abnormal psychology. what is abnormal? abnormal psychology the area of psychological investigation...
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Abnormal Psychology
WHAT IS ABNORMAL?
Abnormal Psychology• The area of psychological
investigation concerned with understanding the nature of individual pathologies of mind, mood, & behavior
Abnormal Psychology• Determining if someone has a
disorder is typically based on an evaluation of the individual’s behavioral functioning by people with some special/professional authority
Abnormal Psychology• What helps psychologists to determine a
disorder is a classification scheme called • DSM-IV-TR: classifies, defines, & describes
200 mental disorders emphasizes the description of patterns/symptoms (*changed and updated by committees of psychologists often)
Abnormal Psychology• Criteria Used to label behavior as
“abnormal”:1. Distress or Disability-
experiences personal distress or disabled functioning produces risk of psychological deterioration or loss of freedom (ie. agoraphobia)
Abnormal Psychology2. Maladaptiveness- acts in ways that
hinder goals, doesn’t contribute to personal well-being, interferes with goals of others (ie. drinking heavily can’t hold a job
Abnormal Psychology3. Irrationality-
acts/talks in ways that are irrational or incomprehensible to others (ie. responding to voices that others cannot hear)
Abnormal Psychology4. Unpredictability- behaves
unpredictably or erratically (ie. smashing a window for no reason)
Abnormal Psychology5. Unconventionality and
Statistical Rarity- individual behaves in ways that are statistically rare; does not necessarily lead to abnormality (ie. low intelligence- rare & undesirable; a genius- rare, but desirable)
Abnormal Psychology6. Observer discomfort- a
person creates discomfort in others by making them feel threatened, or distressed in some way (ie. woman walking in the middle of the street talking to herself)
Abnormal Psychology7. Violation of Moral &
Ideal Standards- individual violates expectations of how one ought to behave with respect to societal norms
Abnormal Psychology• The more extreme & prevalent the
indicators are, the more confident we can be that they point to an abnormal condition• None of these are a necessary condition
shared by all cases of abnormality
Abnormal Psychology• No single criterion by itself is a sufficient
condition that distinguishes all cases of abnormal behavior from normal variations in behavior• The distinction between normal &
abnormal is a matter of degree to which a person’s actions resemble a set of agreed-upon criteria of abnormality
Problem of Objectivity• To declare/decide someone has a
psychiatric disorder is a judgment about behavior• GOAL: to make these judgments
objectively- w/o bias• Some disorder judgments are more
easily made w/o bias (depression & schizophrenia)
Problem of Objectivity• Once an individual
has obtained an “abnormal label” people are inclined to interpret later behavior to confirm that judgment
Problem of Objectivity• Ex- Rosenhan’s experiment- several
people faked hallucinations to get placed into a psych hospital once there they acted in a sane manner kept there for 3 weeks, & not one was identified as sane finally released with help from spouses/colleagues
History of Mentally Ill1. For most of history, humans feared
the mentally ill & associated them with evil; they were in some cases imprisoned or killed
History of Mentally Ill2. 1700s- idea emerges those suffering
from psychological problems are “sick” and suffering from illness rather than being possessed or immoral.- Reforms evolved in the way the ill were cared for/classified/diagnosed (Pinel & Kraepelin)
History of Psychopathology2. Psychological- various approaches
perceive personal experiences, trauma, conflicts, and environmental factors, as the root of disorders- 3 Psychological Models of Abnormality:
History of Mentally Ill3. Late 1700s-Early 1800s-
emergence of psychological reasons for mental illness, b/c people began to use techniques like hypnosis that seemed to cure people of “hysteria”
History of Mentally Ill4. Modern versions combine
aspects of both medical and psychological models of mental illness
Etiology of Psychopathology1. Biological- psychological disturbances
are directly attributable to biological factors (structural abnormalities in the brain, bio-chemical process, and genetic influences)- Ex.- neurotransmitters, brain injury, infection
Etiology of PsychopathologyA. Psychodynamic- cause of
