abiotic-biotic
TRANSCRIPT
APES Units 1 amp 2Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
3-1 Matter Forms Structure and Quality 3-2 Energy Forms and Quality 3-3 Physical and Chemical Changes and the
Law of Conservation of Matter 3-4 Nuclear Changes 3-5 The Two Ironclad Laws of Energy 3-6 Connections Matter and Energy Laws and
Environmental Problems
MatterForms Structure and Quality
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
Matter is found in two chemical forms elements and compounds
Various elements compounds or both can be found together in mixtures
Solid Liquid and Gas
Atoms Ions and Molecules
Atoms The smallest unit of matter that is unique to a particular element
Ions Electrically charged atoms or combinations of atoms
Molecules Combinations of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical bonds
What are Atoms
The main building blocks of an atom are positively charged PROTONS uncharged NEUTRONS and negatively charged ELECTRONS
Each atom has an extremely small center or nucleus containing protons and neutrons
httpmediaservsusmcgillcacontent2004-Winter180-WinterNuclearframe0008htm
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic number The number of protons in the
nucleus of each of its atoms Mass number
The total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
Elements are organized through the periodic table by classifications of metals metalloids
and nonmetals
Inorganic Compounds All compounds not Organic Ionic Compounds
sodium chloride (NaCl) sodium bicarbonate (NaOH)
Covalent compounds hydrogen(H2) carbon dioxide (CO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sulfur dioxide (SO2) Ammonia (NH3)
Inorganic Compounds
The earthrsquos crust is composed of mostly inorganic minerals and rock
The crust is the source of all most nonrenewable resource we use fossil fuels metallic minerals etc
Various combinations of only eight elements make up the bulk of most minerals
Nonmetallic Elements
Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Sulfur (S) Hydrogen (H) and Phosphorous (P)
Nonmetallic elements make up about 99 of the atoms of all living things
Ionic Compounds
Structure Composed of oppositely-charged ions Network of ions held together by attraction
Ionic bonds Forces of attraction between opposite charges
Formation of Ionic Compounds Transfer of electrons between the atoms of
these elements Atom that is metal loses electrons (oxidation) to
become positive Atom that is nonmetal gains electrons
(reduction) to become negative Results in drastic changes to the elements
involved
httpwwwemcmaricopaedufacultyfarabeeBIOBKredoxgif
Sodium Chloride Sodium is a rather soft metal solid with a
silver-grey color Chlorine is greenish colored gas When a single electron is transferred
between these elements their atoms are transformed via a violent reaction into a totally different substance called sodium chloride commonly called table salt -- a white crystalline and brittle solid
Formed by two non-metals Similar electronegativities Neither atom is strong enough to steal
electrons from the other Therefore the atoms must share the
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
3-1 Matter Forms Structure and Quality 3-2 Energy Forms and Quality 3-3 Physical and Chemical Changes and the
Law of Conservation of Matter 3-4 Nuclear Changes 3-5 The Two Ironclad Laws of Energy 3-6 Connections Matter and Energy Laws and
Environmental Problems
MatterForms Structure and Quality
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
Matter is found in two chemical forms elements and compounds
Various elements compounds or both can be found together in mixtures
Solid Liquid and Gas
Atoms Ions and Molecules
Atoms The smallest unit of matter that is unique to a particular element
Ions Electrically charged atoms or combinations of atoms
Molecules Combinations of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical bonds
What are Atoms
The main building blocks of an atom are positively charged PROTONS uncharged NEUTRONS and negatively charged ELECTRONS
Each atom has an extremely small center or nucleus containing protons and neutrons
httpmediaservsusmcgillcacontent2004-Winter180-WinterNuclearframe0008htm
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic number The number of protons in the
nucleus of each of its atoms Mass number
The total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
Elements are organized through the periodic table by classifications of metals metalloids
and nonmetals
Inorganic Compounds All compounds not Organic Ionic Compounds
sodium chloride (NaCl) sodium bicarbonate (NaOH)
Covalent compounds hydrogen(H2) carbon dioxide (CO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sulfur dioxide (SO2) Ammonia (NH3)
Inorganic Compounds
The earthrsquos crust is composed of mostly inorganic minerals and rock
The crust is the source of all most nonrenewable resource we use fossil fuels metallic minerals etc
Various combinations of only eight elements make up the bulk of most minerals
Nonmetallic Elements
Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Sulfur (S) Hydrogen (H) and Phosphorous (P)
Nonmetallic elements make up about 99 of the atoms of all living things
Ionic Compounds
Structure Composed of oppositely-charged ions Network of ions held together by attraction
Ionic bonds Forces of attraction between opposite charges
Formation of Ionic Compounds Transfer of electrons between the atoms of
these elements Atom that is metal loses electrons (oxidation) to
become positive Atom that is nonmetal gains electrons
(reduction) to become negative Results in drastic changes to the elements
involved
httpwwwemcmaricopaedufacultyfarabeeBIOBKredoxgif
Sodium Chloride Sodium is a rather soft metal solid with a
silver-grey color Chlorine is greenish colored gas When a single electron is transferred
between these elements their atoms are transformed via a violent reaction into a totally different substance called sodium chloride commonly called table salt -- a white crystalline and brittle solid
Formed by two non-metals Similar electronegativities Neither atom is strong enough to steal
electrons from the other Therefore the atoms must share the
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
MatterForms Structure and Quality
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
Matter is found in two chemical forms elements and compounds
Various elements compounds or both can be found together in mixtures
Solid Liquid and Gas
Atoms Ions and Molecules
Atoms The smallest unit of matter that is unique to a particular element
Ions Electrically charged atoms or combinations of atoms
Molecules Combinations of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical bonds
What are Atoms
The main building blocks of an atom are positively charged PROTONS uncharged NEUTRONS and negatively charged ELECTRONS
Each atom has an extremely small center or nucleus containing protons and neutrons
httpmediaservsusmcgillcacontent2004-Winter180-WinterNuclearframe0008htm
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic number The number of protons in the
nucleus of each of its atoms Mass number
The total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
Elements are organized through the periodic table by classifications of metals metalloids
and nonmetals
Inorganic Compounds All compounds not Organic Ionic Compounds
sodium chloride (NaCl) sodium bicarbonate (NaOH)
Covalent compounds hydrogen(H2) carbon dioxide (CO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sulfur dioxide (SO2) Ammonia (NH3)
Inorganic Compounds
The earthrsquos crust is composed of mostly inorganic minerals and rock
The crust is the source of all most nonrenewable resource we use fossil fuels metallic minerals etc
Various combinations of only eight elements make up the bulk of most minerals
Nonmetallic Elements
Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Sulfur (S) Hydrogen (H) and Phosphorous (P)
Nonmetallic elements make up about 99 of the atoms of all living things
Ionic Compounds
Structure Composed of oppositely-charged ions Network of ions held together by attraction
Ionic bonds Forces of attraction between opposite charges
Formation of Ionic Compounds Transfer of electrons between the atoms of
these elements Atom that is metal loses electrons (oxidation) to
become positive Atom that is nonmetal gains electrons
(reduction) to become negative Results in drastic changes to the elements
involved
httpwwwemcmaricopaedufacultyfarabeeBIOBKredoxgif
Sodium Chloride Sodium is a rather soft metal solid with a
silver-grey color Chlorine is greenish colored gas When a single electron is transferred
between these elements their atoms are transformed via a violent reaction into a totally different substance called sodium chloride commonly called table salt -- a white crystalline and brittle solid
Formed by two non-metals Similar electronegativities Neither atom is strong enough to steal
