abap for sd consultatnt

7/28/2019 ABAP for SD Consultatnt

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India SAP CoE, Slide 1

SD2012: ABAP for SD Consultants

V 1.0


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ABAP ?

ABAP used to be an abbreviation ofAllgemeinerBerichts Aufbereitungs Prozessor,the German meaning of "generic report preparation processor", but was later

renamed to Advanced Business Application Programming

It is one of the many the application-specific fourth-generation languages

It was originally used by SAP developers to develop the SAP R/3 platform. It isalso used by SAP customers to enhance SAP applications add custom reports

and interfaces, and enhance user experience.

It is a structured language like C.

Its syntax is somewhat similar to COBOL

The actual processing logic of an application program is written in ABAP. The

ABAP processor executes the processing logic of the application program, and

communicates with the database


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ABAP for SD Consultants


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Purpose1. Comprehensive: ERP software supports an organizations all the

business transactions and links them together using real-timeintegration.

2. Integration: Real-time integration means that each change or updatein one application causes the automatic change or update of the datain the other applications involved.

3. Scalability: ERP software caters to the needs of small businesshouse with say less than 10 users to multi billion dollar companies.

4. Interfaces (EDI-ALE-IDOC): Directly Sending & receiving informationfrom other systems helps in efficient functioning of businessprocesses without the need for multiple data entry.

5. Adaptability: Last but not the least, the softwares should becustomizable to meet the specific needs of an organization that arenot available as standard functionalities.

Adaptability is the key


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Use

ABAP provides the framework & processing logic

Processing

Logic

Interfaces

Utilities

Data Storage& Retrieval

Adaptability

Tables &structures

Programs,

Includes

Debug, Tracer,

Notes, Patches

Reports,

Interfaces,

Conversions,Enhancements

and Forms

EDI, ALE, Idoc

Routines, Methods


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Challenges

ABAP shall enable to meet the frequent changes in business requirementsby,

- enhancing the existing programs

- adding customer functionality to existing Transactions without modifying it.

- Program testing and debugging

- Data conversion with the combination of other techniques


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R/3 Architecture



R/3 Architecture

Presentation Layer

The presentation layer contains the software components that make up the

SAPgui (graphical user interface). This layer is the interface between the R/3

System and its users. The R/3 System uses the SAPgui to provide an intuitive

graphical user interface for entering and displaying data.

Application Layer

The application layer consists of one or more application servers and a message

server. Each application server contains a set of services used to run the R/3

System

Database Layer

The database layer consists of a central database system containing all of the

data in the R/3 System. The database system has two components - the

database management system (DBMS), and the database itself.



ABAP Program code

A computer program (often simply called a program) is an example of computer

software that prescribes the actions ("computations") that are to be carried out by

a computer.

All ABAP programs are modular in structure and made up of processing blocks.

There are two kinds of processing blocks, those that are called from outside a

program by the ABAP runtime system, and those that can be called by ABAPstatements in ABAP programs



Reports

Reports are Executable Programs that read data from the database,

processes the data and display the data to the required format.

Mostly a report does not make any changes to the database

You can either display the output of a report on the screen, print it

or send it to a file. You can also save it, so that it can be displayed

as often as you like. It is important to be able to do this, because

reading large volumes of original data can impair systemperformance.

Examples of reports are Classical ABAP reports, queries, and

drilldown interactive reports.



Interfaces

Interface refers to the data transfer between two independent systems.

ALE is used for SAP to SAP communication and EDI is mostly used for any two

system communication.

Benefits of EDI-ALE:

Reduced Data Entry Errors

Reduced Processing Cycle time

Availability of Data in electronic form

Reduced Paperwork

Reduced Cost

Standard means of communication

Sender System Receiving SystemData Container - IDOC

Purchase

Order

Sales

Order



Conversion

Conversion programs helps in data transfer from an external system into the SAP R/3System. In other words, this type of transfer refers to a one-time transfer from alegacy system to the SAP system. Legacy system is the old system that is beingreplaced by the SAP system.

Application

data

Application

data

GUI_UPLOAD

Batch Input

Direct Input

OPEN DATA SET

READ DATASET

CLOSE DATASET

Application

server file

AL11

Legacy SAP



Enhancement

Enhancements are plug points provided by SAP to add customerfunctionality to existing SAP Transactions without modifying it.