psychopathology is located inside the person; symptoms have their roots in the unconscious conflict & thoughts- if the unconscious is conflicted & tension filled person will be plagued by anxiety- conflict comes from struggle between Id, Ego, Superego
Etiology of PsychopathologyB. Behavioral- abnormal behaviors acquired
thru learning & reinforcement- focus on current behavior & conditions or reinforcements that sustain the behavior; NOT internal psychological phenomena or early childhood- symptoms arise b/c person learned ineffective ways of behaving
Etiology of PsychopathologyC. Cognitive- agree w/ behaviorists, but w/ a
twist; what matters is the way people perceive/think about themselves & about their relations w/ people & the environment- suggests psych. problems are result of distortions in perceptions of reality of a situation, faulty reasoning, or poor problem solving
Etiology of PsychopathologyD. Sociocultural- emphasizes role culture
plays- particular cultural circumstances in which people live, may define an environment that helps bring about distinctive types or subtypes of psychopathology
Non-Psychotic & Psychotic Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders• Causes:1.Biological- phobias are evolutionary
(shared across cultures); ability of certain drugs to relieve anxiety shows a possible biological cause; genetic basis- (twin study) for predisposition of 4 to 5 disorders
Anxiety Disorders2. Psychodynamic- symptoms of anxiety
come from unconscious conflicts/fear; symptoms are trying to protect the individual from pain- panic attacks result of unconscious conflicts bursting into consciousness- Panic Attacks
Anxiety Disorders3. Behavioral- focus on the way symptoms
are reinforced/conditioned- phobias- classically conditioned fears previously neutral stimuli become a frightening experience- OCD compulsive behaviors tend to reduce anxious thoughts reinforcing the compulsive behavior
Anxiety Disorders4. Cognition- person may overestimate
nature/reality of threat or underestimate ability to cope w/ threat- people w/ anxiety may interpret their own distress as a sign of impending disaster vicious cycle
Mood Disorders
SWBAT• Examine a video of psych patients
at Bellevue Hospital• Analyze and discuss the patients
according to their symptoms
Video• After viewing the video of
patients at Bellevue Hospital, write a ½ page reaction, which will be discussed at the beginning of tomorrow’s class
SWBAT• Discuss Bellevue video reactions• Identify multiple perspectives of
the causes of mood disorders• Analyze the difference between
depression and bipolar disorder
Mood Disorders• Major Depressive Disorder- feeling of
sadness/despair; usually appears before age 40; loss of previous source of pleasure; lasts avg. of 5 mos• Bipolar Disorder- episodes of severe
depression and manic episodes; onset age 20-29
Mood Disorders• Causes: 1.Biological- levels of serotonin &
norepinephrine depression; levels mania- evidence of genetic factors (twin studies) influencing mood- some evidence that depressed people have small hippocampus
Mood Disorders2. Psychodynamic-
- hostile feelings & unconscious conflicts originated in childhood - depression is anger turned inward toward the self; anger tied to intense & dependent childhood relationship where needs were not met
Mood Disorders3. Behavioral- an effect of the amount
of positive reinforcement & punishment depression (not enough positive & too much punishment)- also a connection between lack of social skills & depression
Mood Disorders4. Cognitive
a) - negative view of self- negative view of ongoing experience- negative view of future can lead to paralysis of will; no motivation to pursue goals
Mood Disordersb) - explanatory style; depressed people can’t control future outcomes that are important to them - pessimistic view- learned helplessness expectancy that nothing they can do matters
Manic Depressive/Bipolar Disorder
Mood Disorders• Gender Differences in Depression:
- women- 2x more affected, esp. in adolescence due to puberty- why? more thoughtful response style & tendency to focus obsessively on problems- men- actively distract themselves from feeling depressed by focusing on something else
Mood Disorders• Suicide:
- most depressed people don’t commit suicide; 50-80% of suicides are attempted by depressed people- women attempt suicide 3x’s more than men men are more successful b/c of methods used
Mood Disorders- since 1960, youth suicide ; white males are the highest- most youth suicides have given signs
Knowledge Check!• Answer the T/F and Application
questions on your own• When finished, hand in your
sheet, and I’ll tell you what the answers were • Were your answers correct?
