aace diabetes guidelines 2011 american academy of clinical endocrinology guidelines 2011

7/29/2019 AACE DIABETES Guidelines 2011 American Academy of Clinical Endocrinology Guidelines 2011

1/53

1

AACE Guidelines

Yehuda Handelsman, MD, FACP, FACE, FNLA; Jeffrey I. Mechanick, MD, FACP, FACE, FACN, ECNU;

Lawrence Blonde, MD, FACP, FACE; George Grunberger, MD, FACP, FACE;

Zachary T. Bloomgarden, MD, FACE; George A. Bray, MD, MACP, MACE;

Samuel Dagogo-Jack, MD, FACE; Jaime A. Davidson, MD, FACP, MACE

Daniel Einhorn, MD, FACP, FACE; Om Ganda, MD, FACE;

Alan J. Garber, MD, PhD, FACE; Irl B. Hirsch, MD; Edward S. Horton, MD, FACE;

Faramarz Ismail-Beigi, MD, PhD; Paul S. Jellinger, MD, MACE; Kenneth L. Jones, MD;

Lois Jovanovi, MD, MACE; Harold Lebovitz, MD, FACE; Philip Levy, MD, MACE;

Etie S. Moghissi, MD, FACP, FACE; Eric A. Orzeck, MD, FACP, FACE;

Aaron I. Vinik, MD, PhD, FACP, MACP; Kathleen L. Wyne, MD, PhD, FACE

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice are systematically

of the content herein is based on literature reviews. In areas of uncertainty, professional judgment was applied.

rapid changes in this area are expected, periodic revisions are inevitable. We encourage medical professionals to use

this information in conjunction with their best clinical judgment. The presented recommendations may not be appropri-

ate in all situations. Any decision by practitioners to apply these guidelines must be made in light of local resources and

individual patient circumstances.

Copyright AACE 2011


2/53

2

AACE Task Force for Developing a Diabetes Comprehensive Care Plan

Writing Committee

Cochairpersons

Yehuda Handelsman, MD, FACP, FACE, FNLA

Jeffrey I. Mechanick, MD, FACP, FACE, FACN, ECNU

Lawrence Blonde, MD, FACP, FACE

George Grunberger, MD, FACP, FACE

Task Force Members

Zachary T. Bloomgarden, MD, FACE

George A. Bray, MD, MACP, MACE

Samuel Dagogo-Jack, MD, FACE

Jaime A. Davidson, MD, FACP, MACEDaniel Einhorn, MD, FACP, FACE

Om Ganda, MD, FACE

Alan J. Garber, MD, PhD, FACE

Irl B. Hirsch, MD

Edward S. Horton, MD, FACE

Faramarz Ismail-Beigi, MD, PhD

Paul S. Jellinger, MD, MACE

Kenneth L. Jones, MD

Lois Jovanovi, MD, MACE

Harold Lebovitz, MD, FACE

Philip Levy, MD, MACE

Etie S. Moghissi, MD, FACP, FACEEric A. Orzeck, MD, FACP, FACE

Aaron I. Vinik, MD, PhD, FACP, MACP

Kathleen L. Wyne, MD, PhD, FACE

Reviewers

Alan J. Garber, MD, PhD, FACE

Daniel L. Hurley, MD

Farhad Zangeneh, MD, FACP, FACE


3/53

3

Abbreviations:

AACE = American Association of Clinical

Endocrinologists; BEL = best evidence level; CDE =

CGM

monitoring; CPGCSII =

CVD = car-

DM DPP-4

inhibitor = dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitor; EL = evi-

dence level; FDA

FPG GDM = gestational

GFR

GLP-1A1C = hemoglobin

A1c

; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol;

LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MDI

NPH

Hagedorn; PPG Q = clinical

R = recommendation; RCT = randomized

controlled trial; SMBG-

cose; T1DMT2DM = typeTZD = thiazolidinedione

1. INTRODUCTION

-

glycemic control.

-lished American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists

-

control. This comprehensive approach is based on the evi-

-

globin A1c

-

-

recommendations.

following:

-

prehensive care plan for clinical endocrinologists and

-

tronically in clinical practices to assist with decision-

-

cal implementation strategies in a more concise format than

-

-

2. METHODS

-

-

-

review byEndocrine Practice.

Comments may be appended to the recommendation grade


4/53

4

regarding -

clinical management is based on what is in the best interest

Fig. 1.

-level review mechanism.

Table 1

2010 American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Protocol for

Production of Clinical Practice GuidelinesStep I: Evidence Ratinga

Numerical

descriptor

(evidence level)b Semantic descriptor (reference methodology)

1

1

2

2

2 2

4

a Adapted from reference 1:Endocr Practb


5/53

5

Table 2


Production of Clinical Practice GuidelinesStep II:

Evidence Analysis and Subjective Factorsa

Study design Data analysis Interpretation of results

Intent-to-treat

Appropriate statistics

Selection bias Incompleteness

Appropriate blinding

aEndocr Pract

Table 3


Production of Clinical Practice GuidelinesStep III:

Grading of Recommendations; How Different Evidence Levels

Can Be Mapped to the Same Recommendation Gradea,b

Bestevidence

level

Subjectivefactorimpact

Two-thirdsconsensus Mapping

Recommendationgrade

1 Yes Direct A

2 Yes A

2 Yes Direct B1 Yes B

Yes B

Yes Direct C

2 Yes C

4 Yes C

4 Yes Direct D

Yes D

D

a - -bEndocr Pract


6/53

6

-

3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

3.Q1.1. Diagnosis of DM

Grade A; BEL 1

or

load in the morning after an overnight fast of at

or

or

-

Grade D; BEL 4

Grade D; BEL 4

--

Grade D; BEL

4

Grade D; BEL 4

Grade D; BEL

4

Grade

D; BEL 4

Grade

C; BEL 3

Grade C; BEL 3

-

-ance test.

- -

Grade A; BEL 1

-

-

creatic islet

Grade A; BEL 1

Grade A; BEL 1

- -

Grade C; BEL 3

Table 4

2010 American Association of

Clinical Endocrinologists Protocol

for Production of Clinical Practice Guidelines

a

Cost-effectiveness

Evidence gaps

aEndocr Pract


7/53

7

-

-

Grade A; BEL 1

-

-

Grade D; BEL 4

Grade D; BEL 4

Grade

D; BEL 4

-

body weight if overweight or obese and participation

Grade D; BEL 4-

Grade A; BEL 1

-

Grade A;

BEL 1

-

Grade A; BEL 1

weight loss may be considered when lifestyle modi-

m2Grade D; BEL 4

laparoscopic-assisted gastric banding in patients with

2

2 to achieve at

Grade A; BEL 1

Grade D; BEL 4

3.Q3. What is the Role of a DM Comprehensive Care

Glucose Testing and Interpretation

Test Result Diagnosis

126

test on a different day

200


Hemoglobin A1c



8/53

8

-

Grade A; BEL 4

-

-

Grade D; BEL 4

-

Grade D; BEL 4

[See Appendix for Q4: What is the Imperative for

-

-

Grade A; BEL 1

Grade D, BEL 4

-

Grade B,

BEL 2

Grade A;

BEL 1

Grade

A; BEL 1

Grade A; BEL 1

-

Grade A;

BEL 1

For most hospitalized persons with hyperglyce- -

Grade D; BEL 4

-

Grade D; BEL 4

Grade D; BEL 4

-

(Grade A; BEL 1)-


9/53

9

Grade D; BEL 4

Treatment targets for dyslipidemia are based on

-

-

Grade A; BEL 1

-

Grade C; BEL 3

-

-

Grade D; BEL 4-

in weight loss and weight maintenance programs.

