about files in data basde

8/18/2019 About Files in Data Basde

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Oracle Database Files Concepts

The final components of the Oracle architecture are the physical files where our

information resided on disk. Oracle has several types for data files, each for a different

purpose:

* Database datafiles

* Control files

* Online redo logs

* arameter files

* Other database related files

!et"s look at each of these physical files in a bit more detail.

Database datafles

Database datafiles are physical files stored on disk. These files are used to store data

on disk. Database datafiles are only written to by the D#$% processes that we

introduced you to earlier &there is an e'ception or two to this statement, but for now,

assume that this point this true(.

These database datafiles are associated with Oracle "tablespaces", which are "logical"containers for tables and inde'es.

Control fles

The Control )ile of the database is a binary file that contains a great deal of database

information. The control file contains the database name, data about the database log

files. Oracle cannot function without valid control files.

#ecause the control file is so important, Oracle allows you to maintain duplicate

copies of the control file. $hen you have more than one control file, then you are said

to be multiple'ing your control files. t is a good practice to put these multiple copies

on different disks to protect the control file. !ater in this book, we will demonstrate

how to do this.


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Online redo logs concepts

Think of the online redo logs like a tape recorder that records every change in the

Oracle database. +s changes occur, they are regularly recorded in the online redo logs,

ust like you might record a movie on your -C%.

n the event that a disk crashes, you may have to replace the disk and restore the disk

data from a backup tape. f this backup tape was several days ago, you have lost a lot

of data.

)ortunately, Oracle can "replay" the saved transactions in the online redo logs, and re

apply lost transactions back into the database. /any times, this means that Oracle can

recover from a crash without the D#+ having to do anything other than ust telling the

database to startup. $e will cover the topic of online redo log files and how they

relate to database recovery in later chapters of this book.

+t a minimum, Oracle re0uires that you have two online redo logs assigned to the

database. Oracle will write redo to the first log, and when the first log is full, Oracle

will switch to the second log and write the same redo. 1ach of these individual online

redo logs is known as an online redo log group.

The reason we call them groups is that there can be mirrored copies of the online redo

log files in each group. !ike control files, it"s a good idea to have multiple'ed copies

of the Online redo logs. Oracle allows you to define multiple copies of these files.

1ach copy is called a member. 1ach redo log group can have one or more members.$e will discuss the online redo log files in more detail in later chapters.

Oracle Parameter fle Concepts

The parameter file &sometimes called init.ora( contains configuration information for

the database to use at startup time. The parameter file you configure how much %+/

the database is going to use, where to find the control files, where to write trace files,

and a whole host of other information. n most cases the database will not start

without a parameter file. Oracle allows you to have a manual parameter file &called a

)!1( or a serverside parameter file &called a 2)!1(.

Other Database Related Files

$hen working with the Oracle database you will be introduced to a number of

different kinds of files. The following table is a list of the most common files and their

general purpose. +s we proceed through the chapters of this book, you will be

introduced to many of these files in more detail.


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* Oracle Trace )iles Created by Oracle in a number of different situations. These can

be created as a result of a database crash, a session failure, an une'pected but non

fatal database failure, or based on specific user operational commands.

* +lert log This is the general log file for each Oracle database.

3etworking configuration files These files are used to configure the different

network components of the Oracle database. These include files such as tnsnames.ora

and listener.ora.

* Oracle Database 2oftware #inaries The Oracle Database software includes the

basic programs that allow the database to function

A binary file is computer -readable but not human-readable. All executable programs are stored

in binary files, as are most numeric data files. In contrast, text files are stored in a form

(usually ASCII) that is human-readable.

data files contain just text or pictures hich are not executable.

Executable file :

An executable file (sometimes called an app!short for "application") is a

computer file containing step-by-step instructions in a form that the computer can follo. #y

contrast,

Executable file is a file that is used to perform various functions or

operations on a computer. Unlike a data file, an executable file cannot

be read because it has been compiled. On an IBM compatible

computer,

Common executable files are

.BAT, .COM, .!, and .BI".

