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िरपोटर् न./Report No. 541 (66/1.0/3)

भारत में िविभन् न वः तुओ� एव� स�वाओ� का पािरवािरक उपभोग

Household Consumption of Various Goods and Services in India

रा.ू.स. 66वा� दौर NSS 66th Round

(जुलाई 2009 - जून 2010)

(JULY 2009 – JUNE 2010)

भारत सरकार Government of India

सा�िख्यकी और कायर्बम कायार्न्वयन म�ऽालय Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation

रां शीय सा�िख् यकीय स�गठन National Statistical Organisation राष्टर्ीय ूितदशर् सवेर्क्षण कायार्लय National Sample Survey Office

फरवरी 2012 February 2012

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NSS Report No.541: Household Consumption of Various Goods and Services in India

Highlights

The report is based on information collected during 2009-10 from 100794 households in 7428 villages and 5263 urban blocks spread over the entire country. CEREALS, PULSES AND EDIBLE OIL

Since 1999-2000, per capita quantity of consumption has declined not only for cereals as a whole but for individual cereal items for which data were collected: rice, wheat, jowar and its products, etc.

In 2009-10, the share of PDS (Public Distribution System) rice in rice consumption was about 23.5% in the rural sector and about 18% in the urban. In 1999-2000 and 2004-05, the PDS share in rice consumption ranged between 11% and 13% in both sectors.

The share of PDS in rural wheat consumption in 2009-10 was about 14.6%, which is almost double what it was in 2004-05 (7.4%), and the share of PDS in urban wheat consumption was about 9%, while the share in 2004-05 was only about 4%.

Consumption of pulses and pulse products dropped since 2004-05 from 0.71 kg to 0.65 kg per capita in the rural sector and from 0.82 kg to 0.79 kg per capita in the urban sector.

There was a decline both in per capita consumption and in percentage of households reporting consumption in case of moong and masur dal and an increase in case of split gram, showing a tendency of the population to substitute less expensive pulse varieties for more expensive ones.

Monthly per capita edible oil consumption was estimated as 636 g in rural India and 818 g in urban India.

OTHER FOOD

Consumption of eggs during a 7-day period was reported by 27% of rural and 32% of urban households. Per capita consumption of eggs was 1.73 per month (0.40 per week) in rural India and 2.67 (0.62 per week) in urban India.

Fish consumption during a 7-day period was reported by a markedly higher percentage of households in rural India (28%) than in urban India (21%). For both mutton (including goat meat) and chicken, however, the urban percentage exceeded the rural by about 5 percentage points.

Carrots, lemons, cauliflowers, cabbages, tomatoes, cucumbers, lady’s fingers and bitter gourd were consumed by a greater proportion of urban households than of rural

ii Highlights


households, while pumpkins, potatoes, onions, brinjal, jhinga, leafy vegetables and green chillies were consumed by a greater percentage of rural households than of urban households.

In case of each fruit and nut, per capita urban consumption outstripped rural consumption not only in value but also in quantity terms. Rural-urban disparities in fruit and nut consumption were relatively low in case of groundnuts, coconuts, bananas and mangoes, and high for apples, grapes and papayas.

Expenditure on tea was about Rs.23 per person per month in rural India and a little under Rs.40 in urban India. Purchased ready-to-drink tea accounted for more than half of this expenditure in the urban sector and about 43% in the rural sector.

Urban households incurred an average expenditure of nearly Rs.36 per person on purchased cooked meals.

FUEL, CLOTHING AND BEDDING, EDUCATION, MEDICAL CARE

Electricity was consumed by 94% urban households and 67% rural households. Per capita value of electricity consumed in 30 days was about Rs.70 in urban India (or over 50% of a total of Rs.138 spent on household fuel). LPG was used in 66% of urban households and 15.5% of rural households.

The percentage of households reporting use of firewood and chips was 87% in rural areas and 25% in urban areas. Monthly per capita value of rural consumption of this item was about Rs.39.50 (47% of all household fuel).

Among the items listed in the schedule, readymade garments made the largest contribution to clothing and bedding expenditure – 25% in rural and 32% in urban India. Saris accounted for about 17-18% in both sectors, and cloth for shirts, etc. for 14-16%.

Educational expenditure per person (including the entire population in the denominator and not only students) was about Rs.38 – 3.6% of Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) – in rural India and about Rs.161 – 8.1% of MPCE – in urban India. The largest component of educational expenses was tuition fees, which had a share of 57% in the rural sector and about 67% in the urban sector.

Medicine accounted for nearly 82% of medical expenses of the non-institutional kind (not incurred as in-patient of a hospital) in rural India, and 77% in urban India. Institutional medical expenditure was reported by 13% of rural and 14% of urban households. Here, too, medicine was the largest component, but its share was smaller – 48% in the rural sector and 38% in the urban.

Highlights iii


MISCELLANEOUS GOODS AND SERVICES

Telephone expenditure per person (in nominal terms) increased nearly four-fold in rural India between 2004-05 and 2009-10, the proportion of households incurring such expenditure increasing by at least 69%. In urban India, the proportion of households incurring telephone expenditure increased by at least 28%.

Between 2004-05 and 2009-10, the proportion of households with expenditure on cable TV increased by 141% in rural areas and 39% in urban areas.

Compared to 2004-05, 81% more rural households and 25% more urban households in 2009-10 reported expenditure on petrol for use in vehicles.

Per capita petrol expenditure in rural India grew by about 140% between 2004-05 and 2009-10 – much higher than the rate of growth of rural MPCE. The shares of bus/tram fare, grinding charges, toilet soap and washing soaps and detergents in MPCE, on the other hand, registered a fall in both rural and urban areas. Per capita expenditure on taxis and auto-rickshaws increased by 112% in rural areas and by 92% in urban areas during the 5-year period.

DURABLE GOODS

Cost of repair and maintenance of residential buildings made up nearly 30% of per capita expenditure on durables in rural India, compared to 16.5% in urban India.

In urban India, motor cars had a share of over 16% and motorized two-wheelers of slightly less than 14% in expenditure on durables (including repair and maintenance expenditure). The share of gold ornaments was about 14% in both sectors. In the rural sector motorized two-wheelers accounted for 11.7%, motor cars and jeeps for 8.4%, and bicycles for 4.6% of durables expenditure.

Mobile phone handsets made up nearly 5% of expenditure on durables in each sector.

Television sets were possessed by 42% rural households in 2009-10 compared to 26% in 2004-05, and by 76% urban households in 2009-10 compared to 66% in 2004-05.

Refrigerators were possessed by 39% urban households in 2009-10 compared to 32% in 2004-05, and motor cars by 6.5% urban households in 2009-10 compared to 4.6% in 2004-05.

The proportion of rural households with motorcycles or scooters nearly doubled in the 5 years prior to 2009-10 from 7.7% to 13.9% while in the urban sector the proportion increased from 26% to 33%.

