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A synthetic note about the phenomenon of theCentral-Asian Early Iron Age “painted ware cultures”

(2nd -1st millennium B.C.)Johanna Lhuillier

To cite this version:Johanna Lhuillier. A synthetic note about the phenomenon of the Central-Asian Early Iron Age“painted ware cultures” (2nd -1st millennium B.C.). Bulletin of the International Institute of Cen-tral Asian Studies, International Institute for Central Asian Studies (Samarkand) 2011, 13, pp.9-20.�halshs-01534935�

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ISSN 1694-5794

BULLETIN OF IICAS publication of the International Institute for Central Asian Studies (Samarkand)

VOLUME 13, 2011

Editorial board: Sh.M. Mustafayev, (editor-in-chief) , K.M . Baipakov, Sh. Pidayev, R. Nazarov, H.S. Lee, M . Kalpakli , F.M. Asadov, B. Amanbaeva , M . Ashraf Khan , M .H. Khani

Translated into English: S. Gaziyev

Computer design: A. Yuldashev

Address: International Institute for Central Asian Studies 19, University Boulevard str. , 140129, Samarkand , Uzbekistan Tel.: (99866) 235 1520; 235 1522 Fax: (998-66) 235 1559; E-mail: iicas@rol.uz Web-site: www.unesco-iicas.org

The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this edition and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the organization. Nor do they the expression of any opinions as the part of UNESCO concerningthe legal status of any country, territory, city or area or ofits authoritïes, or concerningthe delimitation ofits frontier or boundaries.

© International Institute for Central Asian Studies, 2011

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CONTENTS

Dodkhudoeva L. "Microsociology" of Central Asia reflected in photo documents of 20th century 3

J. Lhuillier A Synthetic note about the phenomenon of the Cetral-Asian early iron age "Painted ware cultures" (2nd_Pt millenium B.e.) 9

AsanovT. On the cultural and economic territory and ethno-social structure ofKyrgyz nomadic society

Shikhiyeva S. Nesimi and Uzbek classic poetry during the age ofTimurids (lSth_16th centuries)

Elemanova S. On a current state and study of the traditional Kazakh music culture

LeotarF. Karakalpak bards ofUzbekistan: elements of musical aesthetics

CONFERENCES

The second meeting of the Coordinating committee on SeriaI nomination of the Silk Road to the World Heritage List. Ashgabat Agreement

Central Asian networking meeting on the preservation of intangible cultural heritage

INFORMATION ON ACTIVITIES OF IICAS

The visit to IICAS by the Head of UNESCO Office in Bangkok

SCHOLARSOFCENTRALAS~

Professor Y.A. Sher turned 80

21

28

46

58

65

68

71

72

BECTHMK MML1A11, BbIIIYCK 13, 2011 BULLETIN OF IICAS, VOLUME 13, 2011

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B QEHTPAAbHOHA31I1I (11-1 TbIC.HqEAETIUI AO H. 3.)

A SYNTHETIC NOTE ABOUT THE PHENOMENON OF THE CENTRAL-ASIAN EARLY IRON AGE "PAINTEDWARE CULTURES" (2ND-IS™ILLENNIUMB.C.)

© 20 Il r. )I{. AloHAbe

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BepHoM CorAe [Rapin, 2007], B qaqe [Duke, 1982; <l>H­

AaHOBH'l 1983, 2010]; B YCTpynraHe [EeA.sIeBa, 1991];

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rrpoBcKHH, 1962; MaT6aeB, 1985] H B KHprH3HH [3a­

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9

© 2011 J. Lhuillier Paris, France

After the end of the Bronze Age, the Central Asia

is characterized during Early Iron Age, around 1500-

1400/1000-900 BCE [Francfort & Kuz'mina 1999] by

major ideological upheavals throughout Central Asia.

In this period, a medley of cultures coexist known as

"handmade painted ware cultures" (fig. 1)I. AlI are

sedentary cultures, whose economy relies on agricul­

ture and cattle rearing, and whose ceramics are mainly

handmade and sometimes painted. However, each cul­

ture has its own specific material features. Currently dif­

ferent groups have been identified in Turkmenistan, in

Margiana [Masson, 1959], in the foothills of the Kopet

Dagh [Lecomte, 2007] and in the Turkmenabad oasis

[Pilipko, 1979]; in the north-eastern region of Khoras­

an, in Iran [Venco Ricciardi, 1980]; in Afghanistan, in

southern Bactria [Sarianidi, 1989]; in south-eastern

Tajikistan, in north-eastern Bactria [Vinogradova, Ra­

nov & Filomonova, 2008]; in Uzbekistan, in north­

western Bactria [Askarov & Al'baum, 1979; Rtveladze,

2007; Sagdullaev, 1987; Shajdullaev, 2000; Sverchkov

& Boroffka, 2007], in southern Sogdia [Isamiddinov & Khasanov, 2000] and in northern Sogdia [Rapin,2007],

in Chach [Duke, 1982; Filanovich 1983, 2010]; in Us­

trushana [Beljajeva, 1991]; and finally in the Fergana

valley in Uzbekistan [Zadneprovskij, 1962; Matbabaev,

1985] and in Kyrgyzstan [Zadneprovskij, 1997].

MATERIALAND SOCIOECONOMIC

CHARACTERIZATION

THE CORPUS UNDER STUDY

A large corpus of firsthand data was examined, espe­

cially ceramics, from the major sites where French mis­

sions are currently working: the MAFOuz-Sogdiane at

Koktepe and Afrasiab; the MAFOuz-Protohistoire at

Dzharkutan and the MAFTur at Ulug-depe. Were also

studied other materials from Dzham-53 site, excavated

bythe Italo-Uzbekmission of Samarkand and from San­

gir-tepe (MAFOuz-Sogdiane)2. This initial corpus was

then completed by the study of abundant mate rials from

AIOUAbe )1(. Lhuillier J.

Puc. 1. PaCnOAO'ICel-lUe "YAbmyp pacnuCl-lOu KepaMUKU Fig 1. Location of painted ware cultures

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10

more ancient but published or unpublished excavations from Kuchuk-tepe (A.A. Askarov's excavations, ceramic stored in the National Museum of Tashkent and in the Termez museum), Dzharkutan (Sh. Shajdullaev's exca­vations, ceramic stored in the Institute of Archaeology of Samarkand), Tuyabuguz (Kh.l. Duke's excavations, ceramic stored in the Institute of Archaeology of Sa­markand) and sites of the Chust culture, in Kyrgyzstan Ou.A. Zadneprovkij's excavations, ceramic stored in the Sulejman-Too Museum of History and Archaeology and in the Osh museum) and in Uzbekistan Ou.A. Zad­neprovkij's excavations, ceramic stored in the National museum of Tashkent and in the Registan museum of Samarkand). AlI together, more than 8000 potsherds, of which 7000 are unpublished, were examined. Un­published and published data collected over the past 50 years and amounting to 500 references in Russian com­pleted the study.

In spite of a scatlered and disparate literature, the ex­haustive inventory of references has enabled the identifi­cation of 246 sites where evidences of painted ware cul­tures type material were found. Archaeological research

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11

BULLETIN OF IICAS, VOLUME 13, 2011

so far has demonstrated that these cultures occupied the territory in very different ways depending on the area. Thus, cultures in Sogdia, in the oasis of Turkmenabad and in south-west Tajikistan numberless than ten settle­ments, while those in Margiana or in the Fergana valley number several dozen. Although the scattering of sites and cultures may look disparate, it shows a continuous occupation of this vast territory stretching from Tash­kent in Uzbekistan in the north to Shibergan in Afghani­stan in the south and from the Kyrgyz Fergana valley in the east to Iranian Khorasan in the west.