Transaction Code : CMOD, SMOD,SE18, SE19.

Enhancements act as hooks.

You can hang your own add-on functionality

onto these hooks.

Advantages.

They do not affect standard

SAP Code.

They do not affect software

updates

Techniques for Enhancements

Customer Exits

User Exits

Business Add-Ins.



Forms

Forms are used for creating and maintaining the output for printing in SAPsystem. As output medium it also supports a printer, fax, e-mail or the

internet (by using the generated XML output).

Transaction Code : SE71, SMARTFORMS

FORMApplicationProgram

Printer

FAX

Web Browser



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ProgramsProgram Structure

ABAP programs are responsible for data processing within the individual dialog

steps of an application program. This means that the program cannot be

constructed as a single sequential unit but must be divided into sections that

can be assigned to the individual dialog steps.

To meet this requirement, ABAP programs have a modular structure. Each

module is called a processing block. A processing block consists of a set of

ABAP statements. When you run a program, you effectively call a series of

processing blocks. They cannot be nested.

The following diagram shows the structure of an ABAP program:

Data Declaration Dialog Modules Event Blocks Subroutines



Modularization

Procedures:Procedures contain a set of statements, and are called from other ABAPprograms. ABAP contains the following kinds of procedures,

Subroutines Subroutines are procedures that you can define in any ABAP

program and also call from any program.

Function modules Function modules are procedures that are defined in function

groups and can be called from any ABAP program.

Include If you want to use the same sequence of statements in severalprograms, you can code them once in an include program.



ABAP Program code

Subroutines :Subroutines are principally for local modularization, that is, they are generally

called from the program in which they are defined. You can use subroutines to

write functions that are used repeatedly within a program. You can define

subroutines in any ABAP program.



ABAP Program codeFunction Modules :

Function modules are for global modularization, that is, they are always calledfrom a different program. Function modules contain functions that are used inthe same form by many different programs. They are important in the R/3System for encapsulating processing logic and making it reusable. Functionmodules must be defined in a function group, and can be called from anyprogram

T Code - SE37



ABAP Program codeInclude Programs

Include programs are global R/3 Repository objects. They are solely for

modularizing source code, and have no parameter interface

Creating Include.

Use Transaction SE38 to create a include program.

Using Include

Include

This inserts the source code into the ABAP/4 program during the

syntax check and during generation. The INCLUDE statement performs

the same function as if you were to copy the source code of to

the position of the statement in the calling program.



SAP Database The SAP database contains literally thousands of tables that store

information. Some products like ECC and R/3 have more than 30,000 tables

in fact, whereas other products like CRM might have fewer than 10,000.

These tables are tied to each other through established relationships. This

connection of multiple tables through relationships creates what is known

as a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS).

Primary Key - Database tables in an RDBMS are required to contain a unique

field that individually distinguishes one particular record from all others in

the database. Eg: VBELN is primary key in VBAK.

Foreign Key - You use the primary key field in one table to link it to another.

The common link field in the other table is usually not the primary key in the

other table: It is called a foreign key. MATNR is primary key in MARA table

and foreign key in VBAP.



Data Dictionary A data dictionary is a central source of information for application data.

Data Dictionary is Accessed Via Transaction Code SE11,SE16,SE16N



Transaction Code : SE11 Define/Manage components of Data Dictionary. Transaction Code : SE16 Define/Manage Table Only.

Structure of Data Dictionary

DOMAIN

VIEW 2

DATA ELEMENT 1

TABLE 1 TABLE 2 TABLE 3

VIEW 1

DATA ELEMENT 2

Structure 1

Search Help 2

Search Help 1



SE11, SE16, SE16NSE11 SE16 SE16N

This transaction is a

generic transaction for

data dictionary where you

can maintain all data

dictionary objects .

This transaction is used

to see the contents of the

table. Table maintenance

is not possible here .

This transaction is an

SAP Enjoy transaction

with a much more user

friendly appearance; it

supports custom controls

in the form of ALVcontrols.


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Sales Document table VBAK Sales Document: Header Data

VBAP Sales Document: Item Data

VBFA Sales document: Document flow

VBPA Sales document: Partner profile

VBEP Sales document: schedule line data

VBEH Sales document: schedule line history

Delivery Document table

LIKP Delivery: Header Data

LIPS Delivery: Item data

VBUK Sales document: Header status

VBUP Sales document: Item status

Billing Document table

VBRK Billing: Header Data

VBRP Billing: Item Data

Important SD Tables


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Reports

Report is executable code that read data from the database, processes the

data and displays the data to the required format.