Contents

Chapter One 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objective of the survey 1 1.3 Reports of the 66th round CES 1 1.4 Contents of this report 2 1.5 Precursors of the present report 3 1.6 Features of the survey: schedules of enquiry 4 1.7 Features of the survey: scope and coverage 5

Chapter Two 2. Concepts and Definitions 8 2.1 Conceptual framework 8 2.2 Monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) 9 2.3 Other concepts and definitions 10 2.4 A note on data comparability 17

Chapter Three 3. Summary of Findings 19 3.1 Cereals 20 3.2 Pulses and pulse products 22 3.3 Edible oil 23 3.4 Milk, egg, fish and meat 24 3.5 Vegetables 26 3.6 Fruits and nuts 27 3.7 Beverages, refreshments and processed food 27 3.8 Energy (excluding vehicle fuels) 28 3.9 Clothing and bedding 29 3.10 Education 30 3.11 Medical care 31 3.12 Trends in nominal expenditure on miscellaneous goods and services 31 3.13 Durable goods: pattern of expenditure 33 3.14 Durable goods: trends in incidence of possession 34 3.15 Durable goods: variation in incidence of possession with level of

living 35

Summary Statements

1 Monthly per capita quantity of consumption of selected commodities by State/UT

37

2 Average monthly per capita expenditure (Rs.) on selected non-food items by State/UT

42

3R/U Monthly per capita quantity and value of consumption and proportion of households reporting consumption: food items (all-India)

44

4R/U Monthly per capita quantity and value of consumption and proportion of households reporting consumption: non-food items (all-India)

52

5 Number per 1000 households possessing specific durable goods in each decile class of MPCE (all-India)

64

Appendix A (in enclosed CD) Detailed Tables

Table 1-R/U (based on Schedule Type 2 data) Monthly per capita quantity and value of consumption for each State/UT and sector: food items*

1

Table 2-R/U (based on Schedule Type 2 data) Monthly per capita quantity and value of consumption for each State/UT and sector: non-food items*

369

Table 3-R/U (based on Schedule Type 2 data) Number per 1000 households possessing specific durable goods in decile classes of MPCE for all States/UTs and all-India

921

*and, for all-India, separately for each decile class of MPCE

Appendix B Sample Design and Estimation Procedure B-1 – B-9

Appendix C Population Projections C-1

Appendix D Schedule 1.0 – Type 1 and Type 2 D-1 – D-41

Appendix E

Relative Standard Errors of MPCEMMRP Estimates E-1


Chapter One

Introduction 1.1 Background 1.1.1 The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) conducts nationwide household consumer expenditure surveys at regular intervals as part of its “rounds”, each round normally of a year’s duration. These surveys are conducted through interviews of a representative sample of households selected randomly through a scientific design and cover almost the entire geographical area of the country. 1.1.2 The household consumer expenditure survey (CES) is generally conducted as one of the main subjects of the NSS survey at quinquennial intervals. This provides a series of CES’s. The 66th round survey (July 2009 - June 2010) was the eighth such survey of this quinquennial series, the seventh having been conducted during the 61st round (July 2004 - June 2005). Key indicators on household consumption in India during 2009-10 based on this survey have already been released1. 1.2 Objective of the survey 1.2.1 The NSS consumer expenditure survey (CES) aims at generating estimates of average household monthly per capita consumer expenditure (MPCE), its distribution over households and persons, and its break-up by commodity group, at national and State/UT level, and for different socio-economic groups. These indicators are amongst the most important measures of the level of living of the respective domains of the population, and are used extensively for the study of poverty and inequality. Other uses of the CES include the use of budget shares as revealed by the NSS CES to prepare the weighting diagram for official compilation of consumer price indices (CPIs), and the measurement of elasticity or responsiveness of demand to change in total expenditure. The data on quantities of consumption of different food items are used to study the level of nutrition of populations of different regions and disparities therein, and trends in nutritional intake over time. 1.3 Reports of the 66th round CES 1.3.1 The results of NSS rounds are released in reports based on comprehensive tabulation of subject parameters and indicators in various cross-classifications generated from the data. Corresponding to NSS 66th round quinquennial survey on household consumer expenditure, the results are planned for release in seven reports. The tentative titles of these reports are:

1 NSS KI (66/1.0): Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India, 2009-2010, July 2011

2 Chapter One


1. Level and Pattern of Consumer Expenditure 2. Household Consumption of Various Goods and Services in India 3. Public Distribution System and Other Sources of Household Consumption 4. Energy Sources of Indian Households for Cooking and Lighting 5. Nutritional Intake in India 6. Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 7. Perceived Adequacy of Food Consumption in Indian Households 1.4 Contents of this report

1.4.1 The household consumer expenditure schedule used for the survey collected information on quantity and value of household consumption with a reference period of last 30 days preceding the date of interview. To minimise recall errors, a very detailed item classification was, as usual, adopted to collect information, including 142 items of food, 15 items of energy (fuel, light and household appliances), 28 items of clothing, bedding and footwear, 19 items of educational and medical expenses, 51 items of durable goods, and 89 other items. 1.4.2 In Report No.538, consumption expenditure break-up by 32 broad groups (14 food groups and 18 non-food groups) of items of consumption was given, the groups being: cereals; gram; cereal substitutes; pulses and pulse products; milk and milk products; edible oil; egg, fish and meat; vegetables; fruits (fresh); fruits (dry); sugar; salt; spices; beverages and processed food; pan; tobacco; intoxicants; fuel & light; clothing; footwear; education; medical (institutional); medical (non-institutional); entertainment; minor personal effects; toilet articles; other household consumables; conveyance; other consumer services; rent, taxes and cesses; and durable goods. 1.4.3 In the present report consumption patterns are studied in greater detail, as far as the item classification adopted in the schedule of enquiry permits. Monthly per capita expenditure estimates are presented here for all items of consumption for which data was separately recorded in the schedule (see Appendix D: Schedule 1.0), along with the estimated proportions of households consuming each item during the last 30 days. All estimates are provided separately for rural and urban sectors of each State and Union Territory. For food, fuel, clothing and footwear, estimates of per capita quantity of consumption are also provided. 1.4.4 In the concluding sections of Chapter Three of the report, a study has been made of the possession of certain common durable goods in the population, based on information collected in the schedule on whether the household possessed each such durable on the date of survey. There were 19 such durable goods, including television sets, electric fans, refrigerators, bicycles, motorcycles/scooters, motor cars/jeeps, laptops and mobile phones. Table 3 (R & U) in Appendix A provides estimates of the proportion of rural and urban households in each State/UT possessing each durable. Further, estimates are provided of the same proportion separately for ten decile groups of population of the State/UT ranked by MPCE. These estimates throw light on disparities in the possession of these durables among the population of each State/UT.

Introduction 3


1.4.5 Following the present introductory chapter, Chapter Two explains the concepts, definitions and procedures of data collection and tabulation that are relevant to the study of nutritional intake. Chapter Three presents the salient findings on quantity and value of consumption of various goods and services, and on proportions of households possessing specific durable goods. This is followed by two statements giving State/UT-level estimates of, respectively, per capita quantity of consumption and per capita expenditure on selected items, and three statements giving, for all-India, the item-level estimates that are given for all States/UTs in Appendix A. Appendix A appears in the CD enclosed with the report and gives the detailed tables generated from the survey data. Appendix B explains in detail the sample design and estimation procedure followed. To facilitate computation of the absolute figures of quantity and value of aggregate consumption of any item by the population, the projected populations at the mid-year reference 1st January 2010 based on the population projections by the Registrar-General of India are provided in Appendix C. (Note that the RG’s projection pre-date the release of the provisional results of the 2011 Population Census.) Appendix D consists of the schedules of enquiry (Schedule 1.0, Type 1 and Type 2) that were canvassed in the surveyed households. Appendix E gives relative standard errors of estimates of State/UT-level MPCE. 1.4.6 The detailed State-sectorwise and all-India-sectorwise tables presented in Appendix A of this report (in the enclosed CD) relate to 2009-10. They give:

(i) Estimated per capita quantity of consumption of each item, excluding durable goods, for which information on quantity of household consumption was collected in the survey schedule (ii) Estimated per capita value of consumption of each item of the schedule (iii) For each item of the schedule, estimated number per 1000 of households reporting consumption of the item during the reference period (iv) For 19 items of durable goods, the percentages of households reporting possession of the item on the date of survey.