THE MATERlAL COMPLEX Our pluridisciplinary approach ofEarly Iron Age cul­

tures in Central Asia determined the common and spe­cific features of these painted ware cultures. The study revealed that the production of ceramics in the Early Iron Age differs very clearly from one settlement to the other.

This diversity stems from the technological variety as three firing techniques were used: open area firing, pit firing and kiln firing. The use of coiling is the only com­mon practice in all the sites under study. But sorne other techniques exist and mark regional variations. In the northern cultures, the lower part of pottery is moulded on a convex stand covered with a fabric that leaves im­prints on the internaI face of the pottery. Morphological diversity is also significant and cultural practices differ strongly from one end of the geographical area under study to the other. Whereas most of scholars assumed that the potter's wheel and turntable where no longer used after the end of the Bronze Age, we have been able to show that the turn-table was still used during the Ear­ly Iron Age at different moments of the manufacturing, shaping as well as finishing, and that a combination of coiling and wheel-shaping techniques were often em­ployed. Furthermore, using this method, we have shown a correlation between the morphological categories and the techniques used. This is particularly clear in Ulug­depe (Turkmenistan) and Dzharkutan (Uzbekistan), where the rotation is exclusively used in a few morpho­logical categories with very similar profiles and sizes (fig. 2), which make the whole production very close to stan­dardization.

Sorne of these vases are decorated, but their ratio in the total production varies very mu ch from one site to the other. Usually, the part of decorated ceramics is esti­mated to 1 % to 5% of total production, but in the corpus we studied, which is very representative of the period, we found more significant proportions with percentages

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(TypKMeHIfCTaH) If A)I(apKyTaHe (Y36eKlfCTaH), rAe Bpa­I.qeHIfe IfCnOAb30BaHO TOAbKO B HeMHOrme MOp<j>OAOrIf­qeCKlfX KaTerOpIDIX C 06I.qIfMIf <j>OpMaMIf If pa3MepaMIf (pIfC. 2). 3TO BeCbMa cTaHAapTIf3IfpyeT BeCb npoqecc npoIf3BoAcTBa.

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XOpOIIIO If3BeCTHbI TpIf crroco6a pacrrIfCbIBaHlfjI rro­CYAbI. CaMa rro ce6e paCrrIfCHaR nOCYAa 60Aee pacnpo­CTpaHeHa, 'leM rrocYAa C pe3HbIM If HaAenHbIM 0pHaMeH­TOM. EbIAO IfAeHTIf<j>IfqIfpoBaHO 60Aee 300 3CKlf30B, KOTOpbIe cBIfAeTeAbCTByroT 0 60AbIIIOM KyAbTypHOM If reorpa<j>IfqeCKOM pa3Hoo6pa3IfIf. KaK npaBlfAO, HaIf6o­Aee TIfnlf'lHbIH AeKop BKAIOqaeT B ce6j1 ropIf30HTaAbHbIH <j>pIf3 B BepXHeH TpeTIf Ba3bI If AlfHIfIO Ha BHYTpeHHeM Kpae, 3a IfCKAIOqeHIfeM KyAbTypbI qycTa (<I>epraHCKaR AOAlfHa), rAe rrpeo6AaAaIOT BepTIfKaAbHbIe y30pbI. B CaMOM <j>pIf3e pocnIfCb nOBTOpjleT TOT )I(e y30p Alf60 BKAIOqaeT pa3Alf'1HbIe pIfCYHKlf, paCnOAO)I(eHHbIe PMOM rro npIfHqHIIY CIfMMeTpIfIf (pIfC. 3) If OHIf ClfAbHO OTAlf­qaIOTCjI OT OAHoro noceAeHlfjI K ApyrOMY. TaKlfM o6pa-30M, 60Aee lfAlf MeHee KOMllAeKCHaR accoqIfélqlfjl PIfCYH­KOB CaMa no ce6e npeAonpeAeAReT cooTBeTcTByIOI.qee reorpa<j>IfqeCKOe paCnOAO)I(eHIfe. 11 XOTjI 3TIf rrpIfHqlfllbI pocrrIfcIf A0A)I(HbI 6bIAlf 6bITb pe3yAbTaTOM onpeAeAeH­Horo cIfcTeMaTIf3IfpOBaHlfjI, TaK KaK rrocYAa Ha K~OM yqacTKe BeCbMa CTaHAapTIf3IfpOBaHa, OCHOBbI nOAo6-Horo cIfcTeMaTIf3IfpOBaHlfjI HeIf3BeCTHbI. PeAKo MO)I(HO BCTpeTIfTb ABa a6coAIOTHO OAlfHaKOBbIX If3AeAlfjl, 'ITO n03BOAReT rrpeAnoAaraTb, qTO rOH'lap rrOAb30BaACjI OT­HOCIfTeAbHOH «cBo6oAOH TBOpqeCTBa».

HaIIIa pa60Ta TaK)I(e AeMoHcTpIfpyeT cJI.qecTBo­BaHIfe TeCHOH CBjl3If Me~y onpeAeAeHHbIMIf TIfnaMIf AIf3aHHa, Mop<j>oAOrIf'leCKOH <j>OpMOH If IfCnOAb30BaH­HbIMIf MeTOAaMIf. 3TO oco6o rrplfMeqaTeAbHO B cAyqae C OKpyrAaMIf COCYAaMIf pyqHOH pa6oTbI. K rrplfMepy, B A)I(apKyraHe 3TIf Ba3bI BcerAa pacKparneHbI OAHlfM no­BTOPjlIOI.qIfMCjI y30pOM, TorAa KaK Ba3bI B YAyr-Aene pac­rrIfcaHbI HaIf60Aee 6oraTo CO CAO)I(HbIM If MeAKlfM y30-pOM (EeHAe3y-CapMIfeHTo If ArolfAbe, B rre'laTIfj CAaHa ArolfAbe If <l>paHK<j>opoM). B KOKTene pe3HoH AeKop B OCHOBHOM BCTpeqaeTCjI Ha KysIIIIfHax pyqHOH pa60TbI (pIfC. 4). B3alfMOCBjl3b C OpHaMeHTOM If IfCnOAb30BaH­HOH TeXHOAorIfeH nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO TI.qaTeAbHOCTb rrpIf

12

Lhuillier J.

DZHAlIKUTAN

ULUG-DI'PE

1 I--~

~~ r-- l '«l \ Pue. 2. KepaMu/Ca c pacnUCHbtM OpHaMeHmOM U3

AJlCap/CymaHa u Y-tyz-oene Fig. 2. Ceramics with painted ornaments

from Dhzarkutan and Ulug-depe

ranging from 10 to 25 % according to the sites3•

Three decorative techniques are well known, with painted wares being far more widespread than incised and appliqué decorated ceramics. More than 300 paint­ed designs were identified and show a great cultural and geographical diversity. As a rule, the most typical decor includes a horizontal frieze in the upper third of the vase and a line on the internal face of the lip, with the exception of the Chust culture (Fergana valley) where vertical decorations prevail. Then within this frieze, the decor itself, repeats the same design or includes various patterns placed side by side according to symmetrical principles (fig. 3) that differ very much from one site to the other. Thus, the more or less complex association of patterns itself de termines a relevant geographical indica~ tion. Although these decorating principles might result from a codification, since the production of a site shows great homogeneity and more or less close similarities exist from one site to the other, the principles behind this codification are still very much unknown. It is un­common to find two ceramics with absolutely identi­cal painted designs, and this makes us believe that the potter benefited from a relative "individual freedom of expression':

Our work also demonstrated the existence of a close

BECTHMK MMl...(AM, BbIIIYCK 13, 20 11

rrpOH3BOACTBe 3aBHceAa OT 3HaqeHIDI H <PYHKl.I;Hl1 3TOH rrocYAbI.