#ependin$ on the operatin$ s%stem and its setup

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/file.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/compile.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/o/os.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/compile.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/o/os.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/file.htm


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Extension Format Operating System(s)

ACTION Automator Action Mac OS

APK Application Android

APP Executable Mac OS

BAT Batch File Windows

BIN Binary Executable Windows, Mac OS, Linux

CMD Command Script Windows

COM Command File Windows

COMMAND Terminal Command Mac OS

CPL Control Panel Extension Windows

CSH C Shell Script Mac OS, Linux

EXE Executable Windows

GADGET Windows Gadget Windows

INF1 Setup Information File Windows

INS Internet Communication Settings Windows

INX InstallShield Compiled Script Windows

IPA Application iOS

ISU InstallShield Uninstaller Script Windows

JOB Windows Task Scheduler Job File Windows

JSE JScript Encoded File Windows

KSH Unix Korn Shell Script Linux

LNK File Shortcut Windows

MSC Microsoft Common Console Document Windows

http://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/batfile.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/fl/exefile.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/ipa-file.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/batfile.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/fl/exefile.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/ipa-file.htm


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MSI Windows Installer Package Windows

MSP Windows Installer Patch Windows

MST Windows Installer Setup Transform File Windows

OSX Executable Mac OS

OUT Executable Linux

PAF Portable Application Installer File Windows

PIF Program Information File Windows

PRG Executable GEM

PS1 Windows PowerShell Cmdlet Windows

REG Registry Data File Windows

RGS Registry Script Windows

RUN Executable Linux

SCR Screensaver Executable Windows

SCT Windows Scriptlet Windows

SHB Windows Document Shortcut Windows

SHS Shell Scrap Object Windows

U3P U3 Smart Application Windows

VB VBScript File Windows

VBE VBScript Encoded Script Windows

VBS VBScript File Windows

VBSCRIPT Visual Basic Script Windows

WORKFLOW Automator Workflow Mac OS

WS Windows Script Windows

WSF Windows Script Windows

http://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/fl/regfile.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/fl/regfile.htm


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WSH Windows Script Preference Windows

Extension Format Program

0XE Renamed Virus File F-Secure Internet Security

73K TI-73 Application TI Connect

89K TI-89 Application TI Connect

A6P Authorware 6 Program File Adobe Authorware

AC GNU Autoconf Script Autoconf

ACC GEM Accessory File Gemulator

ACR ACRobot Script ACRobot

ACTM AutoCAD Action Macro AutoCAD

AHK AutoHotkey Script AutoHotkey

AIR Adobe AIR Installation Package Adobe AIR

APP FoxPro Application Visual FoxPro

ARSCRIPTArtRage Script ArtRage Studio

AS Adobe Flash ActionScript File Adobe Flash

ASB Alphacam Stone VB Macro Alphacam

AWK AWK Script AWK

AZW2 Kindle Active Content App File Kindle Collection Manager

BEAM Compiled Erlang File Erlang

BTM 4DOS Batch File 4DOS

CEL Celestia Script Celestia

CELX Celestia Script Celestia

CHM Compiled HTML Help File Firefox, IE, Safari

http://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/ahkfile.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/air-file.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/ahkfile.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/air-file.htm


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COF MPLAB COFF File MPLAB IDE

CRT Security Certificate Firefox, IE, Chrome, Safari

DEK Eavesdropper Batch File Eavesdropper

DLD EdLog Compiled Program Edlog

DMC Medical Manager Script Sage Medical Manager

DOCM Word Macro-Enabled Document Microsoft Word

DOTM Word Macro-Enabled Template Microsoft Word

DXL Rational DOORS Script Rational DOORS

EAR Java Enterprise Archive File Apache Geronimo

EBM EXTRA! Basic Macro EXTRA!

EBS E-Run 1.x Script E-Prime (v1)

EBS2 E-Run 2.0 Script E-Prime (v2)

ECF SageCRM Component File SageCRM

EHAM ExtraHAM Executable HAM Programmer Toolkit

ELF Nintendo Wii Game File Dolphin Emulator

ES SageCRM Script SageCRM

EX4 MetaTrader Program File MetaTrader

EXOPC ExoPC Application EXOfactory

EZS EZ-R Stats Batch Script EZ-R Stats

FAS Compiled Fast-Load AutoLISP File AutoCAD

FKY FoxPro Macro Visual FoxPro

FPI FPS Creator Intelligence Script FPS Creator

FRS Flash Renamer Script Flash Renamer

FXP FoxPro Compiled Program Visual FoxPro

http://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/docmfile.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/fileextensions/f/docmfile.htm


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GS Geosoft Script Oasis Montaj

HAM HAM Executable Ham Runtime

HMS HostMonitor Script HostMonitor

HPF HP9100A Program File HP9100A Emulator

HTA HTML Application Internet Explorer

IIM iMacro Macro iMacros (Firefox Add-on)