-

-

-

Grade D; BEL 4

Grade D; BEL 4

-

Grade A; BEL 1

Antihyperglycemic agents may be broadly cat-

-

glargine and detemir are preferred over intermediate-

Grade A;

BEL 1

-

Grade A; BEL 1

-

have a more rapid onset and offset of action and are

Grade A; BEL

1

Grade A; BEL 1


10/53

10

be considered for patients in whom adherence to a

Grade D; BEL 4

Grade B; BEL 3

- -

priate intervals when treatment goals are not achieved

Grade D; BEL 4

-

Grade D; BEL 4

Grade D; BEL 4

Grade A; BEL 1

-

Grade A; BEL 1

-

-

Grade D; BEL4

Grade B;

BEL 2

Grade D;

BEL 4 -

Grade D; BEL

4

-

Grade

D; BEL 4

-

sidered when glycemic targets are not achievable

Grade C; BEL 3). An

-

-

Grade B; BEL 2

treatment for postprandial hyperglycemia in pregnant

Grade B; BEL 2

-

women.

Grade D; BEL 4

-

Grade D; BEL 4-

Grade D; BEL 4

Grade D; BEL 4 -

Grade D;

BEL 4

preferred for critically ill patients.


11/53

11

Grade D; BEL 4

Grade D; BEL 4

-

Grade D; BEL 4

the effects of their lifestyle and pharmacologic ther-

Grade

D; BEL 4

Grade D; BEL 4

-

Grade D; BEL4 -

cagon may be given by a trained family member or by

Grade D; BEL 4

Grade

D; BEL 4

Grade D; BEL

4

-

Grade A; BEL 1

become hypoglycemic and have been treated with

an

-

Grade D; BEL 4

3.Q10. How Should Microvascular and Neuropathic

Disease Be Prevented, Diagnosed, and Treated

improving glycemic control.

Grade

D; BEL 4

-

Grade A; BEL

1

-

Grade A; BEL 1

Being overweight or obese

Sedentary lifestyle

Hypertension


12/53

12

ComprehensiveDiabetesCareTreatmentGoals

Parameter

TreatmentGoal

Reference(evidenceleveland

studydesign)

HemoglobinA1c

110

140

140-180

40inmen;

80

Aspirin

a

-

a


13/53

13

-

-

Grade D; BEL 4

Grade B; BEL 2

Grade C; BEL 3

-

Grade D; BEL 4

implemented to slow the progression of retinopathy

Grade D; BEL 4

-

Grade D; BEL 4

Grade

A; BEL 1

Grade C; BEL 3-

-

Grade

A; BEL 1

-

ment; orthotics to treat and prevent foot deformities;-

Grade A; BEL 1

-

-

Grade A; BEL 1

3.Q11. How Should Macrovascular Disease Be

Prevented, Diagnosed, and Treated in Patients

Grade A; BEL 1

Grade D; BEL 4

Grade A; BEL 1

-

agents are selected on the basis of their ability to

-

gression of nephropathy and retinopathy; angiotensin-

converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II recep-

Grade D; BEL 4-

-

and newer-generation -

Grade A; BEL 1

-Grade A; BEL 1-

Grade A; BEL 1-

-

target for therapy. Statins are the treatment of choicein the absence of contraindications. Combinations of

Grade A; BEL 1

-

cases of statin-related adverse events or intolerance

Grade A; BEL 2

-

-

Grade A;

BEL 1


14/53

14

Grade

C; BEL 3

Grade D; BEL 4

3.Q12. How Should Other Common Comorbidities of

Grade D; BEL 4

Grade

A; BEL 1

-

-

Grade D; BEL 4

3.Q12.2. Depression

Grade A; BEL 1

4. APPENDIX: EVIDENCE BASE

4.Q1.1. Diagnosis of DM

-

-

-

-

-

-

the pancreatic

-

-

-

-

-


15/53

15

-

cations are approved by the FDA for the management of

-

P

-

Obesity

The cornerstone for controlling obesity in prediabe-

-

-

-

-

perioperative complications were more common with gas-

percentage of reversal is related to the degree of weight

-

-

-

4.Q3. What is the Role of a DM Comprehensive

A.

4.Q4. What is the Imperative for Education and

different health care providers allows the patient to learn

-


16/53

16

-

tion to foot care. They often have more time than physi-

their physician. Having a CDE credential indicates the

in this area.

to especially follow their prescribed meal plan and physi-

cal activity program as an integral part of their therapy.

-

-

tion administration is another important area that can be

-

-

treatment plans and set goals that other team members will

It is important that a patient has a primary care physi-cian. It is critical that a primary care physician addresses

-

patients might not be seen on a timely basis for medical

-

the appropriate specialist as part of their care.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

trials achieving improved A1C levels and epidemiologic

-

target A1C-

-

-

terminal illness.


17/53

17

-

-

-

-

therapy glycemic targets that were associated with a higher

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

recommended.

-

-

-

-

-

-


18/53

18

-

-

-

port when appropriate. The last category applies to those

-

-

-

vs foods that may promote disease or complications from

-

-

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Healthful Eating Recommendations for

Patients With Diabetes Mellitus

Topic RecommendationReference (evidence level and

study design)

habits

Carbohydrate

negative health effects

Fat trans

Avoid or limit processed meats

controlled trial.


19/53

19

-

the physician or a registered dietician in all patients with

-

ommendations aimed at optimizing glycemic control and

2

adopting the principles given in Tables 7 and 8 are to per-

-

-

Key recommendations address the need for consistency in

-

-

physician.

-

ing the effects of increased physical activity alone from

-

a main component in weight loss and maintenance pro-

-

-

-

is to achieve clinical and biochemical targets with as few

statement has important implications for the choice of

-

-

-

-

-

be associated with the development of vitamin B12

-

-

effect not widely appreciated.


20/53

20

-

-

Colesevelam and -

-

systemic adverse effects.

-

-

-

-

Bromocriptine is a potent agonist at dopamine D2

receptors

-

-

impairment.

-

-

-

Several years of clinical trials and treatment with -

-

postprandial hyperglycemia and is associated with minimal

do not increase satiety. The administration of pharmaco-

-

-

-


21/53

21

-

-

-

has stated that patients on therapy do not need to be moni-

-

-

prolonged lifestyle and oral agent efforts to achieve glyce-

mic control has been revised in the last decade to incorpo-

-

-

glargine and detemir are preferred over intermediate-

-

-

control has been achieved in the absence of hypoglyce-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-


22/53

22

are consistently modest and mild weight loss is common.

-

resistance.

-

-

-

the largest meal once daily or at the 2 largest meals twice

-

-

meal patternsAnother advantage

-

lin doses at each meal depending on the size of the meal

-

may vary considerably on the basis of body weight and

-

-

-

4.Q7.1.

-

-

4.Q7.2.

-


23/53


24/53


25/53

25

Table10

Summ

aryDataFromCost-effectivenessAnalysesComparingContinuousSubcutaneousInsulinInfusionWith

MultipleDailyInjectionsinAdultsandChildrenWithType1D

iabetesMellitus

Reference

Studyobjective,perspective,datasource

QALYsgained

Costper

QALY(ICER)

USthird-partypayerperspective

CSII:$16

ImprovedglycemiccontrolfromCSIIled

Canadianpayerperspective

CSII:Can$27

inpregnancy

CS

II:80

104

Improvementsinglyc

emiccontrolwith

ofdiabetes-related

complications

standards

-


26/53

26

-

combination with metformin.

