Reign of TerrorO Robespierre and his people worked to eliminate
any threatsO tried people in the morning and guillotined in the
afternoonO Rivals of Robespierre…many who had led the
Revolution!
OAlmost 40,000 people were killedO One boy was killed for cutting a tree that was
planted as a symbol of liberty
The End of TerrorOThe National Convention finally had
enough with RobespierreO He was executed in 1794
ONational Convention established third government since absolute monarchyO Power was placed in the hands of the upper
middle class (Bourgeoisie)O Two house legislature and an executive body of
five menO Even though the government was corrupt, it gave the
country orderO Employed a good general to command the armies
O Napoleon Bonaparte
Outcomes ONational Convention established third
government since absolute monarchyO Power was placed in the hands of the upper
middle class (Bourgeoisie)O Two house legislature and an executive body of
five menO Even though the government was corrupt, it gave the
country orderO Employed a good general to command the armies
O Napoleon Bonaparte
Causes and EffectsOCauses of the French Revolution
O French people were influenced by Enlightenment ideas
O French people were influenced by the success of the American Revolution
OEffects of the French RevolutionO End of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVIO Rise of Napoleon
First Estatemade up of clergy ofRoman Catholic Church• scorned Enlightenment ideasSecond Estate• made up of rich nobles• held highest offices in government• disagreed about Enlightenment ideasThird Estate• included bourgeoisie, urbanlower class, and peasant farmers• had no power to influencegovernment• embraced Enlightenment ideas• resented the wealthy First andSecond Estates.
The French Revolution Begins!
DO YOU KNOW?1. Government (King)
2. Class System
3. Causes for Revolution
4. Revolt begins!
5. New Government
1789
BACK1. Absolute monarchy---Louis XVI (16th)
2. Estate System (1st, 2nd=no taxes)
3. Taxes high and unfair, Enlightenment ideas, American Revolution
4. Storming of Bastille (July 14, 1789) “Bastille Day”
5. National Assembly
Rise of NapoleonWHII.6e
Napoleon Bonaparte
O Napoleon Bonaparte is recognized as one of the world’s greatest military geniuses along with Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Hannibal of Carthage, and Julius Caesar of Rome
O In just four years, 1795-1799, Napoleon rose from a position as a military officer in the French army to become master of France
Napoleon Becomes Popular
O Napoleon had great success as a general and won the hearts of the many French men and womenO Helped defend the Directory (government)O Won a series of remarkable victories for France
O By 1799, the government lost control of the political situation and the confidence of the French peopleO People urged Napoleon to take over the
governmentO Napoleon and his forces quickly eliminated the
Directory and assumed the powers of a dictatorO Coup d’etat – “Blow to the State”
Nationalism SpreadsO What is Nationalism?
O Strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country
O Napoleon’s success made people feel PROUD to be from France
O Revolution and war gave the French people a strong sense of national identity
War in FranceO During Napoleon’s coup, France was
still at war with Britain, Austria, and RussiaO Napoleon was able to sign peace
agreements with all three countriesO By 1802, France was at peace for the
first time in 10 yearsO Napoleon was ready to focus on
restoring order to France
Another New Government
O Napoleon tried at first to appear to have been a constitutionally chosen leader of the free republicO In 1800, a plebiscite (vote of the
people), was held to approve a new constitution
O The people voted for the new constitution and gave Napoleon all real power as the first consul
Restoring OrderO Napoleon kept many changes that occurred during the RevolutionO Supported laws that would strengthen the
central government O Supported laws that would achieve some goals
of the RevolutionO 1st Thing= The Economy
O Napoleon set up an efficient method of tax collection and established a national banking system
O End to Corrupt GovernmentO Napoleon took steps to end corruption and inefficiency
in governmentO Dismissed corrupt officialsO Set up government-run public schools
Separation of Church and State
O Napoleon signed the concordat (agreement) that established a new relationship between the church and stateO Government recognized the
influence of the church, but rejected Church control in national affairs
Napoleon
The Napoleonic CodeO His greatest achievement?
O According to himO Comprehensive set of lawsO Eliminated many injusticesO In reality:
O The code limited liberty and promoted order and authority over individual rights
O Restored slavery in the French colonies in the Caribbean
Napoleon the EmperorO On December 2, 1804,
Napoleon, with the support of the French people, crowned himself emperorO When Napoleon placed the crown
on his head instead of the Pope, he signaled he was more powerful than the Church
O Napoleon, however, will not just be ruler of France, but plans to be Emperor of Europe
Napoleon plans to EXPANDO In addition to a European Empire,
Napoleon also wanted to reassert French control in the AmericasO He was UNSUCCESSFUL!!