IPF SMS Installer Script Microsoft SMS

ISP Internet Communication Settings Microsoft IIS

JAR Java Archive Firefox, IE, Chrome, Safari

JS JScript Executable Script Firefox, IE, Chrome, Safari

JSX ExtendScript Script Adobe ExtendScript Toolkit

KIX KiXtart Script KiXtart

LO Interleaf Compiled Lisp File QuickSilver

LS LightWave LScript File LightWave

MAM Access Macro-Enabled Workbook Microsoft Access

MCR 3ds Max Macroscript or Tecplot Macro 3ds Max

MEL Maya Embedded Language File Maya 2013

MPX FoxPro Compiled Menu Program Visual FoxPro

MRC mIRC Script mIRC

MS 3ds Max Script 3ds Max

MS Maxwell Script Maxwell Render

MXE Macro Express Playable Macro Macro Express

NEXE Chrome Native Client Executable Chrome

OBS ObjectScript Script ObjectScript


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ORE Ore Executable Ore Runtime Environment

OTM Outlook Macro Microsoft Outlook

PEX ProBoard Executable ProBoard BBS

PLX Perl Executable ActivePerl or Microsoft IIS

POTM PowerPoint Macro-Enabled Design Template Microsoft PowerPoint

PPAM PowerPoint Macro-Enabled Add-in Microsoft PowerPoint

PPSM PowerPoint Macro-Enabled Slide Show Microsoft PowerPoint

PPTM PowerPoint Macro-Enabled Presentation Microsoft PowerPoint

PRC Palm Resource Code File Palm Desktop

PVD Instalit Script Instalit

PWC PictureTaker File PictureTaker

PYC Python Compiled File Python

PYO Python Optimized Code Python

QPX FoxPro Compiled Query Program Visual FoxPro

RBX Rembo-C Compiled Script Rembo Toolkit

ROX Actuate Report Object Executable eReport

RPJ Real Pac Batch Job File Real Pac

S2A SEAL2 Application SEAL

SBS SPSS Script SPSS

SCA Scala Script Scala Designer

SCAR SCAR Script SCAR

SCB Scala Published Script Scala Designer

SCRIPT Generic Script Original Scripting Engine1

SMM Ami Pro Macro Ami Pro


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SPR FoxPro Generated Screen File Visual FoxPro

TCP Tally Compiled Program Tally Developer

THM Thermwood Macro Mastercam

TLB OLE Type Library Microsoft Excel

TMS Telemate Script Telemate

UDF Excel User Defined Function Microsoft Excel

UPX Ultimate Packer for eXecutables File Ultimate Packer for eXecutables

URL Internet Shortcut Firefox, IE, Chrome, Safari

VLX Compiled AutoLISP File AutoCAD

VPM Vox Proxy Macro Vox Proxy

WCM WordPerfect Macro WordPerfect

WIDGET Yahoo! Widget Yahoo! Widgets

WIZ Microsoft Wizard File Microsoft Word

WPK WordPerfect Macro WordPerfect

WPM WordPerfect Macro WordPerfect

XAP Silverlight Application Package Micrsoft Silverlight

XBAP XAML Browser Application Firefox, IE

XLAM Excel Macro-Enabled Add-In Microsoft Excel

XLM Excel Macro-Enabled Workbook Microsoft Excel

XLSM Excel Macro-Enabled Workbook Microsoft Excel

XLTM Excel Macro-Enabled Template Microsoft Excel

XQT SuperCalc Macro CA SuperCalc

XYS XYplorer Script XYplorer

ZL9 Renamed Virus File ZoneAlarm


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executable file

A file in a format that the computer can directly execute. $nli%esource files, executable files cannot be read by

humans. &o transform a source file into an executable file, you need to pass it through a compiler or assembler .

In 'S systems, executable files hae either a.C* or.++extension and are called COM files and EXE files,

respectiely.

An executable file (sometimes called an app!short for "application") is a

computer file containing step-by-step instructions in a form that the computer can follo. #y

contrast, data files contain just text or pictures hich are not executable.

SAP Executables

List of interesting SAP Executables in alphabetical order:

•car - &he Compression &ool of SA for nearly all deliered files andexecutables. CA is the name for old releases and the SACA is thename as of /.0'. It or%s a bit similar to 1in2ip.

• dipgntab - Actiation and adjustment of the nametabs ith the A#A

'ictionary.

• dw - disp+work - "'ispatcher 3 1or%process" - "&he complete 4ernel"

- 5ere the complete A#A is processed ...

• niping - Small Client and Serer in order to test the saprouter internallyith the 6I-rotocol (SA 6etor% Interface).

• lib_dbsl - &he 'atabase-Shared 7ibrary for the %ernel programs (as of

/.8A).