-

-

By the time these offspring themselves reach childbearing

is not simply a genetic predisposition is inferred from the

-

-

not able to maintain normoglycemia with a carbohydrate-

-

-

-

-

are not the only factors at play in the early stages of child-

hood that can have lasting adverse effects on the offspring.

-

-

4.Q7.5.

-

American Diabetes Association standards of medical care

The management of hyperglycemia in the hospital

-

-

-

may be appropriate in terminally ill patients or in patients

-


27/53

27

-

-

-

-sition to oral agents in the day or two before discharge is

often necessary.

When and How Should Glucose

-

term assessment is most often by A1C.

chain of hemoglobin.

-

-

-

-

-

-

of A1C

-

hypoglycemia is typically recognized in association with

-

-

Hypoglycemia is associated with more short-term disabil-

ity and higher health care costs. Hypoglycemia manifests


28/53

28

awareness and response to hypoglycemia. Severe and pro-

longed hypoglycemia may be associated with severe con-

arrhythmia.

-

lin reserve and perhaps the drive for strict glycemic con-

-

-

-

by a period of intensive therapy that dampens glyce-

-

Hypoglycemia is an important consideration in the

achievement of glycemic goals.

-

-

4.Q10. How Should Microvascular and

Neuropathic Disease Be Prevented,

-

after the onset of

clinical manifestation of diabetic nephropathy in persons

-

-

-

-

-

-vention for diabetic nephropathy.

-

-

2

Stage Description

Stage 1 Kidney damage with normal or

Stage 2 Kidney damage with mildly


29/53

29

-

-

-

-

This property hasbeen demonstrated for the angiotensin-converting enzyme

-

demonstrated after renin-angiotensin-aldosterone sys-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

nephrologist is cost-effective and delays the time to dialy-

-

-

-

-

-

-


30/53

30

by an ophthalmologist. This 2-step approach can be an

-

-

-

-

strategies for primary prevention of diabetic retinopathy

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

ther progression. It is vitally important to improve strength

-

density correlates inversely with

-

-

with treatment.


31/53

31

-

daily basis.

adapted from one recently proposed by the International

-

ities in the peripheral somatosensory system in people with

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

other physiological stresses; and as an indicator for more

-

-

-


32/53

32

a relationship between hyperglycemia and the develop-

-

a greater

-

-

4.Q11. How Should Macrovascular DiseaseBe Prevented, Diagnosed, and Treated in

-

-

myocardial infarction at baseline and was almost 6-fold

greater than the incidence of myocardial infarction in non-

-

-

Fig. 2.


33/53

33

Table11

Symptoms

Tests

Treatments

Cardiac

intolerance

Gastrointestinal

electrogastrogram

Constipation

Endoscop

y

Sexualdysfunction

Bladderdysfunction

sonograph

y

Sudomotordysfunction

hyperhidrosis

Pupillomotorandvisceraldysfunction

Carewithdrivingatn

ight

Impairedvisceralsensation:silent


34/53

34

-

-

as well as in those with hyperglycemia. Early epidemio-

-

-

in patients referred to a cardiologist for coronary artery

-

-

-

-

als investigated the effect of intensive glycemic control

vs ordinary glycemic control on the development of new

-

glycemic control.

-

-

to correlate very well with the development of clinical car-

-

-

controversial owing to recent data showing little to no

-

The data from the many clinical trials and observa-

-

reported that low-dosage aspirin was associated with a


35/53

35

-

-

-

-

4.Q11.3.

-

-

with either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

-

-

strated a decrease in the progression of nephropathy and

-

-

-

-

-

--

lowering has the greatest and most immediate impact on

-

-

-

and the average recorded.

-

-


36/53

36

-

-

ciated with increased long-term morbidity and mortality.

-

-

-

-

-

treatment regimen and avoid overtreatment.

-

-

aged as aggressively and with the same agents as in overt

-

as vasodilating

-

-

4.Q11.4.

-

hyperglycemia. -

ized by increased levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins

Table 12

Suggested Priority of Initiating Blood PressureLowering Agents

Therapy

Reference (evidence level and

study design)

Evidence based

Additional therapy

Direct renin inhibitor

Selective 1

Central 2

agonists

Direct vasodilators


37/53

37

-

the latter being responsible for transfer of triglycerides and

cholesterol esters from very low-density lipoprotein and

-

level.

associated phospholipase A2

-

if the

-

-

-

hypertriglyceridemia.

In patients with fasting triglyceride concentrations of

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

erides with proliferator-activated receptor-


38/53

38

necessary to prevent pancreatitis. Use of gemfibrozil is

-

no randomized interventional trials of prediabetes with

4.Q11.5.

-

-cation of glycemic control.

The impression in the past was that diagnosing asymp-

-

-

to identify those patients who will receive the most ben-

4.Q12. How Should Other Common Comorbidities of

DM Be Addressed

4.Q12.1. S

-

-

to a sleep specialist who may choose to do an overnight

and physical.

-

-

-

-

-

appropriate.

4.Q12.2. Depression

recommended. Untreated comorbid depression can have

-

pressant medication is associated with an increased relative

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

-


39/53

39

FACE.

DISCLOSURE

Cochairpersons

reports that he has received

-



for his role as investigator from Boehinger Ingelheim

Dr. George Grunberger reports that he has

-

Inc.

Task Force Members

reports that he has

reports that he does not have

interests.

Dr. Samuel Dagogo-Jackreports that he has received


Company.

reports that he has received shares

-



40/53

40

reports that he has received con-


-

-

reports that he has



interests.

reports that she has received




-

and the American Diabetes Association.


Reviewers



interests.


Medical Writer reports that she does not have any

interests.

REFERENCES

Note: All reference sources are followed by an evidence

level (EL) rating of 1, 2, 3, or 4 and the study design. The

strongest evidence levels ( and) appear in red

for easier recognition.

1. Mechanick JI, Camacho PM, Cobin RH, et al;American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists.

American Association of Clinical EndocrinologistsEndocr Pract.

2. Garber AJ, Handelsman Y, Einhorn D, et al. Diagnosis Endocrinology and the American Association of ClinicalEndocrinologists. Endocr Pract.


41/53

41

Rodbard HW, Jellinger PS, Davidson JA, et al. Statement -Endocr PractEndocrPract.

4. Moghissi ES, Korytkowski MT, DiNardo M, et alAmerican Association of Clinical Endocrinologists;

American Diabetes Association. American Associationof Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes

control.Endocr Pract.

Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al . Implications Circulation

6. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al; NationalHeart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint NationalCommittee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, andTreatment of High Blood Pressure; National High BloodPressure Education Program Coordinating Committee.

JAMA.JAMA.

7. Younis N, Williams S, Ammori B, Soran H - Expert OpinPharmacother. EL 1 small sample sizes and event rates]

8. Antithrombotic Trialists (ATT) Collaboration,BaigentC, Blackwell L, et al. Aspirin in the primary and second- trials.Lancet.EL 1

Zhang C, Sun A, Zhang P, et al. Aspirin for primary pre-

A meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;87:211-

218. [EL 110. Ong G, Davis TM, Davis WA. Aspirin is associated with

diabetes in a primary prevention setting:The Fremantle

Diabetes Care.EL 2;

11. Hanas R, Donaghue KC, Klingensmith G, Swift PG . - Pediatr Diabetes.

12. American Association of Clinical EndocrinologistsBoard of Directors; American College ofEndocrinologists Board of Trustees. American

-globin A1c for the diagnosis of diabetes. Endocr Pract.

International Expert Committee

Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diag-

nosis of diabetes.Diabetes Care.