ONapoleon then focused on his European EmpireO He had already annexed the Austrian
Netherlands, parts of Italy, and set up a puppet government in Switzerland
O England, fearful of Napoleon’s plan, banded together with Russia, Austria, and Sweden to fight France
Napoleon: Military LeaderO Napoleon met the challenge and acted with a
skilled boldnessO In brilliant battles he crushed the oppositionO Rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia were forced to
sign peace treaties with FranceO Only Britain was left standing in his way
***These successes enabled Napoleon to build the largest European empire since that of the
Romans!!!!***
The Battle of TrafalgarO In his drive for a European Empire, Napoleon lost
only one major battle – The Battle of TrafalgarO 1805O Effects of the Battle of Trafalgar
O It ensured the supremacy of the British navy for the next 100 years
O Forced Napoleon to give up his plans of invading Britain
The French EmpireO Napoleon was a brilliant military general on land,
but his extravagant efforts to crush Britain would lead to his own undoing
O 1812: The only areas of Europe free from Napoleon’s control were Britain, Portugal, Sweden, and the Ottoman EmpireO He was puppet master to Russia, Prussia, Austria,
Spain, and many German territories
Napoleons Empire CollapsesO Napoleon was only able to maintain control for
five yearsO 1807-1812O He will make costly mistakes that will cause his
empire to fall to pieces
Napoleons MistakesO Power led Napoleon to great heights, but his love of power will also led to his demiseO In an effort to extend the French Empire and crush
Great Britain, Napoleon made three costly mistakes…
Napoleons Mistakes1. The Continental SystemO Naval blockade to prevent trade and communication
between Europe and BritainO FAILED
2. The Peninsular WarO In trying to force Portugal to accept the Continental
System Spain rebelled and fought against the French for six years.
O Napoleon could not defeat the Spanish guerrillas!!
3. The Invasion of RussiaO 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia (BIG mistake!!!)O Invaded with 420,000 soldiersO Left with 10,000 soldiers
Napoleons DownfallO The main powers of Europe were quick to take advantage of France’s weakened armyO Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Austria
declared war on France
O Napoleon raised a weak and ill-trained army to fight these European powers, but in 1814 the Frederick William III of Prussia and Czar Alexander I marched into the French capital of Paris
ExileO Napoleon surrendered his throne
and was exiled to a small island called ElbaO Napoleon, however, is not done
yet…
O Louis XVI’s brother assumed the French throne and became known as Louis XVIIIO The people of France believed he
was going to try to undo the advances of the French Revolution
O Napoleon took this as his chance to reclaim his throne
O Napoleon escaped from Elba landed in France on March 1, 1815
Second ExileO French people welcomed
Napoleon backO Once again Emperor of France
O The European allies responded by raising their armiesO The British army prepared to
fight Napoleon’s forces at a village called Waterloo
OBattle of WaterlooO British and Prussian forces
crushed NapoleonO Europeans sent Napoleon away
againO He lived on the island of St.
Helena for six years and died of a stomach ailment
The Legacy of Napoleon
O What was the legacy of Napoleon?O Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French
dominationO Napoleonic CodeO Awakened feelings of national pride
O Growth of nationalism
O How did Great Britain combat Napoleon’s naval blockade?
O Why did Napoleon have trouble fighting the enemy forces in the Peninsular War?
O Why was Napoleon’s delay of the retreat from Moscow such a great blunder?
A Changing EuropeO Napoleon’s defeat opened the door for the
freed European countries to establish a new orderO European heads of government were looking
for long-lasting peace and stabilityO They had a goal to create a new European
order - an order of collective security and stability for the entire continent
O A series of meetings in Vienna, known as the Congress of Vienna, was set up to achieve this goal
Legacy of the Congress of Vienna
O “Balance of power” doctrineO Wanted to make sure no one
person/nation had that much power again
O New political philosophies (liberalism, conservatism)O What?
O New political map of EuropeO Redrew political borders to make sure
there was a balance
Napoleon Conquered MOST of Europe!!
Congress of Vienna?O What was the overall goal of the
Congress of Vienna?
Napoleon’s Legacy was T.N.T.
ried to UNIFY ALL of EUROPE--- FAILEDT
N
T
apoleonic Code of Laws--- made ALL equal and spread laws ALL over empire
he growth of nationalism in countries he conquered– especially Prussia and Italy
The Impact of the American and French Revolutions in
Latin AmericaSOL 7
The Student will develop knowledge of the political and philosophical developments in Europe during the 19th Century
Including :Contribution of Toussaint L’Overture and Simon Bolivar
The impact of the Monroe Doctrine
Influence of the American and French Revolutions
O The slave Rebellion in HaitiO In France, the majority of the Estates General
made radical changes in French laws, and on 26 August 1789, published the Declaration of the Rights of Man, declaring all men free and equal.
O The French Revolution shaped the course of the conflict in Saint-Domingue and was at first widely welcomed in the island
O However, the Haitian Revolution quickly became a test of the ideology of the French Revolution, as it radicalized the slavery question and forced French leaders to recognize the full meaning of their revolution.
The Slave Rebellion of 1791 in Haiti
O on the night of 21 August 1791, when the slaves of Saint Domingue rose in revolt and plunged the colony into civil war. O Within the next ten days, slaves had taken control of
the entire Northern Province in an unprecedented slave revolt.
O The slaves sought revenge on their masters through "pillage, rape, torture, mutilation, and death
O Within weeks, the number of slaves who joined the revolt reached some 100,000.
O Within two months, as the violence escalated, the slaves killed 4,000 whites and burned or destroyed 180 sugar plantations and hundreds of coffee and indigo plantations.
