a summary of field trials in nangroe aceh darusalaam 2005-2008

Summary of field trials in Aceh 2005–2008 ACIAR project SMCN 2005/118

A summary of field trials in Nangroe Aceh Darusalaam 2005 - 2008 Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Indonesia

NSW Department of Primary Industries, Australia

© 2008

Compiled and edited by: Gavin Tinning, Natalie Moore, Anischan Gani

Contributing authors T. Iskandar, Chairunas, Irhas, Malem McLeod, Sutono, Lukas Sebayang

Acknowledgements Rebecca Lines-Kelly, Malem McLeod, Peter Slavich, Craig Hunt

Achmad Rachman, Fahmuddin Agus, Ai Dariah, Deddy Erfandi, I.G.M Subiksa

Hasil Sembiring, Prama Yufdy, Nasir Ali,

PPL and Dinas Pertanian – Aceh

Farmers from Aceh Barat, Pidie and Bireuen Districts, Aceh

Republik Indonesia BPTP NAD. BPTP Sumut

Indonesian Soils Research Institute Indonesian Centre for Rice Research


Table of Contents

English Version 1. Pantee Raja peanut.....................................................................................................1

2. Cure Tunong peanut 2007..........................................................................................5

3. Cure Tunong peanut 2008..........................................................................................8

4. Desa Baro soybean...................................................................................................11

5. Peanut pot trial – nutrient balance Ujung Tanjung soil ...........................................15

6. Maize pot trial – Ujung Tanjung soil.......................................................................18

7. Rice pot trial – nutrient balance Ujung Tanjung soil...............................................21

8. Rice pot trial – nutrient balance in Cot Seulamat soil .............................................24

9. Fertiliser management of rice at Cot Seulamat........................................................27

10. Nutrient management in rice at Cot Seulamat .......................................................30

10a. Rice variety demonstration at Cot Seulamat........................................................34

11. Rice production improvement in South Nias.........................................................37

12. EM 38 survey results across 21 sites in Aceh........................................................41

13. Baro Geunteut peanut ............................................................................................45

14. Blang Kubu soybean.............................................................................................48

Versi Bahasa Indonesia 1. Kacang Pantee Raja .................................................................................................51

2. Kacang Cure Tunong 2007 ......................................................................................54

3. Kacang Cure Tunong 2008 ......................................................................................57

4. Kedelai Desa Baro ...................................................................................................60

5. Ringkasan Penelitian Pot .........................................................................................64

6. Ringkasan Penelitian Pot .........................................................................................67

7. Ringkasan Penelitian Pot – Padi Ujung Tanjung.....................................................70

8. Ringkasan Penelitian Pot – Padi Cot Seulamat........................................................73

9. Ringkasan Demonstrasi Pemupukan........................................................................76

10. Nutrient management – Cot Seulamat ..................................................................79

10a Ringkasan Demonstrasi Varietas ..........................................................................83

11. Ringkasan Demonstrasi Padi Nias Selatan ............................................................86

12 Ringkasan Hasil Survei EM-38 pada 21 Lokasi .....................................................89

13. Kacang Baro Geunteut...........................................................................................93

14. Kedelai Blang Kubu...............................................................................................96


1. Pantee Raja peanut

Location Reudeup – Pantee Raja, Pidie District

Date Planted September 2005 – Harvested January 2006

Crop & issue of interest Peanut field experiment - varieties and fertiliser

Good performance of the Kancil variety peanut at vegetative growth stage (left) and at harvest (right) from field experiment plots at Reudeup

1. Description of problem Productivity of peanut on tsunami-affected lowland area in the Pantee Raja Sub-district, Pidie District remains low (<1 ton. ha-1). This is due to tsunami impacts and poor soil fertility. The local variety of peanut yields poorly.

2. Aim of trial/demonstration Assess organic (manure) and inorganic (NPK fertiliser) amendments and performance of new peanut varieties (Kancil, Sima) to increase peanut productivity.

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3. Treatments/technology demonstrated

Fertiliser type

No Treatment Code Variety

Manure Rice ash Paten kali (K) NPK

V1P1 Kancil + - - + V1P2 Kancil - + - + V1P3 Kancil - - + +

V1

V1P4 Kancil - - - + V2P1 Sima + - - + V2P2 Sima - + - + V2P3 Sima - - + +

V2

V2P4 Sima - - - + V3P1 Lokal + - - + V3P2 Lokal - + - + V3P3 Lokal - - + +

V3

V3P4 Lokal - - - + V1 = Kancil P1 = Manure 20 tons/ha + base rate NPK V2 = Sima P2 = Rice ash 10 tons/ha + base rate NPK V3 = Lokal P3 = Patenkali (source of Potassium) = 100 kgs/ha + base rate NPK

P4 = base rate NPK only (Urea 50kg/ha, SP-36 100kg/ha, KCl 50kg/ha) = farmer practice Plant spacing: 20 cm x 40 cm, 1 seed per hole Field replicates: 3

4. Data and observations collected The parameters observed are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Average plant growth data and yield of peanut, Pantee Raja, 2005/2006.

Variety Fertiliser package

Plant Height (cm)

No. of branch No. of

Filled pods

Empty pods (%)

Weight of 100 grains (grams)

Pod Yield (t/ha)

P1 45,33 13,20 18,00 21,32 38 1.620 P2 44,67 12,33 16,60 30,01 34 1.247 P3 46,67 10,40 16,13 25,65 37 1.260

V1

P4 44,67 10,60 15,20 29,23 36 1.017 P1 57,00 9,07 14,20 36,24 36 1.108 P2 54,00 10,27 16,07 34,89 35 1.103 P3 53,00 7,87 12,93 31,67 32 1.090

V2

P4 53,33 7,87 12,80 32,54 33 0.750 P1 41,00 9,60 15,07 30,87 39 1.510 P2 40,33 10,67 13,07 29,79 36 1.266 P3 44,67 9,60 15,27 23,56 35 1.277

V3

P4 47,00 10,80 12,87 18,71 34 0.958

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5. Interpretation of results Despite unfavorable weather conditions during the trial (flooding) differences

were detected between treatments. The timing of this trial was not ideal and rain affected harvesting. Pest and disease impacts appeared minimal.

The Kancil variety produced the highest number of filled pods and yield (1.6t/ha) with fertiliser package P1 (manure at 20t/ha + NPK). The local variety with fertiliser package P1 produced the next highest yield (1.5 t/ha), which was a signficant increase over the farmer practice with this variety (P4) (0.958t/ha).

The Kancil variety is worthy of further assessment in this area. It performed as well as or better than the local variety in all the parameters measured.

Yields of the best treatments remain below potential. Average yield components (number of branches, number of filled pods, and grain size) and yield are still lower (by as much as 30-40 %) than potential for peanut in other parts of Aceh.

Addition of organic matter (manure, P1) resulted in the greatest improvement in yield across all varieties in comparison to the other amendments (P2, P3 and P4).

P1, P2, and P3 all gave improvement in yield compared to current farmer practice (P4) irrespective of variety.

The differnce in yield between P2 (rice ash) and P3 (Patenkali) was not significant irrespective of variety.

The Sima variety, despite being taller, did not perform well and does not appear to be adapted to these conditions.

Plant height is not a reliable indicator of yield in peanut, however, average plant height (var. Kancil and Sima) is still below normal (50-60cm) indicating that growing conditions and plant vigour were not ideal.

Drainage at this site was impaired following the tsunami. The beds had been raised higher than usual (30cm cf 20cm) with deeper drains, but this did not cope with the heavy rainfall during the trial and local drainage problems.

6. Suggestions for further work

Waterlogging, soil structure and crop nutrition are key issues impacting on peanut production in this area.

In improving peanut production on tsunami-affected lowlands, manure is needed to increase soil organic matter. NPK fertiliser may also be required and site-specific rates should be determined using soil tests and a nutrient budget for peanut.

Peanut farming should be conducted during Dry Season-1 (after the rice harvest in wet season) so that the peanut harvest is completed during the dry season.

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7. Follow up needed Local farmers need support to improve the use of organic matter, Rhizobium innoculants (peanut specific strain) and access to new varieties (link with Legume Insitutue, Malang).

Support required for local PPL with peanut crop nutrition based on soil testing, peanut nutrient budgets and the ‘site-specific nutrient management’ concept (as used for rice).

Further demonstrations of improved raised bed systems and other measures/works to improve local drainage and cope with heavy rainfall events.

Contact person for further information: Chairunas, Crop Agronomist, BPTP

Postel address: Jalan P. Nyak Makam No.27, Lampineung, Banda Aceh

Email: [email protected]

Phone: (0651) 7411232 Fax.: (0651) 7552077

Website for this project: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/research/projects/06P302

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http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/research/projects/06P302


2. Cure Tunong peanut 2007 Location Cure Tunong - Simpang Mamplam, Bireuen District Date Planted September 2006 – Harvested February 2007

Crop & issue of interest Peanut: varieties, organic & inorganic soil amendments

Improved performance of a local peanut variety at vegetative growth stage (left) and at harvest (right) from field demonstration plots at Cure Tunong

1. Description of problem Peanut crops planted in the dry season of 2005 on tsunami-affected land at Cure Tunong village did not yield as the pods were empty. This is likely due to poor soil fertility, especially low organic matter and lack of available calcium, which is essential for kernel development. For calcium to be absorbed through the developing pod wall, adequate soil moisture in the pod zone is essential. The sandy soil at this site has very low water holding capacity and low levels of organic matter.

2. Aim of trial/demonstration

To assess the improvement of peanut productivity from the application of organic (cow and chicken manures), and inorganic (gypsum) sources of calcium and to improve the water-holding capacity of the soil through the addition of organic matter.

3. Technology demonstrated/treatments Two different sources of calcium were tested, gypsum (lime would not be appropriate for this soil as it had a pH of 7.3) and chicken manure. Cow manure was chosen as a source of organic matter and was applied alone and in combination with chicken manure. The same base rate of fertiliser (NPK) was used in all treatments and a nil soil amendment (current practice) treatment was included for comparison. Planting space was 20cm x 40cm with 1 seed per hole. The five treatments were tested in 3 field replicates of 3x5 m2 plots. An unnamed local variety was used.

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Table 1. Detailed treatments for peanut at Cure Tunong, Bireuen 2006/07. Gypsum and organic fertiliser (kg/ha) No Treatment Gypsum Chicken manure Cow manure

1 A 0 0 0 2 B 500 0 0 3 C 0 2000 0 4 D 0 0 2000 5 E 0 2000 2000

4. Data and observations collected Before treatments were applied, a composite soil sample was taken for chemical analysis. Plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods/plant, fresh weight of plant at harvest and percentage of empty pod were observed from 5 samples per replicate, and dry weight of pods from 6m-2 area in each plot.

Analysis of soil samples taken before the trial commenced showed: the soil is sandy textured, very low in organic C (0.37%), pH (H2O) 7.3, N (Kjeldahl) very low (0.03%), P2O5 (HCl 25%) 52 mg.100/g, K2O (HCl 25%) 32 mg.100/g, K 0.34 cmol/kg, Ca was below the level recommended for peanut (1.14 cmol/kg), Mg 1.75 cmol/ kg, Na 1.24 cmol/kg, and the CEC was 2.59 cmol/kg. Unfortunately, the chicken and cow manures used in this trial were not analysed for nutrient content.

Table 2. Average* values of observed variables at each treatment from nutrient testing in peanut at Cure Tunong village, Simpang Mamplam, Bireuen district, 2006/07.

Treatment Plant height (cm)

No. of branch/plant

No.of pods/ plant

Wet plant weight (kg/6 m2)

Empty pods (%)

Dry pods/ (kg/6m2)

Pod yield (t/ha)

A 37.32 5.21 15.28 5.49 24.80 0.3738 0.62 B 36.64 6.00 17.08 5.90 17.11 0.4611 0.77 C 37.74 5.60 16.04 5.96 20.77 0.4481 0.75 D 39.08 6.36 18.48 6.35 17.12 0.4494 0.75 E 41.72 6.64 21.00 6.10 15.49 0.4790 0.80 *Values in this table are averages of 15 observations, except yield data which is from 3 replications.

5. Interpretation of results The combined chicken and cow manure treatment (Treatment E) showed the best result with better plant growth, the highest yield (0.80 t/ha) and the lowest incidence of empty pods (15.49%) compared to the nil treatment (A). Treatment A, with no amendments and only the base rate of fertiliser, gave the lowest yield (0.62t/ha) and highest incidence of empty pods (24.8%) of the treatments tested.

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All the amendments tested (B, C, D and E) increased the number of pods per plant and the pod yield, and reduced the number of empty pods in comparison to the nil treatment (A).

The yield of the best treatment 0.80 t/ha was still lower than average yields reported before the tsunami (0.9-1.0 t/ha). This is possibly due to residual effects of the tsunami on soil properties including the leaching of nutrients and organic matter from the soil and disruption to soil biota.

6. Suggestions for further work/implications In order to improve peanut production in light sandy soils, application of higher rates of organic matter (possibly up to 20 t/ha of manure) is recommended in conjunction with other fertilisers (eg. NPK). These recommendations should be site specific and based on soil tests, a nutrient budget for peanut and the most cost-effective options available to local farmers.

This site would be suitable for longer term assessment of the benefits of organic soil amendments to peanut productivity. It would be useful to include soil analysis over time on soil amendment treatments at this site.

Peanut cropping in dry land farming areas of the northeastern coastal region of Aceh, particularly those on sandy soils, should coincide with the wet/rainy season to reduce drought stress to the crop. Note that this is a different timing to that recommended for other areas in Aceh (eg. Pantee Raja, Pidie district) and may have implications for the provision of planting seed and peanut inoculant to the farmers in this region.

7. Follow up needed Support local PPL and farmers with access to, and evaluation of, new peanut varieties (link with Indonesian Legume Institute, Malang), peanut-specific strains of inoculant (when available), and training in organic amendments and soil tests in order to determine the most cost effective fertilisers to improve peanut yields.

Collect and analyze soil samples from this site over time to assess the impact of organic soil amendments to soil structure and nutrient status, productivity and profitability.

8. Contact person for further information Name : T. Iskandar and Chairunas

Postal address : BPTP NAD, Jalan P. Nyak Makam No.27, Lampineung, Banda Aceh

Email : [email protected] and [email protected]

Phone : (0651) 7411232 Fax.: (0651) 7552077


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3. Cure Tunong peanut 2008 Location Cure Tunong, Simpang Mamplam, Bireuen District Date Planting 18 January 2008 – Harvest 2 May 2008 Crop & issue of interest

Peanut: Soil rehabilitation with application of organic and inorganic fertiliser.

1. Description of problem Peanut crops planted during the 2005 dry season on tsunami-affected coastal sandy soils of Cure Tunong yielded poorly due to high percentages of empty pods. The poor yields seemed to be related to poor soil fertility, especially low organic matter content and low available Calcium (Ca), which is needed during pod filling. In order to absorb Ca for pod development, sufficient soil moisture is required. This sandy soil has low organic matter and water holding capacity. Results of an initial trial in 2006 (Summary 2 above) demonstrated that the application of cow manure at 4 tonnes/ha gave the highest yield (0.80 tonnes/ha). This yield was still lower than the average pre tsunami yield of 1.2 tonnes/ha. To address this deficiency a further trial commenced to assess the effect of organic and inorganic fertiliser application in a second crop season.

2. Aim of trial The trial was conducted to evaluate the response of peanut crops to the application of organic and irorganic fertilisers.

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3. Treatments demonstrated The number of treatments are similar to the previous trial (5 treatments). Treatments C, D, and E involve the application of cow manure at the rate of 1, 2 and 4 tonnes/ha respectively in addition to inorganic fertiliser of Urea, SP36 and KCl (30, 100 and 100 kgs/ha). Treatment B used Urea, SP36 and KCl respectively 50, 100 and 100 kgs/ha, without cow manure, while treatment A involved no addition of fertiliser (Table 1). Plant spacing was 20cm x 40cm using one seed per planting hole. The five treatments were tested with 3 replications on 3x5 m2 plot width. The variety used was a local variety.