electrons from the other Therefore the atoms must share the
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Solid Liquid and Gas
Atoms Ions and Molecules
Atoms The smallest unit of matter that is unique to a particular element
Ions Electrically charged atoms or combinations of atoms
Molecules Combinations of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical bonds
What are Atoms
The main building blocks of an atom are positively charged PROTONS uncharged NEUTRONS and negatively charged ELECTRONS
Each atom has an extremely small center or nucleus containing protons and neutrons
httpmediaservsusmcgillcacontent2004-Winter180-WinterNuclearframe0008htm
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic number The number of protons in the
nucleus of each of its atoms Mass number
The total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
Elements are organized through the periodic table by classifications of metals metalloids
and nonmetals
Inorganic Compounds All compounds not Organic Ionic Compounds
sodium chloride (NaCl) sodium bicarbonate (NaOH)
Covalent compounds hydrogen(H2) carbon dioxide (CO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sulfur dioxide (SO2) Ammonia (NH3)
Inorganic Compounds
The earthrsquos crust is composed of mostly inorganic minerals and rock
The crust is the source of all most nonrenewable resource we use fossil fuels metallic minerals etc
Various combinations of only eight elements make up the bulk of most minerals
Nonmetallic Elements
Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Sulfur (S) Hydrogen (H) and Phosphorous (P)
Nonmetallic elements make up about 99 of the atoms of all living things
Ionic Compounds
Structure Composed of oppositely-charged ions Network of ions held together by attraction
Ionic bonds Forces of attraction between opposite charges
Formation of Ionic Compounds Transfer of electrons between the atoms of
these elements Atom that is metal loses electrons (oxidation) to
become positive Atom that is nonmetal gains electrons
(reduction) to become negative Results in drastic changes to the elements
involved
httpwwwemcmaricopaedufacultyfarabeeBIOBKredoxgif
Sodium Chloride Sodium is a rather soft metal solid with a
silver-grey color Chlorine is greenish colored gas When a single electron is transferred
between these elements their atoms are transformed via a violent reaction into a totally different substance called sodium chloride commonly called table salt -- a white crystalline and brittle solid
Formed by two non-metals Similar electronegativities Neither atom is strong enough to steal
electrons from the other Therefore the atoms must share the
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Atoms Ions and Molecules
Atoms The smallest unit of matter that is unique to a particular element
Ions Electrically charged atoms or combinations of atoms
Molecules Combinations of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical bonds
What are Atoms
The main building blocks of an atom are positively charged PROTONS uncharged NEUTRONS and negatively charged ELECTRONS
Each atom has an extremely small center or nucleus containing protons and neutrons
httpmediaservsusmcgillcacontent2004-Winter180-WinterNuclearframe0008htm
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic number The number of protons in the
nucleus of each of its atoms Mass number
The total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
Elements are organized through the periodic table by classifications of metals metalloids
and nonmetals
Inorganic Compounds All compounds not Organic Ionic Compounds
sodium chloride (NaCl) sodium bicarbonate (NaOH)
Covalent compounds hydrogen(H2) carbon dioxide (CO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sulfur dioxide (SO2) Ammonia (NH3)
Inorganic Compounds
The earthrsquos crust is composed of mostly inorganic minerals and rock
The crust is the source of all most nonrenewable resource we use fossil fuels metallic minerals etc
Various combinations of only eight elements make up the bulk of most minerals
Nonmetallic Elements
Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Sulfur (S) Hydrogen (H) and Phosphorous (P)
Nonmetallic elements make up about 99 of the atoms of all living things
Ionic Compounds
Structure Composed of oppositely-charged ions Network of ions held together by attraction
Ionic bonds Forces of attraction between opposite charges
Formation of Ionic Compounds Transfer of electrons between the atoms of
these elements Atom that is metal loses electrons (oxidation) to
become positive Atom that is nonmetal gains electrons
(reduction) to become negative Results in drastic changes to the elements
involved
httpwwwemcmaricopaedufacultyfarabeeBIOBKredoxgif
Sodium Chloride Sodium is a rather soft metal solid with a
silver-grey color Chlorine is greenish colored gas When a single electron is transferred
between these elements their atoms are transformed via a violent reaction into a totally different substance called sodium chloride commonly called table salt -- a white crystalline and brittle solid
Formed by two non-metals Similar electronegativities Neither atom is strong enough to steal
electrons from the other Therefore the atoms must share the
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
What are Atoms
The main building blocks of an atom are positively charged PROTONS uncharged NEUTRONS and negatively charged ELECTRONS
Each atom has an extremely small center or nucleus containing protons and neutrons
httpmediaservsusmcgillcacontent2004-Winter180-WinterNuclearframe0008htm
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic number The number of protons in the
nucleus of each of its atoms Mass number
The total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
Elements are organized through the periodic table by classifications of metals metalloids
and nonmetals
Inorganic Compounds All compounds not Organic Ionic Compounds
sodium chloride (NaCl) sodium bicarbonate (NaOH)
Covalent compounds hydrogen(H2) carbon dioxide (CO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sulfur dioxide (SO2) Ammonia (NH3)
Inorganic Compounds
The earthrsquos crust is composed of mostly inorganic minerals and rock
The crust is the source of all most nonrenewable resource we use fossil fuels metallic minerals etc
Various combinations of only eight elements make up the bulk of most minerals
Nonmetallic Elements
Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Sulfur (S) Hydrogen (H) and Phosphorous (P)
Nonmetallic elements make up about 99 of the atoms of all living things
Ionic Compounds
Structure Composed of oppositely-charged ions Network of ions held together by attraction
Ionic bonds Forces of attraction between opposite charges
Formation of Ionic Compounds Transfer of electrons between the atoms of
these elements Atom that is metal loses electrons (oxidation) to
become positive Atom that is nonmetal gains electrons
(reduction) to become negative Results in drastic changes to the elements
involved
httpwwwemcmaricopaedufacultyfarabeeBIOBKredoxgif
Sodium Chloride Sodium is a rather soft metal solid with a
silver-grey color Chlorine is greenish colored gas When a single electron is transferred
between these elements their atoms are transformed via a violent reaction into a totally different substance called sodium chloride commonly called table salt -- a white crystalline and brittle solid
Formed by two non-metals Similar electronegativities Neither atom is strong enough to steal
electrons from the other Therefore the atoms must share the
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
httpmediaservsusmcgillcacontent2004-Winter180-WinterNuclearframe0008htm
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic number The number of protons in the
nucleus of each of its atoms Mass number
The total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
Elements are organized through the periodic table by classifications of metals metalloids
and nonmetals
Inorganic Compounds All compounds not Organic Ionic Compounds
sodium chloride (NaCl) sodium bicarbonate (NaOH)
Covalent compounds hydrogen(H2) carbon dioxide (CO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sulfur dioxide (SO2) Ammonia (NH3)
Inorganic Compounds
The earthrsquos crust is composed of mostly inorganic minerals and rock
The crust is the source of all most nonrenewable resource we use fossil fuels metallic minerals etc
Various combinations of only eight elements make up the bulk of most minerals
Nonmetallic Elements
Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Sulfur (S) Hydrogen (H) and Phosphorous (P)
Nonmetallic elements make up about 99 of the atoms of all living things
Ionic Compounds
Structure Composed of oppositely-charged ions Network of ions held together by attraction
Ionic bonds Forces of attraction between opposite charges
