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TRANSCRIPT
Bellringer
What does absolutism mean? What does
divine right mean?
Enlightenment philosophes were fighting for
what?
After reading what all these philosophes
were preaching, how do you believe the
people of Europe would feel about their
absolute rulers? What do you see happening
in the future?
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They Call it a Revolution….English (1689), US(1776), French (1789), Haitian (1791) and
Latin American (1808-1825) Revolution
Chapter 22,23
Ms. Altman
The Glorious Revolution
(in England)
James II new Monarch
Cause: He is unpopular because of his Catholicism and his
absolutist policies.
James has a son (male heir). Protestants (majority of
parliament) are afraid his son will want to spread
Catholicism.
Parliament overthrows James II. They ask James’ daughter
Mary and her Dutch husband, William (both protestants), to
take the English throne. They arrive as James is fleeing to
France.
Result: William of Orange and his wife Mary assume
leadership of England. Created a Limited Monarchy.
Results from the Glorious
Revolution
Known as the “Bloodless revolution”********
dissolved old beliefs about the divine rights
of kings
Est. Parliament as the ultimate power w/n the
British government
Laid the foundation of England’s
constitutional monarchy (king or queen is
limited by laws)
An English Bill of Rights is
created
To make clear of the limits to royal power,
Parliament drafted a Bill of Rights in 1689.
This document listed many things the ruler
could not do.
No suspending of Parliaments laws
No levying of taxes w/o grant from Parliament
No interfering with freedom of speech
This creates a Constitutional Monarchy
American Revolution
Causes:
1. Increasing population and
prosperity-A new sense of identity was growing
in the colonists mind
2. British Laws and Acts
-taxation without representation
3. Enlightenment Ideas-Used enlightenment ideas to justify
independence. They asked for same
political rights as the people in
Britain.
Effects:
1. Declaration of
Independence
2. Constitution
3. Bill of Rights
American Revolution videos
No more kings!
If time….
Preamble
I’m just a bill
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
The French Revolution Causes
1. Peasants lost ½ their income to taxes. French
nobles were exempt from paying taxes.
2. Shortage in grain led to sharp increases in the
price of bread (poor peoples main food source)
3. King Louis XIV’s lavish lifestyle left a massive
public debt (Poor Economy)
4. Cost of helping the American’s win their revolution
worsened the economy. (Poor Economy)
5. The previous King, Louis the XV, was a weak and
indecisive ruler
Calling the Estates General
By the Spring of 1789 the French
Government faced the imminent threat of
bankruptcy.
Louis’ solution… Raise the taxes! He
suggests that the nobles pay taxes….
The assembly (made up of Nobles) refused
his suggestion
They called a meeting of all three estates to
vote on what to do.
France Vs. France (causes)
When voting each estate as a whole gets one vote.
The first two estates vote the same and “bully” the third estate into doing what they
want them to do.
The third estate, sick of falling into this trap, demanded that all 3 estates meet
together and every delegate get a vote. When the king refused, the third estate
declared itself the true National Assembly and met nearby in an indoor tennis court.
The Third Estate met in a nearby tennis court, in defiance of
King Louis’ XVI order to disperse. Instead they took an oath that
they would not leave until they had drafted a constitution.
The Tennis Court Oath marked the beginning of the French
Revolution.
Soon after nobles and members of the Clergy, who favored
reform, joined the third estate delegates
Declaration of the Rights
of Man
The National Assembly
abolished the privileges of
the first and second
Estates and adopted a
Declaration of the Rights
of Man and the Citizen.
Based partially on the
Declaration of
Independence, it
contained many
Enlightenment ideas.
A Revolution begins
On July 14 1789, a mob of working
class people, already rioting about
the price of bread,searching for
gunpowder and arms stormed the
Bastille, a Paris prison. The mob
overwhelmed the guard and seized
control of the building.
The attackers hacked several of
the guards to death and then
paraded around the streets with the
dead men’s heads on a long pole.
Ever since July 14th is known as
Bastille Day, it is similar to our 4th
of July.
This attack claimed the
lives of about 100 people
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
By 1791 the assembly had
written a constitution and
established a limited
monarchy.
Many European rulers
and nobles feared that
revolutionary ideas would
spread to their own
countries.
They threatened to
intervene-with military force
if necessary.
France Declares war
on Austria, Prussia,
Britain, and several
other states.
In 1792 radicals took
control of the
Assembly, ended the
monarchy, and
declared France a
republic.
Louis XVI gets tried for treason, found guilty, and
beheaded by guillotine in 1793.
‘The Terror’
The period following
Louis’s exectution became
known as ‘The Terror’
Maximillien Robespierre-
becomes leader of the
Committee of Public
Safety.
Robespierre basically
becomes dictator of France
during this period.
By November of 1973
the committee will have
Christian Churches
closed and the
calendars changed to 3
10 day weeks. Also all
religious holidays
(Easter, Christmas etc)
will be banned.
In February of 1974 all
slavery will be abolished in all
French Colonies
Robeispierre goes on a killing
spree killing anyone seen as
a counterrevolutionary.
The state executed as many
as 40,000 Frenchmen on the
guillotine in one year!
Robespierre executed in July,
1794
After Robespierre’s death…
A 5 man “Directory” supported by a
legislature held power in France.