Table 1. fertiliser treatments

Package Treatment Combination A B C D E

No fertiliser N – P – K (50 kg Urea + 100 kg SP-36 + 100 kg KCl)/ha N – P – K (30 kg Urea + 100 kg SP-36 + 100 kg KCl)/ha + 1 t/ha Cow Manure N – P – K (30 kg Urea + 100 kg SP-36 + 100 kg KCl)/ha + 2 t/ha Cow Manure N – P – K (30 kg Urea + 100 kg SP-36 + 100 kg KCl)/ha + 4 t/ha Cow Manure

4. Data and observations collected Before applying the treatment, composite soil samples were taken for chemical analyses in the lab. Data collected included: plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, weight of wet plant at harvest time, and percentage of empty pods observed from 5 sample plants for each replication, as well as the weight of dried pod taken from a 6m-2 area for each plot.

Table 2. Average observation data of each treatment on peanut trial at Cure Tunong Village, Bireuen District, 2008.

Treatment Plant height (cm)

Number of branch/ plant

No. of pods/ plant

Weight of wet plant (g/ bunch)

Empty Pods (%)

Weight of dried pods (kg/3,6m2)

Pod yield (t/ha)

A 26,40 5,40 9,82 108,08 17,20 0,36 0,71

B 27,88 5,96 13,72 118,84 11,23 0,52 1,04

C 28,80 6,48 14,58 138,20 12,27 0,68 1,59

D 29,12 5,99 14,78 143,48 8,11 0,75 1,70

E 29,80 6,62 17,36 136,56 7,09 0,91 1,92

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5. Interpretation of Results

• Application of organic fertiliser (cow manure) enabled farmers to increase peanut production. The highest yield of 1.92 ton of dried pod/hectare was found in treatment E (addition of 4 ton/ha cow manure and N-P-K). This yeild is more than double that of the best yeild in the previous trial in 2006-7.

• The incidence of empty pods was significantly reduced in Treatments E (7%) and D (8%). All treatments excepting Treatment A achieved less empty pods than the first trial in 2006-7 where empty pod incidence ranged from 24.8 – 15.49%.

• Along with supplying basic crop nutrients, improving the water holding capacity of this soil type by the addition of organic matter appears to be lowering the incidence of empty pods over time.

6. Suggestions for further work In an effort to increase peanut production on soils with a light sandy texture, the addition of organic matter to the soil is very important in addition to the use of Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium nutrients for the crop.

This location is suitable for a long term assessment on the advantages of applying organic matter/manures in peanut production. Periodic soil analyses will be useful to observe the effect of organic matter treatments to the soil properties.

Farmers in dry land areas of Bireuen and Pidie of Aceh, especially in sandy soils, should consider the seasonal climate to avoid the crop suffering water stress during the dry season.

7. Follow up needed Further assessment is needed to evaluate appropriate fertiliser recommendation and planting schedule in relation with rainfall.

Clear data on the cost to farmers of obtaining or purchasing, and applying manure, is needed to allow a recomendation of the most cost effective rate of manure per hectare.

8. Further information Nama : T. Iskandar and Chairunas

Alamat : Jalan P. Nyak Makam No 27, Lampineung, Banda Aceh


Telepon : (0651) 7411232 Fax. : (0651) 7552077

Website : http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/wollongbar/aceh.htm

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mailto:[email protected]


http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/wollongbar/aceh.htm


4. Desa Baro soybean

Location Baro Village, Kembang Tanjung, Pidie District

Date Planted 1st May 2007 – Harvested August 2007

Crop & issue of interest Soybean: varieties, inoculant and biological amendments

Assessing growth performance (left) and harvesting (right) the soybean trial at Baro village by the

ACIAR project team members and the Head of Pidie district

1. Description of problem Local farmers have the capacity to grow good soybean crops in this region, but lack of access to new varieties and inoculants limit soybean production within this area. This is one of the areas nominated for soybean improvement in NAD, where soybean is planted after lowland rice. Successful soybean rotation crops provide cash and other benefits to the subsequent rice crop, including contribution of N to the soil.

2. Aim of trial/experiment To observe the performance of new varieties of soybean in this location and to demonstrate the improvement in soybean production by the use of biological and organic amendments, namely; inoculant (soybean-specific strain of Bradyrhizobium japonicum) for improved nitrogen fixation (‘Nodulin’ peat based formulation applied to seed as slurry), cow manure to rebuild organic matter in the soil (long term strategy), and microbial bio-compost amendment to cow manure (‘Mikroflora Multiguna’) containing plant growth promoting bacteria and ‘Bio-Phos’ containing P-solubilizing microbes.

3. Technology demonstrated/treatments In this trial, 3 packages of nutrient management were tested with 5 soybean varieties, i.e.; Anjasmoro (large seeded) (V1), Burangrang (V2), Ijen (V3), Kaba (V4) and a local variety (V5). The 3 packages of nutrient management were; without animal manure + 300 kg/ha rice (glume) ash (T1), without animal manure + 300 kg/ha rice (glume) ash + 100 g Nodulin /20 kg seed (T2), 2 t/ha animal manure + 80 g

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Mikroflora Multiguna + 80 g BioPhos + 300 kg/ha rice (glume) ash + 100 g Nodulin /20 kg seed (T3).

The compost used in this experiment was produced by farmers under the supervision of researchers. Farmers were interested in making compost, however, they have not maintained the process for the 2008 season in Desa Baro. Soybean was not replanted in 2008 due to heavy rain and localised flooding prompting a decision to crop paddy rice again.

Plant spacing was 20 x 40cm (current farmer practice 40 x 40cm). The trial included 3 field replicates of each package.

4. Data & observations collected During the demonstration data on plant height, number of branches, number of filled pods, percentage of empty pods and grain yield were observed, as presented in Table 1 below.

Table 1. Average values for crop vigour and yield components of 5 soybean varieties with 3 treatment packages (data presented are averages of 3 field replicates).

Variety Variable/ Treatment Anjasmoro Burangrang Ijen Kaba Local

Average

Plant height (cm) T1 68,8 68,8 65,8 74,2 69,3 69,2 T2 70,7 65,3 69,8 76,5 66,8 69,8 T3 74,7 73,6 69,5 71,7 74,5 72,8 Number of branches per plant T1 3,3 3.0 4,3 4,1 3,5 3,6 T2 3,4 3,3 5,4 4,2 5,4 4,3 T3 3,5 3,5 4,9 4,8 5,1 4,3 Number of filled pods per plant T1 72,3 30,1 47,8 50,9 51,9 50,6 T2 73,6 37,2 49,1 49,1 52,0 52,2 T3 76,9 44,9 50,8 50,3 54,3 55,5 Empty pods (%) T1 6,50 14,73 8,66 11,52 13,21 10,92 T2 6,95 8,67 8,17 11,16 10,50 9,09 T3 5,68 7,36 7,92 9,15 10,73 8,17 Grain yield (t/ha) T1 2,68 1,43 1,85 1,95 1,91 1,96 T2 3,58 1,65 1,81 1,97 1,97 2,20 T3 3,93 2,33 1,68 1,80 2,07 2,36

5. Interpretation of results

• Visual assessment of the trial up to harvest indicated good crop establishment despite heavy rain and localized flooding after planting. Un-inoculated treatments developed nodules but this is not unexpected as the site likely has a background population of Rhizobium from previous crops and there was heavy rain shortly after planting.

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• The Anjasmoro variety consistently ranked highest for yield in this trial (irrespective of treatment), and appears to be adapted to this environment. This variety is a large seeded type of soybean with a clear hilum.

• Anjasmoro produced a significantly (>50%) higher yield than the current local variety but the other varieties assessed in this trial did not significantly out-yield the local variety. Assessment of data collected on other traits in the new varieties is needed to identify any other advantages/disadvantages compared to the local variety (eg. time to maturity, lodging).

• There is no significant or consistent trend in yield responsee between the treatments. Heavy rain after planting likely caused cross-contamination between treatments.

• The rate of manure in this trial was low (2 t/ha) and did not show a significant yield responsee. Manure may not be readily available locally or is used on other crops.

6. Suggestions for further work/implications

• A key message for soybean farmers is that there is no way of knowing the survival of the Rhizobium bacteria in the soil from one season to another, and its distribution across a field is very likely to be uneven, particularly if the field is also used for rice. In addition, effects of the tsunami may have adversely impacted soil biota, including Rhizobium. Therefore, it is best practice to inoculate every soybean crop to ensure even and effective nodulation early in the soybean crop, which assists in crop establishment and fixation of nitrogen throughout the growing cycle.

• Develop soybean planting protocol for local PPL and leading farmers – including recommended varieties, inoculant, crop nutrition and plant spacing. Hence, agronomy trials on soybean crop nutrition, plant spacing, and weed management may be beneficial.

• Investigate alternative local sources of organic amendments to improve soil structure and productivity (as a long term soil building strategy). Coconut and other plant fibres appear to be abunandt at this site and may be suited to composting or biochar production for soil amendment.

• Soybean is an ideal crop for developing IPM strategies and reducing long-term reliance on pesticides. This may be a suitable soybean growing area in which to introduce IPM (and other) training programs for local farmers. Local farmers expressed the desire for training and knowledge as opposed to one-off inputs.

7. Follow up needed Anjasmoro is one of the varieties being produced in the newly created soybean seed centre at Peudada, Bireuen. Reinforcing the importance of using inoculant for every soybean crop should be part of seed centre advisory recommendations. Provision of the inoculant with planting seed would be ideal. In addition to provision of improved strains of soybean inoculant, training is also required in how to maintain the viability of the living inoculant and how to correctly inoculate soybean seed at planting.

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Links with the Indonesian Legume Institute to access more new varieties for evaluation in this region, and with IPM specialists in Indonesia and ACIAR project on IPM in vegetables should be encouraged.


Postal address : BPTP NAD, Jalan P. Nyak Makam No.27, Lampineung, Banda Aceh


Phone : (0651) 7411232 Fax.: (0651) 7552077


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5. Peanut pot trial – nutrient balance Ujung Tanjung soil

Location Glass House ISRI Bogor, using soil from Ujung Tanjung village Meurebo subdistrict , Aceh Barat district

Date March 21 – June 28, 2007 Crop & issue of interest Peanut: Remediation of tsunami-affected soil

Growth performance of peanut at different nutrient inputs, 2 days before harvesting

Growth performance of peanut at different nutrient inputs, 3 weeks after seeding

1. Description of problem Several problems in tsunami-affected soils were found i.e.; (1) Fairly good vegetative growth of lowland rice but grains were empty, or vegetative growth was stunted and panicles were not developed properly, (2) peanut grew well but pods were empty and leaves were whitish with yellow necrosis, and (3) yields of other crops decreased more than 50%. The problems were assumed to be due to nutrient imbalance in the soil.

2. Aim of trial The experiment gathered information on soil nutrient status after the tsunami. In addition, alternative techniques in land rehabilitation were suggested.

3. Treatments The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Modified ‘minus one test’ on soil nutrients was applied. Fourteen treatments consisted of (N/Urea + P/SP36 + K/KCl) as the control, complete fertilisation (N, P, K, B, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, S, and Zn), minus one nutrient from complete fertilisation treatments, and control treatment plus goat manure (see table below). The crop indicator used was peanut planted in pots until harvest. Urea, SP36, and KCl as the N, P and K sources, respectively, were given before seeding at rates equivalent to 75 kg Urea, 100 kg SP36 and 100 kg KCl/ha. Boron (B), Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo and Zn were given at 3 ppm, Ca 40 ppm, both Mg and S 20 ppm. Goat manure was at a rate

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equivalent to 5 t/ha. All nutrients, according to treatment, were applied before seeding.

4. Data & observations collected Soil physical and chemical characteristics before treatment, as well as growth and yield parameters of the crop during the experiment were observed. At the early stage of growth plants were more sensitive to soil moisture. Field capacity must be maintained for crop establishment. During the vegetative stage of growth, several symptoms of nutrient disorder on leaves were indicated in the minus S, minus Cu and minus K treatments. Whether the symptoms were associated with nutrient deficiencies or toxicities, would be clearly answered after plant analysis. Biomass production, seed yield and number of pod are given in the table below showing different responses to nutrient additions.

Table 1 Biomass, seed yield and pod number of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) from pot experiment using soil from Ujung Tanjung-Meurebo, ISRI 2007.

Dry weight at harvest (g/pot) Number of pod/pot Treatment Shoot Pod Total *

Seed yield (g/pot) Filled Empty Total

NPK (Control) 15.9 9.5 25.4 6.0 7 3 10 CF 13.5 9.4 22.9 6.3 8 1 9 CF minus P 15.0 9.1 24.1 6.1 9 2 11 CF minus K 11.7 8.9 20.6 6.0 12 2 14 CF minus B 12.7 8.6 21.3 5.7 9 2 11 CFminus Fe 15.5 13.2 28.7 7.5 10 3 13 CF minus Ca 14.3 11.8 26.1 8.7 11 2 13 CF minus Cu 17.4 11.1 28.5 8.0 10 4 14 CF minus Mg 17.2 11.0 28.2 7.3 10 3 13 CF minus Mn 5.9 7.0 13.9 4.7 6 3 9 CF minus Mo 14.5 13.4 27.9 9.1 12 2 14 CF minus S 14.1 8.6 22.7 5.4 11 3 14 CF minus Zn 14.4 12.4 26.8 8.4 10 3 13 NPK+goat manure 17.1 8.6 25.7 5.5 7 5 12

CF = complete fertilisation * excluding root

Giving the NPK only gave higher total biomass (25.4 g/pot), as well as the empty pod, than complete fertilisation (22.9 g/pot), particularly in the shoot. Although total biomass production in (CF minus B) treatment was comparatively high, seed yield in this treatment was only 5.7 g/pot; it was seemed that the filling process into the developing seed in this treatment was suppressed by B deficiency, the condition that also apply for (CF minus S) treatment. (CF minus Mn) treatment gave the lowest biomass in shoot and pod resulted in lowest seed yield (4.7 g/pot), due to smaller number of pod per pot. It was clearly seen that Mn availability was lower in the soil, and suppressed vegetative and generative growth of the plant. The facts that (CF minus Ca), (CF minus Cu), (CF minus Mo), and (CF minus Zn) treatments produced

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more seed than CF treatment, implying high content of these nutrients in the soil, as well as Fe and Mg.

Results of experiment also showed that minus Cu, minus Mg and Control+goat manure treatments gave higher shoot dry weight. It was seemed that Ca, Cu, Mg, Mo, and Zn were not required by this soil. On the other hand, Mn, B and S should be given as fertilisers to increase seed yield.

5. Interpretation of results Soil affected by the tsunami from Ujung Tanjung village-Meurebo was characterized by low fertility due to low C-organic and CEC. Without additional Mn, S and B, seed yields were comparatively low, indicating deficiencies in these nutrients. Even though Mo content of the soil was below 1 ppm,, seed yield without Mo addition was the highest, indicated that the addition of Mo may cause slight Mo toxicity to the crop. It appears that fertilisation with Urea, SP36 and KCl will increase crop and soil productivities.

6. Suggestions for further work The results of this experiment could be further tested and implemented to farmer’s field as the demonstration of several fertilisation packages. The best package should be adapted to other identical soils.

7. Follow up needed Cooperative efforts with local Dinas Pertanian, as well as with farmers, should accelerate the dissemination of the results of this experiment.