Formation of Ionic Compounds Transfer of electrons between the atoms of
these elements Atom that is metal loses electrons (oxidation) to
become positive Atom that is nonmetal gains electrons
(reduction) to become negative Results in drastic changes to the elements
involved
httpwwwemcmaricopaedufacultyfarabeeBIOBKredoxgif
Sodium Chloride Sodium is a rather soft metal solid with a
silver-grey color Chlorine is greenish colored gas When a single electron is transferred
between these elements their atoms are transformed via a violent reaction into a totally different substance called sodium chloride commonly called table salt -- a white crystalline and brittle solid
Formed by two non-metals Similar electronegativities Neither atom is strong enough to steal
electrons from the other Therefore the atoms must share the
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic number The number of protons in the
nucleus of each of its atoms Mass number
The total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
Elements are organized through the periodic table by classifications of metals metalloids
and nonmetals
Inorganic Compounds All compounds not Organic Ionic Compounds
sodium chloride (NaCl) sodium bicarbonate (NaOH)
Covalent compounds hydrogen(H2) carbon dioxide (CO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sulfur dioxide (SO2) Ammonia (NH3)
Inorganic Compounds
The earthrsquos crust is composed of mostly inorganic minerals and rock
The crust is the source of all most nonrenewable resource we use fossil fuels metallic minerals etc
Various combinations of only eight elements make up the bulk of most minerals
Nonmetallic Elements
Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Sulfur (S) Hydrogen (H) and Phosphorous (P)
Nonmetallic elements make up about 99 of the atoms of all living things
Ionic Compounds
Structure Composed of oppositely-charged ions Network of ions held together by attraction
Ionic bonds Forces of attraction between opposite charges
Formation of Ionic Compounds Transfer of electrons between the atoms of
these elements Atom that is metal loses electrons (oxidation) to
become positive Atom that is nonmetal gains electrons
(reduction) to become negative Results in drastic changes to the elements
involved
httpwwwemcmaricopaedufacultyfarabeeBIOBKredoxgif
Sodium Chloride Sodium is a rather soft metal solid with a
silver-grey color Chlorine is greenish colored gas When a single electron is transferred
between these elements their atoms are transformed via a violent reaction into a totally different substance called sodium chloride commonly called table salt -- a white crystalline and brittle solid
Formed by two non-metals Similar electronegativities Neither atom is strong enough to steal
electrons from the other Therefore the atoms must share the
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Elements are organized through the periodic table by classifications of metals metalloids
and nonmetals
Inorganic Compounds All compounds not Organic Ionic Compounds
sodium chloride (NaCl) sodium bicarbonate (NaOH)
Covalent compounds hydrogen(H2) carbon dioxide (CO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sulfur dioxide (SO2) Ammonia (NH3)
Inorganic Compounds
The earthrsquos crust is composed of mostly inorganic minerals and rock
The crust is the source of all most nonrenewable resource we use fossil fuels metallic minerals etc
Various combinations of only eight elements make up the bulk of most minerals
Nonmetallic Elements
Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Sulfur (S) Hydrogen (H) and Phosphorous (P)
Nonmetallic elements make up about 99 of the atoms of all living things
Ionic Compounds
Structure Composed of oppositely-charged ions Network of ions held together by attraction
Ionic bonds Forces of attraction between opposite charges
Formation of Ionic Compounds Transfer of electrons between the atoms of
these elements Atom that is metal loses electrons (oxidation) to
become positive Atom that is nonmetal gains electrons
(reduction) to become negative Results in drastic changes to the elements
involved
httpwwwemcmaricopaedufacultyfarabeeBIOBKredoxgif
Sodium Chloride Sodium is a rather soft metal solid with a
silver-grey color Chlorine is greenish colored gas When a single electron is transferred
between these elements their atoms are transformed via a violent reaction into a totally different substance called sodium chloride commonly called table salt -- a white crystalline and brittle solid
Formed by two non-metals Similar electronegativities Neither atom is strong enough to steal
electrons from the other Therefore the atoms must share the
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Inorganic Compounds All compounds not Organic Ionic Compounds
sodium chloride (NaCl) sodium bicarbonate (NaOH)
Covalent compounds hydrogen(H2) carbon dioxide (CO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sulfur dioxide (SO2) Ammonia (NH3)
Inorganic Compounds
The earthrsquos crust is composed of mostly inorganic minerals and rock
The crust is the source of all most nonrenewable resource we use fossil fuels metallic minerals etc
Various combinations of only eight elements make up the bulk of most minerals
Nonmetallic Elements
Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Sulfur (S) Hydrogen (H) and Phosphorous (P)
Nonmetallic elements make up about 99 of the atoms of all living things
Ionic Compounds
Structure Composed of oppositely-charged ions Network of ions held together by attraction
Ionic bonds Forces of attraction between opposite charges
Formation of Ionic Compounds Transfer of electrons between the atoms of
these elements Atom that is metal loses electrons (oxidation) to
become positive Atom that is nonmetal gains electrons
(reduction) to become negative Results in drastic changes to the elements
involved
httpwwwemcmaricopaedufacultyfarabeeBIOBKredoxgif
Sodium Chloride Sodium is a rather soft metal solid with a
silver-grey color Chlorine is greenish colored gas When a single electron is transferred
between these elements their atoms are transformed via a violent reaction into a totally different substance called sodium chloride commonly called table salt -- a white crystalline and brittle solid
Formed by two non-metals Similar electronegativities Neither atom is strong enough to steal
electrons from the other Therefore the atoms must share the
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Inorganic Compounds
The earthrsquos crust is composed of mostly inorganic minerals and rock
The crust is the source of all most nonrenewable resource we use fossil fuels metallic minerals etc
Various combinations of only eight elements make up the bulk of most minerals
Nonmetallic Elements
Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Sulfur (S) Hydrogen (H) and Phosphorous (P)
Nonmetallic elements make up about 99 of the atoms of all living things
Ionic Compounds
Structure Composed of oppositely-charged ions Network of ions held together by attraction
Ionic bonds Forces of attraction between opposite charges
Formation of Ionic Compounds Transfer of electrons between the atoms of
these elements Atom that is metal loses electrons (oxidation) to
become positive Atom that is nonmetal gains electrons
(reduction) to become negative Results in drastic changes to the elements
involved
httpwwwemcmaricopaedufacultyfarabeeBIOBKredoxgif
Sodium Chloride Sodium is a rather soft metal solid with a
silver-grey color Chlorine is greenish colored gas When a single electron is transferred
between these elements their atoms are transformed via a violent reaction into a totally different substance called sodium chloride commonly called table salt -- a white crystalline and brittle solid
Formed by two non-metals Similar electronegativities Neither atom is strong enough to steal
electrons from the other Therefore the atoms must share the
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Nonmetallic Elements
Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Sulfur (S) Hydrogen (H) and Phosphorous (P)
Nonmetallic elements make up about 99 of the atoms of all living things
Ionic Compounds
Structure Composed of oppositely-charged ions Network of ions held together by attraction
Ionic bonds Forces of attraction between opposite charges
Formation of Ionic Compounds Transfer of electrons between the atoms of
these elements Atom that is metal loses electrons (oxidation) to
become positive Atom that is nonmetal gains electrons
(reduction) to become negative Results in drastic changes to the elements
involved
httpwwwemcmaricopaedufacultyfarabeeBIOBKredoxgif
Sodium Chloride Sodium is a rather soft metal solid with a
silver-grey color Chlorine is greenish colored gas When a single electron is transferred
between these elements their atoms are transformed via a violent reaction into a totally different substance called sodium chloride commonly called table salt -- a white crystalline and brittle solid