Transaction Code : SE38

Reports are classified into Classical reports and ALV.

Sorting in Descending order

Sorting in ascending order

Summation/Total

FilterABC Analysis

Graphical display


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Process Flow: Classical Report


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Process Flow: Interactive Report

event keyword

processing block

internal control

event keyword

processing blockinternal control

...

external control

external control

event begin

event end


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Events

INITIALIZATION

AT SELECTION-SCREEN

START-OF-SELECTION

END-OF-SELECTION

Interactive Events}

TOP-OF-PAGE

END-OF-PAGE

TOP-OF-PAGE DURING

LINE-SELECTIONAT LINE-SELECTION

AT USER-COMMAND

AT PF


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Events

ABAP/4 report programs are event driven programsThe different events in a report Program are:

Initialization.Initialization of all the values. You can fill your selection screen with

some values at runtime.

At Selection-Screen.Validation & Checks of inputted values happen hereStart-of-Selection.

Here the program starts selecting values from tables.

End-of-selection.After all the data has been selected this event writes the data to the

screen.

Interactive Events.Used for interactive reporting. It is used to create a detailed list from a

basic list.


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Interfaces

ALE (Application Link Enabling ) is a SAP terminology used mostly for SAPto SAP communication in Distributed servers system.

EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) is a technology in itself with its own set ofstandards and used mostly for communication between any 2 systems ondifferent networks

IDOC (Intermediate Document) is a Data container

Important T-codes like

WE02 To view the IDOC

WE09 To search for an IDOC based on data in the IDOC

WE19 Test tool to create and simulate an IDOC.

Important IDOC Status are (For Inbound IDOC)53 - IDOC successfully posted

51 IDOC Failed

64 - IDOC ready to be transferred to Application


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Conversions/Data Upload

Data is the single most important asset of a business and data conversion is

therefore a critical success factor in any SAP system implementation.

Data Migration is the migration/conversion/upload of data from source legacy

system to target SAP R/3 system .

Legacy System R/3 System

BATCH INPUT

Data


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Conversions/Data Upload

The Legacy System Migration Workbench (LSMW)is a toolrecommended by SAP that can be use to transfer data once only orperiodically from legacy systems into an R/3 System. TransactionCode LSMW

BDC (Batch Data Communication)also referred as Batch Input is atechnique for mass input of data where data input into SAP screens

is simulated.

BDC allows to perform database updates in the background using

standard SAP transactions. The resultant entries will be as if theuser had manually entered the data via SAP and no bypassing of

any of the standard SAP consistency checks, authorizations etc.


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BDC

PROGRAM

External

Data

BATCHINPUT

SESSION

SAPDATABASE

TABLE

The first batch input method is to create a batch

input session. It is the processing of this batch

input session that updates the database, not the

execution of the batch input program.

Overview of Batch Input Session


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Batch Input Methods

METHOD #1

METHOD #2

METHOD #3

CALL TRANSACTIONData consistency check with the help of screen logic.

BATCH INPUT SESSION

Data consistency check with the help of screen logic.

DIRECT INPUTSAP function modules execute the consistency checks


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Process flow of Batch Input Session

Opens the Session

Process BDC table for each record

Close the Session

Function Modules


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When you create a batch input session, it remains in the batch

input queue until it is explicitly started. Session processing can bestarted in two ways:

An on-line user can start the session using the batch input menu

options. (To access the batch input options, choose System Services Batch Input.) Transaction code - SM35

You can submit the background job RSBDCSUB to start a session

in background processing. If several sessions have the samename, RSBDCSUB starts them all.

Processing Batch Input sessions


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T-Code SHDB is used for recording the transactions as well as creating the

skeleton programs that contain all the necessary code for creating batchinput sessions

Features:

You can use the recording to create

Data transfer programs that use batch input or CALL TRANSACTIONBatch input sessions

Test data

Function modules.