HeKOTOpbIe 06Hap)')KeHHbIe rrpeAMeTbI rro TlUIOAorH­qeCKOH XpoHoAorHH rroKa3bIBaIOT) qTO ropillKH rpy60ro o6)KHra M5l rrpHroToBAeHIDI rrHII:t;H) KOTOpbIe 3aqacTyIO OTHOCHAH K KyAbTypaM pacrrHCHOH KepaMHKH) Ha AeAe rrpHHaMe:>KaT K 60Aee rr03AHeMY rrepHoAY (AroHAbe) I1CaMHAAHHOB H ParreH) B rreqaTH) cpeAHero H rr03AHero )l{eAe3HOro BeKa.

PErHOHAAbHA1l KAPTOrPAcDlUI

PACIIHCHbIX KEPAMHqECKHX KYAbTYP

K HaCTO.sIII:t;eMY BpeMeHH 6bIAO orrHcaHO TpHHaAU;aTb KYAbTyp pacrrHcHoH KepaMHKH) HeKoTopble H3 HHX H3-BeCTHbI TOAbKO rro pacKoIIKaM H3 OAHOH TeppHTopHH: MaprHaHa) rrOAHO)l{lfe KorreTAara) XopacaH) TypKMeHa-6aAcKHH oa3Hc) 1O:>KHa.sI oaKTpIDI) ceBepo-3arraAHa.sI oaK­TpH.sI) ceBepo-BOCTOqHa.sI OaKTpIDI) lO:>KHbIH CorA) ceBep­HbIH CorA) qaq) YCTpYIIIaHa If <l>epraHCKa.sI AOAHHa.

3TH KyAbTypbI MoryT 6bITb cBeAeHbI K ceMH rpyrrrraM (pHe. 5):

- qaq) YCTpYIIIaHa H ceBepHbIH CorA) y KOTOpbIX CXO­)l{a.sI TeXHHKa rrpoH3BoAcTBa KepaMHKH) aHaAOrHqHble H3AeAH.sI H3 MeTaAAa H KaMH.sI H oAHHaKOBbIe apJGfTeK­TypHbIe cTaHAapTbI) OTHOC.sITC.sI K rpyrrrre A;

- <l>epraHa rrpeACTaBA.sIeT C060H OC06bIH rrpHMep (rpyrrrra B») TaK :>Ke KaK H lO:>KHbIH Co rA (rpyrrrra C) ;

- CeBepO-3arraAHa.sI OaKTpIDI (rpyrrrra D») ceBepo­BOCTOqHa.sI OaKTpH.sI (rpyrrrra E») 1O:>KHa.sI OaKTpH.sI (rpyrr­rra F) .sIBA.sIIOT C060H 060c06AeHHble rpyrrrrbI;

- TeXHOAOrH.sI rrpoH3BoAcTBa KepaMHKH H apXHTeK­Typa 061>eAHH.sIIOT MaprHaHY) rrOAHO)l{lfe KorreTAara) HpaHCKHH XopacaH H perüoH OAeH-Aerre (rpyrrrra G).

COOTBeTCTBeHHO rpyrrrrbI Ha OCHOBe rAaBHbIX pa3AH­qJfÜ H 06~HX qepT MoryT 6bITb cBeAeHbI K TpeM 60Ab­IIIHM KaTerOpH.sIM pacrrHcHbIX KepaMHqeCKHX KyAbTyp (pHC.S):

- KaTerOpH.sI 1) «ceBepHa.sI») BKAlOqaeT <l>epraHcKyIO AOAHHY) qaq) YCTpYIIIaHY H CorA (rpyrrrrbI A) B) C). 06-IllHe qepTbI 3TOH KaTeropHH: (1) OTHOCHTeAbHO rrpo­CTa.sI <popMa rrOCYAbI C He3aMbICAOBaTbIM opHaMeHToM; (2) 60Aee pa3BHTa.sI) qeM rAe-AH60 TpaAHU;H.sI MeTaAAyp­rHH; (3) KaMeHHble 0PYAH.sI) qaII:t;e HO:>KH H ceprrbI; (4) rrocTpOeHHbIe H3 Cblpu;oBoro KHprrHqa HAM :>Ke rAHHO-6HTHble AOMa) BKAlOqa.sI Xlf)l{HHbI H MHO:>KeCTBO rroAyrrOA-3eMHbIX AOMOB) C MHO:>KeCTBOM CHAOCHbIX.sIM BOKpyr.

- KaTerOpH.sI 2-«IO:>KHble» rpyrrrrbI BMeCTe C KyAbTy­paMH C rrOAHO)I{Jf.sI KorreTAara) IO:>KHOH MaprHaHbI) Xo­pacaHa H OAeH-TerrbI (TO eCTb rpyrrrrbI F HG). Ha60p KepaMHKH rrOKa3bIBaeT 60AbillOe pa3Ho06pa3He TeXHO-

13

BULLETIN OF IICAS, VOLUME 13, 2011

relation between determined types of designs) the mor­phological shape and the technique employed. It is particularly remarkable in the case ofhandmade wheel­shaped vessels. In Dzharkutan for example) these vases are always painted with the same motifs) while the vases in Ulug-depe are the most richly decorated with com­plex and meticulous designs (Bendezu-Sarmiento & Lhuillier) on press; Lhuillier & Francfort) submitted). In Koktepe) the incised decorations are mostly found on handmade jars (fig. 4). The correlation between the or­namentation and technology indicates that the involve­ment in making these depends on their meaning or their function.

Sorne typo-chronological elements that were exca­vated show that coarse-tempered cooking pots that have often been categorized as belonging to the painted ware cultures) should in fact be dated to a much later chrono­logical indicator (Lhuillier) Isamiddinov & Rapin) in press) that continued and developed in the Middle and Late Iron Age.

A REGIONAL CARTOGRAPHY OF PAINTED

WARE CULTURES

Currently) thirteen of these painted ware cultures have been characterized) sorne of which are only known from one site: Margiana) the foothills of Kopet Dagh) Khorasan) Turkmenabad oasis) southern Bactria) north­western Bactria) north-eastern Bactria) southern Sogdia) northern Sogdia) Chach) Ustrushana and the Fergana valley.

These cultures can be aggregated into seven groups (fig. 5):

- Chach) Ustrushana and northern Sogdia) which share the same cerarnic technologies) the same metallurgic and

Puc. 3. KpaUlCHa51 8a3a U3 ~y2-aene (© MAFTur) Fig. 3. Painted vase from Ulug-depe (© MAFTur)

AIOUAbe )K.