8. Contact person for further information Name : Dr Achmad Rachman

Postal address : Balai Penelitian Tanah, Jl Ir. H. Juanda 98, Bogor

Email : [email protected]

Phone : 62 251 336757 Fax: 62 251 321608


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6. Maize pot trial – Ujung Tanjung soil

Location Glass House ISRI-Bogor, using soil from Tanjung -Lhoknga, Date March 21 – June 28, 2007 Crop & issue of interest Maize: Remediation of tsunami-affected soil

Growth performance of maize at different nutrient inputs, 6 and 13 weeks after seeding

1. Description of problem Salinity of soil affected by tsunami at Tanjung-village, Lhoknga has decreased considerably, leaching and drainage several times make Na be leached out resulted in below critical Na level in the soil. However, crop growth in this soil was suppressed; the vegetative growth of rice was fairly good, hence the generative growth was significantly hampered; panicle and spikelet production was lower. Phenomena of salinity in agricultural soil becomes important because it is not only limiting factor in crop growth, but causing nutrient un-balance as well. Symptoms of deficiency and toxicity of nutrients were shown in vegetative and generative parts of the plant. Even though maize is said to be more tolerant to salinity than rice, growth and yield performances were significantly affected

2. Aim of trial/demonstration The experiment was aimed at studying nutrient un-balance in the soil affected bu tsunami and its effects on maize growth and yield. In addition, information on causes

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of land degradation after tsunami was also gathered, as well as to find out techniques of land rehabilitation through fertilisation was also discussed.

3. Technology demonstrated/treatments Fourteen treatments of nutrient addition (see table below) were arranged in completely randomized design with 3 replicates in a pot experiment using maize as plant indicator. As much as 75 kg Urea, 100 kg SP36 and 100 kg KCl/ha equivalent were given before seeding. Boron (B), Fe, Cu, , Mn, Mo, and Zn were given at 5 ppm each, while Ca was 40 ppm and Mg and S at 20 ppm each. All nutrients, according to treatment, were given before seeding.

4. Data & observations collected Amount of irrigation water, physical and chemical characteristics of the soil after harvesting, growth and yield of the crop, as well as nutrient contents of the crop were observed during the experiment. In this summary only crop data at harvest was presented in table below.

Table 1. Dry weights of shoot, ear and seed of maize at harvesting in soil from Tanjung-Lhoknga, ISRI 2007.

Shoot Ear Seed Treatment

---------------- g/pot ------------- Control, with NPK (Urea, SP36, KCl) 53.3 de 37.0 cd 28.9 c Complete (NPK, B, Fe, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, S, Zn) 49.6 d 38.5 d 29.6 cd Complete fertilisation minus P 36.1 a 29.8 bc 23.5 b Complete fertilisation minus K 38.7 ab 36.6 cd 29.9 cd Complete fertilisation minus B 42.2 d 45.0 e 34.5 de Complete fertilisation minus Fe 39.1 bc 23.6 a 19.1 a Complete fertilisation minus Ca 51.9 de 31.5 bc 23.4 b Complete fertilisation minus Cu 54.5 e 28.2 bc 20.2 ab Complete fertilisation minus Mg 37.9 ab 33.6 c 27.9 c Complete fertilisation minus Mn 49.8 d 27.7 b 19.5 a Complete fertilisation minus Mo 41.1 bc 41.1 de 35.4 e Complete fertilisation minus S 36.2 a 37.6 cd 30.3 d Complete fertilisation minus Zn 40.2 bc 42.4 de 34.8 de Control + goat manure 39.9 bc 35.5 cd 28.5 c Calculated F in analysis of variance 7.60 6.16 7.18 Coefficient of variation (%) 20.77 23.93 23.29

Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level.


Soil analysis showed low C-organic and CEC. In general, nutrient contents were low, even though base saturation was high enough. Results of experiment showed that NPK addition gave higher shoot dry weight (53.3 g/pot), but not seed yield (28.9 g/pot), Complete fertilisation showed the same trend. Minus P, minus Ca and minus Cu treatments produced lower yield, 23.5, 23.4 and 20.2 g/pot, respectively. Without micro-nutrients B, Mo, and Zn crop yielded 34.5, 35.4, and 34,8 g/pot, respectively,

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while at the same time complete fertilisation only gave 29.6 g per pot. It seemed likely that additional B, Mo and Zn were not required in this soil. Minus Fe and minus Mn treatments produced lowest seed yields, 19.1 and 19.5 g/pot, respectively; indicating that both nutrients were at deficient levels. Though highest shoot dry weight was produced in minus Cu treatment (54.5 g/pot), seed yield was low (20.2 g/pot); indicated that Cu deficiency affected seed yield more than vegetative growth. Results also showed that goat manure at 5 ton/ha did not eliminate macro- and micro-nutrient deficiencies. It was concluded that Fe, Mn, P, Ca and Cu were deficient for maize in this soil. However, the addition of B, Mo and Zn into fertilisation package reduced seed yield.

6. Suggestions for further work/implications Cooperative activities with farmers should be made to further verify the results of this experiment in field demonstrations. Several fertiliser packages could be tested by farmers in their fields. The best package could be recommended to be implemented to wider areas having identical soil characteristics.

7. Follow up needed? Joint activities with local Dinas Pertanian, as well as with farmers, are needed to get more accurate data for implementing the results of this experiment as recommended package of nutrient management in tsunami-affected soil.

8. Contact person for further information Name : Dr Achmad Rachman

Postal address : Balai Penelitian Tanah, Jl Ir. H. Juanda 98, Bogor


Phone : 62 251 336757 Fax: 62 251 321608


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7. Rice pot trial – nutrient balance Ujung Tanjung soil

Location Glass House ICRR-Sukamandi, using soil from Tanjung village, Lhoknga District, Aceh Besar

Date March 28 – June 6, 2007 Crop & issue of interest Rice: Nutrient balance post-tsunami in high pH soil

(-)V2 -NV2 -PV2 -KV2 Response of Mendawak to N, P, and K fertiliser in Tanjung soil

(-)V1 -NV1 -PV1 -KV1

Response of Ciherang to N, P, and K fertiliser in Tanjung soil

1. Description of problem Spare establishment of rice after tsunami, and low seed set and filling have been observed on both the east and west coasts of NAD. Some rice farmers in Aceh Besar district reported growth and yield failures from their first and second rice crops after tsunami. The third rice crop, showed fairly good vegetative growth but had less and undeveloped panicles and spikelets. Though soil salinity has decreased considerably, growth and yield of lowland rice in tsunami-affected soil was poor. Some soils have high pH values and high exchangeable Ca and Mg, as well as low N, P and K contents. In other sites, exchangeable Ca and Mg and pH were low.

2. Aim of trial/demonstration This experiment was aimed at evaluating nutrient balance in high pH soil (pH=7.2) affected by tsunami to find sound nutrient management for improving lowland rice growth and yield

3. Technology demonstrated/treatments Using tsunami-affected soil from Tanjung village-Lhoknga Aceh Besar, two rice varieties, Ciherang and Mendawak, were treated with 9 nutrient treatments, i.e.; without fertilisation, complete fertilisation, treatments of complete fertilisation minus N (-N), P (-P), K (-K), Cu (-Cu), Zn (-Zn), B (-B) or Mn (-Mn). Soil from Sukamandi fertilised as recommended was also included for comparison.

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4. Data & observations collected During the experiment, data on plant height and tiller number were observed weekly. At harvest data on yield components and yield were collected.

At 10 days after transplanting symptoms of salinity and nutrient disorders (chlorosis and necrosis) were observed on leaves in some treatments, but after 3 weeks the plant in pots were recovered completely. Differential responsees were shown by variety to the treatments, but in general the growth and yield of the rice plant on the soil from Tanjung were fairly good, comparable to the plant on the soil from Sukamandi.

Table Grain yield and yield components of rice varieties Ciherang and Mendawak, of minus-one pot experiment using soil from Tanjung village-NAD, Sukamandi 2007.

Grain per pot Factor/ Treatment

Yield* (g/pot)

Panicle/ pot Total Filled

Empty grain (%)

Weight of 1000 grain (g)*

Variety Ciherang 49.99 a 19.7 a 2308 a 2113 b 11.28 a 23.29 a Mendawak 55.14 b 25.5 b 2960 b 1951 a 33.84 b 25.49 b Fertilisation (-) 37.27 a 18.7 a 2080 ab 1467 a 27.88 b 23.81 a - N 43.47 ab 20.0 ab 1883 a 1721 ab 22.86

ab 23.80 a

- P 53.48 c 22.0 ab 2737 bc 2070 bc 23.37 ab

24.55 ab

- K 53.22 c 24.7 b 2679 bc 2067 bc 21.55 ab

24.32 ab

- Zn 58.74 c 24.2 b 2868 c 2261 c 19.67 ab

24.56 ab

- Cu 55.12 c 22.3 ab 2626 bc 2137 c 16.94 a 24.72 ab - B 52.01 bc 24.5 b 2883 c 2023 bc 27.64 b 24.07 ab - Mn 55.49 c 24.2 b 2791 bc 2153 c ` 21.45

ab 24.49 ab

(+) 56.02 c 24.2 b 2716 bc 2157 c 19.87 ab

24.51 ab

Sukamandi soil

60,87 c 21,5 ab 3075 c 2264 c 24,36 ab

25,03 b

Mean values in a column, at each Factor, followed by a common leter are not significantly difference at 5% honestly significant difference (HSD). * at 14% moisture.

5. Interpretation of results Symptoms of salt injury in the rice plant are stunted growth, reduced tillering, whities leaf tips and frequently, chlorotic parts on the leaves. The detrimental effects of salinity are also often dependent on the stage of plant growth. It was clear from this experiment that in rice, however, the plant is more sensitive at the flowering and seed setting stage.

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Tsunami-affected soil from Tanjung village was productive in rice yields in pots, compared to soil from Sukamandi.Mendawak variety gave more grain yield, due to higher number of panicles, grain and 1000 grain weight, even though sterility was higher than that of Ciherang. Furthermore, effects of nutrient treatments were shown on yield components; (-K), (-Cu), (-Zn), (-B), (-Mn) and complete fertiliser (+) gave high number of panicles, hence high number of grain. Without P, K, Zn, Cu and Mn additions in this soil, grain yield were good, comparable to complete fertilisation and grain yield in Sukamandi soil. On the other hand, it was very clear that N must be added while without B (-B) sterility increased, Boron (B) should be considered as an addition to this soil type. Detailed analysis of the data also showed that rice variety responses to nutrient additions were different.

6. Suggestions for further work/implications It was clear from the results of this experiment that excluding P, K, Zn, Cu and Mn from fertilisation package gives fairly high grain yield. On the other hand, N must be added and B addition can reduce the percentage of empty grain. It is seemed that the most critical macro element in this soil is N, while microelements are Cu and B; Cu should not be added while B should be added to reduce the percentage of empty grain. Due to differences in responsee of the variety, integrated and balance nutrient management in this soil is recommended.

7. Follow up needed? Leaching, soil amendments and mulching, and fertilisation are believed to be main components of land rehabilitation after tsunami. However, due to structural limitations of irrigation and drainage systems, both measures are not easy and need a long time, as well as integrated efforts. Because of these, good management of nutrients and adaptation of variety seem to be the main efforts to increasing productivities of tsunami-affected soil in the near future.

Contact person for further information: Dr. Hasil Sembiring

Postal address: BB Padi, Jalan Raya 9, Sukamandi-Subang


Phone: 0260 520157 Fax: 0260 520158


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8. Rice pot trial – nutrient balance in Cot Seulamat soil

Location Glass House ICRR-Sukamandi, using soil from Cot Seulamat village, Samatiga District, Aceh Barat

Date July 1 – October 6, 2007 Crop & issue of interest Rice: Nutrient balance post-tsunami in low pH soil

-NV2 -PV2 -KV2 (+)V2

Response of Mendawak to -N, -P, and -K fertilisation in Cot Seulamat soil

-NV1 -PV1 -KV1 (+)V1

Response of Ciherang to -N, -P, and -K fertilisation in Cot Seulamat soil

1. Description of problem Some tsunami-affected soils have low pH values with low exchangeable Ca and Mg, as well as low N, P and K contents and other nutrients. The first lowland rice crop supported by BRR in Cot Seulamat, Aceh Barat yielded poorly. The sediment deposited by the tsunami was peat in origin with a low pH and high organic matter content. Low yield was associated with reduced panicle number and higher spikelet sterility. It seemed that nutrient problems were the main limitation for high yields of lowland rice in this soil.

2. Aim of trial

This experiment was aimed at evaluating nutrient balance in low pH soil (pH=4.7) post-tsunami to find sound nutrient management for improving lowland rice growth and yield.

3. Treatments

The pot experiment was conducted at the Indonesian Centre for Rice research (ICRR) in Sukamandi using tsunami-affected soil from Cot Seulamat village, Aceh Barat. Two rice varieties, Ciherang and Mendawak were treated with 9 nutrient treatments, i.e.; without fertilisation (-), complete fertilisation (+), treatments of complete fertilisation minus N (-N), P (-P), K (-K), Ca (-Ca), Mg (-Mg), B (-B) or Zn (-Zn), and soil from Sukamandi, fertilised as recommended was also included for comparison.

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4. Data & observations collected During the experiment, data on plant height and tiller number, 30 days after transplanting (DAT), were observed weekly. At harvest, data on yield components and yield were observed. At 7 days after transplanting symptoms of salinity and nutrient disorders (chlorosis and necrosis) were observed on leaves, but after 3 weeks the plant had recovered completely. Differential responses were shown by variety to the treatments, but in general vegetative growth of the plant was good.

Table 1 Yield components and grain yield of rice varieties Ciherang and Mendawak, of minus-one pot experiment using soil from Cot Seulamat-NAD, Sukamandi 2007.

Grain Factor/ Treatment

Grain yield * (g/pot)

Panicle/ pot Total Filled

Empty grain (%)


Variety Ciherang 39.35 a 33,0 a 3156 a 1558 a 52.49 b 20.04 a Mendawak 54.11 b 34,7 a 3225 a 1895 b 43.03 a 24.50 b Fertilisation (-) 15.66 a 29,2 a 1941 a 362 a 80.04 c 18.59 a - N 41.10 c 30,2 ab 2725 ab 1511 bc 43.69 b 23.65 ab - P 41.20 c 28,5 a 2714 ab 1601 c 38.95 ab 22.31 ab - K 28.33 b 34,2 abc 3026 b 925 ab 70.56 c 18.52 a - Ca 54.66 de 38,8 c 3615 bc 2053 c 43.32 b 22.66 ab - Mg 58.15 e 38,3 c 3621 bc 2090 c 42.55 b 25.46 b - B 44.42 cd 34,0 abc 3282 bc 1718 c 48.02 b 21.41 ab - Cu 52.96 cde 34,7 abc 3486 bc 2002 c 42.70 b 23.04 ab (+) 51.38 cde 37,0 bc 3489 bc 1985 c 43.36 b 22.41 ab Sukamandi 79.44 f 33,7 abc 4006 c 3016 d 24.41 a 24.67 b

Mean values in a column, at each Factor, followed by a common leter are not significantly difference at 5% honestly significant difference (HSD).

* at 14% moisture.

There were no differences between Ciherang and Mendawak in tillering or panicle performance. Grain yield of Mendawak (54.11 g/pot) was higher than that of Ciherang (39.3 g/pot), supported by higher number of filled grain due to lower percentage of empty grain and higher 1000 grain weight. The number of panicles and grain, and 1000 grain weight were lowest in the zero fertiliser treatment in Cot Seulamat soil, while the empty grain percentage was the highest (80.04%). As the result, grain yield was only 30.48% of the complete fertiliser treatment (15.66 vs 51.38 g/pot).

Soil from Sukamandi consistently produced more tillers than from Cot Seulamat, plants were more productive (55% more grain and 1000 grain weight and lower percentage of empty grain), in comparing to complete fertilisation in Cot Seulamat soil. Tiller and panicle numbers in the (-P) treatment were the lowest, while (-Ca) and (-Mg) treatments gave higher panicle numbers. Even though (-K) treatment yielded significantly more than without fertilisation (-), it was only 55.14% of complete fertilisation (+) due to high percentage of empty grain (70.56%) and the lowest 1000 grain weight (18.52 g); the empty grain and 1000 grain weight in complete fertilisation were 43.36% and 22.41 g, respectively.

