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AAP Clinical Practice Guideline: Management of Newly Diagnosed

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus inChildren and Adolescents

Janet Silverstein, MD Kenneth C. Copeland, MDUniversity of Florida University of Oklahoma

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Prepared for your next patient.

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AAP Resources on DiabetesEnjoy a 20% DISCOUNT through April 12, 2013 on new ordersof the following AAP resources! Go to the AAP Bookstore at

www.aap.org/bookstore and use promo code T2WEB.

Pediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines & Policies, 13th Edition [MA0663]

AM:STARS – Asthma and Diabetes in the Adolescent [MA0523]

Type 2 Diabetes: Tips for Healthy Living [HE50527]

Pediatric Care Online [PCO]

Patient Education Online [ONPE]

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Disclaimers

Statements and opinions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

All clinical practice guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics automatically expire five years after publication unless reaffirmed, revised, or retired at or before that time.

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Disclaimers (continued) The guidelines discussed today emerged through the work of the AAP

Subcommittee on Type 2 Diabetes (with oversight provided by the Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management, 2008–2012).

The recommendations reviewed in this webinar were recently published in the February issue of Pediatrics (2013;131[2]:364–382). The online version can be accessed at http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/131/2/364.full.

The recommendations do not indicate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate.o Co-chair Copeland, KC — AAP Endocrinology and Pediatric Endocrine Society Liaison (Individual

disclaimers: Novo Nordisk, Genentech, Endo, and Daichi Sankyo [National Advisory Groups]; published research related to type 2 diabetes)

o Co-Chair Silverstein, J — AAP Endocrinology and American Diabetes Association Liaison (Individual disclaimers: small grants with Pfizer, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Daichi Sankyo, and Lilly; grant review committee for Genentech; advisory committees for Sanofi-Aventis, and Abbott; published research related to type 2 diabetes)

The authors do not intend to discuss an unapproved or investigative use of a commercial product or device in this presentation.

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Case #1 A 12-year-old obese Mexican American female has a 3-

month history of polyuria, polydipsia, and has noted a 3-pound weight loss. Her blood glucose (BG) level is 282 mg/dl and she has large ketones on urinalysis. Her A1c level is 9.2%. Her father and maternal grandmother have type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

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Point of Care Laboratory Studies

Urine ketones via strip and vial Blood glucose level via meter

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Questions What type of diabetes does she have? Does she need any additional testing? What is the proper initial therapy for her? After BG levels return to normal, what would you

treat her with?

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Barriers to Accurate Classification 20–25% of patients newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes

mellitus (T1DM) are obese. ≥15% of minority populations have a family history (FH)

of a T2DM baseline. 3X increase FH of T2DM in patients with T1DM. Overlap of C-Peptide measurements at onset and first

year. 10–30% of typical pediatric T2DM have diabetes-specific

autoimmunity markers. >30% T2DM have ketosis at disease onset.

Type 1 Type 2Not usually overweight

Proportionate to obesity in general population

85% are overweight

Short course Indolent course

35–40% present with ketoacidosis

33% with ketonuria5–25% may have ketoacidosis

Caucasians predominateNative American; African American;

Latino; Asian; Pacific IslanderIncreased incidence of other

autoimmune diagnoses: thyroid; adrenal; vitiligo;

celiac disease

Increases in polycystic ovary syndrome, hypertension, triglyceride (TG), low

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)Acanthosis nigricans (up to 90%)

Classification of Diabetes

Does she need any additional testing?

Laboratory Evaluation Islet autoantibodieso Islet cell antibodies (ICA)o Insulin autoantibodies (IAA)o Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)o Insulin-associated protein-2 (IA-2)

C-Peptide / insulin levelso After 1st year

Lipid profile

What is the proper initial therapy for her?