AOrYlH, MOp<pOAOrHqeCKHX <pOpM H CTHAeH:. Ho 3AeCb IIpaKTHqeCKH HeT KaMeHHbIX HAR :>KeAe3HbIX 0PYAHH: Tpy­Aa, 6pOH30BbIe HaKOHeqHRKH cTpeA .sIBNIIOTOI HCKAIOqe­HHeM. AOMa IIocTpoeHbI H3 rAHHbI HAR cblpqoBoro KHP­IIHqa, MHorHe H3 HHX AHlIIb HeoIIpeAeAeHHbIe CTpOeHH.sI HAR BpeMeHHbIe CTO.sIHKH. EOAbIIIHe coopy:>KeHH.sI CTpO­HARCb Ha IIAaT<popMax H3 rAHH.sIHbIX KHpIIlfqeH:.

- KaTerOpH.sI 3-«qeHTpaAbHbIe» rpyrrIIbI BMeCTe C KyAbTypaMH ceBepHOH: EaKTpHH B HbIHelIIHeH: y36eKCKOH: CypxaHAapbe H IOrO-3aIIaAHOM TaA:>KHKHCTaHe (TO eCTb rpyrrIIbI D HE). Ha60p KepaMRKH AOBOAbHO-TaKH 3a­MblCAOBaT. HaH60Aee THIIHqHbI KaMeHHbIe HO:>KH H cep­IIbI. ECTb AOKa3aTeAbCTBa HaAHqH.sI MeTaAAyprHqeCKOH: IIPOAYKl.\HH. EOAbIIIHe coopy:>KeHH.sI CTpOHARCb Ha IIAaT­<pOpMax H3 rAHH.sIHbIX KHpIIHqeH:.

3TH TPH KaTeropHH (pHC. 5) OTpa:>KaIOT pa3AHqH.sI B MaTepHaAbHOH: COCTaBNlIOm;eH:, a TaK:>Ke B X03.sIH:CTBe H 06pa3e :>KH3HH. OHH TaK:>Ke MoryT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb HeCKOAbKHM IIOAHTlfqeCKHM 06pa30BaHH.sIM, Ka:>KAOe H3 KOTOpbIX pa3BHBaAOCb caMOCTO.sITeAbHO. TeM He MeHee, X03.sIH:CTBO H MaTepHaAbHa.sI KyAbTypa B 3THX KaTerOpH.sIX 06'beAHH.sIIOT Bee YKa3aHHbIe rpyrrIIbI B 60Aee KpyrrHbIH: KyAbTypHbIH:, a B03MO:>KH0 H peAHrH03HbIH: <peHOMeH.

3KOHOMHKA, OBII(ECTBO H PEAllflUl

OTAHqH.sI, Ha6AIOAaeMbIe B MaTepHaAbHbIX c60pax, CKopee Beero, qaCTHqHO COOTBeTCTBYIDT COqHaAbHO 3KO­HOMHqeCKHM pa3AHqH,SIM. 3TO IIpHMep caMOAOCTaTOq­Horo X03.sIH:CTBa: cpeAH 3eMAeAeAbqeCKO-IIaCTYIIIecKHX

1 ~\ J 1 çy ~

Lhuillier J.

lithic productions and the same architectural standards! are in group A;

- Fergana is a special case (group C), as is southern Sogdia is (group B);

- North-western Bactria (group D), north-eastern Bactria (group E), southern Bactria (group F) are distinct groups;

- Ceramics technologies and architecture group to­gether Margiana, the foothills of the Kopet Dagh, Iranian Khorasan and the Odej-depe region (group G).

These groups can be integrated into three larger cat­egories of painted ware cultures (fig. 5), which are based on the major differenees and common features of these cultural groups:

- Ensemble 1 "north" includes the Fergana valley! Chach, Ustrushana and Sogdia (i.e. groups A, B, C). Common features of this ensemble are: (1) relatively simple eeramics forms with a simple ornament cata­logue, (2) a metallurgical tradition far more advanced than anywhere else, (3) Lithic tools, which frequently include knives and sickles, (4) Houses, made of raw bricks or adobe, including sorne huts on posts and many of serni-subterranean huts with numerous grain silos around them.

- Ensemble 2 "south" groups together cultures from the foothills of the Kopet Dagh, southern Margiana! Khorasan and Odej-tepe (i.e. groups F & G). Technolo­gies, morphological shapes and styles show a great va­riety in the eeramics complex. But there are hardly any

1 I~\ 1 IQ (

1 1 @> \ ) I ~ (

Pue. 4. KepaMUica e pe3HblM opHaMeHmoM U3 KOIcmene Fig. 4. Examples Of jars with incised omament from Koktepe

14

---5em

BECTHMK MMJM11, BbIIIYCK 13, 2011

Ensemble 1

BULLETIN OF IICAS, VOLUME 13, 2011

Ensemble 3 "centre"

Ensemble 2 ------::=::-.."" "south"

Puc. 5. PacnpeoeAeHue KYAbmyp KpaUleHou KepaMUKU no zpynnaM u KamezopwlM Fig. 5. Distribution of painted ware cultures, cultural groups and larger categories

KyAbTyp COOTHOlIIemœ rracT6Hlu;Horo )KHBOTHOBOACTBa H ceAbCKOrO X03.SI:aCTBa CHAbHO OTAH'IaAaCb OT OAHOH rpyrrnbI K APyrOH. CaMbIe ceBepHbIe KyAbTypbI B03BO­AHAH nOAyrroA3eMHbIe )KHAHrn;a, oKpy)KeHHbIe MHoro­qHCAeHHbIMH CHAOCHbIMH .sIMaMH, 'lTO He Ha6AlOAaeTc.SI B lO)l(HbIX perHoHax. TaM)Ke 60AblIIe Bcero HaxOAOK KO­CTea AOIuaAeH H OCTaTKOB c6pYH. Y)Ke 3TH AaHHbIe, He­CMOTp.sI Ha CAO)KHOCTb HHTeprrpeTHpOBaHH.sI, YKa3bIBaIOT Ha KOqeBOe nacTyrnecTBo, pacrrpOCTpaHeHHoe B ceBep­HbIX CTeIlSlX U;eHTpaAbHOH A3HH. HarrpoTHB, B IO)KHbIX perHoHax 60Aee pa3BHTbI opOCHTeAbHbIe CHCTeMbI, YKa-3bIBalOII\He Ha rrpeeMCTBeHHOCTb C 3eMAeAeAb'leCKHMH CTPYKTypaMH, pa3BHBlIIHMHC.sI B 6pOH30BbIH BeK.

OTCyTcTBHe npeAMeTOB pOCKOlIIH H 3axopoHeHHH AaeT HeBepHoe npeACTaBAeHHe 0 COU;HaAbHbIX CTPYKTy­pax 3THX KyAbTyp, yrrpOrn;a.sI MX. THrrbI KepaMHKH H Me­TaAAyprHqeCKOrO rrpOH3BOACTBa YKa3bIBaIOT Ha 'laCTH'l­HYIO CneU;HaAH3aU;HIO peMeCAeHHoro rrpOH3BOACTBa (MeTaAAyprHSl B ceBepHbIX KyAbTypax, KepaMHKa B IO)K­HbIX). DOAee Toro, pa3BHTHe MOH}'MeHTaAbHOH apXHTeK­TypbI H YKpeIlAeHHH AOKa3bIBaeT HaAH'lHe 3AHT crroc06-HbIX opraHH30BaTb rrocTpollKy 60AblIIMX coopy)KeHHH H IlOAAep:>KHBaTb opOCHTeAbHbIe CHCTeMbI (B IO)KHbIX perHoHax). BAacTb, CKopee Bcero, He 6bIAa u;eHTpaAH-30BaHa, a opraHH30BaHa AHlIIb B CTerreHH, AOCTaTO'lHOH AMI ynpaBAeHHSI TeppHTopHeH H KOHTpOA.sI HaA CeAbCKO­X03RHCTBeHHbIMH yrOAb.sIMH. 3TO OrrpeAeA.sIAO COU;HaAb­HbIe H peAHrH03HbIe rrpHHU;HIIbI MX MaTepHaAbHOH KyAb-

15

typical lithic or metallic tools, apart from the bronze arrowheads. Houses are made of raw bricks or abodej many are just undetermined constructions on posts. Big citadels were built on mud brick platforms.