14. Cowie CC, Rust KF, Byrd-Holt DD, et al

DiabetesCare.

Christensen DL, Witte DR, Kaduka L, et alan A1C-based diagnosis of diabetes has a different impact

Diabetes Care.

16. Dagogo-Jack S - Nat Rev Endocrinol.

17. Sacks DB

Diabetes care.18. Banerji MA, Chaiken RL, Huey H, et al.

-Diabetes.

Diabetologia.EL 1

20. Weyer C, Bogardus C, Mott DM, Pratley RE- JClin Invest.EL 2

21. Torgerson JS, Hauptman J, Boldrin MN, Sjstrm L. Diabetes Care.Diabetes Care. EL 1;

22. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al;Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group.intervention or metformin.N Engl J Med.EL 1

Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, KarasikA, Laakso M; STOP-NIDDM Trial Research Group.

Lancet.2077. [EL 1

24. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, KarasikA, Laakso M; STOP-NIDDM Trial Research Group.-JAMA.[EL 1

Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, KarasikA, Laakso M; STOP-NIDDM Trial Research Group.- -

Diabetologia.

26. DREAM (Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipriland rosiglitazone Medication) Trial Investigators,Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on-LancetLancet.EL 1

27. Defronzo RA, Banerji M, Bray GA, et al BMC

Endocr Disord.EL 1


42/53

42

28. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group,Knowler WC, Fowler SE, et al of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes

Lancet. Lancet. EL 1;

Richelsen B, Tonstad S, Rssner S, et al. Effect of orlistat -

ing a very-low-energy diet in abdominally obese patients:DiabetesCare.EL 1

Gillies CL, Abrams KR, Lambert PC, et al. tolerance: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ.

EL 1 Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A, et al-

- Arch Intern Med. 2004;EL 2

Hutton B, Fergusson D. Changes in body weight and in addition to a hypocaloric diet: A systematic review of

randomized clinical trials.Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1461-1468. [EL 1

Li Z, Maglione M, Tu W, et al Ann Intern Med.EL 1

Sjstrm L, Narbro K, Sjstrm CD, et al; SwedishObese Subjects Study. N Engl J Med. EL2

Adams TD, Gress RE, Smith SC, et al-N Engl J Med.

Arterburn D, Livingston EH, Schifftner T, KahwatiLC, Henderson WG, Maciejewski ML

Arch Surg.-lected data]

Cremieux PY, Buchwald H, Shikora SA, Ghosh A,Yang HE, Buessing MAm J Manag Care.[EL 2

Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, et al. The clinical effec- Health Technol Assess.

Sampalis JS, Liberman M, Auger S, Christou NV. The

in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg.[EL 2

40. Salem L, Jensen CC, Flum DR J Am CollSurg.

41. Tice JA, Karliner L, Walsh J, Petersen AJ, FeldmanMD Am

J Med.EL 242. Long SD, OBrien K, MacDonald KG Jr, et al.

Diabetes Care.

JGastrointest Surg. EL 2

44. Mari A, Manco M, Guidone C, et al.-

Diabetologia. EL 2;

Schauer P, Ikramuddin S, Hamad G, Gourash W. Theis 100 cases. Surg Endosc.

46. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, et al. and meta-analysis. Am J Med.EL 2;

47. Torgerson JS, Sjstrm LInt J Obes Relat Metab

Disord. EL 248. Sjstrm L.Handbook of Obesity: Clinical Applications.

Rubino F, Kaplan LM, Schauer PR, Cummings DE;Diabetes Surgery Summit Delegates. The Diabetes Ann Surg.

Dixon JB, OBrien PE, Playfair J, et al-tric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes:A randomized controlled trial. JAMA.[EL 1

Burguera B, Agusti A, Arner P, et al. Critical assess- treatment of morbidly obese patients.J Endocrinol Invest.

BMJ BMJ. EL 1;

Adler AI, Stevens RJ, Manley SE, Bilous RW, Cull CA,Holman RR; UKPDS GROUP. Development and pro-gression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: The United Kidney Int.

Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, NeilHA2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. EL 1;

Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et al. Association of- -

BMJ. Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, et al.

- Diabetes Res Clin Pract.[EL 1

Tirosh A, Shai I, Tekes-Manova D, et al; Israeli DiabetesResearch Group. N Engl J

Med N Engl J Med.


43/53

43

Hayashino Y, Fukuhara S, Suzukamo Y, Okamura T,Tanaka T, Ueshima H - Acta Diabetol.2007;44:241].Acta Diabetol.

Khaw KT, Wareham N, Bingham S, Luben R, Welch A,Day N -

-Ann Intern Med.EL 2

60. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al; VADTInvestigators.in veterans with type 2 diabetes [Errata in:N Engl J Med.

N Engl J MedN Engl J Med.EL 1

61. Action of Control Cardiovascular Risk in DiabetesStudy Group, Gerstein HC, Miller ME, et al. Effects of N Engl J

Med.EL 162. ADVANCE Collaborative Group,Patel A, MacMahon

S, et al-comes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med.

EL 1 ACCORD Study Group, Gerstein HC, Miller ME, etal -N Engl J Med.[EL 1

64. Excellence NIfC. Type 1 diabetes: Diagnosis and man-

Physicians RCo

66. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the devel-opment and progression of long-term complications inN Engl J Med.EL 1

67. The absence of a glycemic threshold for the development oflong-term complications: The perspective of the DiabetesControl and Complications Trial.Diabetes.EL 1

American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. The

Lancet.[EL 2

critically ill patients.N Engl J Med

[EL 170. Wiener RS, Wiener DC, Larson RJ

JAMA JAMA.EL 1

71. Griesdale DE, de Souza RJ, van Dam RM, et al.data. CMAJ. EL 1

72. Qaseem A, Humphrey LL, Chou R, Snow V, Shekelle P;for the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the AmericanCollege of Pysicians

Ann Intern Med. 267. [EL2

Kansagara D, Fu R, Freeman M, Wolf F, Helfand M . -tematic review. Ann Intern Med. [EL 1

74. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. IntensiveN Engl J Med.EL 1

Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. N Engl J

Med.EL 176. Krinsley JS

predictor of mortality in critically ill patients. Crit CareMed. EL 2 review of data]

77. Ali NA, OBrien JM Jr, Dungan K, et al-ability and mortality in patients with sepsis. Crit Care

Med.78. Bavry AA, Anderson RD, Gong Y, et al

Among hypertensive patients with concomitant periph-

eral and coronary artery disease: Findings from the Hypertension. EL 1 analysis]

Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications ofJ Am CollCardiol.

80. Liu J, Sempos CT, Donahue RP, Dorn J, Trevisan M,Grundy SM - Am J Cardiol.

81. Corsino L, Svetkey LP, Ayotte BJ, Bosworth HBcharacteristics associated with receipt of lifestyle behavioradvice.N C Med J.

82. Lewis JE, Arheart KL, LeBlanc WG, et al. Food label -mendations among persons with chronic disease. Am JClin Nutr.

Craig WJ, Mangels AR; American Dietetic Association.diets.J Am Diet Assoc.-

84. US Department of Agriculture and US Departmentof Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for

Americans, 2010.

Jones JM, Anderson JW primer for clinicians. Phys Sportsmed.

86. Pawlak R, Colby S Nutr ResPract.

87. Birlouez-Aragon I, Saavedra G, Tessier FJ, et al. A dietAm J Clin

Nutr.EL 188. Vuksan V, Rogovik AL, Jovanovski E, Jenkins AL .

with type 2 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep.


44/53

44

Wheeler ML, Pi-Sunyer FX J Am Diet Assoc.