For (i), (ii) and (iii), all-India estimates are given separately for 10 classes of population demarcated by MPCE level (decile classes of the distribution of population by MPCE). For (iv), State/UT as well as all-India level estimates are given for each decile class (the classes being formed separately for each sector of each State/UT).

1.5 Precursors of the present report 1.5.1 The practice of preparing a report presenting estimates at detailed item level from each consumer expenditure survey of the quinquennial series came into being only from the 50th round (1993-94) onwards. The reports based on the 50th and 55th rounds are available in NSS Reports 404 and 461, both bearing the name Consumption of Some Important Commodities in India, and relating respectively to 1993-94 and 1999-2000. The report based on the 61st round was numbered NSS Report 509 and had the same name as the present report, viz., Household Consumption of Various Goods and Services in India.

4 Chapter One


1.5.2 The report (No.461) based on of the 55th round, relating to 1999-2000, excluded items on which the estimated proportion of consuming households was less than 10% and estimated value of per capita consumption expenditure was less than Rs.0.50. Though no such specific criteria were followed for the 50th round report (No.404), it, too, was selective in the sense that estimates were presented for only 55 items of food (out of 190 used in the schedule of enquiry for that survey), 6 items of fuel, 10 items of clothing and footwear, 6 items of education and medical care, and 14 other “miscellaneous” items. From the 61st round onwards, estimates are being provided for all items. 1.5.3 In the 55th round report, a special feature was that the all-India estimates of both kinds – per capita consumption and proportion of consuming households - were presented not only for the entire rural and urban population but also for households in 12 different monthly per capita expenditure classes. A similar practice has been followed in this round, with all-India estimates given separately for 10 decile classes of population demarcated by MPCE level. 1.6 Features of the survey: schedules of enquiry 1.6.1 The household consumer expenditure schedule (“Schedule 1.0”) used for the survey collected information on quantity2 and value of household consumption. The schedules of enquiry used were of two types. The two types had the same item break-up but differed in reference periods used for collection of consumption data. Schedule Type 1, as far as reference periods were concerned, was a repeat of the schedule used in most quinquennial rounds. For certain categories of relatively infrequently purchased items, including clothing and consumer durables, it collected information on consumption during the last 30 days and the last 365 days. For other categories, including all food and fuel and consumer services, it used a 30-days reference period. Schedule Type 2 used ‘last 365 days’ (only) for the infrequently purchased categories, ‘last 7 days’ for some categories of food items, as well as pan, tobacco and intoxicants, and ‘last 30 days’ for other food items, fuel, and the rest. This was in line with the recommendations of an Expert Group that had been formed for the purpose of suggesting the most suitable reference period for each item of consumption3. The differences (in reference period) between Schedule Types 1 and 2 are shown in Table T1. 1.6.2 Schedule Type 1 and Schedule Type 2 were canvassed in two independent samples of matching size drawn from each stratum/sub-stratum4.

2 For education, medical care, and some goods and services listed in the schedule as “miscellaneous goods and services”, no data on quantity of consumption are collected in the NSS CES’s. 3 See NSS Report no. 475; entitled “Results of a Pilot Survey on Suitability of Different Reference Periods for Measuring Household Consumption”. 4 See Appendix B. Note that there could be a very few cases where in the same household, both Type 1 and Type 2 schedules of Schedule 1.0 were canvassed due to some special situations encountered while actually conducting the survey in the field.

Introduction 5


1.6.3 The present report is based on Schedule Type 2 only. This means that the data used for this report were collected with the following reference periods: Category I items: Last 365 days; Category II items: Last 7 days; Category III items: Last 30 days.

Table T1: Reference periods used for collection of consumption data in Schedule 1.0, Type 1 and Type 2

Cate-gory

Item groups Reference period for

Schedule Type 1 Schedule Type 2

I Clothing, bedding, footwear, education, medical (institutional), durable goods

‘Last 30 days’ and ‘Last 365 days’

Last 365 days

II Edible oil; egg, fish & meat; vegetables, fruits, spices, beverages and processed foods; pan, tobacco & intoxicants

Last 30 days Last 7 days

III All other food, fuel and light, miscellaneous goods and services including non-institutional medical; rents and taxes

Last 30 days Last 30 days

1.7 Features of the survey: scope and coverage 1.7.1 Geographical coverage: The survey covered the whole of the Indian Union except (i) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of the bus route and (ii) villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year. However, although planned, no sample could actually be surveyed in the districts of Leh (Ladakh), Kargil and Poonch of Jammu & Kashmir by NSSO. 1.7.2 Population coverage:

1. Floating population, i.e., persons without any normal residence, was excluded. But persons residing in open space, roadside shelter, under a bridge, etc., more or less regularly in the same place were covered.

2. Foreign nationals were excluded, as well as their domestic servants, if by definition the latter belonged to the foreign national's household (see Chapter Two, paragraph 2.3.1, for definition of household). A foreign national who had become an Indian citizen for all practical purposes was, however, covered.

3. Persons residing in barracks of military and paramilitary forces (like police, BSF etc.) were kept outside the survey coverage. However, the civilian population residing in their neighbourhood, including the family quarters of service personnel, was covered.

4. Orphanages, rescue homes, ashrams and vagrant houses were outside the survey coverage. However, the persons staying in old age homes, the students staying in ashram/hostels and the residential staff (other than monks/nuns) of these ashrams were covered. Although orphans living in orphanages were excluded, the persons looking after them and staying there were covered. Convicted prisoners undergoing sentence were outside the coverage of the survey.