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/format.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/format.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/execute.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/execute.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/source.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/compiler.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/compiler.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/compiler.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/assembler.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/assembler.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/DOS.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/DOS.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/system.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/extension.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/extension.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/COM_file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/COM_file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/EXE_file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/EXE_file.htmlhttp://www.easymarketplace.de/SAPCAR.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/dipgntab.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/dw.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/dw.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/dw.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/niping.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/lib_dbsl.phphttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/format.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/execute.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/source.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/compiler.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/assembler.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/DOS.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/system.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/extension.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/COM_file.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/EXE_file.htmlhttp://www.easymarketplace.de/SAPCAR.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/dipgntab.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/dw.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/niping.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/lib_dbsl.php


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• librfc - &he 9C (emote 9unction Call) 7ibrary, that is aailable for any

platform to deelop and run a 9C Serer or 9C Client.

• ntscmgr.exe - ntscmgr - the tool for installing the SArouter as serice.

It is part of eery 1indos SA 4ernel. As it has no %non errors, it isnot necessary, to patch it. :ust use ntscmgr.exe from your existingindos %ernel.

• r3check - &his is a tool, that can Cluster-&ables for errors.

• r3ldctl - &he tool for exporting all table structures to the file system

during a S;'#-*igration.

• r3load - &he table import 3 export tool of SA during Installation,

$pgrade and *igration.

• r3setup - &he Installation (and *igration) &ool for all SA systems up to

elease 0.es of the different tables in the

target database during the import in an S;'#-*igration.

• r3trans - &his is the tool, that does the real or% for tp. tp controls the

import and export of changes and r?trans does them using scripts, that

ere generated from tp.

• r3up - &he tool that controls the $pgrade (*oing to higher SA

eleases) of an SA System.

• rfcexec - &he tool to start other programs from ithin SA (A#A) on

the S leel ia the gateay on any other (or the same) serer.

• rfcoscol - Similar to saposcol. It is needed, hen no SA instance is

running on the 'atabase Serer.

• sapcar - &he Compression &ool of SA for nearly all deliered files and

executables. It or%s a bit similar to 1in2ip.

• sapevt - &his program is able to trigger eents ithin the SA system.

&he tp tool uses this feature. It can be used as trigger for self-ritteninterfaces as ell.

http://www.easymarketplace.de/saprouter.php#Setuphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/r3check.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/r3trans.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/SAPCAR.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/sapevt.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/saprouter.php#Setuphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/r3check.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/r3trans.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/SAPCAR.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/sapevt.php


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• sapftp - 9& Client, that can be used from ithin the SA system (from

A#A) to communicate ith other 9& serers.

• saphttp - 5&& Client, that can be used from ithin the SA system

(from A#A) to communicate ith other 5&& serers - e.g. forinterfaces.

• sapinst - &he Installation (and *igration) &ool for all SA systems as of

elease 0.@=.

• saplicense - &he &ool for the installation of a ne SA 7icense. &his is

needed hen the license expires e.g. because of a hardare change.

• saposcol - &he SA Interface to the perating System for erformance

'ata. &he perating System Collector collects C$ $sage, 'is%erformance, aging etc.

• sappad - ery nice 3 small +ditor a lot better than notepad. It handles

79 and C;79 correctly as ell.

• sappfpar - &his tool can be used for chec%ing the profiles after changes

and before restarting the SA system.

• saprouter - &he program for the outer Connection from customers to

SA and ice ersa.

• sapxpg - &he tool for starting S commands from ithin SA Systems.

• sapwebdisp - &he SA 1eb dispatcher is used for load balancing for

an setting up an SA Internet scenario. It is the only application, thatneeds to be located in the '*2. +erything "behind" this can (andshould) be located in your intranet. So, only one port on one I adressneeds to be opened to internet and the SA 1eb dispatcher can handlethe traffic ith the different SA instances.

• startrfc - &he tool is a ery easy SA command line interface to start all

of the implemented function modules of SA systems.

• tp - !he &ransport &ool. &his program coordinates the complete

import and export of program and table changes made ithin the SA

http://www.easymarketplace.de/saplicense.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/saposcol.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/sappad.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/sappfpar.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/saprouter.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/startrfc.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/saplicense.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/saposcol.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/sappad.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/sappfpar.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/saprouter.phphttp://www.easymarketplace.de/startrfc.php


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system in order to transport them through the complete System7andscape.

• complete kernel - 5ere you can see an oerie of all 0.@= 4ernel

programs. &his oerie is created from 1indos ith *ax'#

**********************************************************************************

HOW TO EXTEND TABLE SPACE SAPTEMP with brtools

e hat tablespace should be extent, please chec% the aailable spacecarefully before decide to extent table space

@.Bo to serer login ith adm

?.un brtools

/.Bo to space management (option number @)

8.Bo to extend tablespace (option number


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0. #elect $( % #ie o the ne, -le in 34 Optional/5. #elect $) % 6!to etend 7es8+o/ Optional/19.#elect $ % 3aimal -le sie in 34 3asie/ Optional/11.7o! can see the s:l statement in option $5 % #;L command. Optional/12.o contin!e select $C % Eec!te the s:l command.1".#elect contin!e and con-rm the ret!rn to 4=OOL# men!.