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AAP Key Action Statement #1

Clinicians must ensure that insulin therapy is initiated for children and adolescents with T2DM o Who are ketotic or in diabetic ketoacidosiso Who have venous or plasma BG levels >250 mg/dlo Who have hemoglobin A1c >9%; oro In whom the distinction between type 1 and type 2

diabetes is unclear

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Case #2 A 16-year-old obese Native American female has a 6-month

history of polyuria and polydipsia, coincident with a 56-pound weight gain over the last year and profound darkening of skin beneath her neck and under her arms. Her weight is 228 pounds. Her BG is 226 mg/dl and her A1c is 7.4%. She has no ketones on urinalysis.

Questions:o Does she have diabetes?o What type of diabetes does

she have?o What is the proper initial

therapy for her?

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AAP Key Action Statement #2

In all other instances, clinicians should

Initiate a lifestyle modification program, including nutrition and physical activity.

AND

Start metformin as first-line therapy for children and adolescents at the time of diagnosis with T2DM.

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TODAY* Data on the Limitations of Metformin Rx Main TODAY results:o Among metformin (met) alone versus met + rosiglitazone (rosi) versus met

+ lifestyle, met alone was inferior to met + rosi, and especially inferior in African Americans. Among those on met alone who failed to maintain glycemic control, approximately 50% failed within one year of treatment (almost 70% of African Americans on met alone failed within three years of treatment).

o Failure rates of the three treatment arms included:• 51.7% met alone• 46.6% met + lifestyle• 38.6% met + rosi

Take home message: Start on metformin, but be alert to the need to intensify therapy early.

*TODAY Study Group, Zeitler P, Hirst K, Pyle L, et.al. A clinical trial to maintain glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(24):2247–2256.

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The TODAY cohort was comprised of youth with significant barriers to good health.o 41.5% household annual income <$25,000o 26.3% highest education level of parent/guardian less than a high

school degreeo 38.8% living with both biological parentso 41.1% Hispanic and 31.5% African American

Other take home messages:o Lifestyle changes are exceedingly difficult to effect in youth of this

socio-economic demographic. o Despite the extraordinary resources and efforts devoted to lifestyle

change, as noted above, weight loss was only modest and short-lived, even in the met + lifestyle group.

TODAY Data (continued)

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AAP Key Action Statement #3

The committee suggests that clinicians monitor A1c levels every three months and intensify* treatment if treatment goals for BG and A1c levels are not being met.

*Intensification is defined as:

Increase the frequency of BG monitoring and adjust dose and type of medication in an attempt to decrease BG.

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A1c and BG Targets

A1co Ideal <7%o Must individualize with realistic goals

BG o Fasting blood glucose 70–130 mg/dL

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Intensification Activities Increase frequency of clinic visits. Engage in more frequent BG monitoring. Add one or more “anti-diabetic” medications. Meet with dietitian or diabetes educators. Meet with psychologist or social worker. Increase attention to diet and exercise regimens.

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AAP Key Action Statement #4 The committee suggests that clinicians advise patients

to monitor finger-stick BG levels in those who:o Are taking insulin or other medications with a risk of

hypoglycemia; oro Are initiating or changing their diabetes treatment regimen;

or o Have not met treatment goals; or o Have intercurrent illnesses.

Monitoring frequency may be modified once BG levels are at target for patients who are not on insulin and whose A1c is <7%.

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The committee suggests that clinicians incorporate the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics’ Pediatric Weight Management Evidence-Based Nutrition Practice Guidelines in their dietary or nutrition counseling:o At the time of diagnosiso As part of on-going management• 900–1200 kcal/day for 6- to 12-year-olds if >120% ideal body

weight

• Restrictions of no less than 1200 kcal/day for 13- to 18-year-olds

AAP Key Action Statement #5

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AAP Key Action Statement #6

The committee suggests that clinicians encourage children with T2DM to:

o Engage in moderate to vigorous activity for at least 60 minutes daily.

AND

o Limit non-academic screen time to less than two hours a day.