6 Chapter One


Table T2: Number of villages/blocks surveyed and number of households surveyed for Schedule 1.0 Type 1 and Type 2: NSS 66th round, Central sample

State/UT

no. of fsu’s (villages/blocks)

surveyed

no. of sample households

Sch. Type 1 Sch. Type 2

rural urban rural urban rural + urban rural urban rural + urban

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Andhra Pradesh 492 372 3928 2964 6892 3924 2951 6875 Arunachal Pradesh 140 76 1041 600 1641 1041 600 1641 Assam 328 104 2616 832 3448 2616 832 3448 Bihar 413 159 3299 1272 4571 3294 1270 4564 Chhattisgarh 188 92 1496 736 2232 1495 736 2231

Delhi 8 120 59 842 901 57 808 865 Goa 20 36 159 285 444 160 287 447 Gujarat 216 216 1719 1705 3424 1720 1698 3418 Haryana 180 148 1440 1180 2620 1440 1180 2620 Himachal Pradesh 208 48 1660 381 2041 1660 382 2042

Jammu & Kashmir 183 160 1445 1268 2713 1446 1269 2715 Jharkhand 220 124 1758 989 2747 1758 990 2748 Karnataka 256 256 2036 2034 4070 2038 2037 4075 Kerala 328 232 2606 1846 4452 2606 1845 4451 Madhya Pradesh 344 248 2731 1966 4697 2734 1973 4707

Maharashtra 504 504 4015 3980 7995 4012 3984 7996 Manipur 172 148 1376 1182 2558 1376 1182 2558 Meghalaya 108 52 864 408 1272 864 408 1272 Mizoram 80 112 632 896 1528 632 896 1528 Nagaland 88 40 704 320 1024 704 320 1024 Orissa 372 132 2975 1055 4030 2974 1055 4029 Punjab 196 196 1560 1555 3115 1558 1557 3115 Rajasthan 324 196 2583 1553 4136 2575 1551 4126 Sikkim 76 20 608 160 768 608 160 768 Tamil Nadu 416 416 3320 3318 6638 3319 3320 6639

Tripura 164 68 1312 544 1856 1311 544 1855 Uttar Pradesh 740 388 5906 3087 8993 5908 3086 8994 Uttarakhand 132 92 1048 731 1779 1045 730 1775 West Bengal 448 344 3576 2750 6326 3575 2749 6324 A & N Islands 36 36 272 288 560 272 288 560

Chandigarh 4 36 32 273 305 32 273 305 Dadra & N. Haveli 12 12 96 96 192 96 96 192 Daman & Diu 8 8 64 64 128 64 64 128 Lakshadweep 8 16 55 128 183 55 128 183 Puducherry 16 56 128 448 576 128 448 576 All-India 7428 5263 59119 41736 100855 59097 41697 100794

Introduction 7


1.7.3 Sample size

1.7.3.1 Sample size: first-stage units: As is usual in the regular NSS rounds, most States and Union Territories participated in the survey: a “State sample” was surveyed by State Government officials in addition to the “Central sample” surveyed by NSSO. For rural India, 7,524 villages formed the Central sample for this round. Of these, 7,428 villages were ultimately surveyed. In the urban sector, the allocation for the Central sample was 5,284 blocks, of which 5,263 were surveyed. This document is based on the estimates obtained from the Central sample only. 1.7.3.2 Sample size: second-stage units: For the consumer expenditure survey, from each sample village and urban block, two samples of 8 households each were selected for canvassing Schedule Type 1 and Schedule Type 2. While selecting the households in each selected first-stage unit, the second-stage stratification of households is in-built in the sample design. The features of the sample design are explained in Appendix B.

1.7.3.3 Table T2 shows the numbers of villages and urban blocks surveyed, and, for each of the two schedule types, the numbers of rural and urban sample households in which the consumer expenditure schedule was canvassed.


Chapter Two

Concepts and Definitions 2.1 Conceptual framework 2.1.1 Reference period: The consumption of any good or service by a household or person occurs in the form of a flow over time. The survey may need to record the volume of consumption over a short period such as a day, or a long period such as a year. The time period for which consumption is recorded is called the reference period. It may vary from item to item. Because the respondents are asked to recall and report the volume of consumption, the reference period is also called the recall period. 2.1.2 Household consumer expenditure: The expenditure incurred by a household on domestic consumption during the reference period is the household's consumer expenditure. Expenditure incurred towards productive enterprises of households is excluded from household consumer expenditure. Also excluded are expenditure on purchase and construction of residential land and building, interest payments, insurance premium payments, payments of fines and penalties, and expenditure on gambling including lottery tickets. Money given as remittance, charity, gift, etc. is not consumer expenditure. However, self-consumed produce of own farm or other household enterprise is valued and included in household consumer expenditure. So are goods and services received as payment in kind or free from employer, such as accommodation and medical care, and travelling allowance excluding allowance for business trips. 2.1.2.1 For articles of food (including pan, tobacco and intoxicants) and fuel, household consumption is measured by the quantity of the article actually used by the household during the reference period, irrespective of the expenditure incurred on it. For articles of clothing and footwear, consumption by a household is considered to occur at the moment when the article is brought into maiden or first use by any household member. The consumption may be out of (a) purchases made in cash or credit during the reference period or earlier; (b) home-grown stock; (c) receipts in exchange of goods and services; (d) any other receipt like gift, charity, borrowing and (e) free collection. Home produce is evaluated at the ex farm or ex factory rate. 2.1.2.2 For evaluating household consumption of all other items, a different approach is followed: the expenditure made by the household during the reference period for the purchase or acquisition of goods and services, regardless of when the goods and services are used and by whom, is considered as household consumption. However, for a few items of expenditure such as rent, telephone charges, consumer taxes and railway season tickets, expenditure during the month is recorded as the amount that was last paid divided by the number of months to which the payment related.

Concepts and Definitions 9


2.1.2.3 It is pertinent to mention here that the consumer expenditure of a household on food items relates to the actual consumption by the members of the household and also by the guests during ceremonies or otherwise. Normally, transfers of food, fuel, clothing and footwear made by a household as charity, loan advance, etc. are not considered as consumption of that household, since consumption out of all transfer receipts of these items have to be included. However, meals prepared in a household and served to non-household members are an exception to this rule. Meals prepared in the household kitchen and provided to the employees and/or others would automatically get included in domestic consumption of employer (payer) household. There is a practical difficulty of estimating the quantities and values of individual items used for preparing the meals served to employees or others. Thus, to avoid double counting, cooked meals received as perquisites from employer household or as gift or charity are not recorded in the recipient household. As a general principle, cooked meals purchased from the market for consumption of the members and for guests are also recorded in the purchaser household. This procedure of recording cooked meals served to others in the expenditure of the serving households leads to bias-free estimates of average per capita consumption as well as total consumer expenditure. 2.1.2.4 All goods and services received as payment in kind or perquisites are included in the consumption of the recipient household as goods and services received in exchange of services, except for meals received from other households’ kitchens. 2.1.2.5 To simplify data collection, consumption of food processed in the home from one “item” into another, such as milk converted into curd or butter, vegetables converted into pickles, and rice converted into liquor are recorded in the survey against the primary or ingredient item(s), such as milk, instead of the item in which form it is consumed (e.g. curd). For some item groups such as intoxicants, this procedure leads to an underestimation of consumption with a corresponding overestimation of the item groups of the major ingredients, such as cereals. 2.1.3 Value of consumption: For items of food, pan, tobacco, intoxicants, fuel, clothing and footwear, this term is not synonymous with expenditure incurred by the household on the item, and the following rules of valuation are specified. Consumption out of purchase is evaluated at the purchase price. Consumption out of home produce is evaluated at ex farm or ex factory rate. Value of consumption out of gifts, loans, free collections, and goods received in exchange of goods and services is imputed at the rate of average local retail prices prevailing during the reference period. 2.2 Monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) 2.2.1 Normally, the concept of per capita income – or per capita (overall) expenditure, if income data are not available – is used for comparison of average living standards between countries, between regions, and between social or occupational groups. For studies of poverty and inequality within populations, however, average income or average expenditure is not enough. One needs to