Formed by two non-metals Similar electronegativities Neither atom is strong enough to steal
electrons from the other Therefore the atoms must share the
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Ionic Compounds
Structure Composed of oppositely-charged ions Network of ions held together by attraction
Ionic bonds Forces of attraction between opposite charges
Formation of Ionic Compounds Transfer of electrons between the atoms of
these elements Atom that is metal loses electrons (oxidation) to
become positive Atom that is nonmetal gains electrons
(reduction) to become negative Results in drastic changes to the elements
involved
httpwwwemcmaricopaedufacultyfarabeeBIOBKredoxgif
Sodium Chloride Sodium is a rather soft metal solid with a
silver-grey color Chlorine is greenish colored gas When a single electron is transferred
between these elements their atoms are transformed via a violent reaction into a totally different substance called sodium chloride commonly called table salt -- a white crystalline and brittle solid
Formed by two non-metals Similar electronegativities Neither atom is strong enough to steal
electrons from the other Therefore the atoms must share the
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Formation of Ionic Compounds Transfer of electrons between the atoms of
these elements Atom that is metal loses electrons (oxidation) to
become positive Atom that is nonmetal gains electrons
(reduction) to become negative Results in drastic changes to the elements
involved
httpwwwemcmaricopaedufacultyfarabeeBIOBKredoxgif
Sodium Chloride Sodium is a rather soft metal solid with a
silver-grey color Chlorine is greenish colored gas When a single electron is transferred
between these elements their atoms are transformed via a violent reaction into a totally different substance called sodium chloride commonly called table salt -- a white crystalline and brittle solid
Formed by two non-metals Similar electronegativities Neither atom is strong enough to steal
electrons from the other Therefore the atoms must share the
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
httpwwwemcmaricopaedufacultyfarabeeBIOBKredoxgif
Sodium Chloride Sodium is a rather soft metal solid with a
silver-grey color Chlorine is greenish colored gas When a single electron is transferred
between these elements their atoms are transformed via a violent reaction into a totally different substance called sodium chloride commonly called table salt -- a white crystalline and brittle solid
Formed by two non-metals Similar electronegativities Neither atom is strong enough to steal
electrons from the other Therefore the atoms must share the
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Sodium Chloride Sodium is a rather soft metal solid with a
silver-grey color Chlorine is greenish colored gas When a single electron is transferred
between these elements their atoms are transformed via a violent reaction into a totally different substance called sodium chloride commonly called table salt -- a white crystalline and brittle solid
Formed by two non-metals Similar electronegativities Neither atom is strong enough to steal
electrons from the other Therefore the atoms must share the
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Formed by two non-metals Similar electronegativities Neither atom is strong enough to steal
electrons from the other Therefore the atoms must share the
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Covalent Bonds Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons but
wants eight When unpaired electron is shared both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons Individual atoms are independent but once the
bond is formed energy is released and the new chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms
combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur etc Hydrocarbons
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates
carbon hydrogen oxygen combinations
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Earthrsquos Crust
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Matter Quality
Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is based in its availability and concentration
High quality matter is organized concentrated and usually found near the earthrsquos crust
Low quality is disorganized dilute and has little potential for use as a matter resource
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
High quality amp Low quality
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat
Energy comes in many forms light heat and electricity
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves which differ in
wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
It is energy in action or motion Wind flowing streams falling rocks
electricity moving car - all have kinetic energy
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use
Potential energy can be charged to kinetic energy
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Energy Quality
Very High Electricity Nuclear fission and Concentrated sunlight
High Hydrogen gas Natural gas and Coal Moderate Normal sunlight and wood Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Natural Radioactive Decay
A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles high energy radiation or both at a fixed rate The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Natural Radioactive Decay
The decay continues until the original isotope becomes a stable nonradioactive isotope
Until then the radiation emitted is damaging ionizing radiation Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles
After ten half-lifes the material is said to be clean
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Alpha Beta Gamma rays
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons
Each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission httpwwwatomicarchivecomMoviesMovie4shtml
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Nuclear Fission
Critical Mass Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
Chain Reaction Multiple fissions within a critical mass Releases huge amounts of energy Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
In any nuclear change the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same
E = mc2
The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevated the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10000oC
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
What is Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus releasing energy in the process
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
First Law of Thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes Energy is neither created nor destroyed But it may be converted from one form to
another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Second Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another
Some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality more dispersed less useful energy
Also known as Law of Entropy
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
High Waste Societies
People continue to use and waste more and more energy and matter resources at an increasing rate
At some point high-waste societies will become
UNSUSTAINABLE
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
To allow economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing
excess pollution
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Matter Recycling Societies
Advantages Saves
Energy Buys Time
Disadvantages Requires high-quality energy
which cannot be recycled Adds waste heat No infinite supply of
affordable high-quality energy available
Limit to number of times a material can be recycled
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Low Waste Societies
Works with nature to reduce throughput Based on energy flow and matter recycling
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Low Waste Societies Function
1 Reuserecycle most nonrenewable matter resources
2 Use potentially renewable resources no faster than they are replenished
3 Use matter and energy resources efficiently
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Low Waste Societies Function
4 Reduce unnecessary consumption
5 Emphasize pollution prevention and waste reduction
6 Control population growth
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Ecosystems What Are They and How do They Work
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Chapter 4Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
4-1 Ecology and Life 4-2 Earthrsquos Life-Support Systems 4-3 Ecosystem Concept 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about
Ecosystems 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
4-1 Ecology and Life
Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight temperature moisture and vital nutrients