Note: It doesnt record F1, F4 and Scrollbar movements

Transaction Recorder (SHDB)


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Steps in Transaction RecorderStep 1. T-Code SM35Create new recoding

Step 2. Create a customer


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Steps in Transaction RecorderStep 3. Recording completed.Save the recording

Step 4. Recording Created and

saved


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Data upload flow

Research Transaction

Code BDC Program

Process Batch Input Session

Execute BDC Program

Batch Input Session Control

SAP Database Updated


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Steps of LSMW

Create Project, Sub-Project and Object

Maintain object attribute, Source

Structures, Source Field

Read the data file and Convert data inSAP format

Field mappings and Translations

Specify and assign the data file

Start DI programs and

SAP Database will Update


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EnhancementSuppose we need some functionality which is not provided in sap what do you do. SAP

has provided you with three options.

1) Customizing Done through SPRO

2) ModificationsBreak the SAP standard code and modify.

3) User Exits To avoid modifications, SAP has provide some exit points to addcustomer's own program .

User exits are routine which SAP allows you to add in additional customized programsprocess without affecting the standard SAP programs.

User exits allow developers to access and modify program components and data

objects in the standard SAP System.

On upgrade, each user exit must be checked to ensure that it conforms to the standard

system.

SAP user exit are usually declare as a form routine :-

form userexit_xxx

........................

endform


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Enhancement User Exits for SD are found in IMG under

Sales & Distribution System Modifications User Exits Business Add-Ins for SD are found in IMG under

Sales & Distribution System Modifications Business Add-In Function Module exit is implemented as:

CALL CUSTOMER.-FUNCTION


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User ExitsFew examples of User Exit programs in Sales Order

User exits are in the program MV45AFZZE.g...

USEREXIT_MOVE_FIELD_TO_VBAK - assign values to new fields at sales

document header level.

User exits in the program MV45AFZA

E.g...

USEREXIT_MOVE_FIELD_TO_KOMKD

Include or assign values to additional header fields in the communication

structure KOMKD taken as a basis for the material determination.

User-Exits in program MV45AFZBE.g...

USEREXIT_CHECK_VBAK

This user exit can be used to carry out additional checks (e.g. for completion) inthe document header.


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User ExitsFew examples of User Exit programs in Invoice

User exits are in the program RV60AFZZ

E.g...

USEREXIT_NUMBER_RANGE -

The internal number range used in the standard system is specified inthe billing type table and can be changed in this user exit.

User exits in the program RV60AFZCE.g...

USEREXIT_FILL_VBRK_VBRP

This user exit is only called when the billing document is created. It isused to provide the header and the item of the new billing documentwith deviating or additional data.


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Forms

SAPscript and Smartform are the tool that SAP provides forcreating layout sets.

Transaction Code for SAP Script is SE71

Transaction Code for Smartform is SMARTFORMS

SMARTFORMS are client independent while SAP Script are Client

Dependent

The basic configuration required to do for Smartform/SAPscript is

creating output type and attaching the Smartform to the output

type.

NACE is the transaction to set the output type.

In NACE transaction first the application is selected ( e.g.V1 Sales,

V2 Shipping etc). Then output type is selected. Sometimes outputtype is created newly if driver program and Smartform are custom

program and not SAP standard ones


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FormsWhenever new output type is created , 3 parameters are required. They

are :- Smart form / SAP script Name

- Driver Program Name

- ENTRY routine name.

Form Description Program name SAPscript name Smartform name

Sales order

confirmation

RVADOR01 RVORDER01

Delivery Note RLE_DELNOTE RVDELNOTE LE_SHP_DELNOTE

INVOICE RLB_INVOICE RVINVOICE01 LB_BIL_INVOICE


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How SAPscript works ?

SAP

Document

SAP

Document

Output

Program

Layout set Form

Output determination configuration

Printer / Font Configuration

Output program: Extracts data from SAP data dictionary

Layout set: Formats the extracted data

Output determination configuration: Configures triggering event, timing/destination

Printer / Font configuration: Configures impact / laser printer, bar code, logo

Sales order, Billing

document etcLayouts of Sales

order, Billing

document etc

Read Data


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How SMARTFORM works ?Smartform has 3 driving components : Print Program, Layout

Set and Function module.

1. Application Data is

fetched by the Print

Program from the

database depending

upon the selection

screen parameter.

2. Function module of a

Layout Set is called in

a program for

placement of the

data.

3. The output of

application document

is sent to printer or

mail or fax.