- Ensemble 3 "centre" groups together cultures of northern Bactria, in present Uzbek Surkhan-Darya and south-western Tajikistan (i.e. groups D & E). The ceram­ic complex is quite elaborate. Lithic knives and sickle are particularly typical. Evidence of metallurgical produc­tion exists. Citadels were built on mud brick platforms.

These three ensembles (fig. 5) refer to variations in the material complex, but also in economy and way of life. They may also correspond to several political bod­ies, each one of which pursued its own development independentIy. Nevertheless, economy and mate rial cultures in these categories link all the cultural groups together into a larger cultural and possibly religious phe­nomenon.

ECONOMY, SOCIETY AND RELIGION

Differences observed in the material assembling seem to correspond partIy to socioeconomic variations. This is the case for subsistence economy: among agro-pas­toral cultures, the ratio and nature of cattle rearing and agriculture varied greatIy from one group to the other. The northernmost cultures developed a semi-subterra­ne an architecture, surrounded by numerous silos, which don't exist in the southern regions. This is also where the

Typbl, qTO 06'b5ICIDIeT OTCyTcTBHe rrpeAMeTOB pOCKOIIIH, rro KpaflHe Mepe B C03AaHHH AOAI'OBeqHbIX rrpeAMeTOB 6blTa (AroHAbe, B rreqaTH). BorrpeKH 06rn;errpHIDITb1M rrpeACTaBAeHH5IM, OqeBHAHa5I CKpOMHOCTb MaTepH­aAbHOrO 6blTa He065I3aTeAbHO 03HaqaeT COqHaAbHO-3KOHOMHQecKYID, rrOAHT~eCKYID H KyAbTypHyro «rrpH­MHTHBHOCTb».

TOQHa5I q,opMa rrpaKTHKOBaBIIIHXC5I BepOBaHHH He­H3BeCTHa, HO OT~aeTC5I OT BpeMeH 6pOH30Boro BeKa. HeKoTopbIe 3AeMeHTbl, BrrOCAeACTBHH pa3BHBIIIHeC5I B Ma3AeH3M, y)l(e 3aMeTHbI. K rrpHMepy, TaKHe, KaK Bbl­CTaBAeHHe OCTaHKOB ycorrIIIHX. AIITpOrrOAOrHQeCKOe HCCAeAOBaHHe OCTaHKOB yKa3bIBaeT Ha TO, QTO KOCTH 6bIAH paCCe5IHbl rro pa3HbIM CA05IM rroceAeH}iH, B pa3~­HbIX MecTax. Bep05ITHo, B )l(eAe3HblH BeK KaxeKCH5I CTaAa OCHOBHOH q,OpMOH rrorpe6eHH5I H rrpe06AaAaAa Ha BceM IO)l(HOM rrpOCTpaHCTBe I4eHTpaAbHOH A3HH. Hap5IAY c HeH cyrn;ecTBOBaAH H HHbIe 06P5IAbl, TaKHe, KaK c60p rrpaxa B ypHbl HAM )l(e rrorpe6eHHe OCTaHKOB B OTAeAb­HbIX HAM 06rn;HX MOrHAax 6e3 rrOrpe6aAbHbIX Bern;eH. CTerreHb pacrrpOCTpaHeHHOCTH H yCAOBH5I rroA06HbIX 06p5IAOB He yCTaHoBAeHbI.

rEHE311C, PA3BIITIIE Il IIC'lE3HOBEHIIE

PACnllCHbIX KEPAMllqECKHX KYAbTYP

Pa3BepHYTa5I KaTeropH3aqH5I TeppHTopHH (pHC. 5) H H3yqeHHe MaTepHaAbHbIX KyAbTyp QaCT~HO AaIOT OT­BeTbl Ha Borrpoc 0 rrepexoAe OT 6pOH30Boro BeKa, XOT5I 3Ta rrp06AeMaTHKa Bce ern;e rrpeAMeT AA5I AHCKyCCHH [CM. Ky3bMHHa, 2007, rA. 26, 0630p rHrrOTe3J. I4eHTpaAbHa5I A3H5I KaK eAHHoe qeAoe 6bIAa MeCTOM KOHTaKTOB co CTerrHOH KyAbTypOH Ha rrpOT5I)l(eHHH Bcero 6pOH30Boro BeKa, B oc06eHHOCTH B rr03AHHH BeK 6pOH3bI. 3TH KOH­TaKTbl 6bIAH rrpOAOA)l(HTeAbHbIMH H MHpHbIMH, K HaQaAY )l(eAe3HOro BeKa He 6bIAO BTOp)l(eHHH HAM MHrpaqHH, OHH BHeCAH CBOH BKAaA B 06pa30BaHHe H CTpyKTypy KyAbTyp paHHero )l(eAe3HOro BeKa. BAH5IHHe CTerrHbIX KyAbTyp oc06eHHo 3aMeTHO B ceBepHoH KaTeropHH 1, Qb5I TeppHTOpH5I C 6poH30Boro BeKa 6bIAa rrOA Herro­cpeAcTBeHHblM BAH5IHHeM CTerrH. Ho B « qeHTpaAbHoH» H «IO)l(HOI1» KaTeropH5IX 2 H 3 KOQeBa5I KyAbTypa CTOA­KHyAacb C HaCAeAHeM MeCTHOH qHBHAM3aqHH OKca. B paHHeM )l(eAe3HOM BeKe 06a TeQeHH5I B3aHMOAeHCTBoBa­AH H yqacTBOBaAH B reHe3Hce H pa3BHTHH KyAbTyp pac­rrHCHOH KepaMHKH. OceAAa5I qHBHAM3aqH5I 06'b5ICIDIeT KyAbTypHyro rrpeeMCTBeHHOCTb, KOTOpa5I 3aMeTHa B Ke­paMHKe, B apXHTeKType H 3eMAeAeAHH, TorAa KaK CTerr­Ha5I TpaAHqH5I XOTb H rrpHBHOCHAa MaA03aMeTHbIe H3-MeHeHH5I B KepaMHKy, HO cyrn;ecTBeHHbIe-B X035IHCTBO, B oc06eHHOCTH B Tex cq,epax, KOTopble He 6bIAH OCBoeHbl

16

Lhuillier J.

ratio ofhorse bones and harness equipment is the high­est. This data alone, though difficult to interpret, makes sense when talking about nomadic pastoralism, which is widespread in the northern steppes of Central Asia. On the contrary, in southern regions, irrigation networks are more developed and show continuity with the agri­cultural structures developed in the Bronze Age.