The Slave Rebellion in Haiti
O By 1792, slaves controlled a third of the island and their success caused the newly elected Legislative Assembly in France to realize it was facing an ominous situation.
O To protect France's economic interests, the Assembly needed to grant civil and political rights to free men of color in the In March 1792 and the Legislative Assembly did just that
O Countries throughout Europe as well as the United States were shocked by the decision.
O When France declared war on Great Britain in 1793. The white planters in Saint Domingue made agreements with Great Britain to declare British sovereignty over the islands
O To prevent England and Spain from taking over the French leadership in Haiti freed all the slaves on Haiti.
O The decision to free the slaves was confirmed and extended by the National Convention under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre; abolished slavery by law in France and all its colonies and granted civil and political rights to all black men in the colonies.
O The emancipation of slaves was viewed as an example of liberty for other countries.
Toussaint L’Overture
O Began his military career as a leader of the 1791 slave rebellion in the French colony of Saint Domingue.
O He gradually established control over the whole island, expelled British invaders and used political and military tactics to gain dominance over his rivals. Throughout his years in power, he worked to improve the economy and security of Saint Domingue.
O He defeated the French, British, and Spanish armies sent to capture Haiti
O He restored the plantation system using free labor, negotiated trade treaties with Britain and the United States and maintained a large and well-disciplined army.[3]
O In 1801 he issued constitution for the colony, with himself as governor for life.
O In 1802 he was forced to resign by forces sent by Napoleon Bonaparte to restore French authority in the colony. He was deported to France, where he died in 1803.
O The Haitian Revolution continued under his lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who declared independence in 1804.[3]
Independence for Mexico
O The Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821) was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and the Spanish colonial authorities which started on September 16, 1810.
O The movement, was led by Mexican-born Spaniards, Mestizos and Amerindians who sought independence from Spain.
Leader of the Mexican Independence Movement
O Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, was a Mexican priest and member of a group of educated Creoles who meet in salons and decided in 1810 that a revolt against the colonial government was needed because of the events of the Europe under Napoleon during the Peninsular War.
O He is considered the father of his country. "
South American Independence MovementsO A Series of revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early
19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America.
O These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies in the Americas.
O The main cause for the rise of Independence movements in Latin America was Napoleon Bonaparte’s use of his armies to Europe, o invade and occupying many countries, including Spain and Portugal in 1808.
O The Peninsular War, which resulted from this occupation, caused Spanish Creoles in Spanish America to question their allegiance to Spain, creating independence movements that culminated in bloody wars of independence, which lasted almost two decades.
O At the same time, the Portuguese monarchy relocated to Brazil during Portugal's French occupation. After the royal court returned to Lisbon, the prince regent, Pedro, remained in Brazil and in 1822 successfully declared himself emperor of a newly independent Brazil.
Simon BolivarO Simón Bolívar, was a native born
Venezuelan military and political leaderO Together with José de San Martín, he
played a key role in Hispanic-Spanish America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire, and is today considered one of the most influential politicians in Latin American history.
O Following the triumph over the Spanish Monarchy, Bolívar participated in the foundation of the first union of independent nations in Hispanic-America, a republic, which was named Colombia, of which he was president from 1819 to 1830.
O Bolívar remains regarded in Hispanic-America as a hero, visionary, revolutionary, and liberator. During his lifetime, he led Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia to independence, and helped lay the foundations for democratic ideology in much of Latin America.
O Bolivar ultimately liberated all the Northern areas of South America
Venezuela’s Independence
O Venezuela declared its independence from Spain on July 5, 1811, beginning its wars against the country.
O Bolívar's forces invaded Venezuela from New Granada in 1813, waging a campaign with a ferocity captured perfectly by their motto of "war to the death". Bolívar's forces defeated the Spanish army in a series of battles, taking Caracas, the capital, on August 6, 1813.
O In 1819 Bolívar returned to Venezuela in April 1821, leading a large army of 7,000. At Carabobo on June 24, his forces decisively defeated Spanish and colonial forces, winning Venezuelan independence, although hostilities continued.
Columbia’s Independence
O In June and July 1819 Bolívar's forces crossed the Andes from the Venezuela into New Granada. At the Battle of Boyacá on August 7, his army of 3,000 defeated a Spanish and colonial force of 2,500.
O On August 10, 1820, Bolívar's forces took Bogotá. Upon his return to Venezuela, he became the first president of the Gran Colombia.
America’s policy on the New Independent counties of Latin America
O The Monroe Doctrine is a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823.
O It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention.
O [1] The Doctrine noted that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries.
O The Doctrine was issued at a time when nearly all Latin American colonies of Spain and Portugal had achieved independence from the Spanish Empire
“We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States.”
Latin American SummaryO Colonial System- A system in which areas in
foreign lands are colonized to benefit the mother country.
O Impact of French RevolutionO People became aware that independence was
possible.
• Toussaint- Haitian Revolution• Bolivar- South American Revolution (Columbia,
Venezuela, etc.)• Monroe Doctrine- U.S. policy that gives U.S. military
support to any country in the western hemisphere against any European Country.