1'.Eit rom the $#pace management& men! !sing b bac/1(.+o, it is possible to eit rom 4=OOL# !sing option $5 % Eit program&.

NOTE: Check next page or a detailed procedre


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How to e#tend an Oracle datafle sin!

B"TOOLS

S$$ar%

1. Logon to the systems as ora2. Eec!te brtools". #elect $2 % #pace management&'. #elect $' % 6lter data -le&

(. #elect $" % 6lter data -le action action/& and type resi!e ↵

). #elect $' % ablespace name tablespace/& and type the tablespace name. #elect $( % Data -le names -le/& and speciy the complete path o the data

-le

0. Chec the inp!t data and select contin!e to la!nch the 4=#?6CE interace.5. Con-rm the call to $4=#?6CE&19.#elect $ +e, data -le sie in 34 incrsie/& and speciy the ne, sie in 3411.Chec the inp!t data and select contin!e this ,ill act!ally eec!te the

resiing/. Loo or any error messages.12.#elect contin!e and con-rm the ret!rn to 4=OOL# men!.1".Eit rom the $#pace management& men! !sing b bac/1'.+o, it is possible to eit rom 4=OOL# !sing option $5 % Eit program&.

NOTE: Check next page or a detailed procedre


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Detailed &rocedre

1. Logon to the systems as ora2. Eec!te brtools

". #elect $2 % #pace management&


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'. #elect $' % 6lter data -le&At is obligatory to -ll items mared ,ith $B&.

(. #elect $" % 6lter data -le action action/& and type resi!e ↵


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). #elect $' % ablespace name tablespace/& and type the tablespace name

. #elect $( % Data -le names -le/& and speciy the complete path o the data -le


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0. Chec the inp!t data and select c to contin!e to la!nch the 4=#?6CE interace.

Data-les can be checed ,ithin the #6? system ,ith transaction D492 > C!rrent

sies > #elect the tablespace > Data -les 8 emp -les


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5. Con-rm the call to $4=#?6CE&

19.#elect $ +e, data -le sie in 34 incrsie/& and speciy the ne, sie in 34


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11.Chec the inp!t data and select contin!e this ,ill act!ally eec!te the resiing/.Loo or any error messages.

12.#elect contin!e and con-rm the ret!rn to 4=OOL#.1".Eit rom the $#pace management& men! !sing b bac/

+o, it is possible to eit rom 4=OOL# !sing option $5 % Eit program&.

*******************************************************************************

kernel upgrade questions


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1hen sap recommends in early atch alerts e go for the %ernel patch upgrade.

/)1hat are the files do you donloaded from serice mar%et placeG

AH


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This chapter describes tablespaces, the primary logical storage structures of any

Oracle database, and the physical datafiles that correspond to each tablespace. The

chapter includes:

• 6n Antrod!ction to ablespaces and Data-les

• ablespaces

• Data-les

A yo! are !sing r!sted Oracle see the Trsted Oracle% "er&er

'dministrator(s )ide or more inormation abo!t tablespaces and

data-les in that enironment.

6n Antrod!ction to ablespaces and Data-les

Oracle stores data logically in tablespaces and physically

in datafles associated ,ith the corresponding tablespace. Fig!re '

1 ill!strates this relationship.

Figure 4 - 1. Datafiles and Tablespaces

https://docs.oracle.com/cd/A57673_01/DOC/server/doc/SCN73/ch4.htm#intro%20df%20&%20tshttps://docs.oracle.com/cd/A57673_01/DOC/server/doc/SCN73/ch4.htm#tablespaceshttps://docs.oracle.com/cd/A57673_01/DOC/server/doc/SCN73/ch4.htm#datafileshttps://docs.oracle.com/cd/A57673_01/DOC/dcommon/noexist.htmhttps://docs.oracle.com/cd/A57673_01/DOC/dcommon/noexist.htmhttps://docs.oracle.com/cd/A57673_01/DOC/server/doc/SCN73/ch4.htm#DCCDi98dldphttps://docs.oracle.com/cd/A57673_01/DOC/server/doc/SCN73/ch4.htm#DCCDi98dldphttps://docs.oracle.com/cd/A57673_01/DOC/server/doc/SCN73/ch4.htm#intro%20df%20&%20tshttps://docs.oracle.com/cd/A57673_01/DOC/server/doc/SCN73/ch4.htm#tablespaceshttps://docs.oracle.com/cd/A57673_01/DOC/server/doc/SCN73/ch4.htm#datafileshttps://docs.oracle.com/cd/A57673_01/DOC/dcommon/noexist.htmhttps://docs.oracle.com/cd/A57673_01/DOC/dcommon/noexist.htmhttps://docs.oracle.com/cd/A57673_01/DOC/server/doc/SCN73/ch4.htm#DCCDi98dldphttps://docs.oracle.com/cd/A57673_01/DOC/server/doc/SCN73/ch4.htm#DCCDi98dldp