Biotic interaction among organisms populations communities ecosystems and the ecosphere
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Distinction between Species
Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved
Domesticated species- animals such as cows sheep food crops animals in zoos
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Vocabulary
Population Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time
Genetic Diversity Populations that are dynamic groups that change in
size age distribution density and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Habitat Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives Community
Complex interacting network of plants animals and microorganisms
Ecosystem Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosphere or Biosphere All earths ecosystems
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
What is Life
All life shares a set of basic characteristics Made of cells that have highly
organized internal structure and functions
Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Living Organisms
Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival growth and reproduction
Maintain favorable internal conditions despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis if not overstressed
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Living Organisms
Perpetuate themselves through reproduction Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
wwwswsuiucedunitrobiggraphasp
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
4-2 Geosphere
Lithosphere Crust and upper mantle
Crust Outermost thin silicate zone eight
elements make up 985 of the weight of the earthrsquos crust
The Earth contains several layers or concentric spheres
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
4-2 Geosphere Mantle
Surrounded by a thick solid zone largest zone rich with iron silicon oxygen and magnesium very hot
Core Innermost zone mostly iron solid
inner part surrounded by a liquid core of molten material
Inner Core is hotter than surface of the Sun
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Thin envelope of air around the planet Troposphere
extends about 17 kilometers above sea level contains nitrogen (78) oxygen(21) and is where weather occurs
Stratosphere 17-48 kilometers above sea
level lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of the sunrsquos ultraviolet radiation
4-2 Atmosphere
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Consists of the earthrsquos liquid water ice and
water vapor in the atmosphere
4-2 Hydrosphere
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
What Sustains Life on Earth
Life on the earth depends on three interconnected factors One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms ions or molecules needed for survival by living organisms) through all parts of the ecosphere
Gravity which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Sun
Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 6 billion years Sun will stay for another 65 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is
the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Solar Energy
72 of solar energy warms the lands 0023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather
system Distributes heat and fresh water
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
wwwbomgovaulamclimatelevelthree climchclichgr1htm
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Type of Nutrients
Nutrient Any atom ion or molecule an organism needs to live grow
or reproduce Ex carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogenhellip etc
Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex phosphorus sulfur calcium iron hellip etc
Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex zinc sodium copperhellip etc
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and specific life-forms
Climate ndash Long-term weather main factor determining what type of life will be in a certain area
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Ecosphere Separation
The Ecosphere and itrsquos ecosystem can be separated into two parts Abiotic- nonliving components
Ex air water solar energy Physical and chemical factors that influence living
organisms Biotic- living components
Ex plants and animals
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Range of Tolerance
Variations in itrsquos physical and chemical environment Differences in genetic makeup health and
age Ex trout has to live in colder water than
bass
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Limiting Factor
More important than others in regulating population growth Ex water light and soil Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth of
plants
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Limiting Factor Principle
too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil even if water nitrogen are in a optimum levels corn will stop growing after it uses up available phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Dissolved Oxygen Content
Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure Limiting factor of
aquatic ecosystem
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Salinity
amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment
Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert sunlight abiotic nutrients to sugars and other complex organic compounds
Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into chemical energy
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy which is stored in complex carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple
compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex becomes consumed by
tubeworms clams crabs Bacteria can survive in great
amount of heat
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Consumers
Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers
Deer goats rabbits
httpwwwholidaysneteasterbunny1htm
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Consumers
Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
Feed only on primary consumer Lion Tiger
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Consumers
Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Consumers
Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex pigs humans
bears
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Consumers
Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures flies crows shark
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Consumers
Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead
organisms and wastes of living organisms
Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris and animal dung
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Consumers
Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organismsrsquo wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms
and insects Biodegradable - can be
broken down by decomposers
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into
carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +
energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
Food Chain Food Chain-Series of organisms
in which each eats or decomposes the preceding one Decomposers complete the cycle
of matter by breaking down organic waste dead animal Plant litter and garbage
Whether dead or alive organisms are potential (standard) sources of food for other organisms
Second Law of Energy
Organisms need high quality chemical energy to move grow and reproduce and this energy is converted into low-quality heat that flows into environment Trophic levels or feeding levels- Producer is a
first trophic level primary consumer is second trophic level secondary consumer is third
Decomposers process detritus from all trophic levels
Food Web Complex network
of interconnected food chains
Food web and chains One-way flow of
energy Cycling of
nutrients through ecosystem
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(100000 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(1000 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(100 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(10 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(1 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Detrital Food Webs Organic waste material
or detritus is the major food source
Energy flows mainly from producers (plants) to decomposers and detritivores
Pyramid of Energy Flow
More steps or trophic levels in food chain or web greater loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic levels
More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more energy is consumed after each one Thatrsquos why food chains and webs rarely have more than 4 steps
Pyramid of Energy Flow Loss of usable energy as energy flows through
trophic levels of food chains and webs Rarely have more than 4 steps
Biomass
Dry weight of all organic matter contained in organisms Biomass is measured in dry weight