The absence of prestigious goods and burials gives a mistaken image of the social structures of these cultures as simple in character. The nature of cerarnic and met­allurgic productions indicates a partial specialization of craft production (of metallurgic production in the north­ern cultures, of ceramic production in the southern cul­tures). Furthermore, the development of monumental architecture and fortifications prove society was struc­tured with elites able to organize large-scale construc­tion works and maintenance of the irrigation networks (in the southern regions). Power was probably little centralized and organized so as to manage the territory and control lands for agriculture. It defined social and religious princip les for their material culture and lauded the absence of prestigious goods, at least when made of lasting materials (Lhuillier, submitted). Unlike what is commonly thought, the apparent austerity of material assemblages does not necessarily entail socioeconornic, political and cultural "simplicity':

The nature of the religion practiced remains un­known, but it is distinct from the Bronze Age. Sorne ele­ments that willlater develop into mazdeism are already apparent, such as the exhibition of corpses for example. An anthropological study ofbone remains showed that bones were scattered in the different settlement layers on many sites Emaciation probably became the major mortuary treatment and prevailed throughout southern Central Asia in the Iron Age, while other marginal prac­tices also existed such as the secondary deposit ofbones or the burial of corpses in individual or collective tombs without funeral deposits, so that the conditions of these different practices cannot be determined.

GENESIS, DEVELOPMENT AND DISAPPEARING

OF PMNTEDWARE CULTURES

The elaborate categorization of territory (fig. 5) and the study of their material culture provide sorne answers to the question of the transition from the Bronze Age, question still subject to debate [see Kuz'mina, 2007, chap. 26, for a review of hypothesisesJ. Central Asia as a whole was marked by contacts with steppe people all along the Bronze Age and more strongly in the Late Bronze Age. These contacts were lengthy and peaceful,

BECTHMK MMLTA11, BbIIIYCK 13, 2011

'-lHBHAI13alV'feM OKca. CAO:>Imo orrpeAeAHTb 6blAH AH 3TH KyAbTypHbIe H3MeHeHIDI CBH3aHbI C MHrpaU;IDIMH HaCeAe­HlfjI, H Borrpoc 06 3THH':IeCKOM rrpHHaMe:>KHOCTH AlOAeM KyAbTypbI pacrrHcHoM KepaMHKH OCTaeTCH OTKpbITbIM. CKopee Beero, KyAbTypa rr03AHero :>KeAe3HOro BeKa rrpo­HCXOAHT OT HHTeHCHBHoro B3aHMoAeMcTBIDI AByx KyAb­TypHblX Te':leHHM Ha rrpOTjI)I(eHHH rr03AHero BeKa 6pOH-3bI H Bcero :>KeAe3HOro BeKa. OAHO HarrpaBAeHHe llIAO co CTeneH EBpa3HH Ha IOr B IJ;eHTpaAbHYIO A3HlO, a BTopoe C IOra Ha eeBep IJ;eHTpaAbHOM A3HH. Aa:>Ke B CAyqéUlX, KorAa KyAbTypbI « ceBepHoM» KaTeropHH rrOKa3bIBalOT npH3HaKH orrocpeAoBaHHoM CBH3H c CHHbU;3HHeM, o':le­BHAHO, qTO CHHbU;3HH He HBAHeTCH MeCToM 3apO:>KAeHIDI KyAbTyp pacrrHcHoM KepaMHKH [Francfort 2001; Lhuil­lier 2007].

Pe3yAbTaTbI Haillero HCCAeAOBaHIDI rrepexoAa C paH­Hero :>KeAe3HOro BeKa K cpeAHeMY H rr03AHeMY :>KeAe3HO­MY BeKy 0603HaqaIOT BeCbMa CXO:>KHe rrpou;eccbI, KaK B n03AHHH BeK 6POH3bI, TaK H B 3rroxy paHHero :>KeAe3HO­ro BeKa. B « QeHTpaAbHoM» H «1O:>KHOM » KaTerOpHjIX 2 H 3 KyAbTypa 5[3 II-III pa3BHAaCb H pacrrpOCTpaHHAaCb BllAOTb AO Xope3Ma. A B CorAHaHe, qaqe H B <PepraH­CKOH AOAHHe B0306AaAaAH MeCTHble KyAbTypbI [fop6y­HOBa, 1986; AHoHe, 2009]. OHH pa3BHBaAHCb AOKaAbHO H CHAbHO OTAHqaIOTCH APyr OT Apyra, 06HapY:>KHBaH, OAHaKO CXO:>KHe qepTbI C co CTerrHOM KyAbTypOM caKOB. HarrpoTHB, IO:>KHaH IJ;eHTpaAbHaH A3ID1 pa3BHBaAa CBH-3H C MHAHeH [Francfort & Lecomte 2002] H rr03:>Ke C AxeMeHHAaMH H3 MpaHa [Francfort 2005]. 3TO HaAO­:>KHAO orrpeAeAeHHble paMKH Ha KyAbTypHoe pa3BHTHe, HO OAHOBpeMeHHO C03AaAO B03MO:>KHOCTb KyAbTypHoro pa3BHTlfj{ B HeKOTopblX c<j>epax, TaKHX, KaK rAHnTHKa H KepaMHKa rOHqapHOrO Kpyra.

0606l'-\aH MO:>KHO CKa3aTb, qTO KyAbTypHaH TeppH­TOplfj{ 5[3 II-III rrepeceKaeTcH C 30HOM U;HBHAH3aU;HH OKca 6poH30Boro BeKa H C perHoHoM, HaxOAHBIlIHMCH nOA BAlfjIHHeM CTerrHOM KyAbTypbI caKOB H aHApoHoBu;eB [Bendezu-Sarmiento, 2007]. TaKHM 06pa30M, paHHHM )l(eAe3HbIH BeK 6blA eAHHCTBeHHbIM MOMeHTOM peaAbHO­ro 06'beAHHeHlfj{ ,}TOH 0611IHpHOM TeppHTopHH, rAe AaAb­HeHIIIee npocTpaHcTBeHHoe pacffiHpeHHe conpOBO:>KAa­AOCb MaTepHaAbHbIM yrraAKoM, HaqaBIlIHMCH B rr03AHHM BeK 6POH3bI, OKOAO 1700 AeT AO HailleM 3pbI. HeCMOTpH Ha 3TO, B 3TOT rrepHOA rrpOH30llIAH CYII\eCTBeHHbIe KyAb­TypHble H3MeHeHlfjI, KOTOpbIe rrpOAOA:>KaAHCb Ha rrpOTH­)l(eHHH Beero :>KeAe3HOro BeKa. MO:>KHO rrpeArrOAO:>KHTb, '{TO KyAbTypa pacrrHCHOM KepaMHKH CMorAa pacnpo­CTpaHHTbŒ Ha TaKOH 60AbillOH TeppHTopHH 6AarOAapH cAa60H 06l'-\eCTBeHHOH CTpyKType rrOCAe yrraAKa U;HBH­AH3aQHH OKca B KOHu;e 6pOH30Boro BeKa. rro rrpH':IHHe

17

BULLETIN OF IICAS, VOLUME 13, 2011

and there were no invasion or migration in the beginning of the Iron Age, but they contributed to the structura­tion of Early Iron Age cultures. The influence of steppe cultures was particularly strong in the "north" ensemble 1, whose territory was under direct influence since the Bronze Age. But, in the "centre" and "south" ensembles 2 and 3, the steppe influence came up against the legacy of the local Oxus civilization. In the Early Iron Age, both trends interacted and took part in the genesis and devel­opment of painted ware cultures. The second explains cultural continuity, as shown in the ceramics, in the ar­chitecture or land management, while the first brings about barely perceptible changes in the ceramics but major improvements in the economy especially in the are as that had remained out of reach of the Oxus civiliza­tion. It is difficult to determine if these cultural changes were linked to population migrations, and the question of the ethnic identity of the painted ware cultures people remains unanswered. The Late Iron Age culture seems to result from a rich interaction in the Late Bronze Age and throughout the whole Iron Age between two cul­tural trends, the first one from the Eurasian steppes to­wards Central Asia and a second one from the south to the north of Central Asia. Furthermore, if the cultures of the "north" ensemble show sorne evidences of indirect contact with the Xinjiang [Lhuillier 2007], it is clear that the Xinjiang is not at the origin of the painted ware cul­tures [Francfort 2001; Lhuillier 2007].