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+lthough databases, tablespaces, datafiles, and segments are closely related, they have

important differences:

databases and tablespaces

+n Oracle database is comprised of one or more logical storage units

called tablespaces. The database5s data is collectively stored in the database5s

tablespaces.

tablespaces and datafiles

1ach tablespace in an Oracle database is comprised of one or more operating system

files called datafiles. + tablespace5s datafiles physically store the associated database

data on disk.

databases and datafiles

+ database5s data is collectively stored in the datafiles that constitute each tablespace

of the database. )or e'ample, the simplest Oracle database would have one tablespace

and one datafile. + more complicated database might have three tablespaces, each

comprised of two datafiles &for a total of si' datafiles(.

schema obects, segments, and tablespaces

$hen a schema obect such as a table or inde' is created, its segment is created withina designated tablespace in the database. )or e'ample, suppose you create a table in a

specific tablespace using the C%1+T1 T+#!1 command with the T+#!12+C1

option. Oracle allocates the space for this table5s data segment in one or more of the

datafiles that constitute the specified tablespace. +n obect5s segment allocates space

in only one tablespace of a database. 2ee Chapter 6, 7Data #locks, 1'tents, and

2egments7, for more information about e'tents and segments and how they relate to

tablespaces.

The following sections further e'plain tablespaces and datafiles.

ablespaces

6 database is diided into one or more logical storage !nits

called tablespaces. 6 database administrator can !se tablespaces to

do the ollo,ing

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• control dis space allocation or database data

• assign speci-c space :!otas or database !sers

• control aailability o data by taing indiid!al tablespaces

online or oGine

• perorm partial database bac!p or recoery operations

• allocate data storage across deices to improe perormance

6 database administrator can create ne, tablespaces add and

remoe data-les rom tablespaces set and alter dea!lt segment

storage settings or segments created in a tablespace mae a

tablespace readonly or ,riteable mae a tablespace temporary orpermanent and drop tablespaces.

This section includes the following topics:

• he #7#E3 ablespace

• 6llocating 3ore #pace or a Database

• Online and OGine ablespaces

• =eadOnly ablespaces

• emporary ablespaces

he #7#E3 ablespace

Eery Oracle database contains a tablespace named #7#E3 that

Oracle creates a!tomatically ,hen the database is created. he

#7#E3 tablespace al,ays contains the data dictionary tables or

the entire database.

+ small database might need only the 282T1/ tablespace9 however, it is

recommended that you create at least one additional tablespace to store user data

separate from data dictionary information. This allows you more fle'ibility in various

database administration operations and can reduce contention among dictionary

obects and schema obects for the same datafiles.

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Note: The 282T1/ tablespace must always be kept online. 2ee 7Online and Offline

Tablespaces7 .

+ll data stored on behalf of stored !2;! program units &procedures, functions,

packages and triggers( resides in the 282T1/ tablespace. f you create many of these

!2;! obects, the database administrator needs to plan for the space in the

282T1/ tablespace that these obects use. )or more information about these obects

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Figure 4 - 3. Enlarging a Database by Adding a New Tablespace

The si?e of a tablespace is the si?e of the datafile&s( that constitute the tablespace,

and the si?e of a database is the collective si?e of the tablespaces that constitute the

database.

The third option is to change a datafile5s si?e or allow datafiles in e'isting tablespacesto grow dynamically as more space is needed. 8ou accomplish this by altering

e'isting files or by adding files with dynamic e'tension properties. )igure =

= illustrates this.

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Figure 4 - 4. Enlarging a Database by Dynaically !i"ing Datafiles

)or more information about increasing the amount of space in your database, see

the Oracle7 Server Administrator's Guide.

Online and OGine ablespaces

6 database administrator can bring any tablespace ecept the

#7#E3 tablespace/ in an Oracle database online accessible/

or o*ine not accessible/ ,heneer the database is open.

Note: The 282T1/ tablespace must always be online because the data dictionary

must always be available to Oracle.