Willcox DC, Willcox BJ, Todoriki H, Suzuki M. The -load. J Am Coll Nutr.

Trinidad TP, Mallillin AC, Loyola AS, Sagum RS,Encabo RRBr J Nutr.

Hare-Bruun H, Nielsen BM, Grau K, Oxlund AL,Heitmann BLbe considered in dietary recommendations? Nutr Rev.

Palou A, Bonet ML, PicC-

Obes Rev.

Minihane AM, Harland JI - Crit Rev Food Sci

Nutr. Micha R, Wallace SK, Mozaffarian D -

review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2010;121:2271-

EL 2 Vang A, Singh PN, Lee JW, Haddad EH, Brinegar CH.

-Ann Nutr Metab

Ann Nutr Metab.EL 2not be generalizable to patients with diabetes already]

Mechanick JI, Brett EM, Chausmer AB, DickeyRA, Wallach S; American Association of ClinicalEndocrinologists. American Association of ClinicalEndocr

PractEndocr Pract.

Micha R, Mozaffarian D--Lipids.

Booker CS, Mann JI-lar health: Translation of the evidence base. Nutr MetabCardiovasc Dis.

-mendations. Diabetes Care.

101. Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Fernhall B, et al; AmericanCollege of Sports Medicine; American DiabetesAssociation

Diabetes Care.

102. Manders RJ, Van Dijk JW, van Loon LJ2 diabetes.Med Sci Sports Exerc.EL 1;

Hansen D, Dendale P, Jonkers RA, et al -

Diabetologia.EL 2

104. Praet SF, Manders RJ, Lieverse AG, et al 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. [EL 2

De Feyter HM, Praet SF, van den Broek NM, et al.-Diabetes Care.EL 2

106. Church TS, Blair SN, Cocreham S, et al. Effects ofaerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c lev-els in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized con-

JAMA JAMA.EL 1

107. Balducci S, Alessi E, Cardelli P, Cavallo S, Fallucca F,Pugliese G -Diabetes Care.

108. Balducci S, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, et al; ItalianDiabetes Exercise Study (IDES) Investigators. Effect - -

Arch Intern Med.EL 1

Phung OJ, Scholle JM, Talwar M, Coleman CI. Effect-in type 2 diabetes. JAMA. EL 1;

110. Parchman ML, Pugh JA, Wang CP, Romero RL .the chronic care model in primary care clinics. DiabetesCare.

111. Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA, et al; ADOPT StudyGroup N Engl J Med. N Engl J Med. EL 1

112. de Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, et altrial.BMJ.EL 1

-min on complications in overweight patients with type 2

Lancet

Lancet.EL 1

Lancet.EL 1

Belsey J, Krishnarajah Gevents in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with met-

Diabetes ObesMetab. EL 1

116. Bolen S, Feldman L, Vassy J, et al. Systematic review:Comparative effectiveness and safety of oral medica-

Ann InternMed. 2007;147:887].Ann Intern Med.[EL 2

117. Bloomgarden Z, Drexler Ain glycemic control? Cleve Clin J Med.


45/53

45

118. Williams-Herman D, Engel SS, Round E, et al. Safety

BMC Endocr Disord. 2010;10:7. [EL 1 Stein LL, Dong MH, Loomba R

Adv Ther.

120. Gerstein HC, Ratner RE, Cannon CP, et al; APPPOACH

Study Group. Effect of rosiglitazone on progression ofcoronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes

the prevention of progression by rosiglitazone on athero- trial. Circulation. 2010;121:1176-1187. [EL 1

121. Riche DM, Valderrama R, Henyan NN. Thiazolidinediones -

Diabetes Care.EL 1122. Abbatecola AM, Lattanzio F, Spazzafumo L, et al.

Adiposity predicts cognitive decline in older persons with

PLoS One.[EL 2

Woodcock J, Sharfstein JM, Hamburg M

Administration. N Engl J Med.

124. Pijl H, Ohashi S, Matsuda M, et al. Bromocriptine:A novel approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes Care. EL 1

Bolen S, Wilson L, Vassy J, et al. Comparative effective-type 2 diabetes [Internet]. AHRQ Comp Effect Rev.

126. Nauck MA, Holst JJ, Willms B, Schmiegel W for type 2-diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.

127. Drucker DJ, Nauck MAinhibitors in type 2 diabetes.Lancet.

128. Amori RE, Lau J, Pittas AG incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: Systematic review andmeta-analysis.JAMA.EL 1

Nauck MA, Niedereichholz U, Ettler R, et al. Am J Physiol.EL 2

Pi-Sunyer FX. The effects of pharmacologic agents for Postgrad Med.

Arnolds S, Dellweg S, Clair J, et al.

Diabetes care.EL 1

Riddle MC, Henry RR, Poon TH, et al.

Diabetes Metab Res Rev. EL 1

DeFronzo RA, Ratner RE, Han J, Kim DD, FinemanMS, Baron AD

-min-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care.

EL 1 Kendall DM, Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, et al. Effects of

in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin andDiabetes Care.EL 1;

Zinman B, Hoogwerf BJ, Durn Garca S, et al. The -optimally controlled type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial

Ann Intern MedAnn InternMed.EL 1

Larsen PJ, Wulff EM, Gotfredsen CF, et al. Combination

Diabetes Obes Metab.

Zinman B, Gerich J, Buse JB, et al; LEAD-4 StudyInvestigators -metformin and thiazolidinedione in patients with type 2

Diabetes Care.Diabetes Care.EL 1;

Nauck M, Marre M - Postgrad Med.EL 1

Marre M, Shaw J, Brndle M, et al; LEAD-1 SU studygroupimprovements in glycaemic and weight control compared

Diabet Med.[EL 1

140. Russell-Jones D, Vaag A, Schmitz O, et al; Liraglutide Study Group.controlled trial.Diabetologia. EL 1;

141. Bergenstal R, Lewin A, Bailey T, Chang D, Gylvin T,Roberts V; NovoLog Mix-vs.-Exanatide Study Group. - -Curr Med Res Opin.EL 1

142. Blevins T, Han J, Nicewarner D, Chen S, Oliveira JH,Aronoff S - type 2 diabetes. Postgrad Med. 2010;122:118-128. [EL 1;

Parks M, Rosebraugh C -apy.N Engl J Med.

144. Buse JB, Bergenstal RM, Glass LC, et al. Use of twice-Ann Intern Med.EL 1

Group. Lancet.EL 1


46/53

46

146. Study Group Lancet

Lancet.EL 1147. Bergenstal RM, Wysham C, Macconell L, et al;

DURATION-2 Study Group.

- Lancet.EL 1

148. Garber A, Henry RR, Ratner R, Hale P, Chang CT,Bode B in glycaemic control and weight for two years as mono-therapy compared with glimepiride in patients with type 2diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab.EL 1;

Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al; AmericanDiabetes Association; european Association for Studyof Diabetes -

Diabetes Care.

Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, Gerich J; Insulin Glargine4002 Study Investigators. The treat-to-target trial: to oral therapy of type 2 diabetic patients.Diabetes Care.

EL 1 Monami M, Marchionni N, Mannucci E

2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract.

Mann JI, De Leeuw I, Hermansen K, et al; Diabetesand Nutrition Study Group (DNSG) of the EuropeanAssociationNutr MetabCardiovasc Dis.

Vague P, Selam JL, Skeie S, et al.- Diabetes Care. EL 1;

Monami M, Marchionni N, Mannucci E -tes. A meta-analysis.Diabetes Obes MetabEL 1

Devries JH, Nattrass M, Pieber TR-

Diabetes Metab Res Rev.