Our research results on the transition from Early Iron Age to Middle and Late Iron Age indicate a very similar process to the one observed in the Late Bronze Age and in the Early Iron Age. In the "centre" and "south" ensem­bles 2 and 3, the Yaz II-III culture developed and spread until Khorezm. But in Sogdiana, Chach and the Fergana valley, local cultures prevail [Gorbunova, 1986; Lyon­net, 2009]. The latter develop locally and are all very different from one another but show common features with the Saka steppe culture. On the contrary, southern Central Asia developed ties with the Medes [Francfort & Lecomte 2002] and later the Achaemenids of Iran [Francfort 2005], which marked their cultural develop­ment but allowed local cultural revivals, like glyptic art and wheel-made ceramics.

Broadly speaking, the Yaz II-III cultural area overlaps the area of the Bronze Age Oxus civilization and the area under the influence of the steppe Saka culture un­der the Andronovo culture [Bendezu-Sarmiento, 2007]. Early Iron Age thus marks the orny real period of unity of this vast territory, where ongoing territorial expan­sion is masked by material decline, continuing a pro cess

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1. AaHHéUI CTaTMI 6blAa nepepa60TaHa If3 AOKTOpCKOH AlfC­cePTaQHH, 3aIQillQeHHOH B )'HIfBepHCTeTe ITaplf)l(a ITaHTeoH­COp60HHbI, nOA PYKOBOACTBOM AHpH-ITOASI <DpaHK<}>opa (AYJiAbep 2010). 2. ABTOp Bblpa)l(aeT 6AaroAapHocTb BceM apXeOAOraM, KOTO­pbIe 06ecne'lIfAH AOCTyrr K nepBOHCTO'lHHKaM: B Y36eKHcTaHe A)I(. EeHAe3y-CapMIfeHTo, A. EepAHMYPaAoB, A. E060xoA)l(a­eB, <D. fpeHe, M. I1CaMllAAHHOB, f. l1BaHoB, M. XacaHoB, E. AyurHHKoBa, E. ARoHe, B. MHHOCSlHQ, Ill. fIlfAaeB, K. PaneH, E. POHAeAAH, C. MycTa<}>aKyAoB, Ill. IllaiiAyAAaeB; B KblprbI3-CTaHe E. AMaR6aeBa, 'I. )KoAAorneB; B TypKMeHIfCTaHe M. MaMeAOB H O. AeKOHT, a TaK)I(e B. CapHaHHAlf. 3. BA<}>paClfa6e pacnIfcaHbI 2 H315 'lepeIIKOB; B A)I(aM-53 -16 H3 30; B A)I(apKyTaHe - 37,42% H3 172 'lepeIIKOB (xonl 60Ab­rnHHCTBO rrocyAbI HaHAeHo B myp<}>ax H AaHHoe COOTHorneHHe He MO)l(eT paCCMaTpHBaTbC.SI KaK XapaKTepHoe); B KOKTerre -14,96% H3 3181 'lepeIIKa; B KyqyK-Tene: HeycTaHoBAeHo; B CaHrHp-Tene - 6,05% If3 248 'lepeIIKOB; B Ty.Sl6yry3e - 15,9% H3 412 'lepenKOB; B YAyr-Aerre - 24,4% H3 312 'leperrKOB; Ha MaAbIX pacKonKax B <DepraHcKOH AOAHHe (3a IfCKAIO'leHHeM Orna) - 0,8% H3 379 'lepenKOB; BOrne - 74,85% If3 167 'le­penKoB (BKAIO'léUlIfCnOAb30BaHH}'lO nocYAY).

ACKapOB A. A., AAI.6apt A.H. IToceAeHHe KyqyKTena. TarnKeHT: <DaH, 1979. BeAJIeBa T.B. HypTena - rOpOAIfIQe ApeBHeH YCTpyuraHbI, ApXeOAOrlf'leCKHe pa60TbI B Ta~KHCTaRe, BbIII. XXIII (1983). AyuraH6e, 1991. Bendezu-Sarmiento J. De l'âge du Bronze à l'âge du Fer au Kazakhstan, gestes funéraires et paramètres biologiques: identités culturelles des populations Andronovo et Saka, with collaboration of A. Ismagulova, K. M. Bajpakov, Z. Samashev. Mémoires de la MAFAC, 12. Paris: De Boccard, 2007. Bendezu-Sarmiento J., Lhuillier, J., on press: Iron Age in Turkmenistan: Ulug-depe in the Kopet Dagh piedmont, in R. Muradov (dir.), 20 years of Turkmen Archaeology. Ashgabat. Duke Kh.I. Ty.Sl6yry3cKHe nOCeAeHH.SI 6ypryAIOKcKoH KyAb­TypbI. TarnKeHT: <DaR, 1982. cI>HAaHOBII'I M.H. TamKeHT. 3apO)I(AeHHe H pa3BHTHe ropo­Aa H ropoAcKOH KyAbTypbI. TamKeHT: <DaR, 1983. cI>HAaHoBII'IM.H. ApeBH.SI.SI H CpeAHeBeKOBéUI HCTOpH.Sl Tam­KeHTa B apXeOAOrH<IeCKHX IfCTO'lHHKax. TamKeHT, 2010. Francfort H.-P. The cultures with painted ceramics of south Central Asia and their relations with the northeastern steppe zone (late 2nd

_ early l'tmillenium BC), in R. Eichmann et H. Parzinger (dir.), Migration und Kulturtransfer. Der Wandel vorder- und zentralasiatischer Kulturen im Umbruch yom 2. zum 1. vorchristlichen Jahrtausend.Akten des Internationalen Kolloquiums Berlin, 23 bis 26 November 1999, Kolloquien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte, vol. 6, Bonn: Dr. RudolfHabelt, 221-235.2001.

18

Lhuillier J.

started during the Late Bronze Age, around 1700 B.e.

But despite this, strong cultural changes occurred in this

period and continued right through the Iron Age. We

can suggest that painted ware cultures developed on so

a vast territory thanks to the weak structuration of soci·

ety after the decline of the Oxus civilization at the end

of the Bronze Age. Thanks to the lack of strong power,

they spread out to marginal regions before their own re­

traction, when a new "political entity" appeared in the

Middle and Late Iron Age. The survival of Bronze Age

features together with new elements developed in the

Middle and Late Iron Age make Early Iron Age a real

period of transition.