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5. Interpretation of results Symptoms of salt injury in the rice plant are stunted growth, reduced tillering, whitish leaf tips and chlorotic and necrotic parts on the leaves; all of the symptoms were shown about a week after transplanting. It seems that these symptoms are associated with low and un-balanced available nutrients in the soil. According to the above yield data, the most limiting nutrient in this soil is K followed by N and P. Further more, this soil doesn’t required additional Ca, Cu nor Mg, while B addition will increase the number of panicles.

6. Suggestions for further work Looking back to the results obtained from pot experiment using soil from Tanjung-Lhoknga, it is clear that different soils have different responses to the addition of nutrients. For these reasons, different site need special attention, due to differences in soil texture and pH, degree of salinity, as well as availability of macro and micronutrients. While improvement of irrigation and drainage systems are the main efforts to improve crop and soil productivities after tsunami, optimum soil nutrient management is needed.

Contact person for further information: Dr. Hasil Sembiring

Postal address: BB Padi, Jalan Raya 9, Sukamandi-Subang


Phone: 0260 520157 Fax: 0260 520158


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9. Fertiliser management of rice at Cot Seulamat

Location Cot Seulamat, Samatiga District, Aceh Barat Date June 14 – September 20, 2007 Crop & issue of interest Rice: Fertiliser management demonstration

Rice recently transplanted for fertiliser package demonstration

1. Description of problem at this site Farmers in this tsunami-affected area apply 100-100-100 kg of Urea-SP36-KCl ha-1, which is applied once before transplanting. Low rice yields are common. Referring to the soil analysis results (ISRI 2007), 100 kg of Urea and SP36 as sources of N and P are considered optimal, particularly because the soil N and P content is quite high. On the other hand, though total K is high the availability of this nutrient is low and may be limiting yields.

2. Aim of this demonstration The objective of this demonstration was to increase lowland rice growth and yield using split applications of fertiliser and the addition of soil amendments. In addition, the demonstration will show farmers how technological improvement could be implemented to increase lowland rice production, as well as farmers’ incomes.

3. Technology demonstrated The demonstration was conducted using three treatments:

I. Farmer’s practice at the location (100 kg ha-1 each, Urea-SP36-KCl applied once before transplanting).

II. Fertilisation with Urea-SP36-KCl at 100-100-150 kg ha-1; Urea was split in three (one-third each before planting, at 28 and 42 day after transplanting/DAS). While KCl in two applications, before planting and at 42 DAS.

III. Fertilisation with Urea-SP36-KCl as package II (100-100-150 kg per ha). In addition, 2 t/ha dolomite is added (to increase soil pH and availabilities of Ca and Mg). Dolomite will be given at 4-7 days before transplanting, as well as

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the addition of Na-borate (to increase Boron content of the soil) at 28 kg Na2BB4O2.5H2O per ha).

This demonstration was conducted on 2000 m2 (minimal) area for each technological package. Other treatments such as irrigation and drainage were in common for the three packages of technology. Plant spacing is 25x25 cm with three seedlings per hill. Seedling age and variety planted were used as per local practice. Pests and diseases were regularly controlled.

Notes:

a) The demonstration involved 4 farmers, with the 3 packages demonstrated on each farmer’s land.

b) Certified Ciherang seed was used in the demonstration.

4. Data and observations collected Growth and yield data were collected during the demonstration to evaluate and interpret the results, i. e.; plant height, number of tillers and panicles, filled and empty grain, weight of 1000 grain and grain yield. In this summary only data on grain yield of each package is presented (Table 1). On average, the first package gave 4.45 t/ha. In package II, with additional 50 kg/ha KCl, and Urea and KCl were applied in 3 and 2 applications, respectively the average grain yield was 5.88 t/ha, 32% more than the first. Further more, the third package with the addition of dolomite and borax, gave average grain yield of 5.98 t/ha, comparable to the second package. This result was in line with a pot experiment using the soil from this site, which concluded that additional Ca and Mg were not required in the fertiliser package.

Table 1. Yield results from fertiliser management demonstration Package Average Grain

Yield (t/ha) I. Farmer’s practice (100 kg ha-1 Urea-SP36-KCl applied once before transplanting).

4.45

II. Split applications (3) (100 kg ha-1 Urea-SP36-KCl)

5.88

II. Split applications (3) (100 kg ha-1 Urea-SP36-KCl) + Dolomite and Na-borate

5.98

5. Interpretation of results Split application of fertiliser resulted in a significant yield increase of 32%. Though having low pH, the yields did not significantly respond to the addition of dolomite (slight increase in grain yield of around 100 kg/ha). Longer-term analysis would be required to monitor changes in soil pH from subsequent applications of dolomite.

6. Suggestions for further work and implications It is suggested that using quality seed and appropriate technology will increase rice grain yield and farmers’ income in this area. Fertiliser management using split

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applications of inorganic fertiliser (package II) is recommended for lowland rice in this area.

7. Follow up needed from this demonstration Results of this demonstration could be used by farmers around the demonstration site, as well as at other tsunami-affected sites having similar soil characteristics. Local Dinas Pertanian should include this package of fertilisation into the development program in this area, and should communicate the package to farmers.


Postal address : Jalan P. Nyak Makam No 27, Lampineung, Banda Aceh

Emai : [email protected] and [email protected]

Phone : (0651) 7411232 Fax. : (0651) 7552077


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10. Nutrient management in rice at Cot Seulamat

Location Cot Seulamat, Samatiga District, Aceh Barat Date June 14 – September 28, 2007 Crop & issue of interest Rice: Field experiment – nutrient management

Transplanting (left) and crop performance at 33 days after transplanting (right)

1. Description of problem at this site It has been well documented that salinity affects rice seedling growth and decreases seedling establishment. Salinity also affects rice grain yield and yield components such as spikelet number and tiller number. Under saline conditions pollen sterility increases, and starch transport to filling grain decreases. Some rice farmers in Aceh Besar district of NAD reported growth and yield failures from their first and second rice crops after the tsunami. The third rice crop, showed fairly good vegetative growth but had less and undeveloped panicles and spikelets. From a field visit of the ACIAR Team on September 2006, it was determined that salinity had decreased considerably. A problem for the development of rice after the tsunami is likely to be nutrient balance in the soil. Important nutrients, N, P and K must be supplied while Ca and Mg in high pH soils need to be leached. Micro nutrients such as Zn, Cu, Mo and others must be evaluated in each cropping soil after the tsunami, since in extreme conditions these nutrients may become excessive or deficient. Furthermore, different sites need individual attention, due to differences in soil texture and pH, degree of salinity, as well as availability of macro and micronutrients. The evaluation of micronutrients in grain and seed filling and sterility needs special attention. Detailed study through research is required to evaluate the nutrient status of the soil after tsunami.

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2. Aim of this trial The objective of this experiment was to find out the limiting nutritional problems in Cot Seulamat, in order to develop appropriate technology that can increase rice yield and farmers’ income.

3. Treatments The experiment was designed in Split Plot with 3 replicates and plot area of 6x5 m2.

Main Plot was rice variety, consisting of Ciherang and Mendawak. Sub Plot consisted of 6 nutrient management techniques as follows:

A. Farmer practice; Fertilisation with 100-100-100 kg of Urea-SP36-KCl per ha, in one application.

B. Urea-SP36-KCl at 100-100-150 kg per ha was applied in split application; Urea in 3 and KCl in two splits, while all SP36 was given before planting.

C. Urea-SP36-KCl at 100-100-150 kg per ha with timing of application as B treatment. In addition, 2 t/ha dolomite was incorporated into the soil 7 days before transplanting.

D. Urea-SP36-KCl at 100-100-150 kg per ha with timing of application as B treatment. In addition, Na-borate (Boron source) was given at 28 and 42 DAT at 28 kg of Na2BB4O2.5H2O per ha.

E. Urea-SP36-KCl at 100-100-150 kg per ha with timing of application as B treatment. In addition, 2 t/ha dolomite was incorporated into the soil 7 days before transplanting, as well as Na-borate (Boron source) at 28 and 42 DAT, at 28 kg Na2BB4O2.5H2O per ha.

4. Data and observations collected Visual observation showed that both varieties responded to treatments. In general, the growth of Mendawak was better than Ciherang.

Table 1. Some lowland soil characteristics from Cot Seulamat village - Aceh Barat, 0-20 cm depth.

Soil characteristic Value Method of analysis H2O 4.9 a Ekstract 1 : 5

pH KCl 4.1 a Id

N total (%) 0.72 h Kjeldahl C (%) 16.4 vh Walkley & Black C/N 23 h Counting P2O5 (mg/100 g) 85 vh HCl 25% K2O (mg/100 g) 41 h Id. P2O5 (ppm) 3.5 vl Bray I K2O (ppm) 64 l Morgan

Analysis in ISRI, Bogor (2007).

l, vl, h, vh and a stand for low, very low, high, very high and acid, respectively.

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The soil was acid with pH value of 4.9. The organic-C was very high and N total was high giving a high C/N ratio of 23. Though total P content of the soil was very high and total K was high, availability of both nutrients were low (Table 1).

Plant height at 96 DAT was higher for Mendawak, but Ciherang had longer panicles than Mendawak. On the other hand, nutrient management treatments (A-E treatments) did not affect plant height, maximum tiller number (at 46 DAT) and panicle length (Table 2).

Table 2. Observed mean of growth components of Ciherang and Mendawak from field experiment at Cot Seulamat, 2007.

Plant height (cm) At age of (DAT)

Factor/ Treatment

46 96

Tiller number/ hill at 46 DAT

Panicle length (cm)

Variety Ciherang 71 a 97 a 20,4 a 24,0 b Mendawak 77 a 105 b 20,3 a 22,8 a Input A 75 a 98 a 20,8 a 23,2 a B 72 a 101 a 20,8 a 23,7 a C 74 a 102 a 19,6 a 23,6 a D 74 a 102 a 20,0 a 23,4 a E 74 a 101 a 20,5 a 23,2 a

Values in each column and factor followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% HSD (honestly significant difference) 5%.

Table 3. Mean yield and yield components of Ciherang and Mendawak from field experiment at Cot Seulamat, 2007.

Spikelet/panicle Factor/ Treatment

Yield* (kg/ha)

Panicle /hill Total Filled

Sterility (%)


Variety Ciherang 6514 a 11,8 a 128 a 120 a 6,33 a 25,19 a Mendawak 6781 a 12,4 a 147 a 133 a 9,68 a 27,75 b Input A 6480 ab 11,6 a 134 a 123 a 8,15 a 26,65 a B 6178 a 11,3 a 141 a 130 a 7,72 a 26,54 a C 6623 ab 11,7 a 141 a 129 a 8,24 a 26,28 a D 6314 a 13,6 a 132 a 120 a 8,72 a 26,66 a E 7644 b 12,4 a 139 a 129 a 7,19 a 26,23 a

Values in each column and factor followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% HSD (honest significant difference) * moisture content of 14%

Mendawak variety seemed to have more panicle/hill, higher total and filled spikelets per panicle, as well as higher 1000 grain weight. As a result, Mendawak yielded more,

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even though not significant, than Ciherang. Treatment E gave significant higher grain yield due to more panicles and grain. The addition of dolomite alone (treatment C) or Na-borate alone (treatment D) did not increase grain yield significantly, but in combination (treatment E) provided a significant yield increase (Table 3). It appears that the addition of dolomite was more effective than Na-borate for soil remediation, due to the low pH of the soil.

5. Interpretation of results Due to the low pH of the soil (4.9), the availability of P and K in this soil was low even though the total content of both nutrients was high. In addition, the relatively high Na content of the soil affected the availability of K to plants; plant K absorption was reduced by Na. The addition of K to farmer practice (50 kg KCl per ha) and Na-borate at 28 kg of Na2BB4O2.5H2O per ha did not increase growth and grain yield. On the other hand, 2 t/ha dolomite together with 28 kg of Na2B4B O2.5H2O per ha provided a significant increase in yield. The use of dolomite to increase soil pH and the addition of borate are factors in increasing the productivity of rice crops on acidic peat soils.

6. Suggestions for further work A field experiment with higher dolomite amendment together with borate is recommended for further evaluation of rice productivity in this soil.

7. Follow up needed from this trial The results of this experiment are not yet conclusive. Results from pot experiments, as well as demonstration trials conducted in this soil must be considered in evaluating the result.

Contact person for further information: T. Iskandar and Chairunas



Phone : (0651) 7411232 Fax. : (0651) 7552077


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10a. Rice variety demonstration at Cot Seulamat

Location Cot Seulamat, Samatiga District, Aceh Barat Date June 14 - September 28, 2007 Crop & issue of interest Rice: Variety demonstration

Crop performance at 33 days after transplanting in a demonstration on variety adaptation.

Mendawak variety looked better than Ciherang and the other varieties.

1. Description of problem at this site Salt injury in rice plants results in stunted growth, reduced tillering, whitish leaf tips and frequently, chlorotic and necrotic parts on the leaves. Although rice is classified as a moderately tolerant crop, EC (electrical conductivity) values of 6-10 dS m-1 are associated with a 50% decrease in yield. The site at Cot Seulamat is a low lying peat soil for lowland rice. Irrigation and drainage infrastructures are in poor condition in West Aceh, and are urgently required to facilitate leaching of toxic sediment and salt from the tsunami. Varietal tolerance to saline conditions is a priority area of research whilst drainage infrastructure remains inadequate and in areas subject to seawater inundation.

It was clear from several adaptation tests that some rice varieties were more adapted/ tolerant to salinity than others. Adaptation tests showed that some tidal swampland varieties were most tolerant to salinity at the vegetative stage of growth.

2. Aim of this demonstration The objective was to demonstrate in farmer’s field that there are differences in the adaptability of rice varieties in tsunami-affected soil. Furthermore, this demonstration also aimed to identify rice varieties better adapted to the peat soils in this area, in terms of growth and yield.

3. Technology demonstrated and treatments

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Six rice varieties were planted side by side in 15x5 m2 plots. All agronomic practices were applied, in common, to the six varieties. Urea-SP36-KCl was applied at 100-100-150 kg per ha; Urea was applied in 3 splits and KCl in 2 splits. In addition, 2 t/ha dolomite and 28 kg of Na2BB4O2.5H2O per ha were added. Plant spacing was 25x25 cm, 3 seedlings per hill. The six rice varieties were: Ciherang, Intani 2, PTB (BP 360), Mekongga, Banyuasin and Mendawak.

4. Data and observations collected Growth and yield characteristics were collected during the demonstrationincluding plant height, number of tillers, total spikelets and empty grains, dry weight of 1000 grain, and grain yield. Growth and yield data are presented in Table 1 below.

Table 1. Mean growth and yield data of 6 lowland rice varieties, Cot Seulamat 2007. Variety Growth and yield

Characters Ciherang Intani-2 BP-360 Mekongga Banyuasin MendawakTiller/hill at 46 DAT 19.0 13.8 17.0 13,6 19,2 18.8 Plant height at harvest (cm) 98. 114 96 95 100 104 Panicle length (cm) 24 26 26 24 21 23 Total spikelet /panicle 144 229 198 140 149 165 Filled grain/panicle 131 186 185 134 119 145 Empty grain/panicle 13 43 13 6 30 20 Weight of 1000 grain 27.85 28.79 28.83 28.36 27.27 30.79 Yield (t/ha), 14% moisture 3.84 5.76 4.48 4.69 4,91 5,33

5. Interpretation of results In general, vegetative growth of all varieties was quite good, particularly Mendawak. Technology practiced in this demonstration seemed appropriate to the local conditions, resulting in better crop performances than experienced by local farmers. Even though Ciherang is a recommended variety for lowland rice, it produced the lowest grain yield (3.8 t/ha). Intani-2, a hybrid variety, yielded 5.76 t/ha in this soil, followed by Mendawak 5.33 t/ha. Higher numbers of filled grain and high 1000 grain weight contributed to yield superiority.