Meneghini L, Koenen C, Weng W, Selam JL. The

-Diabetes Obes Metab.EL 1;

Hirsch IBN Engl J Med.

Mannucci E, Monami M, Marchionni N. Short-

type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab.

EL 1 Singh SR, Ahmad F, Lal A, Yu C, Bai Z, Bennett H .

-CMAJ.EL 1

160. Edelman S, Garg S, Frias J, et al.-cebo-controlled trial assessing pramlintide treatment in

Diabetes Care.EL 1

161. Ratner RE, Dickey R, Fineman M, et al. Amylin replace- improves long-term glycaemic and weight control in Type

Diabet Med. 2004;21:1204-1212. [EL 1162. Whitehouse F, Kruger DF, Fineman M, et al. A random-

-apy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care.[EL 1

Lee NJ, Norris SL, Thakurta S

Ann Fam Med.EL 1

164. Fritsche A, Larbig M, Owens D, Hring HU; GINGERstudy group -DiabetesObes Metab. 2010;12:1022]. Diabetes Obes Metab.

EL 1 Misso ML, Egberts KJ, Page M, OConnor D, Shaw

J - -Cochrane Database Syst Rev.EL 1;

166. Monami M, Lamanna C, Marchionni N, Mannucci E.

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. EL 1;

167. Bruttomesso D, Costa S, Baritussio A-Diabetes Metab Res Rev.

168. HSBC Global Research -SS]

FDA

170. American Diabetes Association - Diabetes Care.

171. AADE

172. Eugster EA, Francis G; Lawson-Wilkins Drug andTherapeutics Committeetype 1 diabetes. Pediatrics.

Phillip M, Battelino T, Rodriguez H, Danne T, KaufmanF; Eruopean Society for Paediatric Endocrinology;Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society;International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent


47/53

47

diabetes; American Diabetes Association; EuropeanAssociation for the Study of Diabetes -

Diabetes.Diabetes Care. -

174. Grunberger G, Bailey TS, Cohen AJ, et al. Statementby the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists

EndocrPract

Weissberg-Benchell J, Antisdel-Lomaglio J, SeshadriRDiabetes Care.EL 1

176. Jeitler K, Horvath K, Berghold A, et al -review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. EL 1

177. Fatourechi MM, Kudva YC, Murad MH, Elamin MB,

Tabini CC, Montori VM. Clinical review: Hypoglycemia - JClin Endocrinol Metab.EL 1

178. Pickup JC, Sutton AJ. Severe hypoglycaemia and gly- - Diabet Med.774. [EL 1

Monami M, Lamanna C, Marchionni N, Mannucci E.

Acta Diabetol. EL 1180. St Charles M, Lynch P, Graham C, Minshall ME. A

1 diabetes patients: A third-party US payer perspective.

Value Health.181. St Charles ME, Sadri H, Minshall ME, Tunis SL. Health

Clin Ther.

182. Cummins E, Royle P, Snaith A, et al. Clinical effective-

- Health Technol Assess.

Cohen O, Keidar N, Simchen M, Weisz B, Dolitsky M,

Sivan EI diabetic pregnancy. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2008;24:611-

184. Roze S, Valentine WJ, Zakrzewska KE, Palmer AJ.

-

treatment of Type 1 diabetes in the UK. Diabet Med.

Gloyn AL, Pearson ER, Antcliff JF, et al. Activating

N Engl J Med N

Engl J Med.186. Babenko AP, Polak M, Cav H, et al-

NEngl J Med.

187. Edghill EL, Flanagan SE, Patch AM, et al; NeonatalDiabetes International Collaborative Group

-Diabetes.SS]

188. Pearson ER, Flechtner I, Njolstad PR, et al; NeonatalDiabetes International Collaborative Group. SwitchingN Engl J Med.[EL 2

Vaxillaire M, Froguel P forms of type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev.

Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care.

Fajans SS, Bell GI, Polonsky KS N Engl J Med.

Herman WH, Fajans SS, Ortiz FJ, et al. Abnormal Diabetes.

Holmkvist J, Almgren P, Lyssenko V, et al. Common Diabetes.

Nyunt O, Wu JY, McGown IN, et al. Investigating Clin Biochem Rev.

Weng J, Ekelund M, Lehto M, et al. Screening for-Diabetes Care.

Plotnick LP, Clark LM, Brancati FL, Erlinger T. -dren and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care.

Litton J, Rice A, Friedman N, Oden J, Lee MM,

Freemark M- J Pediatr.EL 2

Johnson SB, Kelly M, Henretta JC, CunninghamWR, Tomer A, Silverstein JH

JPediatr Psychol.

Jones KL, Arslanian S, Peterokova VA, Park JS,Tomlinson MJ. Effect of metformin in pediatric patientswith type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial.

Diabetes Care.EL 1200. Pettitt DJ, Baird HR, Aleck KA, Bennett PH, Knowler

WC N Engl J Med.EL 2


48/53

48

201. Dabelea D, Hanson RL, Lindsay RS, et al. Diabetes.

202. Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Saad MF, Bennett PH .-tors and pathogenesis. Diabetes Metab Rev.

Pettitt DJ, Aleck KA, Baird HR, Carraher MJ, BennettPH, Knowler WCDiabetes.

204. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical Diabetes Care.

et al.Med Sci Monit.

206. Lapolla A, Dalfra MG, Spezia R, et al.- Acta Diabetol.

207. Masson EA, Patmore JE, Brash PD, et al.

Diabet Med. -

208. Mathiesen ER, Kinsley B, Amiel SA, et al. glycemic control and hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetic

Diabetes Care.EL 1

Sciacca L, Marotta V, Insalaco F, et al. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.

210. Lapolla A, Di Cianni G, Bruttomesso D, et al. Use of -

betic women. Diabetic Med.

211. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group, MetzgerBE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR, et al. Hyperglycemia and adverseN Engl J Med.[EL 2

212. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medicalcare in diabetes 2010.Diabetes Care.

World Health Organization-

214. Pettitt DJ, Jovanovic L-

Diabetes Care.

Catalano PM, Presley L, Minium J, Hauguel-deMouzon S-Diabetes Care.

216. Hales CN, Barker DJ, Clark PM, et al. Fetal and infant BMJ.

217. Jovanovic-Peterson L, ed. Medical Management ofPregnancy Complicated by Diabetes. 4th ed. American

218. Jiang HJ, Stryer D, Friedman B, Andrews Rhospitalizations for patients with diabetes.Diabetes Care.

Clement S, Braithwaite SS, Magee MF, et al; American

Diabetes Association Diabetes in Hospitals WritingCommittee. -mia in hospitals.Diabetes Care.

220. Hirsch IB, Verderese CA. Interference of home blood Diabetes TechnolTher.

221. Davidson PC, Bode BW, Steed RD, Hebblewhite HR .correlations.J Diabetes Sci Technol.

222. Davis SN, Horton ES, Battelino T, Rubin RR, SchulmanKA, Tamborlane WV -

Diabetes Technol Ther.EL 1

Pearce KL, Noakes M, Keogh J, Clifton PM . Effect in type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. [EL 1

224. Whipple AOJInt Chir.

Cryer

226. Gangji AS, Cukierman T, Gerstein HC, GoldsmithCH, Clase CM. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Diabetes Care.EL 1227. Cryer PE

N Engl J Med.

228. Fritsche A, Stumvoll M, Hring HU, Gerich JE. type 1 diabetic patient by improvement of beta-adrener-

gic sensitivity after prevention of hypoglycemia. J Clin

Endocrinol Metab. Fritsche A, Stefan N, Hring H, Gerich J, Stumvoll

M. Avoidance of hypoglycemia restores hypoglycemiaawareness by increasing beta-adrenergic sensitivity in

type 1 diabetes. Ann Intern Med.