1. The present article evolves from a Ph.D. the sis defended at the University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne under the direc­tion of Henri-Paul Francfort (Lhuillier 2010). 2. The author thanks all the archaeologists that gave her ac­cess to these firsthand materials: in Uzbekistan, J. Bendezu­Sarmiento, A. Berdimuradov, A. Bobokhodzhaev, F. Grenet, M. Isamiddinov, G. Ivanov, M. Khasanov, E. Lushnikova, B. Lyonnet, V. Minosiants, Sh. Pidaev, C. Rapin, B. Rondelli, S. Mustafakulov, Sh. Shajdullaev; in Kyrgyzstan, B. Arnan­baeva, Ch. Joldoshev; in Turkmenistan, M. Mamedow and 0. Lecomte, and also V. Sarianidi. 3. In Mrasiab : 2 of 15 sherds were decorated; in Dhzam-53 : 16 of 30 sherds ; in Dzharkutan : 37,42% of 171 sherds (but the majority of this pottery came from pits and this propor­tion must not be considered as representative); in Koktepe : 14,96% on 3181 sherds; in Kuchuk-tepe : undetermined; in Sangir-tepe : 6,05% on 248 sherds; in Tujabuguz : 15,9% on 412 sherds; in Ulug-depe : 24,4% on 312 sherds; in the small sites of the Fergana Valley, except Osh : 0,8% on 379 sherds: in Osh 74,85% on 167 sherds (included published pottery).

Askarov A.A. & Al'baum, L.I. Poselenije Kuchuktepa. Tachkent: Fan, 1979 Beljajeva T.Y. Nurtepa - gorodishche drevnej Ustrushany, Arkheologicheskie Raboty v Tadjikistane, n° XXIII (1983). Dushanbe, 20-28 1991. Bendezu-Sarmiento J. De l'âge du Bronze à l'âge du Fer au Kazakhstan, gestes funéraires et paramètres biologiques: identités culturelles des populations Andronovo et Saka, with collaboration of A. Ismagulova, K. M . Baipakov, Z. Samashev. Mémoires de la MAFAC, 12. Paris: De Boccard, 2007. Bendezu-Sarmiento J., Lhuillier, J., on press: Iron Age in Turkmenistan: Ulug-depe in the Kopet Dagh piedmont, in R. Muradov (dir.), 20 years of Turkmen Archaeology. Ash­gabat. Duke Kh.I. Tujabuguzskie poselienija burguljukskoj kul'tury, Tashkent: Fan,1982. Filanovich M.I. Tashkent. Zarozhdenije i pazvitije goroda i gorodskoj kul'tury, Tashkent: Fan, 1983. Filanovich M.I. Drevnjaja i srednevekovaja istorija Tashken­ta v arkheologicheskikh istochnikakh, Tashkent, 2010. Francfort H.-P. The cultures with painted cerarnics of south Central Asia and their relations with the northeastern steppe zone (late 2nd- early lst millenium BC), in R. Eichmann et H. Parzinger (dir.), Migration und Kulturtransfer. Der Wan· deI vorder- und zentralasiatischer Kulturen im Umbruch vom

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Francfort H.-P. Asie centrale, in P. Briant et R. Boucharlat (eds.), L'archéologie de l'empire achéménide: nouvelles recherches, Paris: De Boccard, 313-351. 2005. Francfort H.-P. L'âge du bronze en Asie centrale. La civilisation de l'Oxus, Anthropology of the Middle East, vol. 4, n° l, 9l-111. 2009. Francfort H.-P., Kuz'mina E.E. « Du nouveau dans la chronologie de l'Asie centrale du Chalcolithique à l'Age du Fer » , in J. Evin, e. OBERLIN, J.-P. DEGAS, (dir.), Actes du congrès « 14C Archéologie » , Lyon, 6-10 avril 1998, Mémoires de la Société préhistorique française, 26, Revue d'archéométrie, Supplément, Rennes: Presses de l'Université de Rennes, 467-469.1999. Francfort H.-P., Lecomte O. Irrigation et société en Asie centrale des origines à l'époque achéménide, Annales, Histoire, Sciences sociales, n° 3, 625-663. 2002. Gorbunova N.G. The Culture of ancient Fergana: VI century B.e. -VI century A.D., BAR International series 281, Oxford: BAR. 1986. HCélMHAAHUOB M.X. H XacauoB M.X. I1CTOpIDI ApeBHero li cpeAHeBeKoBoro KepaMWIeCKOro rrpoH3BoAcTBa Haxma6a. TaulKeHT: A. KaAbIpH, 2000. Kuz'minaE.E. The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. Leiden: Brill, 2007. 762p. Lecomte O. Entre Iran et Touran, recherches archéologiques au Turkménistan méridional (2001 -2006), Comptes rendus des séances de l'année 2007, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris: Diffusion de Boccard, 2007.195-226. Lhuillier J. « Les relations des cultures à céramique modelée peinte d'Ouzbékistan avec le Xinjiang - 2e moitié du Ile millénaire av. Je. » , 3e congrès du Réseau Asie - lMASIE, 27-28 septembre 2007, Paris, http://www.reseau-asie.com/ cgi-bin/ prog/ gateway.cgi ?langue=fr&password=&email= &dir= myfile _ colloque&type=jhg54gfd98gfd4fgd4gfdg&i d=417 &telecharge _ now= 1 &file=a33Ihuillier -.Johanna.pdf 2007. LhuillierJ.Le phénomène des « cultures à céramique modelée peinte » en Asie centrale dans l'évolution et la transformation des sociétés de la fin de l'âge du Bronze et du début de l'âge du Fer (Ile-1er millénaire avant n.è.). Une synthèse comparative et régionale de la culture matérielle, Thèse de Doctorat de l'Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. 2010. Lhuillier J. submitted: Entre volonté d 'égalitarisme et ostentation architecturale, les cultures du début de l'âge du Fer en Asie centrale, in Brunet, O. et Sauvin, Ch.-E. (dir.), Les marqueurs du pouvoir, Actes de la quatrième journée doctorale d'Archéologie de Paris l, Presses Universitaires de la Sorbonne. Lhuillier J. & Francfort H.-P. submitted: La céramique de l'âge du Fer ancien (Yaz 1) à Ulug-depe, in O. Lecomte (ed.), Ulug-depe au Turkménistan. Résultats des 10 premières campagnes (2001-2010). Lhuillier J., Isamiddinov M.Kh. & Rapin C. PaHHe)IŒAe3-HblH BeK ceBepHoro CorAa: xapaKTepHcTHKa H rrpeBapHTeAb­HaR TlilIOAOrWIeCKaR XpoHoAorIDI/ / I1CTOpIDI MaTepHaAbHOH KyAbTypbl Y36eKHcTaHa (B rreqaTH). Lyonnet B. Un nouvel assemblage céramique pour l'âge du Fer au Chach et en Sogdiane, in D. Alirnova et Sh. Pidaev (eds.), Le rôle de Tachkent dans le développement de la civilisation mondiale, Tashkent: Fan, 2009.19-22. MaccoH B.M. ApeBHe3eMAeAeAbQeCKaR KyAbTypa MaprHa­Hbl. MaTepliaAbl 11 11CCAeAOBaHIDI rro apxeoAorHH CCCP, TOM 73. MocKBa: HaYKa, 1959.

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2. zum 1. vorchristlichenJahrtausend. Akten des Internation­alen Kolloquiums Berlin, 23 bis 26 November 1999, Kollo­quien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte, vol. 6, Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt, 221-235. 2001. FrancfortH.-P.Asiecentrale,inP.BRIANT etR. BOUCHA­RLAT (eds.), L'archéologie de l'empire achéménide: nou­velles recherches, Paris: De Boccard, 313-351. 2005. Francfort H.-P. L'âge du bronze en Asie centrale. La civilisa­tion de l'Oxus, Anthropology of the Middle East, vol. 4, n° l, 91-111. 2009.

19

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