6. Suggestions for further work

For lowland rice development in this area, Ciherang variety is not recommended. Intani-2 and Mendawak are highly recommended. Intani-2 is a hybrid rice, which farmers do not readily accept because the seed is expensive. Mendawak and Banyuasin (tidal swamp land rice varieties) are recommended and should be distributed in this area to provide improved yields.

7. Follow up needed from this demonstration

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This activity should be followed up by local Dinas Pertanian in cooperation with BPTP-NAD, in order to adapt it to more farmers and wider areas in the next season.




Phone : (0651) 7411232 Fax. : (0651) 7552077

Website for this project: http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/wollongbar/aceh.htm

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11. Rice production improvement in South Nias Location Botohilitano, Nanowa, and Dihilinifaoso Southern Nias Date October 10, 2005 – February 28, 2006

September 10, 2006 – January 8, 2007 October 9, 2007 – February 25, 2008

Crop & issue of interest Rice: Production improvement

Tsunami-affected lowland rice area, before transplanting

Rice variety Banyuasin, before harvest

1. Description of the problem at this site Rice cultivation in Southern Nias is still conducted in a semi-traditional manner. Due to the geographical position of Nias, separated from Sumatra, communication and transportation limit the development of agriculture in the area. Irrigation infrastructure is lacking and the lowland rice is naturally irrigated (rainfed). High yielding rice varieties with good quality seed are rare. Fertilisers are not easily available, principally due to the cost of transportation. As a result, rice yields in this area are low. Earthquake and tsunami impacts further affected rice farming on South Nias.

2. Aim of this demonstration Activities conducted in three sites in South Nias were aimed at demonstrating a specific package of lowland rice technology (Integrated Crop Management ICM) on saline tsunami-affected soil. The activities encourage farmers to improve their lowland rice production through adoption of site specific technology and high yielding lowland rice varieties in saline tsunami-affected soil. The ultimate goal is to increase the productivity of the land, as well as of the lowland rice cropping.

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3. Technology demonstrated ICM components

• addition of N fertiliser based on Leaf Colour Chart (LCC) reading • P and K fertiliser rates based on soil analysis • less seedling (1-2 seedlings) per hill • high yielding lowland rice varieties (Ciherang, Banyuasin and Kapuas) • legowo (skip row) 4:1 system of planting

2005/2006 Botohilitano wet season Farmers’ practice of regular planting of 25x25 cm distance was used for comparison.

2006/07 Nanowa wet season Ciherang, Cilosari, Sunggal, Banyuasin, Kapuas and a local variety (Sabuso) were grown with the ICM approach. Composted rice straw from the harvested rice crop was incorporated into the soil (about 2 t/ha).

2007/2008 Dihilinifaoso wet season The ICM approach for lowland rice was also demonstrated using Cibogo, Ciherang and Mekongga varieties.

Composted rice straw from the harvested rice crop was incorporated into the soil (about 2 t/ha) and integrated pest management was practiced in these demonstrations.

4. Data collected and observations During the growth of the plant agronomic data was collected, i.e.; plant height at 80 days after transplanting (DAT), number of maximum tiller per hill (at 50 DAT), days to 50% flowering of the crop (around 50 DAT), number of productive tiller per hill (around 85 DAT). At harvest, 125 DAT, grain yield and yield of the crop were observed.

Table 1. Agronomic data from demonstrations of ICM at Botohilitano 2005 , Nanowa 2006 and Dihilinifaoso 2007.

Planting method/ Variety

Plant height (cm)

Maximum tillers per hill

Productive tillers per hill

Days to 50% flowering

1000 grain weight (g)

Grain yield (t ha-1)

Botohilitano 2005 Farmer’s practice Ciherang 89.8 22.6 10.5 - - 3.02 Banyuasin 103.0 19.4 12.4 - - 3.44 Kapuas 104.4 23.7 11.0 - - 3.57 ICM Ciherang 99.2 17.9 9.3 - - 6.10 Banyuasin 104.3 18.9 11.2 - - 6.80 Kapuas 107.4 19.9 10. 6 - - 7.10

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Planting method/ Variety

Plant height (cm)

Maximum tiller per hill

Productive tiller per hill

Days to 50% flowering

1000 grain weight (g)

Grain yield (t ha-1)

Nanowa 2006 ICM Banyuasin 110.8 22.4 10.6 50-88 24.2 5.2 Ciherang 107.0 26.4 17.2 42-81 26.2 6.7 Cilosari 108.8 15.8 10.6 47-82 25.0 5.8 Kapuas 107.4 21.4 12.2 48-84 25.6 5.9 Sunggal 100.4 24.0 15.4 48-85 25.9 6.1 Sabuso * 93.2 11.6 7.3 65-97 19.1 3.7 Dihilinifaoso 2007 ICM Cibogo 86.4 15.8 10.6 - 26.6 4.0 Ciherang 91.0 22.0 13.6 - 27.3 6.7 Mekongga 89.0 16.8 13.8 - 26.6 6.2

* local variety - data not available

5. Interpretation of results Results from these demonstrations clearly showed that rice production in Nias can be improved. Botohilitano (2005/06) demonstrated 100% improvement of yields using integrated crop management compared with local farmer’s practice. The improvement in yield was again shown in 2006/07 in Nanowa, ranging from 5.2 to 6.7 t ha-1 for the varieties Ciherang, Banyuasin and Kapuas. A commonly cultivated local variety Sabuso, only produced 3.7 t ha-1 under the same conditions.

The variety Banyuasin yielded better than Ciherang at Botohilitano, but not at Nanowa. In 2005 the influence of salinity due to the tsunami was still present. As a result, Banyuasin, a lowland rice variety adapted to tidal swampy areas, grew better and yielded more than Ciherang in 2005.

The grain yields of Cibogo, Ciherang and Mekongga in Dihilinifaoso in 2007 were 4.0; 6.7 and 6.2 t ha-1, respectively. Cibogo and Mekongga are new varieties having potential for use in Southern Nias. The trials demonstrated the value of using recommended high yielding varieties and the effects of an integrated crop management approach to increase soil productivity and rice development in Southern Nias.

6. Suggestions for further work Both trials should be tested on larger areas involving more farmers, at some sites. Farmer and extension staff from Dinas Pertanian should practice participatory field demonstration plots of ICM approach for lowland rice, in order to accelerate dissemination. Further more, Dinas Pertanian should distribute quality seed of the varieties Ciherang, Banyuasin, Kapuas and further test the new varieties Cibogo and Mekongga. Banyuasin is a recommended variety for saline conditions.

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7. Follow up from this demonstration Provide training for PPL and farmers to demonstrate the integrated crop management approach to more farmers in South Nias. Improvement of irrigation facilities and the availability of quality seed and fertiliser will improve rice production in Nias and require less importation of rice from Sumatra. Composting of manures provides an affordable source of fertiliser to provide nutrition for rice crops.

8. Contact person for further information: Ir. Lukas Sebayang

Postal address : Jl. Jend. A.H. Nasution 1b Meand 20143

Email : [email protected]; [email protected]

Phone : +62 61 77067208 ; mobile phone 08163165113

Fax : +62 61 7861020


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12. EM 38 survey results across 21 sites in Aceh

Location 21 sites across 4 districts in NAD Date August 2005 – January 2007 Issue of interest Changes in soil salinity over time

EM38 in vertical mode

Using the EM38 for measuring soil salinity

EM 38 in horizontal mode (right)

1. Description of problem Agriculture areas inundated by seawater during the tsunami became too saline for many crops. The extent of soil salinisation varied across NAD. Soil nutrition problems and crop response to the tsunami were also varied. The identification of saline lands and crop response will help farmers to utilise resources and help guide researchers to identify land management options to resolve crop production problems.

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2. Aim of the field survey To assess changes in soil salinity levels and responses of various crops after the December 2004 tsunami in NAD.

3. Technology used Electromagnetic Induction method (EM38) to measure soil salinity level, and pH and EC meters.

4. Data and observations collected

• Twenty one sites across the eastern coast of NAD (Bireuen, Pidie, Aceh Besar, and in Banda Aceh) were used as monitoring sites based on information from BPTP and local Dinas Pertanian or PPL staff.

• Crop assessment: In each of the 21 sites, crops were assessed based on their performance, and were classified as Low, Medium, or Good crop growth areas.

• Transects (100 m long) were established within these areas for soil salinity measurement.

• The apparent EC of soil was measured using an EM38 and this information was collected at three monthly intervals between August 2005 and January 2007. EM38 horizontal (most sensitive to the 0-35 cm depths) and vertical readings (most sensitive to 35-150 cm depths) were taken in each transect at 5 m intervals.

• Paddock history was collected from farmers including yield pre and post tsunami; period of inundation by the tsunami water; depth of water and crop management information.

5. Results

1

1 1

2 23

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1st- Aug 05 3rd-Jan 06 5th-Jan 07

Survey sequence and dates

Ave

rage

EM

hor

izon

tal (

dS/m

)

Figure 1. Mean EMh (horiozontal) of 21 sites at 2005, 2006 and 2007 measurements.

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1

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Ave

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tical

(dS/

m)

Figure 2. Mean EMv (vertical) of 21 sites at 2005, 2006 and 2007 measurements.

Soil salinity levels across the 21 sites were highly variable, depending on:

• Period of inundation: soil salinity levels were higher in the areas which had been inundated for a longer period

• Soil texture: heavier texture soils (low saturated hydraulic conductivity) were more saline compared to those with lighter texture (high saturated hydraulic conductivity)

• Availability of drainage infrastructure: soil salinity was higher in areas with no adequate drainage infrastructure

• Availability of irrigation water: soil salinity did not become as big a problem in areas that were irrigated at the time of tsunami

In areas that were saline shortly after the tsunami, the salinity level in the surface soil was greater than the subsurface soil (EMh>EMv).

• Soil salinity levels at most sites had returned to normal levels toward the end of 2006

• However, sites that did not have irrigation and drainage infrastructure in place remained too saline for cropping

• Crop performance observations:

o When irrigation water was available, the vegetative growth of rice crops was not suppressed, however yield was reduced by up to 60% because the grain was unfilled.

o Peanut and soybean grown in tidal affected areas were most affected by salinity

o High inputs (high economic value) vegetable crops such as chilli, onion, and melons were not severely affected due to frequent watering (leaching of salts)

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• Highly variable salinity levels across the survey site after tsunami suggested the need of site specific management for soil rehabilitation.

• Soil salinisation due to inundation by seawater during the tsunami event in Aceh can be remediated if there is adequate irrigation/rainfall and drainage infrastructure in place to allow for leaching.

• A sudden increase in soil salinity after the tsunami caused soil nutrient imbalances, which was reflected in poor crop performance and yields at most sites.

• When irrigation water was available, the vegetative growth of the rice crop was not suppressed, but yields were reduced by up to 60% because the grain was unfilled.

• Peanut and soybean crops grown in tidal affected areas did not perform well.

7. Suggestions for further work and implications Information collected from this work was used as a basis to:

avoid cropping on the land that is still too saline for most crops

determine trial needs to improve production of rice and palawija crops.

8. Follow up from this survey

• Restoring drainage and irrigation infrastructure should be a priority in rehabilitating tsunami-affected areas to enable leaching of salts.

• Following this, crop production issues can be managed by addressing soil nutritional problems.

Contact person for further information: T. Iskandar and Irhas A. Md

Postal address: BPTP NAD, Jalan P. Nyak Makam No.27, Lampineung, Banda Aceh

Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Phone : (0651) 7411232 Fax. : (0651) 7552077


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13. Baro Geunteut peanut

Location Baro Geunteut Village, Lhoong Sub-district, Aceh Besar Date Planted 2nd December 2007 – Harvested 2nd March 2008

Crop & issue of interest Peanut: Organic and inorganic fertiliser

1. Description of problem

Peanut productivity in tsunami-affected dry land areas of Lhoong Sub-district, Aceh Besar District remains low (1.0 – 1.1 tons/ha). This is due to several factors such as poor soil fertility, especially low organic matter. Farmers use no fertiliser.

2. Aim of demonstration Demonstrate land productivity and peanut yield improvement by usage of appropriate technology such as organic matter and fertilising (manure, rice ash) and the use of Rhizobium to inoculate the crop.

3. Technology demonstrated

• Local variety • Plant spacing 20 cm x 30 cm • Fertiliser, organic amendments and inoculant

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Treatments A = Without fertiliser (farmer practice) B = Inorganic fertiliser ( 50 kg/ha Urea + 150 kg/ha SP-36 + 100 kg/ha KCl) C = Inorganic fertiliser ( 25 kg/ha Urea + 75 kg/ha SP-36 + 50 kg/ha KCl) + rice ash (300 kg/ha) over planting holes + Nodular inoculant 200 g/ha D = Cow manure 4 ton/ha + rice ash (1 ton/ha) + Nodular inoculant 200 g/ha E = Cow manure 2 ton/ha + (25kg/ha Urea + 75 kg/ha SP36 + 50kg/ha KCl) + Rice ash (300 kg/ha) + Nodular inoculant 200 g/ha

4. Data and observations collected Average values were collected for plant growth, yield components and grain yield of peanut in Lhoong, Aceh Besar.

Table 1. Average no. of branches on peanut demonstration plot using organic and inorganic fertiliser Fertiliser Average no. of branches per plant Package 15 dap 30 dap 45 dap 75 dap A 6,95 10,05 12,45 11,23 B 7,30 10,70 12,90 11,53 C 8,05 11,80 12,75 11,95 D 7,85 10,85 11,40 11,70 E 8,15 11,25 12,15 11,68

dap = days after planting

Table 2. Average yield component and yield of peanut demonstration plot using organic and in-organic fertiliser

Fertiliser Yield No. of filled pods/

No. of empty pods/

100 grains weight

Wet tissue weight/plant

Package (ton/ha) plant plant (grams) A 1,53 17,10 13,40 35,13 76,25 B 1,62 19,10 11,22 35,99 137,50 C 1,81 20,65 8,19 36,05 157,50 D 1,77 21,83 8,82 36,37 167,50

E 1,97 21,78 7,32 35,96 165,00


• All treatments improved the vegetative growth, number of filled pods per plant, grain weight (g/100 seed) and yield compared to the current farmer practice (A).

• Treatment E (cow manure 2 t/ha combined with inorganic fertiliser {Urea 25 kg + SP36 75 kg + KCl 50 kg}/ha + rice ash (300 kg/ha) over planting holes + Nodular 200 gram/ha) produced the highest yield (1.97 ton/ha), which was 28% higher than the current farmer practice (Treatment A, no fertiliser).

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• The higher rates of inorganic fertiliser used in Treatment B (double that used in Treatments C, D and E) did not alone achieve significantly higher yields than the other treatments. The cost of these higher rates should be questioned in comparison to the yield benefit.

• The treatments containing cow manure (D and E) gave the highest number of filled pods per plant and plant weight at harvest.


• To increase peanut production on tsunami-affected dry land on Lhoong Sub-district, it is recommended to apply a combination of cow manure at 2 t/ha, inorganic NPK fertiliser (low rates) and rice ash over the planting hole.

• Field evaluation of new peanut varieties may identify types with adaptation to this region.


Postal address: Jalan P. Nyak Makam No.27, Lampineung, Banda Aceh, Indonesia


Phone: (0651) 7411232

Fax: (0651) 7552077


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14. Blang Kubu soybean

Location Blang Kubu Village, Peudada, Bireuen District Date Planted 6th December 2007 – Harvested 6th March 2008 Crop & issue of interest Soybean: Cultivation technology and new variety

1. Description of problem The productivity of soybean on tsunami-affected dry land in the district of Bireuen remains low (1.2 – 1.3 ton.ha-1). This is due to several factors such as poor quality seed (mixed varieties with low germination rates < 80%), bad drainage, and low soil fertility.