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Scheduling a Background JobT-Code SM36


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Scheduling a Background JobChose Job Overview to view all existing Job status


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Utilities

Debugger - It enables observations and validations of code bydisplaying data objects and help in checking the flow logic of code.

SAP Notes provide urgent corrections and solutions for smaller

problems.

Runtime Analysis - It shows how long system takes to process ABAP

code, from single statements to a complete transaction. It also helps to

know the System and the data retrieval time from database. T- Code is

SE30.

SQL Trace - It helps to knowing the tables for data retrieval by

activating the trace by ST05 and then execute the functionality.


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Debugger

The basic steps in debugging are:

Recognize that a bug exists Isolate the source of the bug

Identify the cause of the bug

Determine a fix for the bug

Apply the fix and test it

It is a tool which enables the programmer to monitor the execution

of a program, stop it, re-start it, run it in slow motion, change valuesin memory and even, in some cases, go back in time.


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Utilities: Debugger The debugger is a programming tool used to analyze ABAP programs by line

or section.

With this tool we can display data objects and check the flow logic of

programs

Debugger Function Keys (/h)

F5 Execute a single line of code.

F6 Execute block of code

F7 Return

F8 Run to Cursor

Display Modes for Debugger:

Fields : Displays the contents of a variable

in the code.

Table : Displays the contents of an

internal table.Breakpoints : Displays list of Break-points

in the code.

Watchpoints : It is set to interrupt the program

for field value changes.


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SAP Notes contains instructions to remove errors from SAP System.

Transaction Codes : SNOTE , SPAU ,OSS1 or SAP Market Place

Utilities: SAP Notes/Patch

Major Features

Finding an SAP Note

Loading an SAP Note

Classifying SAP Notes

Implementing CorrectionInstructions

SAP Notes can be searched

Implemented based on Note

Number, Application

Component , Implementation

Status.


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Utilities: ABAP Runtime Analysis The runtime analysis provides an overview of the duration and performance

of your source code, from individual statements up to completetransactions.

Transaction Code : SE30

Major Functions.

Gives Tips & Tricks for codingSetting the measurement

restrictions

Start the runtime analysis in the

current

session

Start the runtime analysis in a

parallel sessionDisplay and process

performance files

Display database, system and

ABAP execution time


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Utilities: Trace Trace tool is used to monitor and analyze the performance of the system in

database accesses and remote calls of reports and transactions. Transaction Code : ST05

Major Features

Trace on (starts recording)

Trace off (stops recording)

Trace function selection

SQL Trace, Enqueue Trace.

Display the basic or extended list

Start the Explain SQL to analyze

an SQL statement or trace fileGive details of database usage


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In debug mode let the participant(s) find a Z message in a particular Txn

Let the participant(s) find out a table where F1F9 will reach a structureLet the participant(s) find out a User Exit

Let the participant(s) apply a note through Txn


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Tips and Tricks

is a German word for Head. This generally all Header tables have a in their name which distinguishes them from the Position tables with a

in them. for example VBAK/P or VBRK/P

Use table TSTC to find out all Z Programs and Transaction Codes existing in a

system.

By pressing F1 F9 will normally show you the field & table. If you reach thestructure then to find a table check where-used-list..More details?

To find out a User Exit, check in IMG for system modifications. To find

enhancement, go to SMOD and check with the help of application area and

development class

In debug mode you can change the values in a table and test

How to see Spool request, use T-code SP01


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Additional InfoVariants

Variants are input data which are filled in the selection screen and then

saved so that at runtime the variant can be selected and then the entireselection screen is filled with the desired values

Background Processing

When a program takes a long time to execute then one can execute the

program in background so that a job is set up for that program.

The job can be seen in transaction SM37.

The job log gives the exact start time and the end time for the job

CATCH - Catching Runtime Errors

CATCH SYSTEM-EXCEPTIONS except1 = rc1 ... exceptn = rcn.

ENDCATCH.The CATCHENDCATCH block allows the programmer to catch

ABAP runtime errors and assign these to a SY_SUBRC value

Comments

Commented lines in the program start with asterisk (*)

To comment a part of line use double codes ().


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Additional InfoUnlike most IMG configuration, all program except SAP-scripts are

necessarily client independent. Thus a program developed in one clientin a server is also automatically available in all other clients in the same

server.

Print Program is assigned to Output Condition Type. This assignment

needs to be done manually in all the clients.

Table document.

abap for sd consultatnt

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