[EL 2 Molitch ME. ACE inhibitors and diabetic nephropathy.

Diabetes Care. Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, et al; National Kidney

Foundation -Ann Intern Med.Ann Intern Med.

Kramer H, Molitch MEDiabetes Care.


49/53

49

Kramer HJ, Nguyen QD, Curhan G, Hsu CY - JAMA.

Rigalleau V, Lasseur C, Perlemoine C, et al. Estimation Diabetes Care.

LancetLancet.EL 1;

N Engl J Med.EL 2

Halimi JM, Asmar R, Ribstein J -and other recent trials.Diabetes Metab.

Karalliedde J, Viberti G. Evidence for renoprotection by hypertension and diabetes.J Hum Hypertens.

Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. Theeffect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on dia-

N EnglJ Med.EL 1

240. Ruggenenti P, Fassi A, Ilieva AP, et al; BergamoNephrologic Diabetes Complications Trial(BENEDICT) Investigators. - N Engl J Med. EL 1

241. Parving HH, Persson F, Lewis JB, Lewis EJ, HollenbergNK; AVOID Study Investigators with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy.N Engl J

Med.EL 1242. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al; RENAAL

Study Investigators. Effects of losartan on renal and car-nephropathy. N Engl J Med. EL 1;

Pedrini MT, Levey AS, Lau J, Chalmers TC, Wang PH.The effect of dietary protein restriction on the progressionof diabetic and nondiabetic renal diseases: A meta-analy-sis.Ann Intern Med.EL 2

244. Levinsky NG -Ann Intern Med.

Wolfe RA, Ashby VB, Milford EL, et al. Comparison

transplant.N Engl J Med.

246. Becker BN, Brazy PC, Becker YT, et al. in type 1 diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease.

Kidney Int.EL 2247. Nathan DM -

N Engl J Med.

248. Williams R, Airey M, Baxter H, Forrester J, Kennedy-Martin T, Girach A. Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy

Eye (Lond).EL 2

Hansen AB, Hartvig NV, Jensen MS, Borch-JohnsenK, Lund-Andersen H, Larsen M. Diabetic retinopathy Acta Ophthalmol Scand.

Ahmed J, Ward TP, Bursell SE, Aiello LM, Cavallerano

JD, Vigersky RA-mydriatic digital stereoscopic retinal imaging in detectingdiabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care.

Harris MI, Klein R, Welborn TA, Knuiman MW

Diabetes Care. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL.

- Arch Ophthalmol.

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial ResearchGroup -cations in the diabetes control and complications trial.

Diabetes Care. EL 2

Adler AI, Stratton IM, Neil HA, et al. Association of sys-BMJ.EL 2

Ferris FL 3rd, Davis MD, Aiello LM. Treatment of dia-betic retinopathy.N Engl J Med.

Arch Ophthalmol.EL 1 Thomas PK

Diabetes.

Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Arezzo JC, et al; AmericanDiabetes Association.by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care.

Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, et al.

Neurology.

260. England JD, Gronseth GS, Franklin G, et al; AmericanAcademy of Neurology; American Association ofElectrodiagnostic Medicine; American Academy ofPhysical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Distal sym-

Neurology.

261. Dyck PJ, Davies JL, Clark VM, et al. Diabetes Care.

262. Dyck PJ, Davies JL, Wilson DM, Service FJ, MeltonLJ 3rd, OBrien PC DiabetesCare.EL 2


50/53

50

Tesfaye S, Chaturvedi N, Eaton SE, et al; EURODIABProspective Complications Study Group. N Engl J Med.EL 2

264. Archer AG, Watkins PJ, Thomas PK, Sharma AK,Payan J - J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.

Pittenger GL, Mehrabyan A, Simmons K, et al. Small -drome.Metab Syndr Relat Disord.CSS]

266. Singleton JR, Smith AG, Bromberg MB. IncreasedDiabetes Care. 2001;24:1448-EL 2

267. Singleton JR, Smith AG, Bromberg MB -ance.Muscle Nerve.-tive chart review SS]

268. Vinik A. Principles and Practiceof Geriatric Medicine

Knuiman MW, Welborn TA, McCann VJ, Stanton KG,Constable IJ Diabetes.

270. Young MJ, Boulton AJ, MacLeod AF, Williams DR,Sonksen PH- -Diabetologia.

271. Vinik AI, Erbas T Cleve Clin J Med.

272. Vinik AI, Mehrabyan A. Diagnosis and management ofCompr Ther.

Yu RK, Ariga T, Kohriyama T, Kusunoki S, Maeda Y,Miyatani N-ropathies. Ann Neurol.

274. Morrison S, Colberg SR, Mariano M, Parson HK,Vinik AI-Diabetes Care.EL 2

Nelson ME, Fiatarone MA, Morganti CM, Trice I,Greenberg RA, Evans WJ. Effects of high-intensity - JAMA.EL 1

276. Liu-Ambrose T, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Janssen PA, LordSR, McKay HA

J Am Geriatr Soc.EL 1

277. Cavanagh PR, Derr JA, Ulbrecht JS, Maser RE,Orchard TJ -

Diabet Med.EL 2278. Vinik AI, Suwanwalaikorn S, Stansberry KB, Holland

MT, McNitt PM, Colen LE Muscle

Nerve.

Lauria G, Hsieh ST, Johansson O, et al; EuropeanFederation of Neurological Societies; PeripheralNerve Society

Eur J Neurol. -

280. Shun CT, Chang YC, Wu HP, et al.

Brain.

281. Loseth S, Stlberg E, Jorde R, Mellgren SI. Early dia- -J Neurol.

282. Quattrini C, Tavakoli M, Jeziorska M, et al -thy.Diabetes.

Sorensen L, Molyneaux L, Yue DK. The relationship-tes.Diabetes Care.

284. Smith AG, Russell J, Feldman EL, et al Diabetes Care.EL 2

Murray HJ, Veves A, Young MJ, Richie DH, BoultonAJ in the Diabetic Foot. Diabetes Care.[EL 2

286. Boulton AJ, Malik RA, Arezzo JC, Sosenko JM. DiabeticDiabetes Care.

287. Apfel SC, Asbury AK, Bril V, et al; Ad Hoc Panel onEndpoints for Diabetic Neuropathy Trials.- -ropathy trials.J Neurol Sci.

288. Cruccu G, Truini APLoS Med.

Vinik EJ, Hayes RP, Oglesby A, et al. The developmentDiabetes Technol Ther.

Lunn MP, Hughes RA, Wiffen PJ Cochrane DatabaseSyst Rev.EL 1

McQuay HJ, Tramr M, Nye BA, Carroll D, Wiffen PJ,Moore RA-ropathic pain. Pain.EL 1

Baron R, Mayoral V, Leijon G, Binder A, Steigerwald I,Serpell M-

-Curr Med Res Opin.EL 1

Vinik AI, Ziegler D Circulation.

Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Vinik AI, Freeman R . The - analysis. Diabetes Care. EL 2;


51/53

51

Pop-Busui R, Evans GW, Gerstein HC, et al; Actionto Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes StudyGroup-Diabetes Care.

Vinik A. The approach to the management of the patientJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.

Vinik AI, Maser RE, Ziegler D

Diabetes Care.

Vinik AI, Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Freeman R. Diabetic Diabetes Care.

Ziegler D, Gries FA, Spler M, Lessmann F. The epide- J

Diabetes.

Neurology.