2. Aim of demonstration

Demonstrate improvements for land preparation and soybean crop productivity on tsunami-affected dry land using minimum tillage preparation, improved varieties, quality seed, balanced fertiliser and better drainage and weed control.

This site was previously planted to bananas with limited success. 20% of the banana plants were retained whilst cropping soybean.

Minimum tillage methods have been used in this area for many years on soils with lighter textures.

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3. Technology demonstrated

• Variety Anjasmoro (large seeded type)

• Minium tillage and improved drainage: Land prepared by spraying weeds with herbicide 15 days prior to planting. The site is sandy loam. No tillage of the soil was conducted prior to planting, with manual tillage at 3 and 6 weeks after planting for weed control and no mounding for the soybean plants. Drainage channels were constructed 30 cm wide and 20 cm deep at 5 metre intervals across the field. 12 rows of plants were established in each 5 metre bed between the channels.

• Seeds were planted using a dibber resulting in minimal soil disturbance. Plant spacing 30 x 40 cm, 2-3 seed/hole, covered with rice ash at a rate of 500kg/ha.

• Fertiliser was applied at planting, 5 – 7.5 cm beside the hole (rate: 50 kg/ha Urea + 100 kg/ha SP36 + 100 kg/ha KCl).

• Pest control used at this site (see table).

Pest control summary Spray (active)

Target pest/disease

Rate used Approx Cost/ha (Rp/ha)

Decis (deltamethrin) Leaf and pod insects

0.5 ml/litre 150,000

4. Data & observations collected Table 1. Average observation data on soybean growth in Peudada, Bireuen.

Variety Anjasmoro Local (comparison)

Plant height (cm) 42-80 No. of branches/plant 6-7 No. of pods/plant 52-84 Empty pods 3-9% 100 grain weight (g) 15.43 Yield (t/ha) 2.54 – 3.1 1.3 Days to harvest (dap) 85 - 90 90


• The minimum tillage system, new variety Anjasmoro, improved drainage and fertiliser and weed management achieved good results at this site.

• The yield of the demonstrated technology was up to 3.1t/ha compared to the current practices which achieve yields around 1.3t/ha.

The farmer was particularly impressed by the Anjasmoro variety compared with his local varieties because:

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- improved yields (>2.5 tonnes/ha)

- bright yellow seed colour is more attractive and preferred by consumers

- bigger seed size

- slightly faster period to harvest

- stronger pod is harder to crack after maturing, reducing harvest loss.

The farmers understand the need to use quality seed


• Further demonstrations of this system could be used for Farmer to Farmer visits.

• Include local varieties for comparison in all demonstrations

• Cost:Benefit analysis of this type of demonstration will help convince farmers of the value of investing small amounts in purchasing good seed, using a combination of organic and inorganic fertiliser and using inoculant with every crop.

• The cost:benefit of minimum tillage methods (spray costs versus labour costs) needs to be presented.




Phone: (0651) 7411232 Fax: (0651) 7552077


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1. Kacang Pantee Raja

Lokasi Reudeup - Pantee Raja, Pidie Waktu Tanam September 2005 – Panen January 2006 Komoditas/Masalah Kacang tanah / Penelitian lapang – varietas dan pupuk

Pertumbuhan tanaman kacang tanah (kiri) fase vegetatif dan saat panen (kanan) pada plot penelitian lapang di Reudeup

1. Masalah Produktivitas kacang tanah di lahan sawah terkena tsunami di kecamatan Pantee Raja, kabupaten Pidie masih rendah (<1 ton. ha-1). Hal ini disebabkan oleh dampak tsunami dan kesuburan tanah yang rendah; tanah di daerah ini mengandung bahan organik dan K yang rendah. Disamping itu, varietas lokal yang diusahakan oleh petani produktivitasnya rendah. Pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman cukup baik tapi kebanyakan polong yang dihasilkan kosong disebabkan oleh perkembangan biji yang abnormal.

2. Tujuan Demonstrasi Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh pupuk kandang, unsur hara dari pupuk in-organik (NPK) serta sumber-sumber lainnya terhadap penampilan tanaman kacang tanah di lapangan. Perlakuan hara disusun menjadi paket-paket pengelolaan nutrisi tanaman.

3. Perlakuan yang diuji

Dalam penelitian ini ditanam tiga varietas kacang tanah yaitu Kancil (V1), Sima (V2) dan suatu varietas lokal (V3). Empat perlakuan nutrisi tanaman diuji pada ketiga varietas ini,sebagai berikut; Pupuk kandang 20 ton/ha + pupuk NPK (P1), abu sekam 10 ton/ha + pupuk NPK (P2), Patenkali (sumber K) 100 kg/ha + pupuk NPK (P3) dan pupuk NPK saja (50 kg Urea + 100 kg SP-36 + 50 kg KCl per ha) yang merupakan cara petani di daerah yang bersangkutan (P4). Penelitian dirancang secara factorial dengan tiga kali ulangan. Jarak tanam adalah 20 cm x 40 cm, satu biji per lubang tanam. Selanjutnya, 5 sampel diukur dari tiap ulangan dan hasil biji dihitung dari 75 tanaman tiap plot.

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4. Data dan Pengamatan Variabel yang diamati diberikan dalam Tabel 1. Dari analisis variabel-variabel tersebut, efek yang nyata dari perlakuan hanya ditemui pada data hasil tanaman. Data rata-rata menunjukkan bahwa varietas Kancil (V1) berproduksi lebih tinggi dibandingkan dua varietas lainnya (V2 dan V3). Namun, perbedaan antara perlakuan pada variabel lain tidaklah nyata. Walaupun tidak terdapat interaksi yang nyata antara perlakuan nutrisi dan varietas, data hasil memperlihatkan respons varietas terhadap perlakuan nutrisi cenderung berbeda; varietas Kancil (V1) dan lokal (V3) memberikan hasil lebih tinggi dengan perlakuan P1, sedangkan pada varietas Sima (V2) pengaruh perlakuan P1, P2 dan P3 nampaknya tak berbeda. Hal ini menunjukkan respons varietas Kancil dan varietas lokal terhadap pemberian pupuk kandang lebih tinggi. Perbaikan tanah baik dengan pupuk kandang, abu sekam ataupun patenkali meningkatkan penampilan tanaman bila dikombinasikan dengan pemupukan NPK.

Tabel 1. Rata-rata tinggi tanaman, komponen hasil dan hasil biji 3 varietas kacang tanah, Pantee Raja – Pidie 2005/06.

Varietas Paket nutrisi

Tinggi tanaman (cm)

Jumlah cabang/ tanaman

Jumlah polong isi /tanaman

Polong hampa (%)

Berat 100 biji (g)

Hasil biji (t/ha)

P1 45 13.2 18.0 21.32 38 1.62 P2 45 12.3 16.6 30.01 34 1.25 P3 45 10.4 16.1 25.65 37 1.26

Kancil (V1)

P4 45 10.6 15.2 29.23 36 1.02 P1 57 9.1 14.2 36.24 36 1.11 P2 54 10.3 16.1 34.89 35 1.10 P3 53 7.9 12.9 31.67 32 1.09

Sima (V2)

P4 53 7.9 12.8 32.54 33 0.75 P1 41 9.6 15.1 30.87 39 1.51 P2 40 10.7 13.1 29.79 36 1.27 P3 45 9.6 15.3 23.56 35 1.28

Local (V3)

P4 47 10.8 12.9 18.71 34 0.96

Angka-angka dalam tabel adalah rata-rata 5 kali pengamatan.

5. Interpretasi Hasil Walaupun kondisi iklim tidak baik selama penelitian (tergenang), terlihat perbedaan diantara perlakuan. Waktu dilakukannya penelitian kurang sesuai dan hujan berpengaruh terhadap panenan. Sedangkan serangan hama-penyakit tampak minimal. Varietas Kancil menghasilkan jumlah polong isi paling tinggi dan berproduksi 1,62 t/ha dengan paket nutrisi P1 (pupuk kandang 20 t/ha + NPK), diikuti oleh varietas local (V3) dengan hasil biji 1,51 t/ha dan nyata lebih tinggi dibanding cara petani (P4=0,96 t/ha). Karena itu, varietas Kancil perlu dikaji lebih jauh di daerah ini; varietas ini berpenampilan sama atau lebih baik yang terlihat dari variabel-variable yang diukur.

Namun, hasil biji pada perlakuan paling baik masih di bawah potensial. Nilai rata-rata komponen hasil (jumlah cabang dan polong isi serta ukuran biji) dan hasil biji masih

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lebih rendah (sebesar 30-40%) dari potensi kacang tanah di tempat-tempat lainnya di Aceh.

6. Saran ke Depan Genangan air, struktur tanah dan hara tanaman merupakan masalah utama bagi produksi kacang tanah di daerah ini. Dalam meningkatkan produksi kacang tanah di lahan sawah terkena tsunami diperlukan pupuk kandang sampai 20 t/ha untuk menaikkan kandungan bahan organik tanah. Pemupukan NPK juga diperlukan dan sebaiknya ditentukan menggunakan uji tanah dan kebutuhan hara bagi kacang tanah dengan takaran yang spesifik lokasi (untuk hal ini diperlukan dukungan bagi petugas PPL). Disamping itu, penanaman kacang tanah dilakukan dalam musim kering (setelah panen padi sawah pada musim hujan) sehingga panennya bisa dalam musim kering.

7. Tindak Lanjut Petani lokal memerlukan dukungan dalam meningkatkan kandungan bahan organik tanah, inokulan rhizobium (strain kacang tanah) serta varietas baru (hubungan dengan Balai Penelitian Kacang-kacangan). Dukungan bagi PPL dalam hal nutrisi tanaman kacang tanah berdasarkan uji tanah dan konsep pengelolaan hara yang spesifik lokasi (sebagaimana digunakan pada padi) juga dibutuhkan. Percobaan lebih jauh untuk mendapatkan sistem bedengan yang lebih baik serta usaha-usaha lain dalam meningkatkan drainase menghadapi curah hujan yang tinggi juga diperlukan. Seed Bank ADB perlu diinformasikan tentang varietas Kancil yang sesuai dalam pengujian ini dan tidak cocoknya varietas Sima dalam kondisi genangan.

8. Informasi Lebih Jauh Nama : Chairunas



Telepon : (0651) 7411232 Fax. : (0651) 7552077

Website: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/research/projects/06P302

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2. Kacang Cure Tunong 2007

Lokasi Cure Tunong - Simpang Mamplam, Bireuen District Waktu Tanam September 2006 – Panen February 2007 Komoditas/Masalah Kacang tanah / Demonstrasi – perbaikan tanah dengan bahan

organik dan anorganik

Penampilan tanaman kacang tanah pada stadia vegetatif (kiri) dan saat panen (kanan) dari

demonstrasi di Cure Tunong

1. Masalah Tanaman kacang tanah yang ditanam dalam musim kering 2005 pada tanah terkena tsunami di desa Cure Tunong tidak memberikan hasil karena polongnya hampa. Hal ini nampaknya berhubungan dengan rendahnya kesuburan tanah, terutama bahan organik yang rendah dan kurang tersedianya kalsium (Ca) yang diperlukan bagi perkembangan polong. Agar Ca dapat diserap melalui kulit polong yang sedang berkembang, diperlukan kelembaban yang cukup pada zona pembentukan polong. Tanah berpasir ini mempunyai bahan organik dan daya pegang air yang rendah.

2. Tujuan Demonstrasi Untuk mengkaji peningkatan produktivitas kacang tanah dengan pemberian sumber-sumber organik (pupuk kandang sapi dan ayam) dan anorganik (gypsum) Ca dan untuk meningkatkan daya pegang air dari tanah melalui penambahan bahan organik.


Dua sumber Ca yang berbeda diuji, gypsum (kapur tidak sesuai bagi tanah ini karena pH nya 7,3) dan pupuk kandang ayam. Pupuk kandang sapi dipilih sebagai sumber bahan organik serta diberikan sendiri-sendiri atau bersama pupuk kandang ayam. Takaran pemupukan NPK yang sama diberikan pada perlakuan-perlakuan. Jarak tanam adalah 20 cm x 40 cm dengan satu biji per lubang tanam. Kelima perlakuan diuji dengan 3 ulangan pada plot berukuran 3x5 m2. Varietas yang digunakan adalah varietas lokal.

Tabel 1. Perlakuan yang diuji pada penelitian nutrisi kacang tanah di desa Cure Tunong, Simpang Mamplam, Kabupaten Bireuen 2006/07.

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Gypsum pupuk kandang (organik) (kg/ha) No Perlakuan

Gypsum Ayam Sapi 1 A 0 0 0 2 B 500 0 0 3 C 0 2000 0 4 D 0 0 2000 5 E 0 2000 2000

4. Data dan Pengamatan Sebelum diberi perlakuan, sample tanah komposit diambil untuk analisis kimia. Tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang per tanaman, jumlah polong per tanaman, bobot segar tanaman saat panen dan persentase polong hampa diamati dari 5 sampel tanaman pada tiap ulangan, serta bobot kering polong dari luasan 6m-2 pada tiap plot.

Analisis sample tanah menunjukkan tekstur tanah yang berpasir, kandungan C organik sangat rendah (0,37%), pH (H2O) 7,3; N (Kjeldahl) sangat rendah (0,03%); P2O5 (HCl 25%) 52 mg/100g; K2O (HCl 25%) 32 mg/100g; K 0,34 cmol/kg, Ca lebih rendah dari batas rekomendasi bagi kacang tanah (1,14 cmol/kg); Mg 1.75 cmol/kg; Na 1,24 cmol/kg, dan CEC sangat rendah (2,59 cmol/kg). Dalam penelitian ini pupuk kandang ayam dan sapi tidak dianalisis kandungan haranya.

Tabel 2. Nilai rata-rata pengamatan tiap perlakuan pada pengujian hara kacang tanah di desa Cure Tunong-Simpang Mamplam, kabupaten Bireuen, 2006/07.

Perlakuan Tinggi tanaman (cm)


Jumlah polong/ tanaman

Bobot segar tanaman (kg/6 m2)

Polong hampa (%)

Bobot polong kering/ (kg/6m2)

Hasil polong (t/ha)

A 37,32 5,21 15,28 5,49 24,80 0,3738 0,62 B 36,64 6,00 17,08 5,90 17,11 0,4611 0,77 C 37,74 5,60 16,04 5,96 20,77 0,4481 0,75 D 39,08 6,36 18,48 6,35 17,12 0,4494 0,75 E 41,72 6,64 21,00 6,10 15,49 0,4790 0,80 Angka-angka dalam tabel adalah rata-rata dari 15 pengamatan, kecuali data bobot dari 3 ulangan.

5. Interpretasi Hasil Perlakuan kombinasi pupuk kandang ayam dan sapi (Perlakuan E) menunjukkan penampilan dengan pertumbuhan tanaman lebih baik, hasil polong tertinggi (0,80 ton/ha) dan kehampaan yang rendah (15,49%) dibanding perlakuan kontrol (A). Perlakuan A, yang hanya diberi pupuk NPK, memberikan hasil polong terendah (0,62 t/ha) dan kehampaan polong tertinggi (24,8%). Semua perlakuan perbaikan tanah yang dicobakan dapat meningkatkan jumlah dan hasil polong per tanaman, serta mengurangi kehampaan dibanding perlakuan kontrol (A).

Hasil tertinggi sebesar 0,80 t/ha masih lebih rendah disbanding rata-rata hasil yang dilaporkan sebelum tsunami (0,9-1,0 t/ha). Hal ini mungkin disebabkan oleh efek

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residu tsunami terhadap sifat-sifat tanah termasuk pencucian hara dan bahan organik serta rusaknya biota tanah.