10 Chapter Two


assign a value that indicates level of living to each individual, or at least to each household, in a population in order to know the level of inequality in living standards of the population, or the proportion living in poverty. 2.2.2 The NSS concept of MPCE, therefore, is defined first at the household level (household monthly consumer expenditure ÷ household size). This measure serves as the indicator of the household’s level of living. 2.2.3 Next, each individual’s MPCE is defined as the MPCE of the household to which the person (man, woman or child) belongs. This assigns to each person a number representing his or her level of living. The distribution of persons by their MPCE (i.e., their household MPCE) can then be built up, giving a picture of the population classified by economic level. 2.3 Other concepts and definitions

2.3.1 Household: A group of person normally living together and taking food from a common kitchen constitutes a household. The word "normally" means that temporary visitors are excluded but temporary stay-aways are included. Thus, a son or daughter residing in a hostel for studies is excluded from the household of his/her parents, but a resident employee or resident domestic servant or paying guest (but not just a tenant in the house) is included in the employer/host's household. "Living together" is usually given more importance than "sharing food from a common kitchen" in drawing the boundaries of a household in case the two criteria are in conflict; however, in the special case of a person taking food with his family but sleeping elsewhere (say, in a shop or a different house) due to space shortage, the household formed by such a person's family members is taken to include that person also. Each inmate of a mess, hotel, boarding and lodging house, hostel, etc., is considered as a single-member household except that a family living in a hotel (say) is considered as one household only; the same applies to residential staff of such establishments. Under-trial prisoners in jails and indoor patients of hospitals, nursing homes, etc., are considered as members of the households to which they last belonged. 2.3.2 Household size: The size of a household is the total number of persons in the household. 2.3.3 Deciles and decile classes of MPCE: The first decile of the distribution of MPCE over the population of any region or domain is the level of MPCE below which 10% of the population lie, the second decile, the level below which 20% of the population lie, and so on. Thus the population can be divided into 10 “decile classes of MPCE” as follows: those with MPCE below the 1st decile of the MPCE distribution (the bottom 10% of the population ranked by MPCE), from the 1st decile to the 2nd decile (the next 10%), from the 2nd decile to the 3rd decile (the next 10%), and so on. Averages of other variables of interest, computed separately for the 10 decile classes, help to portray the variation of such variables with variation in MPCE. In line with usual



NSS practice, decile classes of MPCE are formed separately for the rural and the urban sector, both for India as a whole and for the States. 2.3.4 Uniform Reference Period MPCE (or MPCEURP): This is the measure of MPCE obtained by the NSS consumer expenditure survey (CES) when household consumer expenditure on each item is recorded for a reference period of “last 30 days” (preceding the date of survey). 2.3.5 Mixed Reference Period MPCE (or MPCEMRP) This is the measure of MPCE obtained by the CES when household consumer expenditure on items of clothing and bedding, footwear, education, institutional medical care, and durable goods is recorded for a reference period of “last 365 days”, and expenditure on all other items is recorded with a reference period of “last 30 days”. 2.3.6 Modified Mixed Reference Period MPCE (or MPCEMMRP) This is the measure of MPCE obtained by the CES when household consumer expenditure on edible oil, egg, fish and meat, vegetables, fruits, spices, beverages, refreshments, processed food, pan, tobacco and intoxicants is recorded for a reference period of “last 7 days”, expenditure on items of clothing and bedding, footwear, education, institutional medical care, and durable goods is recorded for a reference period of “last 365 days”, and expenditure on all other items is recorded with a reference period of “last 30 days”. These in fact, are the reference periods that were used in Schedule Type 2 of the 66th round, from which the tables of this report have been generated. 2.3.7 Major States: This refers to the 17 States of India which had a population of 20 million or more according to the Census of 2001. The States are: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Together, these States accounted for nearly 94.7% of India’s population in 2001.

2.3.8 Consumption from PDS: For four consumption goods – rice, wheat, sugar and kerosene – consumption from “PDS purchase” and consumption from “other sources” were recorded against separate items in the schedule. Here PDS stands for Public Distribution System, which means the distribution of some essential commodities by the government at subsidised rates through ration shops, fair price shops and control shops. These shops may be owned by the government, local government, a government undertaking, the proprietor of a firm, co-operatives or private persons (individually or jointly) or other bodies like club, trust, etc. The following procedure was followed while classifying a purchase as “PDS” or otherwise.

"Super Bazaars" and co-operative stores were not generally be included under public distribution system. However, when these also sold rationed commodities at controlled prices against ration cards, they were taken as ration shops for particular commodities.

For kerosene, "PDS" also included kerosene depots selling kerosene at controlled prices.

12 Chapter Two


Distribution of some controlled price commodities such as kerosene may in some areas be made without a system of presentation of ration card. Except in such situations, a purchase which was not made against a ration card was not considered as a PDS purchase.

A purchase was considered as “PDS” irrespective of whether the household had used its own ration card or that of some other household.

Purchase from PDS shops at prices higher than the PDS prices was also considered as purchase from PDS as long as the price paid was perceptibly lower than the market price.

NOTES ON COVERAGE OF DIFFERENT CONSUMPTION ITEMS5 106 Other rice products: Foods which are obtained from rice by splitting, frying, powdering, or parching of the grain. Rice used for home preparation of sweets, etc., is shown against “rice” and not against this item. 114 Other wheat products: Does not include wheat preparations like biscuits, cakes, etc., which are shown separately in “beverages, etc.” 117 Maize products: This includes cornflakes, popcorn, etc., made of maize. 118 Barley products: This includes sattu prepared by frying and powdering of barley. 129 Cereals: Note that household consumption of cereals does not include consumption of cereals by livestock belonging to the household. Such expenditure, being part of farm expenditure, is excluded from household consumer expenditure altogether. Note also that the estimate of cereal consumption does not include the cereal content of food that is received by the household from outside in the form of meals obtained free or by purchase, or as cereal preparations or snacks (e.g. in purchased burgers, samosas, etc). Such food is accounted in “beverages, refreshments and processed food”. To the extent that such food forms part of the household’s consumption, its cereal consumption is understated in the estimate of cereals provided. 139 Cereal substitutes: This item includes tapioca, when consumed as a substitute for cereals, as is common in some parts of the country. Jackfruit seed, mahua, etc., when consumed as substitute for cereals, will also be included here. Potato or sweet potato consumed as substitutes for cereals are, however, not shown here but included in “vegetables”.

5 The number at the start of each paragraph is the code used for the item in the schedule of enquiry (see Appendix D: Schedule 1.0).



