Absolute Monarchs in Europe and Enlightenment and

Revolution(Chapters 21 & 22)

Decline of feudalism

Rise of cities

Growth of national kingdoms

Growth of middle class

Wealth of colonies

Breakdown of Church authority

Economic and religious crisesRevolts

Regulated worship, social gatherings, and economy Increased size of court

Created new government bureaucraciesReduced power of nobles and representative bodies

Absolute Monarch

Compare Absolutism… And Democracy

•Monarchs have unlimited power.

•Power comes from inheritance and Divine Right.

•Monarchs are above the law, subjects obey monarch command without questions.

•Monarch chooses state religion, and combines religious and political leadership.

•Government exists for its own sake and the subjects’ role is to serve the monarch.

•Government is based on the will of the people.

•Rulers are elected by popular vote.

•Everyone must obey the law.

•Citizens have the right to criticize the government

•Separation of church and state.

•Government exists to serve the people.

1643 1715

Louis becomes

king.

1648-1653

Riots disrupt France.

1661

Louis starts rule.

1667 1672 1685 1701-1713

Louis invades the

Spanish Netherlands.

Louis invades the

Dutch Netherlands.

Louis voids

Edict of Nantes.

Louis fights War of

Spanish Succession.

Louis dies.

What characteristics made Louis XIV so “absolute”?

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•

•

•

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Louis weakens the Noble’s authority

Patronage of the Arts

Attempts to expand France’s borders

Increased the power of the intendants

During Louis’ reign, France was considered the military ruler of Europe

Sun King

Louis XIV

“Sun King”

Government

Religious Persecution

VersaillesEconomy

Arts Wars

•Held absolute power

•Expanded bureaucracy, and appointed officials to carry out his policies

•Never convened Estates General•Immense palace

•Symbol of wealth and power

•Ceremonies surrounded everyday life

•Sponsored musical entertainment and commissioned plays

•French artistic style became model for all Europe

•Persecuted Huguenots

•Revoked Edict of Nantes

•Practiced mercantilism

•Promoted trade, imposed

high tariffs on imports

•Encouraged industry

•Encouraged overseas colonies

•Massive army

•Set goal to expand French borders and dominate

•Europe, with some early success

Compare Maria Theresa and Frederick the Great

1740-1780 1740-1786

Allied with former enemy France

Allied with Austria’s former ally Britain

Lost Silesia in War of Austrian Succession and did not regain it in Seven Years’ War

Gained Silesia in War of Austrian Succession and neither gained nor lost in Seven Years’ War

Imposed limits on nobility

Followed his father’s military policies

Points of Comparison Maria Theresa Frederick the Great

Years of reign

Foreign policy

Success in war

Steps to become absolute monarchs

Conflict Causes and Outcomes…

Thirty Years War

War of the Austrian Succession

Seven Years’ War

•Cause-Religion (Ferdinand II closed some Protestant churches)

•Outcome-Germany’s decline until 1800s & the beginning of modern states in Europe

•Cause-Frederick II (Prussia), sought Austrian territory of Silesia for resources

•Outcome-Maria Theresa (Austria), stopped Prussia’s aggression but lost Silesia

•Cause-Alliances (Frederick attacked Saxony, an Austrian Ally)

•Outcome-Territory in Europe remained the same. France lost colonies in North America and Britain gained sole economic domination of India.

Peter the Great

Peter the GreatW

E

S

T

E

R

N

I

Z

E

D

indow to the west

uropean clothing

tate controlled religion

ax (beards)

ights for women

ntroduced potato

ero tolerance for old fashioned ideas

stablished a new calendar

rew new maps

ewspaper

uropean military

Important events of Peter the Great’s Reign

Peter the GreatVisited western Europe

Took control of church Reduced power

of landownersModernized army

Tried to westernize Russia

Fought Sweden for Baltic land

Had St. Petersburg built

Monarch Conflicts with Parliament

James I

Charles I

James II

• Believed in divine right to rule• Wanted large funds to pay for court and wars• Did not make Puritan reforms

• Wanted funds to finance wars• Tried to force all subjects to be Anglican• Resisted Parliament’s attempts to restrict his power

• Flaunted his faith• Named Catholics to high office

Magna Carta Parliament Petition of Right Habeas Corpus Constitutional Monarchy

Bill of Rights

1215

King John

Basic Political Rights: No taxation

without representation, trial by jury, protection

of the law

1295

Edward I

Creates a legislature with

representatives of the people

1628

Charles I

Rights:

Due cause, levy taxes w/o

Parliament, no housing soldiers in homes, no marital law in peacetime.

1679

Charles II

Every prisoner must be charged and have a trial

1689

Laws limit the power of the

monarch:

William and Mary

1689

Cannot suspend laws, free speech in Parliament, right to

petition the government

Causes of the Scientific Revolution

Renaissance discovery of new classical manuscripts

leads scholars to question accepted knowledge.

Discoveries of Copernicus and other scientists

challenge accepted thinking.

Exploration broadens European horizons.

The printing press spreads

ideas.

The Importance

of the Enlightenm

ent

The Scientific Method, Francis

Bacon and Rene

Descartes

The World of Isaac Newton

Even more Enlightenment Science

Enlightenment

Philosophers

•Prompted scholars & philosophers to reevaluate old notions about other aspects of society

•Sought new insight regarding government, religion, economics, and education

•Logical procedure fro gathering and testing ideas•Bacon-experimental method; urged scientists to experiment & draw conclusions•Descartes-believed that scientists needed to reject old assumptions & teachings•All relied on mathematics & reasoning

•Theories of motion & universal gravitation

•Scientific instruments (microscopes, barometer, & thermometer)•Medicine & the human body

•Dissected human body & vaccines (small pox)•Scientific method

•Montesquieu•Rousseau•Wollstonecraft

•Locke•Hobbes•Voltaire

Circulation of Ideas Art and Literature

Monarchy

Spread of Enlightenment Ideas

Salons, Encyclopedia, books, letters, magazines,

pamphlets

Neoclassical art, classical music, novel

Enlightened despots, Frederick the Great, Joseph II, Catherine

the Great

Thinker Key Idea

Hobbes Social contract

Locke Consent of the governed

Voltaire Tolerance

Montesquieu Separation of powers

Rousseau Government by general will

Beccaria Abolition of torture

Wollstonecraft Access to education for women

Thinker Ideal Form of Government

Reasoning Can people be trusted to

govern?

Rousseau

Mary Wollstonecraft

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

Baron de Montesquieu

Direct Democracy

•Civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness.•“Man is born free, & everywhere he is in chains”

Yes

Democracy Equal rights for women

Yes

Absolutism•All humans are naturally selfish and wicked

•Hand over power to strong leader to ensure order

No

Democracy People could learn from experience and prove themselves

Yes

DemocracySeparation of power limits any group from having too much control

Yes