A SURVEY OF SOCIALLY INTERACTIVE

ROBOTS

Terrence Fong, Illah Nourbakhsh, Terrence Fong, Illah Nourbakhsh,

Kerstin Dautenhahn

Presented By:

Mehwish Alam

INTRODUCTION

� History of Social Robots

� Social Robots

� Socially Interactive Robots

� Why Socially Interactive Robots?

HISTORY OF SOCIAL ROBOTS

� task performance

through collective

actions

� Individual Society

(birds, human etc.)

� Individual matters

Group Oriented Social Robots

Individual Social Robots

� Insect Society

Inspiration

� Individual do not matter

� Examples: Ant- like

robot, distributed

robotic group etc.

� Individuals live in group

� form relationship and

social networks

� Take into account social

norms and conventions

SOCIAL ROBOTS

� Definition:

� Recognize each other

� Engage in social interaction

� Posses history (interpret world from their own

experience)

AIBO AIBO –– Robot Robot –– Robot InteractionRobot Interaction

experience)

� Communicate and learn from each other

� Possible Interactions:

� Robot – robot Interaction

� Robot – human Interaction

FOUR CLASSES OF SOCIAL ROBOTS BY

BREAZEAL

Socially evocative

• Like human beings

• Anthropomorphic –having feelings like human beings

Social Interface

• Provide natural interface through human like cues.

• cues – gaze, anger etc.

Socially Receptive

• Learning skills by imitation

Sociable

• Proactively engage with humans to satisfy internal social aims (emotions etc)

SOCIAL ROBOTS (CONT..)

� Three added classes

� Socially situated

� Distinguish between other social agents and other objects in

environment

� Socially Embedded

� Structurally Coupled with social environment

� Partially aware of human interactional structure

� Socially Intelligent

� Aspects of human style social intelligence

R2R2--D2 and CD2 and C--3PO from Star Wars3PO from Star Wars

SOCIALLY INTERACTIVE ROBOTS

� Peer-to-peer Human-Robot Interaction (not like

teleoperation)

� “Human Social” characteristics in robots:

� Express and perceive emotion

� Communicate with high level dialogue� Communicate with high level dialogue

� Establish/maintain social relationships

� Use natural cues (gaze, gestures etc.)

� Purposes of socially interactive robots:

� Pets, assistants, educational tools.

WHY SOCIALLY INTERACTIVE ROBOTS?

� Solving specific tasks

� Socially interact with people

� To change the behavior, feelings or

attribute of humans (autism therapy)

Robot as “Avatar” – robot functions � Robot as “Avatar” – robot functions

as representative for human.

Serving Robot Seoul Serving Robot Seoul ObiquitousObiquitous

RoombaRoomba –– vacuum cleanervacuum cleaner

XboxXbox--NXENXE--AvatarAvatar

METHODOLOGY

METHDOLOGY

� Design Approaches

� Design Issues

� Embodiment

� Emotion

� Dialogue

� Personality

1. DESIGN APPROACHES

Design

Anthropomorphic

Zoomorphic

Human Social Expectation

Functionality

Faces, Speech Recognition, Lip reading

Expectation

Enjoyable, feeling empowered, competent

DESIGN APPROACHES (CONT..)

(a) Biologically Inspired

� Create robots that mimic the social behaviour and

intelligence found in living creatures

� Theories

� Ethology� Ethology

� Structure of Interaction

� Theory of Mind

� Developmental Psychology

DESIGN APPROACHES (CONT..)

� Ethology

� Observational study of animals in

natural setting

� Play, comfort seeking etc.

� Structure of Social Interaction� Structure of Social Interaction

� Analysis of interactional structure

� Focus:

� Design of perception

� Cognition Systems by identifying key interaction patterns

DESIGN APPROACHES (CONT..)

� Theory of mind

� Joint attention – selective attention to the object of

mutual interest e.g., gaze or pointing gestures.

� Developmental Psychology

� Effective mechanism for creating robots that engage in � Effective mechanism for creating robots that engage in

natural social exchanges

� Design of Kismet’s “synthetic nervous system”

� Perception and behaviour inspired by human infants

DESIGN APPROACHES (CONT..)

(b) Functionally Inspired

� To create the impression of an artificial social agent

driven by beliefs and desires, we do not necessarily

need to understand how the mind really works.

� Techniques:� Techniques:

� Human Computer Interaction (HCI)

� System Engineering

� Iterative Design

DESIGN APPROACHES (CONT..)

� Human Computer Interaction

� Robots are being developed using HCI

� Cognitive Modelling, heuristic evaluation, empirical user

testing

� System Engineering� System Engineering

� Development of functional requirements

� Iterative Design

� The process of revising a design through a series of test

and redesign cycles.

2. DESIGN ISSUES

� Design Problems:

� Cognition – Planning and Decision making

� Perception – navigation and environment sensing

� Action – mobility and manipulation

� Human robot interaction – user interface, input devices, � Human robot interaction – user interface, input devices,

feedback display

� Architecture – control electromechanical system

DESIGN ISSUES -

SOCIAL INTERACTION ISSUES

� Human Oriented Perception

� Detecting and organizing gestures

� Monitoring and classifying activity

� Natural HRI

� Believable behavior � Believable behavior

� Keep up with social norms

DESIGN ISSUES -

SOCIAL INTERACTION ISSUES

� Readable Social Cues

� Useful for expression and easy interaction

� Social cues should be easy to understand

� Expression, gestures or voice could be adopted

� Real Time Performance� Real Time Performance

� Should operate at human interaction rate

3. EMBODIMENT

� The more the robot perturbs the environment and

be perturbed by it, the more it is embodied. (AIBO

vs KHEPERA)

� Morphology

� Anthropomorphic� Anthropomorphic

� Zoomorphic

� Functional

EMBODIMENT (CONT..)

� Morphology

� Form and expectations are important because it

establishes social expectations

� Forexample: dog like robot would be treated differently.

� Anthropomorphic� Anthropomorphic

� It is the tendency to attribute human characteristics to

objects.

� Zoomorphic

� Toy robots designed to imitate living creatures.

� Functionality� Embodiment should reflect the task to be performed

� Health care robots will have handles and carriage space

AnthorpomorphicAnthorpomorphic

Design Tells functionalityDesign Tells functionality

AnthorpomorphicAnthorpomorphic

RoboScienceRoboScience RoboDogRoboDog

EMBODIMENT – DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

(CONT..)

UNCANNY VALLEY

� People are heading towards designing human like

robots.

� Failure to achieve the target, increases dislikeness

among the people for the robot

4. EMOTION

� Artificial Emotion

� Emotions as Control Mechanism

� Speech

� Facial Expression

� Body Language

5. DIALOGUE

� What is a dialogue?

� Sharing of information with other party

� Types of dialogue:

� Low level

� Robot learn simple words – name of objects, body parts, � Robot learn simple words – name of objects, body parts,

behaviours

� Non verbal

� Body positioning, gesturing, physical action

� Natural Language

� High level dialogue

� Nowadays limited query response

6. PERSONALITY

� What is personality?

� Set of distinctive qualities that distinguish individuals.

� Personality in Social Robots

� Tool like

� Pet� Pet

� Cartoon

� Artificial Being

� Human Like

CONCLUSION

� In near future the robots could be sent to the space

for achieving different tasks.

� It is not necessary to build robots for specific task,

rather they must also be able to interact with human

beings.beings.

� They must be able to understand the cues and

feelings of human beings not just do there own

work.

THANK YOU

ANY QUESTIONS ?