Water is not source of energy or nutrient Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of all
producers Useable energy transferred as biomass varies from
5-20 (10 standard)
Pyramid of BiomassStorage of biomass at various trophic levels of
ecosystem
Pyramid of Numbers
Number of organisms at each trophic level
httpwwwnicksnowdennetModule_3_pagesecosystems_energy_flowshtm
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Rate in which
producers convert solar energy into chemical energy
(biomass) in a given amount
of time
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year
or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planetrsquos carrying
capacity for all species 59 of NPP occurs in land 41 occurs in ocean
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Second Law of Energy
Organisms need high quality chemical energy to move grow and reproduce and this energy is converted into low-quality heat that flows into environment Trophic levels or feeding levels- Producer is a
first trophic level primary consumer is second trophic level secondary consumer is third
Decomposers process detritus from all trophic levels
Food Web Complex network
of interconnected food chains
Food web and chains One-way flow of
energy Cycling of
nutrients through ecosystem
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(100000 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(1000 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(100 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(10 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(1 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Detrital Food Webs Organic waste material
or detritus is the major food source
Energy flows mainly from producers (plants) to decomposers and detritivores
Pyramid of Energy Flow
More steps or trophic levels in food chain or web greater loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic levels
More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more energy is consumed after each one Thatrsquos why food chains and webs rarely have more than 4 steps
Pyramid of Energy Flow Loss of usable energy as energy flows through
trophic levels of food chains and webs Rarely have more than 4 steps
Biomass
Dry weight of all organic matter contained in organisms Biomass is measured in dry weight
Water is not source of energy or nutrient Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of all
producers Useable energy transferred as biomass varies from
5-20 (10 standard)
Pyramid of BiomassStorage of biomass at various trophic levels of
ecosystem
Pyramid of Numbers
Number of organisms at each trophic level
httpwwwnicksnowdennetModule_3_pagesecosystems_energy_flowshtm
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Rate in which
producers convert solar energy into chemical energy
(biomass) in a given amount
of time
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year
or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planetrsquos carrying
capacity for all species 59 of NPP occurs in land 41 occurs in ocean
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Food Web Complex network
of interconnected food chains
Food web and chains One-way flow of
energy Cycling of
nutrients through ecosystem
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(100000 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(1000 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(100 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(10 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(1 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Detrital Food Webs Organic waste material
or detritus is the major food source
Energy flows mainly from producers (plants) to decomposers and detritivores
Pyramid of Energy Flow
More steps or trophic levels in food chain or web greater loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic levels
More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more energy is consumed after each one Thatrsquos why food chains and webs rarely have more than 4 steps
Pyramid of Energy Flow Loss of usable energy as energy flows through
trophic levels of food chains and webs Rarely have more than 4 steps
Biomass
Dry weight of all organic matter contained in organisms Biomass is measured in dry weight
Water is not source of energy or nutrient Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of all
producers Useable energy transferred as biomass varies from
5-20 (10 standard)
Pyramid of BiomassStorage of biomass at various trophic levels of
ecosystem
Pyramid of Numbers
Number of organisms at each trophic level
httpwwwnicksnowdennetModule_3_pagesecosystems_energy_flowshtm
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Rate in which
producers convert solar energy into chemical energy
(biomass) in a given amount
of time
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year
or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planetrsquos carrying
capacity for all species 59 of NPP occurs in land 41 occurs in ocean
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(100000 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(1000 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(100 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(10 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(1 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Detrital Food Webs Organic waste material
or detritus is the major food source
Energy flows mainly from producers (plants) to decomposers and detritivores
Pyramid of Energy Flow
More steps or trophic levels in food chain or web greater loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic levels
More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more energy is consumed after each one Thatrsquos why food chains and webs rarely have more than 4 steps
Pyramid of Energy Flow Loss of usable energy as energy flows through
trophic levels of food chains and webs Rarely have more than 4 steps
Biomass
Dry weight of all organic matter contained in organisms Biomass is measured in dry weight
Water is not source of energy or nutrient Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of all
producers Useable energy transferred as biomass varies from
5-20 (10 standard)
Pyramid of BiomassStorage of biomass at various trophic levels of
ecosystem
Pyramid of Numbers
Number of organisms at each trophic level
httpwwwnicksnowdennetModule_3_pagesecosystems_energy_flowshtm
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Rate in which
producers convert solar energy into chemical energy
(biomass) in a given amount
of time
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year
or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planetrsquos carrying
capacity for all species 59 of NPP occurs in land 41 occurs in ocean
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(1000 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(100 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(10 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(1 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Detrital Food Webs Organic waste material
or detritus is the major food source
Energy flows mainly from producers (plants) to decomposers and detritivores
Pyramid of Energy Flow
More steps or trophic levels in food chain or web greater loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic levels
More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more energy is consumed after each one Thatrsquos why food chains and webs rarely have more than 4 steps
Pyramid of Energy Flow Loss of usable energy as energy flows through
trophic levels of food chains and webs Rarely have more than 4 steps
Biomass
Dry weight of all organic matter contained in organisms Biomass is measured in dry weight
Water is not source of energy or nutrient Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of all
producers Useable energy transferred as biomass varies from
5-20 (10 standard)
Pyramid of BiomassStorage of biomass at various trophic levels of
ecosystem
Pyramid of Numbers
Number of organisms at each trophic level
httpwwwnicksnowdennetModule_3_pagesecosystems_energy_flowshtm
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Rate in which
producers convert solar energy into chemical energy
(biomass) in a given amount
of time
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year
or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planetrsquos carrying
capacity for all species 59 of NPP occurs in land 41 occurs in ocean
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(100 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(10 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(1 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Detrital Food Webs Organic waste material
or detritus is the major food source
Energy flows mainly from producers (plants) to decomposers and detritivores
Pyramid of Energy Flow