150 Gram products: This includes gram products such as sattu obtained by frying and powdering of gram (whole grain). Besan made out of gram is, however, a separate item (151). 152 Other pulse products: Includes soyabean meal and soya flour. 160 Milk: liquid: This covers milk as directly obtained from cow, buffalo, goat or any other livestock. Milk sold in bottle or polypack, as well as readily drinkable flavoured and bottled milk, is included. Milk transformed at home into curd, casein, ghee, butter, etc. for the purpose of household consumption is also included. Milk used in home preparation of sweetmeats, etc., is also accounted here. 161 Baby food: This covers only those baby foods of which the principal constituent is milk. 166 Ice-cream: This category covers only ice-cream of which the major component is milk. Ice with syrup but without milk sold under the name of ice-cream is not included. 190-194, 199 Edible oil: Excludes edible oils used for toilet purpose by the household. 268 Other fresh fruits: This includes sugarcane consumed like fruits. 296 Fruit juice and shake: Excludes fruit juice obtained at home by crushing the fruit. 298 Biscuits: This includes not only all kinds of biscuits but confectionery such as chocolate, toffee, lozenge, etc., and sugar substitutes like saccharine. 301 Prepared sweets: Excludes sweets prepared at home; consumption of such sweets is accounted against the ingredients. 302 Cooked meals received as assistance or payment: Meals received directly as full or partial payment in kind are included here, as well as (number and imputed value of) meals received free of charge from office or factory canteens. Further, (number and imputed value of) all meals received as assistance from Government, NGOs and charitable organizations, including meals received by schoolchildren as part of the Midday Meal scheme, are covered by this item. 303 Cooked meals purchased: This refers to cooked meals purchased from the market (e.g., from hotels and restaurants), as well as from office and factory canteens on payment. Valuation is at the purchase price (subsidized or otherwise). 305-308 Pickles, sauce, jam, jelly, etc.: Excludes pickles, jam, etc. prepared at home; these are accounted against the ingredients (flour, sugar, vegetables, oil, etc.).

14 Chapter Two


308 Other processed food: Includes items like purchased snacks, food packets, chowmein (cooked), soup powder, etc. 309 Beverages, etc.: Short for “beverages, refreshments and processed food”. 312 Ingredients for pan: Includes supari, lime, katha, etc., but excludes tobacco, zarda, surti, kimam, etc. even if consumed with pan, as these are accounted in the tobacco group. 322 Leaf tobacco: Includes all leaf tobacco consumed in any form, and also tobacco leaf burnt and powdered for brushing teeth. 330 Ganja: Includes ganja consumed in the form of cigarettes. 332 Country liquor: Note that country liquor prepared at home from its ingredients and consumed is accounted against the ingredients. 335 Other intoxicants: Includes drugs used for intoxication but excludes drugs used for medicinal purposes. 342 Electricity: Includes meter rent and surcharge for electricity. If electricity is generated at home using a diesel or petrol generator, consumption is not accounted against this item but against diesel or petrol. 352 Gobar gas: The value of gobar gas is imputed on the basis of value of inputs used for manufacturing gobar gas. 379 Clothing: Excludes raincoats. Expenditure on tailor-made clothing excludes tailoring charges, which are shown against “tailor” under “consumer services”. Imported ready-made garments, even if purchased second-hand, are shown as first-hand purchase. Livery supplied by the employer is taken into account in household consumption of clothing even if used during duty hours only. 389 Bedding: Apart from bedding proper such as bed sheets, pillows and mosquito nets, this includes rugs, curtains, towels, mats, cloth for upholstery, etc. 390-395, 399 Footwear: This includes charges paid to a cobbler for getting a pair of shoes or other footwear made. It excludes the cost of straps purchased separately. 400, 401 Books, journals: Apart from books purchased for educational purposes, these items include novels and other fiction.



402 Newspapers, periodicals: Excludes newspapers and periodicals purchased second-hand, which, along with second-hand books, etc., are accounted against item 401. 404 Photocopying charges: Excludes photocopying charges incurred for non-educational purposes, which are accounted in item 491: miscellaneous expenses. 408 Other educational expenses: This includes expenditure on computer training, internet (exclusive of telephone charges); fees for music, dancing, swimming schools, etc; schools for typing, shorthand, etc; and training in physiotherapy, nursing, etc. 409 Education: This includes expenditure on books and journals, newspapers, paper, pen, pencil, etc., magazines, novels and other fiction, tuition fees, expenses on training in computer, typing, shorthand, music, nursing, etc., and expenditure on Internet other than telephone charges. All compulsory payments collected by educational institutions at the time of admission or along with the regular fees are regarded as part of the expenditure for education and included in “education”, even if termed “donations” by the institution collecting them. True donations to the school made voluntarily as charity are, however, excluded from consumer expenditure. 410-429 Medical: institutional and non-institutional expenditure: The distinction between institutional and non-institutional medical expenses lies in whether the expenses were incurred on medical treatment as an in-patient of a medical institution (institutional), or otherwise (non-institutional). Medical institution here covers private as well as Government institutions such as hospitals and nursing homes. 468 Other washing requisites: This includes brushes, Scotch Brite and other utensil cleaners, steel wool, toilet cleaners, Pheneol and other floor cleaners, etc. 480 Domestic servant/ cook: This includes the value of both cash and kind payment. Imputed value of meals prepared in the home and consumed by a domestic servant/ cook is included here. 481 Attendant: This item records expenditure incurred on persons engaged by the household to look after an ailing member, or a child, or an aged person in the household. It excludes payment for medical services rendered by a nurse, even if performed within the household; such payment is accounted against item 424: other medical expenses. 491 Miscellaneous expenses: This includes expenses such as application fees for employment, etc., subscriptions to societies and similar organisations, e-mail charges, fax charges, photocopying charges (other than for education), cost of water purchased through tanker, porter, etc., but not insurance premium payments, which are not included in consumer expenditure.

16 Chapter Two


495 Pet animals: Pet animals include cats, dogs, rabbits, monkeys, mongoose, birds, fish, etc., but not farm animals or poultry. Expenses include cost of feed, treatment expenses, etc. 496 Other consumer services excluding conveyance: Includes services of driver, coachman, cleaner, cobbler, blacksmith, unskilled labourers, etc., commission paid to the broker for purchase or sale of second-hand car/scooter etc., reconnection charge for electric/telephone line, and all other consumer services excluding conveyance. 513 Other conveyance expenses: Includes animal feed for animal-drawn carriage or vehicle. Does not include driver's or cleaner's salary, or garage rent. 519 Conveyance: Excludes expenditure on journeys undertaken on official or business tours, but includes journeys to commute to and from place of work. The expenditure incurred on journeys undertaken under Leave Travel Concession, etc., even if reimbursed, is included. In case of owned conveyance, the cost of fuel (petrol, mobile oil, diesel, etc.) for power-driven transport and animal feed for animal-drawn carriage is considered. 520 House rent, garage rent (actual): In case of quarters provided by the employer (including government accommodation), the portion of monthly emoluments forfeited on account of occupation of quarters is included in monthly house rent expenditure. Salami/pugree is not included in “rent”. 521 Hotel lodging charges: Excludes expenditure on hotel stay during business tours and official tours covered by travelling allowance paid by the employer. 523 Other consumer rent: This item covers hiring charges for consumer goods like furniture, electric fans, crockery, utensils and charges for decoration on ceremonial occasions. 539 House rent, garage rent (imputed): For a household that resides in a house (or uses a garage) which it either owns or otherwise occupies without paying any rent, the value of this is imputed on the basis of prevailing rate of rent for similar houses in the locality or surrounding areas. This information is obtained for urban households only. “Imputed rent” is defined as zero for households which occupy hired accommodation. Estimate of per capita imputed rent (for non-hired accommodation) is, however, computed taking both non-zero and zero figures in the calculation. Note also that imputed rent is not included in the computation of household consumer expenditure and MPCE. 540 Water charges: This item covers water charges paid to the municipality or other local bodies. It does not include the cost of water purchased through tanker, etc.