6. Saran ke Depan Untuk maksud meningkatkan produksi kacang tanah di tanah bertekstur ringan berpasir, pemberian takaran lebih tinggi dari bahan organik (kemungkinan sampai 20 t/ha pupuk kandang) bersama dengan pupuk lainnya (misalnya NPK) direkomendasikan. Rekomendasi ini harusnya spesifik lokasi dan berdasarkan hasil uji tanah, serta ketersediaannya di tingkat petani.

Lokasi penelitian ini cocok sekali untuk pengkajian jangka panjang keuntungan penambahan bahan organik bagi produksi kacang tanah. Akan berguna bila dilakukan analisis tanah pada beberapa waktu terhadap perlakuan-perlakuan perbaikan tanah dengan bahan organik di tanah ini.

Penanaman kacang tanah di daerah lahan kering di bagian pantai northeastern Aceh, terutama di tanah berpasir, haruslah mempertimbangkan musim hujan/kering untuk mengurangi cekaman kekeringan pada tanaman. Waktu yang direkomendasikan untuk daerah yangberbeda di Aceh (misalnya Pantee Raja, kabupaten Pidie) dan dapat berimplikasi bagi provision bagi penanaman benih dan inokulan kacang tanah untuk petani di daerah yang bersangkutan.

7. Tindak Lanjut Menyokong PPL dan petani setempat untuk mendapatkan dan mengevaluasi varietas kacang tanah (hubungan dengan Balai Penelitian Kacang-kacangan diperlukan), inokulan (strain kacang tanah) bila ada serta pelatihan tentang perbaikan tanah dan uji tanah untuk menentukan pemupukan paling efektif dan ekonomis untuk meningkatkan hasil kacang tanah.

Ambil dan analisis sample tanah dari lokasi ini pada waktu-waktu tertentu untuk mengkaji pengaruh penambahan bahan organic tanah terhadap struktur dan status nutrisi tanah.

8. Informasi Lebih Jauh Nama : T. Iskandar and Chairunas



Telepon : (0651) 7411232 Fax. : (0651) 7552077


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3. Kacang Cure Tunong 2008

Lokasi Cure Tunong - Simpang Mamplam, Bireuen Waktu Tanam 18 Januari 2008 – Panen 2 Mei 2008 Komoditas/Masalah Kacang tanah / Demonstrasi – perbaikan tanah dengan bahan

organik dan anorganik

1. Justifikasi Tanaman kacang tanah yang ditanam dalam musim kering 2005 pada tanah terkena tsunami di desa Cure Tunong tidak memberikan hasil karena polongnya hampa. Hal ini nampaknya berhubungan dengan rendahnya kesuburan tanah, terutama bahan organik yang rendah dan kurang tersedianya kalsium (Ca) yang diperlukan bagi perkembangan polong. Agar Ca dapat diserap melalui kulit polong yang sedang berkembang, diperlukan kelembaban yang cukup pada zona pembentukan polong. Tanah berpasir ini mempunyai bahan organik dan daya pegang air yang rendah. Hasil pengkajian pada MH 2006/2007 (September 2006 s/d Januari 2007) menunjukkan bahwa pemberian pupuk kandang sebanyak 4 ton/ha memperoleh hasil polong tertinggi (0,80 ton/ha). Hasil tersebut masih dibawah rata-rata hasil sebelum tsunami (1,2 t/ha). Maka diperlukan penelitian lanjutan untuk melihat pengaruh pada musim tanam kedua dengan penambahan pupuk kandang dan pupuk Urea, SP36 dan KCl.

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2. Tujuan Demonstrasi Untuk melihat pertumbuhan hasil kacang tanah dengan pemberian pupuk kandang sapi dan anorganik (urea, SP36 dan KCl).

3. Perlakuan yang diuji Jumlah perlakuan sama dengan percobaan sebelumnya (5 perlakuan). Pada perlakuan C, D, dan E masing-masing diberi pupuk kandang 1, 2 dan 4 t/ha pupuk kandang sapi, disamping pupuk Urea, SP36 dan KCl masing-masing 30, 100 dan 100 kg/ha. Pada perlakuan B diberi pupuk Urea, SP36 dan KCl masing-masing 50, 100 dan 100 kg/ha, tanpa pupuk kandang, sedangkan pada perlakuan A tanpa pupuk (Tabel 1). Jarak tanam adalah 20 cm x 40 cm dengan satu biji per lubang tanam. Kelima perlakuan diuji dengan 3 ulangan pada plot berukuran 3x5 m2. Varietas yang digunakan adalah varietas lokal.

Tabel 1.

Package Treatment Combination A B C D E

Without fertiliser N – P – K (50 kgs Urea + 100 kgs SP-36 + 100 kgs KCl)/ha N – P – K (30 kgs Urea + 100 kgs SP-36 + 100 kgs KCl)/ha + 1 t/ha Cow Manure N – P – K (30 kgs Urea + 100 kgs SP-36 + 100 kgs KCl)/ha + 2 t/ha Cow Manure N – P – K (30 kgs Urea + 100 kgs SP-36 + 100 kgs KCl)/ha + 4 t/ha Cow Manure

4. Data dan Pengamatan Sebelum diberi perlakuan, sample tanah komposit diambil untuk analisis kimia. Tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang per tanaman, jumlah polong per tanaman, bobot segar tanaman saat panen dan persentase polong hampa diamati dari 5 sampel tanaman pada tiap ulangan, serta bobot kering polong dari luasan 6m-2 pada tiap plot.

Tabel 2. Nilai rata-rata pengamatan tiap perlakuan pada pengujian hara kacang tanah di desa Cure Tunong-Simpang Mamplam, kabupaten Bireuen, 2008.

Perlakuan Tinggi tanaman (cm)


Jumlah polong/ tanaman

Bobot segar tanaman (g/rpn)

Polong hampa (%)

Bobot polong kering/ (kg/3,6m2)

Hasil polong (t/ha)

A 26,40 5,40 9,82 108,08 17,20 0,36 0,71

B 27,88 5,96 13,72 118,84 11,23 0,52 1,04

C 28,80 6,48 14,58 138,20 12,27 0,68 1,59

D 29,12 5,99 14,78 143,48 8,11 0,75 1,70

E 29,80 6,62 17,36 136,56 7,09 0,91 1,92

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5. Interpretasi Hasil Pemberian pupuk kandang dapat meningkatkan hasil kacang tanah. Hasil tertinggi 1,92 t/ha polong kering terdapat pada perlekuan E. Tingginya hasil pada petak E tersebut diduga erat kaitannya dengan jumlah pupuk kandang yang diberikan dan adanya pengaruh residu pupuk kandang yang diberikan pada musim tanam sebelumnya (2007)

6. Saran ke Depan Untuk meningkatkan produksi kacang tanah di tanah bertekstur ringan berpasir, pemberian bahan organik sangfat diperlukan disamping pupuk N, P dan K.

Lokasi penelitian ini cocok sekali untuk pengkajian jangka panjang keuntungan penambahan bahan organik bagi produksi kacang tanah. Akan berguna bila dilakukan analisis tanah pada beberapa waktu terhadap perlakuan-perlakuan perbaikan tanah dengan bahan organik di tanah ini.

Penanaman kacang tanah di daerah lahan kering di bagian pantai northeastern Aceh, terutama di tanah berpasir, haruslah mempertimbangkan musim hujan/kering untuk mengurangi cekaman kekeringan pada tanaman. Waktu yang direkomendasikan untuk daerah yangberbeda di Aceh (misalnya Pantee Raja, kabupaten Pidie) dan dapat berimplikasi bagi provision bagi penanaman benih dan inokulan kacang tanah untuk petani di daerah yang bersangkutan.

7. Tindak Lanjut Perlu penelitian lebih lanjut untuk dapat menentukan rekomendasi pemupukan dan penelitian waktu tanam terkait dengan curah hujan.

Ambil dan analisis sample tanah dari lokasi ini pada waktu-waktu tertentu untuk mengkaji pengaruh penambahan bahan organic tanah terhadap struktur dan status nutrisi tanah.




Telepon : (0651) 7411232 Fax. : (0651) 7552077


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4. Kedelai Desa Baro

Lokasi Desa Baro - Kembang Tanjung, Kabupaten Pidie Waktu Tanam 1 Mei 2007 – Panen Agustus 2007 Komoditas/Masalah Kedelai / Demonstrasi varieties, inokulan dan perbaikan tanah

Penampilan pertumbuhan (kiri) dan panen kedelai oleh Tim ACIAR dan Bupati Pidie (kanan)

1. Deskripsi Masalah Petani di desa Baro mampu untuk mengusahakan tanaman kedelai yang baik, namun ketiadaan varietas baru dan inokulan merupakan pembatas bagi produksi kedelai di daerah ini. Pada kenyataannya, daerah ini merupakan salah satu daerah potensial bagi pengembangan kedelai di NAD, dimana bioasanya kedelai ditanam setelah padi sawah. Rotasi menggunakan tanaman kedelai akan menghasilkan tambahan pendapatan dan keuntungan lainnya bagi tanaman padi berikutnya, yang disebabkan oleh peranan kedelai terhadap nutrisi N dalam tanah.

2. Tujuan Penelitian

Untuk mengetahui penampilan varietas baru kedelai di daerah ini dan untuk mendemonstrasikan peningkatan produksi kedelai dengan menggunakan amendment biologi dan bahan organik yaitu; inokulan (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) untuk meningkatkan fiksasi N, pupuk kandang sapi untuk meningkatkan kandungan bahan organik tanah (strategi jangka panjang), serta pemberian bio-kompos mikroba bagi pupuk kandang sapi (‘Mikroflora Multiguna’) yang berisi bakteri yang dapat merangsang pertumbuhan tanaman dan ‘Bio-Phos’ yang mengandung mikroba pelarut-P.

3. Perlakuan

Dalam penelitian ini, 3 paket pengelolaan hara tanaman diuji pada 5 varietas kedelai yaitu; Anjasmoro (berbiji besar) (V1), Burangrang (V2), Ijen (V3), Kaba (V4) dan varietas lokal (V5). Tiga paket pengelolaan hara yang diuji adalah; tanpa pupuk kandang + 300 kg/ha abu sekam (T1), tanpa pupuk kandang + 300 kg/ha abu sekam +

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100 g Nodulin/20 kg benih (T2), 2 t/ha pupuk kandang + 80 g Mikroflora Multiguna + 80 g Bio Phos+300 kg/ha abu sekam+100 g Nodulin/20 kg benih (T3).

Kompos yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini diproduksi sendiri oleh petani dengan petunjuk peneliti. Nampaknya petani tertarik dalam pembuatan kompos ini, dan bila kita dapat melatih banyak petani dalam pembuatan kompos akan sangat membantu sekali. Jarak tanam adalah 20 x 40cm (cara petani dengan jarak 40 x 40cm). Setiap paket pengelolaan hara diulang 3 kali.

4. Data dan Pengamatan Dalam penelitian ini data tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang dan polong isi per tanaman, persentase polong hampa dan hasil polong diamati saat panen, dan hasilnya diberikan dalam Tabel 1.

Tabel 1. Nilai rata-rata tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang dan polong isi per tanaman, persentase polong hampa dan hasil polong dari 5 varietas kedelai pada 3 macam pengelolaan hara, desa Baro-Kembang Tanjung,`kabupaten Pidie 2007.

Varietas Variable/ Perlakuan Anjasmoro Burangrang Ijen Kaba Lokal

Rata-rata

Tinggi tanaman (cm) T1 68,8 68,8 65,8 74,2 69,3 69,2 T2 70,7 65,3 69,8 76,5 66,8 69,8 T3 74,7 73,6 69,5 71,7 74,5 72,8 Rata-rata 71,1 69,2 68,3 74,1 70,2 70,6 Jumlah cabang per tanaman T1 3,3 3.0 4,3 4,1 3,5 3,6 T2 3,4 3,3 5,4 4,2 5,4 4,3 T3 3,5 3,5 4,9 4,8 5,1 4,3 Rata-rata 3,4 3,2 4,8 4,4 4,7 4,1 Jumlah polong isi per tanaman T1 72,3 30,1 47,8 50,9 51,9 50,6 T2 73,6 37,2 49,1 49,1 52,0 52,2 T3 76,9 44,9 50,8 50,3 54,3 55,5 Rata-rata 74,3 37,4 49,3 50,1 52,7 52,8 Polong hampa (%) T1 6,50 14,73 8,66 11,52 13,21 10,92 T2 6,95 8,67 8,17 11,16 10,50 9,09 T3 5,68 7,36 7,92 9,15 10,73 8,17 Rata-rata 6,38 10,25 8,25 10,61 11,48 9,39 Hasil polong (t/ha) T1 2,68 1,43 1,85 1,95 1,91 1,96 T2 3,58 1,65 1,81 1,97 1,97 2,20 T3 3,93 2,33 1,68 1,80 2,07 2,36

Rata-rata 3,40 1,80 1,78 1,91 1,98 2,17

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5. Interpretasi Hasil Pengamatan visual dari penelitian ini sampai panen menunjukkan penampilan tanaman yang baik walaupun terjadi hujan cukup deras dan adanya penggenangan di beberapa tempat setelah tanam. Perlakuan tanpa inokulasi juga membentuk bintil akar kemungkinan karena tempat ini telah mempunyai populasi Rhizobium dari pertanaman sebelumnya. Varietas Anjasmoro secara konsisten memberikan hasil polong tertinggi pada semua perlakuan, dan nampaknya bisa beradaptasi dengan lingkungan yang ada. Varietas ini merupakan tipe kedelai berbiji besar.

Anjasmoro memberikan hasil polong yang nyata lebih tinggi (>50%) disbanding varietas local tapi varietas lain yang diuji mempunyai hasil yang sebanding dengan varietas lokal. Tidak terdapat kecenderungan yang konsisten dalam hal respons hasil terhadap perlakuan, yang mungkin disebabkan oleh terjadinya hujan yang besar segera setelah tanam. Disamping itu, takaran pupuk kandang yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini rendah (2 t/ha) dan tidak memperlihatkan respons yang jelas. Pupuk kandang di daerah ini tidak tersedia dalam jumlah yang cukup banyak, atau digunakan untuk keperluan lain.

6. Saran ke Depan Hal penting yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa tidak ada cara untuk mengetahui populasi Rhizobium dari musim ke musim dan distribusinya kelihatannya tidak beraturan, terutama karena lahan ini juga digunakan untuk tanaman padi. Karena itu, cara yang baik adalah dengan melakukan inokulasi pada setiap penanaman kedelai. Nodulasi yang baik pada awal pertumbuhan kedelai akan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan penyediaan N tanaman.

Petunjuk teknis bagi PPL dan petani – termasuk varietas yang direkomendasikan, inokulan, Develop soybean planting protocopengelolaan hara tanaman dan jarak tanam. Karena itu, nutrisi tanaman kedelai, jarak tanam dan pengelolaan gulma perlu dilakukan. Perlu dicari sumber bahan organik lainnya yang dapat digunakan untuk memperbaiki struktur tanah dan produktivitasnya. Tanaman kelapa dan sumber lainnya nampaknya banyak di daerah ini dan bias digunakan sebagai kompos atau pembuatan biochar (arang hayati) yang dapat dugunakan untuk memperbaiki kondisi tanah.

Kedeai adalah tanaman yang ideal untuk mengembangkan PHT (Pengendalian Hama Terpadu) dan mengurangi ketergantungan kepada pestisida. Tempat ini bisa merupakan daerah penanaman kedelai yang cocok untuk pelatihan program PHT (dan kegiatan lainnya) bagi petani setempat, yang menaruh perhatian terhadap pelatihan dan ilmu pengetahuan.