England JD, Gronseth GS, Franklin G, et al; AmericanAcademy of Neurology Neurology.

Pirart J better?Diabetes Care.

Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ, et al. Treatment - -

Diabetes Care.EL 1 Ruhnau KJ, Meissner HP, Finn JR, et al. Effects of

-thy.Diabet Med.EL 1

Valensi P, Le Devehat C, Richard JL, et al. -nary report. J Diabetes Complications.[EL 1

Ziegler D, Schatz H, Conrad F, Gries FA, Ulrich H,Reichel G

Diabetes Care.EL 1 Viberti G

complications of type 2 diabetes.J Diabetes Complications.

Vinik AI, Ullal J, Parson HK, Barlow PM, Casellini

CMtype 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care.EL 1;

Vinik AI, Zhang Q- Diabetes Care

Diabetes Care.

Davis TM, Yeap BB, Davis WA, Bruce DG Diabetologia.EL 2

Parson HK-Diabetes Metab SyndrObes.EL 2

Jacobson TA

statins in the elderly. Drug Saf.

Pagkalos M, Koutlianos N, Kouidi E, Pagkalos E,Mandroukas K, Deligiannis A. Heart rate variabilityBr JSports Med.EL 2

Bulat T, Hart-Hughes S, Ahmed S, et al. Effect of aClin

Interv Aging. Richardson JK, Sandman D, Vela S

Arch Phys Med Rehabil.EL 2

Bulugahapitiya U, Siyambalapitiya S, Sithole J, Idris I.and meta-analysis.Diabet Med.EL 1;

Haffner SM, Lehto S, Rnnemaa T, Pyrl K, LaaksoM N Engl J Med.

Juutilainen A, Lehto S, Rnnemaa T, Pyrl K,Laakso M Diabetes Care.

Schramm TK, Gislason GH, Kber L, et al. Diabetes

-betics with a prior myocardial infarction carry the same

-ple. Circulation.

Kannel WB, Wilson PW, Zhang TJ. The epidemiologyAm Heart

J. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D.

Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care. [EL 2

Young LH, Wackers FJ, Chyun DA, et al; DIADInvestigators asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with type

trial.JAMA.EL 1 Bartnik M, Rydn L, Ferrari R, et al; Euro Heart

Survey Investigators - heart.Eur Heart J.

Bartnik M, Malmberg K, Norhammar A, Tenerz A,Ohrvik J, Rydn L after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. EL 2


52/53

52

Anselmino M, Ohrvik J, Malmberg K, Standl E, RydnL; Euro Heart Survey Investigators -ing treatment in patients with coronary artery disease is

Eur Heart J.

Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Neil HA, Matthews

DR - N Engl J Med. EL 1

Reaven PD, Moritz TE, Schwenke DC, et al; VeteransAffairs Diabetes Trial -coronary atherosclerosis. Diabetes. [EL 1limitations]

Jenkins AJ, Lyons TJ, Zheng D, et al; DCCT/EDICResearch Group cohort: Associations with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney

Int.

Calvin AD, Aggarwal NR, Murad MH, et al. Aspirin for -tematic review and meta-analysis comparing patients with

Diabetes Care.[EL 1

Leung WY, So WY, Stewart D, et al. Cardiovasc Diabetol.EL 2

Suh DC, Kim CM, Choi IS, Plauschinat CA, BaroneJAtype 2 diabetes with comorbid hypertension in the United

J Hypertens.

Gress TW, Nieto FJ, Shahar E, Wofford MR, Brancati

FL N Engl J Med.[EL 2

Sowers JR, Williams M, Epstein M, Bakris G.Postgrad Med. 2000;107:

Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, et al. Effects -Lancet.EL 1;

Dahlf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al; LIFE StudyGroup.

-

Lancet.EL 1 Whelton PK, Barzilay J, Cushman WC, et al; ALLHAT

Collaborative Research Group. Arch Intern Med.EL 1

Lenfant C, Chobanian AV, Jones DW, Roccella EJ;Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection,Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure.

Hypertension. Writing Team for the Diabetes Control and

Complications Trial/Epidemiology of DiabetesInterventions and Complications Research Group. -JAMA.

Verdecchia P

Hypertension. Rahman M, Pressel S, Davis BR, et al.

-

Arch Intern Med. [EL 1

Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al. A clinical trialN Engl J Med.1117-1124.[EL 1

Taskinen MR. Diabetic dyslipidaemia: From basicresearch to clinical practice. Diabetologia.

Ganda OP.Dyslipidemia: Pathogenesis and Management.

Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al; JUPITERStudy Groupmen and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl

J Med.EL 1 Cholesterol Treatment Trialists (CTT) Collaborators,

Kearney PM, Blackwell L, et al. - 14 randomised trials of statins: A meta-analysis. Lancet.

EL 1 Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R; Heart

Protection Study Collaborative Group --cebo-controlled trial.Lancet.EL 1;

Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al;CARDS investigators. - Lancet.EL 1

of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA.

EL 1 Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Simvastatin and

prevention of coronary disease.N Engl J Med.EL 1

Brunzell JD. Clinical practice. Hypertriglyceridemia. NEngl J Med.


53/53

53

JAMA.

EL 1 Foody JM, Brown WV, Zieve F, et al.

Am J Cardiol. 2010;106:EL 1

Zieve F, Wenger NK, Ben-Yehuda O, et al. Safety and-Am

J Cardiol.EL 1 Lu W, Resnick HE, Jablonski KA, et al.-

Diabetes Care.EL 2

Brunzell JD, Davidson M, Furberg CD, et al.-DiabetesCare.

Ganda OP -

Endocr Pract.

Scott R, OBrien R, Fulcher G, et al. Effects of feno- DiabetesCare.

Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, et al . Effects of N

Engl J Med.EL 1 Di Angelantonio E, Sarwar N, Perry P, et al-

JAMA.

Bays HE, Tighe AP, Sadovsky R, Davidson MH .

physiologic mechanisms of action and clinical implica-

tions. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther.

Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P, et al. Effects of long- randomised controlled trial.Lancet.[EL 1

Lindberg E, Carter N, Gislason T, Janson C

Am J Respir Crit Care Med.SS]

Kemlink D, Polo O, Frauscher B, et al.

J Med Genet. Tasali E, Mokhlesi B, Van Cauter E

apnea and type 2 diabetes: interacting epidemics. Chest.

Winkelman JW, Redline S, Baldwin CM, Resnick HE,Newman AB, Gottlieb DJ

Sleep.

Valencia-Flores M, Orea A, Castano VA, et al. -bances in morbidly obese patients. Obes Res. 2000;8:262-

Babu AR, Herdegen J, Fogelfeld L, Shott S, Mazzone T. Arch Intern

Med. Hassaballa HA, Tulaimat A, Herdegen JJ, Mokhlesi

B sleep apnea. Sleep Breath.

Kasai T, Narui K, Dohi T, et al. Chest.EL 2

Becker HF, Jerrentrup A, Ploch T, et al. Effect of Circulation.EL 1

Kaneko Y, Floras JS, Usui K, et al. N Engl J

Med.EL 1 Lindberg E, Berne C, Elmasry A, Hedner J, Janson C.

Sleep Med.EL 2

Lustman PJ, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, de Groot M,Carney RM, Clouse RE. Depression and poor glycemicDiabetesCare.EL 1; meta-analysis]

Pan A, Lucas M, Sun Q, et al Arch GenPsychiatry.EL 2

Kivimaki M, Hamer M, Batty GD, et al. Antidepressant Diabetes Care.

aace diabetes guidelines 2011 american academy of clinical endocrinology guidelines 2011

Documents