+ tablespace is normally online so that the data contained within it is available to

database users. @owever, the database administrator might take a tablespace offline

for any of the following reasons:

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• to mae a portion o the database !naailable ,hile allo,ing

normal access to the remainder o the database

• to perorm an oGine tablespace bac!p altho!gh a tablespace

can be baced !p ,hile online and in !se/

• to mae an application and its gro!p o tables temporarily

!naailable ,hile !pdating or maintaining the application

+hen a Tablespace )oes O*ine

Hhen a tablespace goes oGine Oracle does not permit any

s!bse:!ent #;L statements to reerence obIects contained in the

tablespace. 6ctie transactions ,ith completed statements that

reer to data in a tablespace that has been taen oGine are not

aJected at the transaction leel. Oracle saes rollbac datacorresponding to statements that aJect data in the oGine

tablespace in a deerred rollbac segment in the #7#E3

tablespace/. Hhen the tablespace is bro!ght bac online Oracle

applies the rollbac data to the tablespace i needed.

8ou cannot take a tablespace offline if it contains any rollback segments that are in

use.

$hen a tablespace goes offline or comes back online, it is recorded in the data

dictionary in the 282T1/ tablespace. f a tablespace was offline when you shut

down a database, the tablespace remains offline when the database is subse0uently

mounted and reopened.

8ou can bring a tablespace online only in the database in which it was created because

the necessary data dictionary information is maintained in the 282T1/ tablespace of

that database. +n offline tablespace cannot be read or edited by any utility other than

Oracle. Thus, tablespaces cannot be transferred from database to database &transfer of

Oracle data can be achieved with tools described in Oracle7 Server Utilities ).

Oracle automatically changes a tablespace from online to offline when certain errors

are encountered &for e'ample, when the database writer process, D#$%, fails in

several attempts to write to a datafile of the tablespace(. Asers trying to access tables

in the tablespace with the problem receive an error. f the problem that causes this disk

O to fail is media failure, the tablespace must be recovered after you correct the

hardware problem.

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,sing Tablespaces or "pecial Procedres

4y !sing m!ltiple tablespaces to separate diJerent types o data

the database administrator can also tae speci-c tablespaces oGine

or certain proced!res ,hile other tablespaces remain online and

the inormation in them is still aailable or !se. Ko,eer specialcirc!mstances can occ!r ,hen tablespaces are taen oGine. For

eample i t,o tablespaces are !sed to separate table data rom

inde data the ollo,ing is tr!e

• A the tablespace containing the indees is oGine :!eries canstill access table data beca!se :!eries do not re:!ire an indeto access the table data.

• A the tablespace containing the tables is oGine the table data

in the database is not accessible beca!se the tables arere:!ired to access the data.

An s!mmary i Oracle determines that it has eno!gh inormation in

the online tablespaces to eec!te a statement it ,ill do so. A it

needs data in an oGine tablespace then it ca!ses the statement to

ail.

=eadOnly ablespaces

he primary p!rpose o readonly tablespaces is to eliminate the

need to perorm bac!p and recoery o large static portions o adatabase. Oracle neer !pdates the -les o a readonly tablespace

and thereore the -les can reside on readonly media s!ch as CD

=O3s or HO=3 dries.

Note: #ecause you can only bring a tablespace online in the database in which it was

created, readonly tablespaces are not meant to satisfy archiving or data publishing

re0uirements.

$henever you create a new tablespace, it is always created as readwrite. The %1+D

O3!8 option of the +!T1% T+#!12+C1 command allows you to change the

tablespace to readonly, making all of its associated datafiles readonly as well. 8ou

can then use the %1+D $%T1 option to make a readonly tablespace writeable

again.


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%eadonly tablespaces cannot be modified. Therefore, they do not need repeated

backup. +lso, should you need to recover your database, you do not need to recover

any readonly tablespaces, because they could not have been modified.

8ou can drop items, such as tables and inde'es, from a readonly tablespace, ust as

you can drop items from an offline tablespace. @owever, you cannot create or alter

obects in a readonly tablespace.

-aking a Tablespace Read#Onl.

se the #;L command 6LE= 64LE#?6CE to change a tablespace

to readonly. For inormation on the 6LE= 64LE#?6CE command

see the Oracle% "er&er "/0 Reerence.

Read#Onl. &s$ Online or O*ine

3aing a tablespace readonly does not change its oGine or onlinestat!s.

Offline datafiles cannot be accessed. #ringing a datafile in a readonly tablespace

online makes the file readable. The file cannot be written to unless its associated

tablespace is returned to the readwrite state. The files of a readonly tablespace can

independently be taken online or offline using the D+T+)!1 option of the +!T1%

D+T+#+21 command.