More steps or trophic levels in food chain or web greater loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic levels
More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more energy is consumed after each one Thatrsquos why food chains and webs rarely have more than 4 steps
Pyramid of Energy Flow Loss of usable energy as energy flows through
trophic levels of food chains and webs Rarely have more than 4 steps
Biomass
Dry weight of all organic matter contained in organisms Biomass is measured in dry weight
Water is not source of energy or nutrient Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of all
producers Useable energy transferred as biomass varies from
5-20 (10 standard)
Pyramid of BiomassStorage of biomass at various trophic levels of
ecosystem
Pyramid of Numbers
Number of organisms at each trophic level
httpwwwnicksnowdennetModule_3_pagesecosystems_energy_flowshtm
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Rate in which
producers convert solar energy into chemical energy
(biomass) in a given amount
of time
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year
or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planetrsquos carrying
capacity for all species 59 of NPP occurs in land 41 occurs in ocean
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(10 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(1 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Detrital Food Webs Organic waste material
or detritus is the major food source
Energy flows mainly from producers (plants) to decomposers and detritivores
Pyramid of Energy Flow
More steps or trophic levels in food chain or web greater loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic levels
More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more energy is consumed after each one Thatrsquos why food chains and webs rarely have more than 4 steps
Pyramid of Energy Flow Loss of usable energy as energy flows through
trophic levels of food chains and webs Rarely have more than 4 steps
Biomass
Dry weight of all organic matter contained in organisms Biomass is measured in dry weight
Water is not source of energy or nutrient Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of all
producers Useable energy transferred as biomass varies from
5-20 (10 standard)
Pyramid of BiomassStorage of biomass at various trophic levels of
ecosystem
Pyramid of Numbers
Number of organisms at each trophic level
httpwwwnicksnowdennetModule_3_pagesecosystems_energy_flowshtm
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Rate in which
producers convert solar energy into chemical energy
(biomass) in a given amount
of time
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year
or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planetrsquos carrying
capacity for all species 59 of NPP occurs in land 41 occurs in ocean
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Food Webs
Grazing Food Webs Energy and nutrients
move from plants to herbivores
Then through an array of carnivores
Eventually to decomposers
(1 Units of Energy)
Food Webs
Detrital Food Webs Organic waste material
or detritus is the major food source
Energy flows mainly from producers (plants) to decomposers and detritivores
Pyramid of Energy Flow
More steps or trophic levels in food chain or web greater loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic levels
More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more energy is consumed after each one Thatrsquos why food chains and webs rarely have more than 4 steps
Pyramid of Energy Flow Loss of usable energy as energy flows through
trophic levels of food chains and webs Rarely have more than 4 steps
Biomass
Dry weight of all organic matter contained in organisms Biomass is measured in dry weight
Water is not source of energy or nutrient Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of all
producers Useable energy transferred as biomass varies from
5-20 (10 standard)
Pyramid of BiomassStorage of biomass at various trophic levels of
ecosystem
Pyramid of Numbers
Number of organisms at each trophic level
httpwwwnicksnowdennetModule_3_pagesecosystems_energy_flowshtm
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Rate in which
producers convert solar energy into chemical energy
(biomass) in a given amount
of time
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year
or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planetrsquos carrying
capacity for all species 59 of NPP occurs in land 41 occurs in ocean
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Food Webs
Detrital Food Webs Organic waste material
or detritus is the major food source
Energy flows mainly from producers (plants) to decomposers and detritivores
Pyramid of Energy Flow
More steps or trophic levels in food chain or web greater loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic levels
More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more energy is consumed after each one Thatrsquos why food chains and webs rarely have more than 4 steps
Pyramid of Energy Flow Loss of usable energy as energy flows through
trophic levels of food chains and webs Rarely have more than 4 steps
Biomass
Dry weight of all organic matter contained in organisms Biomass is measured in dry weight
Water is not source of energy or nutrient Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of all
producers Useable energy transferred as biomass varies from
5-20 (10 standard)
Pyramid of BiomassStorage of biomass at various trophic levels of
ecosystem
Pyramid of Numbers
Number of organisms at each trophic level
httpwwwnicksnowdennetModule_3_pagesecosystems_energy_flowshtm
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Rate in which
producers convert solar energy into chemical energy
(biomass) in a given amount
of time
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year
or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planetrsquos carrying
capacity for all species 59 of NPP occurs in land 41 occurs in ocean
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Pyramid of Energy Flow
More steps or trophic levels in food chain or web greater loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic levels
More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more energy is consumed after each one Thatrsquos why food chains and webs rarely have more than 4 steps
Pyramid of Energy Flow Loss of usable energy as energy flows through
trophic levels of food chains and webs Rarely have more than 4 steps
Biomass
Dry weight of all organic matter contained in organisms Biomass is measured in dry weight
Water is not source of energy or nutrient Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of all
producers Useable energy transferred as biomass varies from
5-20 (10 standard)
Pyramid of BiomassStorage of biomass at various trophic levels of
ecosystem
Pyramid of Numbers
Number of organisms at each trophic level
httpwwwnicksnowdennetModule_3_pagesecosystems_energy_flowshtm
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Rate in which
producers convert solar energy into chemical energy
(biomass) in a given amount
of time
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year
or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planetrsquos carrying
capacity for all species 59 of NPP occurs in land 41 occurs in ocean
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Pyramid of Energy Flow Loss of usable energy as energy flows through
trophic levels of food chains and webs Rarely have more than 4 steps
Biomass
Dry weight of all organic matter contained in organisms Biomass is measured in dry weight
Water is not source of energy or nutrient Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of all
producers Useable energy transferred as biomass varies from
5-20 (10 standard)
Pyramid of BiomassStorage of biomass at various trophic levels of
ecosystem
Pyramid of Numbers
Number of organisms at each trophic level
httpwwwnicksnowdennetModule_3_pagesecosystems_energy_flowshtm
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Rate in which
producers convert solar energy into chemical energy
(biomass) in a given amount
of time
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year
or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planetrsquos carrying
capacity for all species 59 of NPP occurs in land 41 occurs in ocean
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Biomass
Dry weight of all organic matter contained in organisms Biomass is measured in dry weight
Water is not source of energy or nutrient Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of all
producers Useable energy transferred as biomass varies from
5-20 (10 standard)
Pyramid of BiomassStorage of biomass at various trophic levels of
ecosystem
Pyramid of Numbers
Number of organisms at each trophic level
httpwwwnicksnowdennetModule_3_pagesecosystems_energy_flowshtm
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Rate in which