Personality & Dissociative
Disorders
SWBAT• Explain the 5 types of personality
disorders• Identify the causes of personality
disorders• Analyze the Dissociateive Identity
Disorder (DID) in “Inside Karen’s Crowded Mind”
Personality Disorders• Read, “Inside Karen’s Crowded Mind”
and be prepared to discuss
Personality Disorders• Chronic, inflexible, maladaptive pattern
of perceiving, thinking, or behaving• Personality traits are excessive in
degree & rigid• Usually recognized by adolescence or
early adulthood• Difficult to diagnose b/c of overlap
between disorders
Personality Disorders• 5 Examples of Personality
Disorders:1. Paranoid-
distrust/suspicious; suspect others are trying to harm them; often jealous but unable to accept criticism themselves
Personality Disorders2. Histrionic- excessive emotionally &
attention seeking; flamboyant, dramatic, seductive, manipulative; 2x-3x greater in women
Personality Disorders3. Narcissistic- grandiose sense of
self importance, need for admiration; problems in interpersonal relationships; tend to exploit others; have difficulty recognizing & experiencing how others feel
Personality Disorders4. Antisocial- pattern of irresponsible,
unlawful behavior (starts early) that violates social norms; don’t experience shame/remorse; disrupting class, getting into fights, running away from home; involved in crime (but not always)
Personality Disorders- indifference to the rights of others- impulsive, manipulative, aggressive- more apparent in males (3-6x)- lack of conscience by age 15- aka: sociopath/psychopath
Personality Disorders5. Borderline- 126 criteria, very
complicated to diagnose & treat; out of control emotions; “clingy”, hypersensitive to abandonment; history of hurting self; mood instability; unstable personal relationships; more in women
Personality Disorders• CAUSES:
- genetic component, 67% of identical twins share the same disorder- research also points to environmental circumstances:
a) dysfunctional/physically abusive/neglectful familiesb) neurological damage prenatally
Dissociative Disorders• Disturbance in the integration
of identity, memory, or consciousness• Dissociate/disown part of
themselves• Dissociative amnesia-
selective memory loss due to psychological reasons (major trauma)
Dissociative Disorders• DID/Multiple Personality Disorder:
- 2+ distinct personalities exist w/in same individual
- one personality is dominant- personalities often contrast
w/ original self
Dissociative Disorders- developed b/c they tried to escape from their life many have history of on-going sexual & physical abuse- very controversial some believe it doesn’t exist, patients make it up & therapists coach/help them
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia• Means split mind• Most serious type of disorder• Personality disintegrates thoughts
& perceptions are distorted; emotions are dulled/flat• Thinking becomes illogical &
disorganized
Schizophrenia
• Hallucinations occur• Delusions & false beliefs• Incoherent language word salad• Sometimes neglect personal hygiene• Difference between mood disorders
& schizophrenia = disturbed thinking
Schizophrenia• 2 Phases:
- Positive symptoms (aka acute/active)- symptoms very apparent (hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, wild ideas)- Negative symptoms- flattened emotions, withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention
Schizophrenia• 4 Types of Schizophrenia:1. Disorganized- incoherent
patterns of thinking & language, bizarre behavior, emotions are flat or inappropriate to the situation; delusions, aimless, babbling & giggling
Schizophrenia2. Catatonic- (not very common)
disruption of motor activity, seem “frozen”, or motionless; or at other times excessive motor activity
Schizophrenia3. Paranoid- often comes
later in life, hallucinations; - delusions focus around:
a) being persecutedb) delusions of grandeur (God, millionaire)c) jealousy- mate is unfaithful
Schizophrenia4. Undifferentiated- (fairly
common) mixture of symptoms, disorganized thinking
5. Residual- suffered from schizophrenia in the past, but it’s now dormant or in remission
Schizophrenia• CAUSES:
- seem to have high levels of dopamine (Dopamine Hypothesis)- tends to run in families: genetic factors put people at risk, but environmental factors also must present themselves diathesis-stress hypothesis
Schizophrenia- family interaction can be an environmental stressor- research shows that reducing criticism, hostility, and intrusiveness can help reduce reoccurrence of symptoms- often family behavior may not stop disorder, but can help manage it
Schizophrenia- Brain functions/structure
might be different scans during hallucinations show increased activity in amygdala & lower activity in the frontal lobe
Schizophrenia- Neuro-developmental hypothesis-
prenatal exposure & delivery complication increase vulnerability low birth weight & oxygen deprivation
- Maternal virus during pregnancy (esp. the flu) can increase probability
Schizophrenia• Most believe it’s the high level of
dopamine or genetic
Schizophrenia• TREATMENT:
- medication works to either block dopamine receptors OR prevent the release of dopamine- risks/side effects- tremors, seizures, slow mental functioning, drowsiness
Schizophrenia- Generally appears in adolescence or
early adulthood- Patient falls into 3 Types:1. treated successfully recover2. partial recovery, but w/ frequent relapse3. endure chronic illness & generally permanently hospitalized
Schizophrenia• Janny's World• Janny's Interns• Janny's Ranch