541 Other consumer taxes and cesses: This category includes road cess, chowkidari tax, municipal rates, other taxes and cesses paid by the household as a domestic consumer, and consumer license fees such as fees paid for possession of firearms, vehicles, etc. It does not include income tax or sales taxes. 550-649, 659 Durable goods: Items included here all have a lifetime of one year or more. However, some petty durables such as spectacles, torches, locks, umbrellas, etc., are excluded. Note that glassware, earthenware and plastic goods such as buckets are excluded from durable goods and included in “other household consumables”. Consumption expenditure on durable goods includes both expenditure on purchase and expenditure on repair and construction of household durables. For land and residential building, only expenditure on repair and construction is included. 2.4 A note on data comparability 2.4.1 It was mentioned in Chapter One, Section 1.5, that reports similar to the present one are available based on data collected in the 50th (1993-94), 55th (1999-2000) and 61st (2004-05) rounds of NSS. In this context the following observations need to be made regarding comparability of data presented in this report with those from earlier rounds. 2.4.2 Consumption data collected on the same item from the same population have been found to vary depending on the length of the reference period used. One reason for the variation is that even when reporting is perfect, the use of short reference periods produces data reflecting fluctuations in consumption at the level of individual households. The level of consumption of salt by a household may be the same every week, but this may not be true of the consumption of fish or fruits, and certainly not of the consumption of clothing (as defined in NSS surveys) or durables. Use of longer reference periods such as a year irons out the short-term fluctuations and produces data that exhibits less variation over households. 2.4.3 Averages of consumption level for large populations should not be affected by the abovementioned systematic differences in inter-household variability found in data collected with different reference periods. However, averages of value and quantity of consumption also exhibit systematic differences for reasons which are more complex and less predictable. Data collected with longer reference periods may be affected by recall lapse. The term recall lapse covers not only the inability to remember the fact that a certain item was consumed but also the inability to remember the exact time when an item was consumed. While the former kind of error causes under-reporting of consumption, the other may cause either under- or over-reporting.6

6 The tendency to report items consumed outside the reference period as consumed within the reference period (called “telescoping”) is common, and causes over-reporting.

18 Chapter Two


2.4.4 The data on food, pan, tobacco and intoxicants collected through Schedule Type 2 of this survey differs from that collected in the earlier quinquennial surveys in that a reference period of “last 30 days” was used only for cereals, pulses, milk, sugar and salt, and for all other food items, as well as for pan, tobacco and intoxicants, a reference period of “last 7 days” was used. This was according to the recommendations of an Expert Group that had been formed to suggest a suitable reference period for each item of consumption. The Expert Group had noted that a 7-day reference period gives somewhat higher estimates of per capita consumption for the item groups for which it is used, and hence for the food group as a whole, as well as of household MPCE (all items) itself, but expected these estimates to be closer to the true consumption levels of households than are obtainable by the usual (30-day recall period) method.7 Users of the present report interested in studying trends in consumption level over time would need to bear this fact in mind. 2.4.5 In case of clothing, footwear, education, medical care and durables (Category I items in Chapter One, Section 1.6), the reference period used in Schedule Type 2 of the 66th round was “last 365 days”. This was also the practice followed in the 55th round. In the 61st round, as well as the 50th), two sets of consumption data were collected from each surveyed household on the Category I items – one for “last 30 days” and the other for “last 365 days”. The 61st round report gives estimates based on “365 days” for items of durables, and estimates based on both data sets for other items. Clearly, only the “365 days” estimates should be used for comparison with the present round’s estimates. However, it needs to be mentioned here that when data are collected with a double reference period from the same household, the use of one reference period should be assumed (unless proved otherwise) to have an influence on the data collected with the other reference period. 2.4.6 For these reasons, comparisons with past data have generally been avoided in the present report, especially for estimates relating to food items. However, some discussion of changes over time has been attempted for estimates for items of miscellaneous goods and services – where “last 30 days” has been used in all the quinquennial surveys – and for estimates of “possession of durable goods” which are expected to be unaffected by reference period problems.

7 See NSS Report No. 475: Results of a Pilot Survey on Suitability of Different Reference Periods for Measuring Household Consumption.


Chapter Three

Summary of Findings 3.0.0 The survey estimates presented in this report are of three kinds:

(a) Estimates of per capita consumption (quantity and value) of detailed items (b) Estimates of proportions of households incurring consumer expenditure on different items during a 7-day, 30-day or 365-day period (c) Estimates of proportions of households possessing specific durable goods on the date of survey

3.0.1 As mentioned in Chapter 1, the NSS 66th round results released prior to this report use an item classification with 32 broad item groups (14 food and 18 non-food groups) to describe the pattern of consumer expenditure in India and its States and Union Territories. Table T3 below, reproduced from NSS Report No.5388 (66th round), gives a broad break-up using 20 item groups. The present report makes use of the detailed item classification adopted in the schedule of enquiry to study consumer expenditure patterns in much greater detail. Per capita expenditure estimates are presented for 344 different items of consumption, including 142 items of food, 15 items of energy (fuel, light and household appliances), 28 items of clothing, bedding and footwear, 19 items of educational and medical expenses, 51 items of durable goods, and 89 other items. These estimates are given separately for rural and urban areas of all 35 States and UTs of India.

Table T3: Break-up of MPCE by 20 broad item groups: all-India, 2009-10

item group monthly per

capita exp. (Rs.) item group monthly per

capita exp. (Rs.) rural urban rural urban

cereals & cereal substitutes 145 162 fuel and light 85 138 pulses & their products* 35 49 clothing & footwear*** 65 115 milk & milk products 81 137 education 38 161 edible oil 39 53 medical 57 99 egg, fish & meat 50 72 conveyance 36 112 vegetables 87 112 other consumer services 44 124 fruits 26 63 misc. goods, entertainment 53 113 sugar, salt and spices 60 73 rent 5 115 beverages, refreshments & proc. food** 78 159 taxes and cesses 2 16 food total 600 881 durable goods 36 81 non-food total 453 1104 pan, tobacco & intoxicants 31 30 all items 1054 1984 *includes gram ** includes purchased cooked meals ***excludes tailoring charges

8 Level and Pattern of Consumer Expenditure, NSS 66th Round.

20 Chapter Three


Estimates of quantity and estimates of value 3.0.2 For detailed items, estimates of consumption in quantity terms are available from the 66th round survey for most items of food, clothing, bedding and fuel, but not for durables and a large number of minor “miscellaneous” articles, nor for services of any kind (including educational and medical services). Estimates of value of consumption in rupees per person per month are, however, available for every kind of item, and have been presented for every item, for rural and urban sectors of each State and UT. Estimates of proportion of households consuming an item within a period 3.0.3 For each detailed item, estimates of the proportion (number per 1000) of households in any sector of any State/UT that consumed the item during the reference period are given alongside the estimates of per capita consumption. The reference period was “last 365 days” for clothing, footwear, education, institutional medical care, and durables (categories of infrequently purchased items). The reference period was “last 7 days” for edible oil, vegetables, meat/fish/eggs, fruits, salt and spices, beverages, refreshments and processed foods, pan, tobacco and intoxicants. For the remaining items of food and non-food, including cereals, pulses, milk and milk products, sugar, fuel, education, medical care, transport, all consumer services, and rent, the reference period was “last 30 days”. These estimates provide an alternative way of studying patterns of consumption by indicating the spread of consumption of an item among the population, or the shrinking of the segment of population consuming the item. 3.0.4 The estimates for the items whose consumption was reported by very few sample households, though presented for the sake of completeness, should obviously be used with more caution than estimates for items reported by a substantial number of households. 3.1 Cereals 3.1.1 General trends in quantity of consumption of cereals (considering the cereal group as a whole), as well as the variation in cereal consumption across MPCE classes, have been discussed extensively in NSS Report No.538: Level and Pattern of Consumption, NSS 66th Round. Table T4 shows per capita quantity of consumption and incidence of consumption in 2004-05 (NSS 61st round) and 2009-10 (66th round) of important individual cereal items listed in the schedule of enquiry. Since separate items are used in the schedule for PDS (public distribution system) and non-PDS consumption of rice and wheat/atta, these are shown separately in Table T4. 3.1.2 The general decline in cereal consumption is seen to affect all the individual cereals – rice, wheat, jowar (including jowar products), etc.