Problems:
1. The government was weak an inefficient
2. Rising bread prices brought the threat of
riots
3. Did not provide the people with the
freedoms they were fighting for
Warm-up
1. Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia were considered absolute rulers
because they
a. broke away from the Catholic Church
b. helped feudal lords build secure castles
c. instituted programs that provided more power to their parliaments
d. determined government policies without the consent of their people
2. One similarity of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment is that both
a. had the support of the Roman Catholic Church
b. placed great value on traditional beliefs
c. emphasized the value of observation and human reason
d. contributed to the end of feudalism
3. The writings of Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Locke were similar in that each
supported the principles of what type of government?
Warm-up review for quiz
tomorrow
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Napoleon: Hero or Tyrant?!
“The surest way to remain poor is to be honest”-Napoleon
Bonaparte
Rise of Napoleon
Public discontent mounted as the interim
government failed to deal with inflation, food
shortages, and corruption.
On November 9, 1799, an ambitious and
talented young general named Napoleon
Bonaparte over threw the government and
seized power.
This overthrow is called a coup’d’etat which
is a military overthrow of the government.
Napoleon Bonaparte
oNapoleon quickly took command of the
new government. He held all the power
and made all the decisions.
oNapoleon’s popularity continued to rise
as he restored order, stimulated
prosperity and the economy.
oGrateful voters overwhelmingly
endorsed Napoleon’s rule, he
successfully used the democratic
process to destroy democracy.
Napoleonic codes
Legal experts consolidated hundreds of local law
codes into a uniform legal code, that is still the
basis of French law today.
The new code guaranteed many achievements of
the French Revolution, including equality before the
law, freedom of religion, the abolition of privilege,
and the protection of property rights.
Napoleon understood the importance of ending the
strained relationship between the French
Government and the Catholic Church.
How did such a little man have
so much power? He censored the press and suppressed political opposition
He declared himself emperor on Dec. 2, 1804
By 1799 he had signed peace treaties with Britain, Austria and
Prussia. By 1802 Europe was at peace for the first time in 10 yrs.
He exercised authority over various independent states (Spain, Italy,
the Netherlands, Switzerland, and parts of Germany)
He also forced nations he defeated to join him in wars against Great
Britain
As Napoleon acquired more territory and influence, ideas
and principles of the French Revolution, such as equality,
nationalism (pride in ones country) and religious toleration,
spread to other countries
He dissolved what remained of the Holy Roman Empire
video
What would make this little man
fall?
1) He could never defeat the
British (think geographic
advantages of Great Britain)
2) As the French Empire spread,
so did nationalism
3) Despite his keen since to
military over-powerment, he
made some key mistakes
Most notably to invade Russia Scorched-earth policy- burning grain fields
and slaughtering livestock so as to leave
nothing for the enemy to eat.
Average Temp is 23
degrees. In winter -13
The 100 Days…
March of 1814- Napoleon was
exiled to the island of Elba
March 1815- Napoleon
escaped Elba and formed a
new army. In June Napoleon
was defeated at the Battle of
Waterloo.
Now he is exiled to St.
Helena, a remote island in the
South Atlantic. Once a master
of Europe, Napoleon now
lived in lonely exile writing
memoirs, he died in 1821 of
perhaps cancer.
Textbook review
Read Chapter 23 sect 4
Complete questions 1,3-5,7,8
Warm-up
1. Explain how Absolute Monarchies lead to the
Enlightenment which lead to revolutions.
2. What is the concept of Divine right, and why
did people believe that it gave kings power?3. The English Bill of Rights were created toa. limit the power of English monarchs
b. establish laws protecting the rights of Protestants
c. organize England’s colonial empire
d. abolish the role of Parliament
4. The Glorious Revolution in England resulted
in the formation of what type of government?
Bye, Bye Napoleon…what does
Europe do now?
Congress of Vienna
Between November 1, 1814 —
June 8, 1815 a congress of the
Great Powers of Europe met in
Vienna, Austria to settle the
future boundaries of the
continent.
Almost every state in Europe was
represented.
How should its boundaries be
redrawn? Should any existing
nations take over any new
territory? Should any new nations
emerge from Napoleon's empire?
Problems in Europe that makes
this hard
The major European powers (Austria, Great
Britain, Russia) were seeking to expand their own
interests, not necessarily what was best for
Europe as a whole.
And because of this new concept of nationalism,
the lesser powers, including peoples who never
had their own country, were pushing for their own
independence from these larger countries.
Thus, redrawing the map as it once was (pre-
Napoleon) was going to be virtually impossible!
Their 3 goals of the meeting
1. Reimburse all countries who had to fight
against France during Napoleon’s rule
2. Restore the monarchy in France and other
kingdoms that existed before the French
Revolution
3. Create a balance of power to prevent one
European country from dominating Europe
again.
**Do this all while not upsetting France so as not to
give rise to revenge**
What that looks like
1. Was the Congress of Vienna biased in any way? Explain.
2. What would be the problems with the decisions made at the Congress?
Latin American Revolution
Almost all of Latin America was controlled by Spain
Latin America is composed of South America and Middle/Central America
Cause: During this time these countries began to feel discontent towards Spain and Portugal. Resented what they saw as unfair economic policies.
Result: By 1810 Jose de San Martin led forces that expelled the Spanish from Argentina. Simon Bolivar liberated Venezuela, Columbia and Ecuador from Spanish rule.
Great Britain’s navy shielded the new nation from further European invasion
Haitian Revolution
Haiti was a French colony
Cause: In 1791, black slaves in
Saint-Dominique rebelled against
their white masters after learning
of a revolution in Europe.
Toussaint L’Ouverture became
their leader, proclaimed himself
ruler, and then freed all the
slaves.
Result: First Free Black Country