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American Diabetes Association (ADA) Recommendations for Co-morbidity Screening At diagnosis:

o Blood pressure (BP)o Fasting lipidso Urine microalbumin / creatinineo Dilated eye examination

Follow-up:o BP at each visito Fasting lipids annually (if abnormal) or every five years (if low-

density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C] <100)o Urine microalbumin / creatinine annually • Need two confirmatory specimens if >30 mg/gm creatinine

o Dilated eye examination annually

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Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors:SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth

Population-based study of 2096 diabetic youth 0 to 19 years old.

Cardiovascular (CV) disease risk factors: HDL-C <40 mg/dL; TG >110 mg/d;waist circumference >90%; systolic BP (sBP) or diastolic BP (dBP) >90 percentile

NN↑↑TGTG

%%↓↓HDLHDL

%%↑↑WCWC

%%HTNHTN

%%≥≥2 CV2 CV

risk factorsrisk factors

T1DMT1DM 13761376 1414 99 1515 2222 14%14%

T2DMT2DM 6363 6565 6060 9595 7373 92%92%Rodriguez BL, Fujimoto WY, Mayer-Davis EJ, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in U.S. children and adolescents with diabetes: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(8):1891–1896.

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ADA Recommendations for Managementof Co-morbidities Hypertension / microalbuminuriao If sBP or dBP >90 percentile• Diet and exercise to attempt weight control

o If sBP or dBP >90 percentile persistently for three to six months despite diet/exercise, consider angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.

o If sBP or dBP >95 percentile persistently, treat with an ACE inhibitor.

Treatment with ACE inhibitor helps reverse microalbuminuria (>30 mg/gm creatinine on three occasions).

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ADA Recommendations for Managementof Co-morbidities (continued) Dyslipidemiao Medical nutrition therapy with step 2 American Heart

Association diet and optimization of BGo Add statin if:• LDL-C >160 mg/dL; or • LDL-C >130 mg/dL if ≥1 CV risk factor• If LDL-C 130–160 mg/dL after three to six months lifestyle

modification

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Clinical Management of Statins Measure baseline aspartate transaminase (AST) / alanine

transaminase (ALT) before statin use.o Can continue statins if ALT / AST are <3X upper limits of normal

if monitored closely.o Discontinue statin if muscle symptoms appear, and measure

creatine phosphokinase (CPK).o If CPK is within normal limits or <3X normal, can continue statin

and monitor symptoms. • Consider dose reduction.

o Statin must be discontinued if CPK is >10X normal.

Pasternak RC, Smith SC, Bairey-Merz CN, et al. ACC/AHA/NHLBI clinical advisory on the use and safety of statins12. J Amer Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(3):573–572.

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Additional AAP Resources on DiabetesEnjoy a 20% DISCOUNT through April 12, 2013 on new ordersof the following AAP resources! Go to the AAP Bookstore at

www.aap.org/bookstore and use promo code T2WEB.

Pediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines & Policies, 13th Edition [MA0663]

AM:STARS – Asthma and Diabetes in the Adolescent [MA0523]

Type 2 Diabetes: Tips for Healthy Living [HE50527]

Pediatric Care Online [PCO]

Patient Education Online [ONPE]

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Free PCO Trial

Visit Pediatric Care Online today for additional information on this and other topics.

www.pediatriccareonline.org

Pediatric Care Online is a convenient electronic resource for immediate expert help with virtually every pediatric clinical information need with must-have resources that are

included in a comprehensive reference library and time-saving clinical tools.

Don’t have a subscription to PCO?Then take advantage of a free trial today!

Call 888/363-2362 or, for more information, go to https://www.pediatriccareonline.org/prepared/freetrial.html.

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Coming Soon!

AAP Essentials: Type 2 Diabetes AppAvailable April 2013iTunes App Store ($19.99)Quick, on-the-go access to o Treatment algorithmo Key Action Statementso Monitoring and lifestyle management plan tools

For all AAP app information, visit www.aap.org/mobile.