Restrictions on Read#Onl. Tablespaces

7o! cannot add data-les to a tablespace that is readonly een iyo! tae the tablespace oGine. Hhen yo! add a data-le Oracle

m!st !pdate the -le header and this ,rite operation is not allo,ed.

To update a readonly tablespace, you must first make the tablespace writeable. +fter

updating the tablespace, you can then reset it to be readonly.

Read#Onl. Tablespaces and Reco&er.

=eadonly tablespaces hae seeral implications !pon instance or

media recoery. #ee Chapter 2' MDatabase =ecoeryM or more

inormation abo!t recoery.

emporary ablespaces

#pace management or sort operations is perormed more eNciently

!sing temporary tablespaces designated ecl!siely or sorts. his

scheme eJectiely eliminates serialiation o space management

operations inoled in the allocation and deallocation o sort space.

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6ll operations that !se sorts incl!ding Ioins inde b!ilds ordering

O=DE= 47/ the comp!tation o aggregates =O? 47/ and the

6+6L7PE command to collect optimier statistics bene-t rom

temporary tablespaces. he perormance gains are signi-cant in

parallel serer enironments.+ temporary tablespace is a tablespace that can only be used for sort segments. 3o

permanent obects can reside in a temporary tablespace. 2ort segments are used when

a segment is shared by multiple sort operations. One sort segment e'ists in every

instance that performs a sort operation in a given tablespace.

Temporary tablespaces provide performance improvements when you have multiple

sorts that are too large to fit into memory. The sort segment of a given temporary

tablespace is created at the time of the first sort operation. The sort segment grows by

allocating e'tents until the segment si?e is e0ual to or greater than the total storagedemands of all of the active sorts running on that instance.

8ou create temporary tablespaces using the following 2;! synta':

CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace TEMPORARY

8ou can also alter a tablespace from 1%/+313T to T1/O%+%8 or vice versa

using the following synta':

ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace TEMPORARY

)or more information on the C%1+T1 T+#!12+C1 and +!T1% T+#!12+C1Commands, see Chapter = of Oracle7 Server SQL eference.

Data-les

6 tablespace in an Oracle database consists o one or more

physical datafles. 6 data-le can be associated ,ith only one

tablespace and only one database.

$hen a datafile is created for a tablespace, Oracle creates the file by allocating the

specified amount of disk space plus the overhead re0uired for the file header. $hen adatafile is created, the operating system is responsible for clearing old information and

authori?ations from a file before allocating it to Oracle. f the file is large, this process

might take a significant amount of time.

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Additional #nforation$ )or information on the amount of space re0uired for the file

header of datafiles on your operating system, see your Oracle operating system

specific documentation.

2ince the first tablespace in any database is always the 282T1/ tablespace, Oracle

automatically allocates the first datafiles of any database for the 282T1/ tablespace

during database creation.

Data-le Contents

6ter a data-le is initially created the allocated dis space does not

contain any dataQ ho,eer Oracle reseres the space to hold only

the data or !t!re segments o the associated tablespace it

cannot store any other programRs data. 6s a segment s!ch as the

data segment or a table/ is created and gro,s in a tablespace

Oracle !ses the ree space in the associated data-les to allocateetents or the segment.

The data in the segments of obects &data segments, inde' segments, rollback

segments, and so on( in a tablespace are physically stored in one or more of the

datafiles that constitute the tablespace. 3ote that a schema obect does not correspond

to a specific datafile9 rather, a datafile is a repository for the data of any obect within

a specific tablespace. Oracle allocates the e'tents of a single segment in one or more

datafiles of a tablespace9 therefore, an obect can 7span7 one or more datafiles. Anless

table 7striping7 is used, the database administrator and endusers cannot control which

datafile stores an obect.

#ie o Data-les

7o! can alter the sie o a data-le ater its creation or yo! can

speciy that a data-le sho!ld dynamically gro, as obIects in the

tablespace gro,. his !nctionality allo,s yo! to hae e,er

data-les per tablespace and can simpliy administration o data-les.

)or more information about resi?ing datafiles, see the Oracle7 Server Administrator's

Guide.

OGine Data-les

7o! can tae tablespaces o*ine mae !naailable/ or bring

them online mae aailable/ at any time. hereore all data-les

maing !p a tablespace are taen oGine or bro!ght online as a !nit

,hen yo! tae the tablespace oGine or bring it online respectiely.

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7o! can tae indiid!al data-les oGineQ ho,eer this is normally

done only d!ring certain database recoery proced!res

about files in data basde

Documents