Summary of Findings 21


3.1.3 The share of PDS in rice and wheat consumption in 2009-10 shows a considerable rise compared to 2004-05. The PDS share in rice consumption in 2009-10 was about 23.5% in the rural sector (1.41 kg out of 6.00 kg per person) and about 18% in the urban (0.81 kg out of 4.52 kg per person). In 2004-05, the PDS share in rice consumption ranged between 11% and 13% in both sectors. The share of PDS in rural wheat consumption in 2009-10 was about 14.6% (0.62 out of 4.25 kg per person), which is almost double what it was in 2004-05 (7.4%), and the share of PDS in urban wheat consumption was about 9%, while the share in 2004-05 was only about 4%.

Table T4: Consumption of different cereals in 2004-05 and 2009-10, all-India

cereal

year

per capita qty (kg) consumed in 30 days

percentage of hhs consuming$ in a 30-day period

rural urban rural urban (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

rice: PDS* 04-05 0.84 0.53 24.4 13.1 09-10 1.41 0.81 39.1 20.5 rice: other sources*

04-05 5.54 4.18 85.3 89.1 09-10 4.59 3.71 84.7 87.4

rice: all sources

04-05 6.38 4.71 - - 09-10 6.00 4.52 - -

wheat/ atta: PDS@

04-05 0.31 0.17 11.0 5.8 09-10 0.62 0.37 27.6 17.6

wheat/ atta: other sources@

04-05 3.89 4.19 63.5 79.5 09-10 3.63 3.71 64.4 74.9

wheat/ atta: all sources

04-05 4.19 4.36 - - 09-10 4.25 4.08 - -

jowar & its products

04-05 0.43 0.22 9.6 7.8 09-10 0.29 0.18 9.2 7.5

bajra & its products

04-05 0.39 0.11 7.2 4.0 09-10 0.26 0.09 6.3 4.8

maize & its products

04-05 0.31 0.025 8.0 2.1 09-10 0.20 0.021 6.0 1.7

all cereals#

04-05 12.12 9.94 98.6 95.1 09-10 11.35 9.37 98.4 93.5

*excludes rice products @excludes other wheat products #includes all cereal products $Note that these are the percentages of households reporting cereal items, and excludes the households whose members consumed cereals only as part of meals prepared outside the household (in restaurants, in other households, etc.).

22 Chapter Three


3.2 Pulses and pulse products 3.2.1 Table T5 shows trends in per capita quantity of consumption and incidence of consumption for the most commonly consumed pulse varieties: arhar, moong, masur, urd, and split gram, as well as for the pulses and pulse products group as a whole. 3.2.2 There has been a general fall in consumption of pulses between 2004-05 and 2009-10, the decline being steeper in both relative and absolute terms for the rural sector. Overall consumption of the pulses group has dropped since 2004-05 from 0.71 kg to 0.65 kg per capita in the rural sector and from 0.82 kg to 0.79 kg per capita in the urban sector. At the level of individual cereals, there has been a decline both in per capita consumption and incidence of consumption (measured by percentage of households reporting consumption) in case of arhar, moong and masur, and an increase in case of split gram, showing a tendency of the population to substitute less expensive pulse varieties for more expensive ones.

Table T5: Consumption of major pulses in 2004-05 and 2009-10, all-India

pulse type

year

per capita qty (kg) consumed in 30 days

% of consuming hhs* (in 30 days)

rural urban rural urban (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

arhar 04-05 0.21 0.30 56.8 71.1 09-10 0.16 0.26 53.8 69.4

moong 04-05 0.09 0.11 43.7 59.4 09-10 0.07 0.10 40.5 56.6

masur 04-05 0.11 0.09 37.9 37.1 09-10 0.08 0.08 34.9 35.3

urd 04-05 0.08 0.09 35.4 41.7 09-10 0.07 0.09 35.4 43.1 gram (split)

04-05 0.06 0.07 33.2 44.3 09-10 0.08 0.08 38.7 43.1

all pulses & pulse products

04-05 0.71 0.82 97.3 94.4 09-10 0.65 0.79 96.9 92.7

*Note that these are the percentages of households reporting items of pulses, and excludes the households whose members consumed pulses only as part of meals prepared outside the household (in restaurants, in other households, etc.).

3.2.3 At all-India level monthly per capita consumption of pulses and pulse products was estimated as 651g in rural and 788g in urban India (Table T6). In value terms monthly per capita consumption was Rs.35.03 in rural and Rs.49.12 in urban India. Fig 1 shows the composition of pulse consumption in quantity terms. Full details, including State/UT-level estimates, are

Summary of Findings 23


available in Table 1, Appendix A. State/UT-level estimates of per capita quantity of consumption of the pulse varieties listed in Table T1 also appear on pages 37 and 38 (Statement 1).

Fig 1: Pattern of pulse consumption, all‐India

RURAL URBAN 3.2.4 Arhar (tur) accounted for as much as 25% of pulse consumption in rural areas and 34% in urban areas. Moong, masur and split gram contributed about 10-13% each in both rural and urban India. Products of pulses and gram had a total share of 8% in rural and 10% in urban areas. While whole gram had a share of 5% in both sectors, the share of peas was markedly higher in rural (9%) than in urban India.

Table T6: Details of consumption of selected pulses and pulse products, all-India

pulse/ pulse product per capita consumption in 30 days % of consuming hhs (in

30 days) quantity (g) value (Rs.) R U R U R U

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) arhar, tur 163 264 11.54 20.10 53.8 69.4 gram: split 77 79 2.91 3.24 38.7 43.1 gram: whole 33 39 1.19 1.65 17.5 22.5 moong 73 104 4.86 7.35 40.5 56.6 masur 79 78 4.83 4.98 34.9 35.3 urd 72 90 4.07 5.68 35.4 43.1 peas 57 25 1.51 0.82 15.3 11.0 besan 38 58 1.55 2.48 27.7 38.1 all pulses & products 651 788 35.03 49.12 96.9 92.7

3.3 Edible oil 3.3.1 Monthly per capita edible oil consumption was estimated as 636g in rural India and 818g in urban India (Table 1 of Appendix A, all-India, all decile classes).

arhar, tur25%

gram: split12%

moong11%

masur12%

urd11%

other pulses7%

peas9%

gram and pulse

products8%

gram: whole5%

arhar, tur34%

gram: split10%

moong13%

masur10%

urd11%

other pulses4%

peas3%

gram and pulse

products10%

gram: whole5%

24

NSS Report

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