producers convert solar energy into chemical energy
(biomass) in a given amount
of time
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year
or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planetrsquos carrying
capacity for all species 59 of NPP occurs in land 41 occurs in ocean
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Pyramid of BiomassStorage of biomass at various trophic levels of
ecosystem
Pyramid of Numbers
Number of organisms at each trophic level
httpwwwnicksnowdennetModule_3_pagesecosystems_energy_flowshtm
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Rate in which
producers convert solar energy into chemical energy
(biomass) in a given amount
of time
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year
or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planetrsquos carrying
capacity for all species 59 of NPP occurs in land 41 occurs in ocean
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Pyramid of Numbers
Number of organisms at each trophic level
httpwwwnicksnowdennetModule_3_pagesecosystems_energy_flowshtm
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Rate in which
producers convert solar energy into chemical energy
(biomass) in a given amount
of time
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year
or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planetrsquos carrying
capacity for all species 59 of NPP occurs in land 41 occurs in ocean
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
httpwwwnicksnowdennetModule_3_pagesecosystems_energy_flowshtm
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Rate in which
producers convert solar energy into chemical energy
(biomass) in a given amount
of time
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year
or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planetrsquos carrying
capacity for all species 59 of NPP occurs in land 41 occurs in ocean
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Rate in which
producers convert solar energy into chemical energy
(biomass) in a given amount
of time
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year
or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planetrsquos carrying
capacity for all species 59 of NPP occurs in land 41 occurs in ocean
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year
or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planetrsquos carrying
capacity for all species 59 of NPP occurs in land 41 occurs in ocean
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another 10 ecological efficiency
1000000 units of energy from sun 10000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Studying Ecosystems
FIELD RESEARCH Going into nature and observingmeasuring the structure of ecosystems Majority of what we know now comes from this type Disadvantage is that it is expensive time-consuming and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables LABORATORY RESEARCH
Set up observation and measurement of model ecosystems under laboratory conditions
Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick and cheap Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether or not result in a laboratory will
be the same as a result in a complex natural ecosystem SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real ecosystem Helps understand large and very complicated systems
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services are the natural services or earth capital that support life on the earth
Essential to the quality of human life and to the functioning of the worldrsquos economies
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Controlling and moderating climate Providing and renewing air water soil Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals Furnishing people with food fiber medicines
timber and paper
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Ecosystem Importance
Ecosystem services include Pollinating crops and other plant species Absorbing diluting and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms Slowing erosion and preventing flooding Providing biodiversity of genes and species
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Why Is Biodiversity So Important
Food wood fibers energy raw materials industrial chemicals medicines hellip
Provides for billions of dollars in the global economy
Provides recycling purification and natural pest control
Represents the millions of years of adaptation and is raw material for future adaptations
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
Use renewable solar energy as energy source
Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for survival growth and reproduction
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Unit 2 Chapter 5
Nutrient Cycles and Soils
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles Natural processes that recycle
nutrients in various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from the nonliving environment to living organisms and back again
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus
SulfurRockSoilEnergy Flow
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
Hydrosphere Water in the form of ice liquid and vapor Operates local regional and global levels
Atmospheric Large portion of a given element (ie Nitrogen gas) exists in
gaseous form in the atmosphere Operates local regional and global levels
Sedimentary The element does not have a gaseous phase or its gaseous
compounds donrsquot make up a significant portion of its supply Operates local and regional basis
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-
Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
Natural ecosystems tend to balance Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater Nutrient loss from soils Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the nitrogen
cycle is a contributes to global warming ozone depletion air pollution and loss of biodiversity
Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human activities
- APES Units 1 amp 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
- Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms Structure and Quality
- Solid Liquid and Gas
- Atoms Ions and Molecules
- What are Atoms
- Slide 7
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Slide 9
- Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds (2)
- Nonmetallic Elements
- Ionic Compounds
- Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Slide 15
- Sodium Chloride
- Covalent Bonds
- Covalent Bonds (2)
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds (2)
- Biological Organic Compounds
- Biological Organic Compounds (2)
- Earthrsquos Crust
- Matter Quality
- High quality amp Low quality
- Energy
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Energy Quality
- Natural Radioactive Decay
- Natural Radioactive Decay (2)
- Alpha Beta Gamma rays
- Nuclear Fission
- Slide 35
- Nuclear Fission
- The ldquoLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energyrdquo
- What is Nuclear Fusion
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- High Waste Societies
- Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- Matter Recycling Societies
- Low Waste Societies
- Low Waste Societies Function
- Low Waste Societies Function (2)
- Unit 2 Chapter 3
- Chapter 4 Ecology Ecosystems and Food Webs
- 4-1 Ecology and Life
- Distinction between Species
- Vocabulary
- Slide 52
- What is Life
- Living Organisms
- Living Organisms (2)
- Slide 56
- 4-2 Geosphere
- 4-2 Geosphere (2)
- 4-2 Atmosphere
- 4-2 Hydrosphere
- What Sustains Life on Earth
- Sun
- Solar Energy
- Slide 64
- Type of Nutrients
- Biomes ndash Large regions characterized by distinct climate and s
- Ecosphere Separation
- Range of Tolerance
- Limiting Factor
- Limiting Factor Principle
- Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Salinity
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Living Organisms in Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Chemosynthesis-
- Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Consumers (2)
- Consumers (3)
- Consumers (4)
- Consumers (5)
- Consumers (6)
- Consumers (7)
- Respiration
- Food Chain
- Second Law of Energy
- Slide 89
- Food Webs
- Food Webs (2)
- Food Webs (3)
- Food Webs (4)
- Food Webs (5)
- Food Webs (6)
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Energy Flow (2)
- Biomass
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Numbers
- Slide 101
- Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Ecological Efficiency
- Studying Ecosystems
- Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem Importance (2)
- Ecosystem Importance (3)
- Why Is Biodiversity So Important
- Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Unit 2 Chapter 5
- Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open System)
- Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Nutrient Cycling amp Ecosystem Sustainability
-