1. Background to the Development of

Parks and Green Spaces○○Concentration of Population into Urban Areas

○How Urban Greening Developsg p

Demographic Transition by Megalopolises and Provinces

P l i h i l i d i h・Population has consistently increased since the postwar period mainly among megalopolises. ・A population flow from provinces to cities, especially TokyoA population flow from provinces to cities, especially Tokyo megalopolis, is found to be very remarkable during the period of rapid economic growth and bubble economy.

大都市圏と地方圏の人口の推移

120,000

140,000

地方圏

都市圏

Demographic Transition in Megalopolises and Provinces

In ProvincesIn Megalopolises

Transition of Demographic Shift （in Three Megalopolises and Provinces)

40

60

No

80,000

100,000

都市圏In Megalopolises

0

20

o. of Moving in E

xIn the Tokyo area In the Nagoya area

In the Kansai area In Provinces20,000

40,000

60,000

-40

-20

cess (ten thousan

(year)0

1920

年 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

2000 10 20 30

-80

-60

1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004

nd)

Population Growth in Cities (DID=Densely Inhabited Districts)

• While population growth in Japan is concentrated around cities, the gross area of cities (DID) is expanding considerably, compared to the population growth rate.

DIDChanges in the Population and Area of DID

12,000

14,000

（ (square kilometer)(ten thousand)

200

250

(person/ha)The Rate of DID and the Total Population

12,000

14,000

(ten thousand)

60%

70%The Total Population DID PopulationDID Population / The Total Population

The Area of DID The Population of DID The Population Density of DID

6 000

8,000

10,000

150

200

6,000

8,000

10,000

30%

40%

50%

2,000

4,000

6,000

50

100

2,000

4,000

,

10%

20%

0

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

00

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0%

Concentration of Population into Cities

P l i d i d i i l d h h• Population and industry concentration is accelerated through rapid economic growth.

• Loss of green spaces proceeds along with urban developmentdevelopment

• Urban areas expand without upgrading urban infrastructures such as roads and parks enough

●Decrease in green spaces (e.g. forests, farm

How Greening Develops in Yokohama City(ten thousand)

g p ( g ,lands, and grasslands) in Yokohama City

Population

The Area of Forests

1970 20001960

Green spaces Source: researched by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

(Year)

Urban areas Forest areas: 10,344ha (1960) →4,999ha (1980)→2,732ha (1999)・Forest areas decreased by about 7,600ha (about 1.2 times the area inside the Yamanote Line ), by 74%, during the past 40 years.

● Decrease in green spaces (e.g. forests, farm lands, and grasslands) in Tokyo

Forest areas were reduced byForest areas were reduced by approx. 800ha in 10 years between 1997 and 2007.

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Change in the ratio of green spaces in Chiba City

Forests Paddy fields and farms

The 19th year of Showa period (1944) The 47th year of Showa period (1972) The 2nd year of Heisei period (1990)

・Green spaces remarkably decreased due to N b h tGreen spaces remarkably decreased due to factory locations and housing land development during the period of rapid economic growth.・Suburban green space preservation areas are

・New urban areas such as new towns are formed.・Land development was stepped up during the period of bubble economydesignated and the large-scale development of

lands as parks is actively implemented.during the period of bubble economy.

How Greening Develops in Kamakura City

The 22nd year of Showa period（1947） The 37th year of Showa period（1962） The 48th year of Showa period（1973）

2500

3000

The Area of Forests (ha)

1000

1500

2000

2500 The Area of Forests (ha)

The 2nd year of Heisei period（1990） The 15th year of Heisei period（2003）0

500

1000

昭和22年 昭和37年 昭和48年 平成2年 平成15年Showa 22 Showa 37 Showa 48 Heisei 2 Heisei 151947 1962 1973 1990 20031947 1962 1973 1990 2003

Put breaks to the reduction since 1966 when green areas have started to be preserved under the Ancient Capitals Preservation Law.

Changes in Gross Area of Green Spaces in the Metropolitan Area

• The gross area of green spaces (farm lands, woodlands, and city parks) in the metropolitan area decreased by about 22% from 1965 to 2005about 22% from 1965 to 2005.

Showa40(1965)： Farm lands about 419,000ha● Changes in the Gross Area of Green Spaces in the

metropolitan area (Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, and Kanagawa)(ten thousand ha) ( ) ,Woodlands about 509,000haCity Parks about 2,000ha

The Gross Area of Green Spaces about 931,000ha↓80

90

100 Farm lands Wood lands City Parks

↓Showa60(1985)： Farm lands about 298,000ha

Woodlands about 477,000haCity Parks about 9,000ha50

60

70

The Gross Area of Green Spaces about 784,000ha↓

Heisei17(2005)：Farm lands about 248,000haWoodlands about 459 000ha20

30

40

Woodlands about 459,000haCity Parks about 19,000ha

The Gross Area of Green Spaces about 725,000ha

(year)

0

10

20

Showa40

(65)Showa45

(70)Showa50

(75)Showa55

(80)Showa60

(85)Heisei 2

(90)Heisei 7

(95)Heisei 12

(00)Heisei 17

(05) (year)(65) (70) (75) (80) (85) (90) (95) (00) (05)

○Japan’s level of developing lands as parks remains low in terms of the area of parks per person as well as the park-area percentage of the whole urban districts compared to that of major cities of the world

The Status of Developing Lands as City Parks and Others （Compared to other Countries of the World）

The Park-area Percentage (%)The Area of Parks Per Person (㎡/person)

percentage of the whole urban districts, compared to that of major cities of the world.

103.2

100

24.3

29.4

25

30

52.3

80.0

60

80

19.4

11.210 7

19.4

15

20

26.9

11.6

27.9

11.3

4.5

0

20

4010.7

8.7

6.2

0

5

10

WD L P B S C S WD L P B S C S

T k ’

※Tokyo’s 23 wards include green spaces other than city parks such as National Gardens and open spaces. (Reference: This table makes references to the Report on Parks of Tokyo Metropolis in 2004)

○Wh i T k ’ 23 d ith Vi th k f T k ’ 23 d i b t thi d f th t f Vi

ワシ

ントンD.C

ロンドン

パリ

ベル

リン

ｽﾄｯ

ｸﾎﾙﾑ

キャンベ

ラ

ソウ

ル

東京

23区

ワシントンD.C

ロンドン

パリ

ベル

リン

ｽﾄｯ

ｸﾎﾙﾑ

キャンベラ

ソウル

東京

23区

Washington,

D.C

.

London

Paris

Berlin

Stockholm

Canberra

Seoul

Washington,

D.C

.

London

Paris

Berlin

Stockholm

Canberra

Seoul

Tokyo’s23 wards

Tokyo’s23 wards

※The Park-area Percentage ＝The Area of Parks divided by the Whole Urban Districts

TokyoVienna

○When comparing Tokyo’s 23 wards with Vienna, the park area of Tokyo’s 23 wards is about one third of that of Vienna.

Vienna and Tokyo’s 23 wards on the same scale

Vienna

Tokyo’s 23 Wards

Parks（9,505ha）

Vienna Tokyo

The Whole Urban Districts（ha） 41,500 62,100

Population ( thousand persons） 1,642 8,409 ※The area of private green spaces in light green is excluded.

Parks（3,746ha）

※The area of private green spaces in light green is excluded.0 2km

0 2km

Tokyo s 23 Wards

RailwayHighwayOther RoadsCity BorderParkPrivate Green SpacesGraveyard