7. Tindak Lanjut

Perlu diadakan hubungan dengan Garry Shea, ADB Seed Banks untuk merekomendasikan varietas kedelai yang akan dimasukkan ke dalam kegiatan produksi benih serta perlunya inokulan pada setiap penanaman kedelai. Disamping itu, inokulan dengan strain bakteri spesifik kedelai perlu didapatkan. Hubungan dengan Balai Penelitian Kacang-kacangan untuk mendapatkan dan mengevaluasi varietas unggul kedelai yang lain serta institusi lain yang berhubungan perlu dilakukan.

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Telepon : (0651) 7411232 Fax. : (0651) 7552077


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5. Ringkasan Penelitian Pot

Lokasi Rumah Kaca ISRI Bogor, menggunakan tanah dari desa Ujung Tanjung-Meurebo, Aceh Barat district

Waktu 21 Maret – 28 Juni, 2007 Komoditas/Masalah Kacang tanah/ Perbaikan lahan pasca tsunami

Pertumbuhan kacang tanah pada berbagai pemupukan, 3 minggu setelah tanam

Pertumbuhan kacang tanah pada berbagai pemupukan, 2 hari sebelum panen

1. Masalah Beberapa masalah ditemui pada tanah terkena tsunami di tingkat petani, diantaranya (1) pertumbuhan tanaman padi sawah yang cukup baik tapi gabah hampa atau pertumbuhan vegetatif kerdil dan malai tidak berkembang dengan baik, (2) tanaman kacang tanah tumbuh baik tapi polongnya hampa dan daun-daun bewarna keputihan dengan necrosis bewarna kuning di atasnya. Segera setelah ketidak-seimbangan hara dihilangkan, produktifitas tanah dan tanaman bisa ditingkatkan.

2. Tujuan Penelitian Penelitian ini mengumpulkan informasi tentang unsur hara yang menyebabkan kerusakan lahan pasca tsunami. Disamping itu, tekhnik-tekhnik alternatif secara kimia dalam hal rehabilitasi lahan akan disarankan.

3. Perlakuan Penelitian dirancang dalam rancangan acak lengkap dengan 3 ulangan. Modifikasi pengujian hara minus one digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Empat belas perlakuan terdiri dari (N/Urea + P/SP36 + K/KCl) sebagai kontrol, pemupukan lengkap (N, P, K, B, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, S, dan Zn), perlakuan-perlakuan pengurangan satu unsur hara dari pemupukan lengkap, dan perlakuan kontrol ditambah pupuk kandang kambing (lihat tabel di bawah). Tanaman indikator adalah kacang tanah yang ditanam dalam pot sampai panen. Urea, SP36, dan KCl berturut-turut sebagai sumber N, P dan K, diberikan sebelum tanam dengan dosis setara 75 kg Urea, 100 kg SP36 dan 100 kg KCl/ha. Boron (B), Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo dan Zn diberikan sebesar 3 ppm, Ca 40 ppm, serta Mg dan S 20 ppm. Pupuk kandang

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kambing dengan dosis setara 5 ton/ha. Semua unsur hara, sesuai dengan perlakuan, diberikan sebelum tanam.

4. Data dan Pengamatan Sifat-sifat fisika dan kimia tanah sebelum diperlakukan, sebagaimana juga parameter partumbuhan dan hasil tanaman selama penelitian diamati. Pada stadia awal pertumbuhan, tanaman lebih sensitif terhadap air tanah; kapasitas lapang harus dipertahankan untuk pertumbuhan tanaman yang lebih baik. Selama pertumbuhan vegetatif beberapa gejala disorder pada daun terlihat pada perlakuan tanpa hara S, tanpa hara Cu dan tanpa hara K. Apakah gejala ini berhubungan dengan kekurangan atau keracunan hara akan jelas setelah dilakukannya analisis tanaman. Produksi biomasa, hasil biji dan jumlah polong diberikan dalam tabel di bawah, memperlihatkan perbedaan respons tanaman terhadap penambahan unsur hara.

Tabel 1. Biomasa, hasil biji dan jumlah polong kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea) dari penelitian pot menggunakan tanah Ujung Tanjung-Meurebo, ISRI 2007.

Bobot kering saat panen (g/pot) Jumlah polong/pot

Perlakuan Jerami Polong Total *

Hasil biji (g/pot) Isi Hampa Total

NPK (Control) 15,9 9,5 25,4 6,0 7 3 10 CF 13,5 9,4 22,9 6,3 8 1 9 CF minus P 15,0 9,1 24,1 6,1 9 2 11 CF minus K 11,7 8,9 20,6 6,0 12 2 14 CF minus B 12,7 8,6 21,3 5,7 9 2 11 CFminus Fe 15,5 13,2 28,7 7,5 10 3 13 CF minus Ca 14,3 11,8 26,1 8,7 11 2 13 CF minus Cu 17,4 11,1 28,5 8,0 10 4 14 CF minus Mg 17,2 11,0 28,2 7,3 10 3 13 CF minus Mn 5,9 7,0 13,9 4,7 6 3 9 CF minus Mo 14,5 13,4 27,9 9,1 12 2 14 CF minus S 14,1 8,6 22,7 5,4 11 3 14 CF minus Zn 14,4 12,4 26,8 8,4 10 3 13 NPK+goat manure 17,1 8,6 25,7 5,5 7 5 12

CF = pemupukan lengkap * tak termasuk akar

Dengan hanya memberikan hara NPK menghasilkan biomasa yang lebih tinggi (25,4 g/pot), juga polong hampa, dibandingkan pemupukan lengkap (22,9 g/pot), terutama sekali di dalam jerami.

Walaupun biomasa total pada perlakuan (CF minus B) cukup tinggi, hasil biji pada perlakuan ini hanya 5,7 g/pot; nampaknya proses pengisian biji pada perlakuan ini terhambat oleh kekurangan B, hal yang sama juga terjadi pada perlakuan (CF minus S). Perlakuan (CF minus Mn) menghasilkan biomasa paling rendah dalam tajuk dan polong menyebabkan hasil biji paling rendah (4,7 g/pot) karena sedikitnya polong yang dihasilkan. Jelas terlihat bahwa ketersediaan Mn bagi tanaman rendah hingga menghambat pertumbuhan vegetatif dan generatif tanaman. Kenyataan bahwa perlakuan (CF minus Ca),

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(CF minus Cu), (CF minus Mo), dan (CF minus Zn) menghasilkan biji lebih tinggi dari perlakuan CF (pemupukan lengkap) menunjukkan bahwa kandungan hara-hara ini dalam tanah cukup tinggi, sebagaimana juga Fe and Mg.

Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan (CF minus Cu), (CF minus Mg) dan Control+pupuk kandang kambing memberikan bobot kering tajuk yang tinggi. Nampaknya unsur hara Fe, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mo, dan Zn tidak diperlukan oleh tanah ini. Sebaliknya, Mn, B dan S harus diberikan dalam pemupukan untuk meningkatkan hasil biji.

5. Interpretasi Hasil Tanah terkena tsunami dari desa Ujung Tanjung-Meurebo mempunyai kesuburan rendah karena C-organik dan KTK yang rendah. Tanpa pemberian Mn, S dan B hasil biji rendah, menunjukkan kurangnya unsur hara ini dalam tanah. Walaupun kandungan Mo tanah lebih rendah dari 1 ppm, hasil biji tanpa penambahan Mo adalah paling tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa penambahan Mo mungkin menyebabkan keracunan Mo pada tanaman. Nampaknya pemupukan dengan Urea, SP36 dan KCl, dapat meningkatkan produktivitas tanah dan tanaman.

6. Saran ke Depan Hasil-hasil penelitian ini dapat diuji lebih jauh dan diimplementasikan ke lahan petani sebagai demonstrasi beberapa paket pemupukan. Selanjutnya paket terbaik dapat diadaptasikan ke daerah lain yang identik.

7. Tindak Lanjut Usaha kerja sama dengan Dinas Pertanian setempat, sebagaimana juga dengan petani, akan mempercepat penyebar-luasan hasil penelitian ini.

8. Informasi Lebih Jauh Nama : Dr Achmad Rachman

Alamat : Balai Penelitian Tanah, Jl Ir. H. Juanda 98, Bogor


Telepon : 62 251 336757 Fax: 62 251 321608


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6. Ringkasan Penelitian Pot

Lokasi Rumah Kaca ISRI Bogor, menggunakan tanah dari desa Tanjung -Lhoknga,, Aceh Besar

Waktu 21 Maret – 28 Juni, 2007 Komoditas/Masalah Jagung/ Perbaikan lahan pasca tsunami

Penampilan tanaman jagung pada berbagai pemupukan, 6 dan 13 minggu setelah tanam

1. Deskripsi Masalah Salinitas tanah yang disebabkan tsunami di desa Tanjung-Lhoknga telah banyak berkurang, pencucian dan drainase beberapa kali menyebabkan Na tercuci sehingga kandungannya dalam tanah dibawah batas kritis. Namun, pertumbuhan tanaman di tanah ini tertekan; pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman padi cukup baik, namun pertumbuhan generatifnya jelas terhambat; malai dan gabah yang dihasilkan sedikit. Fenomena salinitas pada tanah pertanian menjadi penting karena tidak hanya merupakan faktor pembatas bagi pertumbuhan tanaman tapi juga menyebabkan tidak seimbangnya unsur hara dalam tanah. Gejala kekurangan dan keracunan hara terlihat pada bagian vegetatif dan genertatif tanaman. Walaupun jagung dikatakan lebih toleran salinitas dibanding padi, pertumbuhan dan hasil bijinya terpengaruh nyata.

2. Tujuan Penelitian Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari ketidak-seimbangan hara dalam tanah yang terkena tsunami serta pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman jagung.

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Disamping itu, informasi tentang penyebab kerusakan lahan setelah tsunami juga dikumpuulkan. Cara perbaikan tanah melalui pemupukan juga dibahas.

3. Perlakuan Empat belas perlakuan penambahan hara (lihat tabel di bawah) disusun dalam rancangan acak lengkap dengan 3 ulangan, dalam suatu percobaan pot dengan jagung sebagai tanaman indikator. Pemupukan setara dengan 75 kg Urea, 100 kg SP36 and 100 kg KCl/ha diberikan sebelum tanam. Boron (B), Fe, Cu, , Mn, Mo, dan Zn diberikan dengan dosis 5 ppm, sedangkan Ca sebesar 40 ppm, serta Mg dan S dengan dosis 20 ppm. Semua unsur hara, sesuai dengan perlakuan, diberikan sebelum tanam.

4. Data dan Pengamatan Jumlah air irigasi, sifat-sifat fisika dan kimia tanah setelah panen, pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman diamati selama penelitian. Dalam ringkasan ini hanya data tanaman saat panen yang diberikan dalam tabel dibawah ini.

Tabel 1. Bobot kering jerami, tongkol dan biji jagung saat panen di tanah Tanjung-Lhoknga, ISRI 2007.

Jerami Tongkol Biji Perlakuan

---------------- g/pot ------------- Control, with NPK (Urea, SP36, KCl) 53,3 de 37,0 cd 28,9 c Complete (NPK, B, Fe, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, S, Zn) 49,6 d 38,5 d 29,6 cd Complete fertilization minus P 36,1 a 29,8 bc 23,5 b Complete fertilization minus K 38,7 ab 36,6 cd 29,9 cd Complete fertilization minus B 42,2 d 45,0 e 34,5 de Complete fertilization minus Fe 39,1 bc 23,6 a 19,1 a Complete fertilization minus Ca 51,9 de 31,5 bc 23,4 b Complete fertilization minus Cu 54,5 e 28,2 bc 20,2 ab Complete fertilization minus Mg 37,9 ab 33,6 c 27,9 c Complete fertilization minus Mn 49,8 d 27,7 b 19,5 a Complete fertilization minus Mo 41,1 bc 41,1 de 35,4 e Complete fertilization minus S 36,2 a 37,6 cd 30,3 d Complete fertilization minus Zn 40,2 bc 42,4 de 34,8 de Control + goat manure 39,9 bc 35,5 cd 28,5 c Calculated F in analysis of variance 7,60 6,16 7,18 Coefficient of variation (%) 20,77 23,93 23,29

Nilai rata-rata yang diikuti oleh huruf yang sama berarti tidak berbeda nyata pada taraf uji 5%.

5. Interpretasi Hasil Analisa tanah menunjukkan C-organik dan KTK yang rendah. Kandungan hara umumnya rendah, walaupun kejenuhan basa cukup tinggi. Hasil-hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan hara NPK memberikan bobot kering tajuk/jerami yang tinggi (53,3 g/pot), tapi tidak hasil biji (28,9 g/pot); pemupukan lengkap memperlihatkan kecenderungan yang

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sama. Perlakuan Minus P, Minus Ca and Minus Cu memberikan hasil biji lebih rendah, berturut-turut 23,5; 23,4 and 20,2 g/pot. Tanpa pemberian unsur mikro B, Mo, dan Zn hasil tanaman berturut-turut sebesar 34,5; 35,4 and 34,8 g/pot, sedangkan pada waktu yang sama pemupukan lengkap hanya memberikan 29,6 g/pot. Jadi nampaknya pemberian hara B, Mo dan Zn tak diperluksan di tanah ini. Perlakuan Minus Fe dan Minus Mn memberikan hasil biji terendah, 19,1 dan 19,5 g/pot; menunjukkan bahwa kedua unsur hara ini berada pada tingkat defisiensi. Walaupun bobot kering jerami tertinggi ditemui pada perlakuan Minus Cu (54,5 g/pot), hasil bijinya rendah (20,2 g/pot); menunjukkan bahwa defisiensi Cu lebih mempengaruhi hasil biji dari pada pertumbuhan vegetatif. Hasil penelitian juga memperlihatkan bahwa pupuk kandang kambing dengan takaran setara 5 ton/ha tidak dapat menghilangkan defisiensi unsur hara makro dan mikro. Disimpulkan bahwa Fe, Mn, P, Ca dan Cu di tanah ini adalah kurang bagi tanaman jagung. Namun, penambahan B, Mo dan Zn ke dalam paket pemupukan dapat mengurangi hasil biji.

6. Saran ke Depan Diperlukan kegiatan kerja sama dengan para petani untuk verifikasi lebih jauh hasil-hasil penelitian ini, dalam demonstrasi lapang. Beberapa paket pemupukan dapat diuji oleh petani di lahannya. Paket terbaik dapat direkomendasikan untuk pengembangan ke daerah yang lebih luas dengan sifat tanah yang identik.

7. Tindak Lanjut Kegiatan bersama dengan Dinas Pertanian setempat dan petani diperlukan untuk mendapatkan data yang lebih akurat, sehingga hasil-hasil penelitian ini menjadi bahan untuk rekomendasi pengelolaan pemupukan pada lahan terkena tsunami.

8. Informasi Lebih Jauh Nama : Dr Achmad Rachman

Alamat : Balai Penelitian Tanah, Jl Ir. H. Juanda 98, Bogor


Telepon : 62 251 336757 Fax: 62 251 321608


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7. Ringkasan Penelitian Pot – Padi Ujung Tanjung

Lokasi Rumah Kaca BB Padi-Sukamandi, tanah dari Tanjung Waktu 28 Maret – 6 Juni, 2007 Komoditas/Masalah Padi/Keseimbangan hara setelah tsunami di tanah pH

tinggi

(-)V1 -NV1 -PV1 -KV1 (-)V2 -NV2 -PV2 -KV2 Respon Ciherang terhadap pemupukan N,

P, dan K di tanah Tanjung Respon Mendawak terhadap pemupukan

N, P, dan K di tanah Tanjung

1. Deskripsi Masalah Pertumbuhan tanaman padi yang tidak baik pasca tsunami, berkurangnya pebentukan dan pengisian biji telah ditemui di daerah pantai barat dan timur provinsi NAD. Beberapa petani padi di kabupaten Aceh Besar melaporkan gagalnya pertumbuhan dan panen dari pertanaman padi pertama dan kedua mereka pasca tsunami. Pertanaman padi ketiga`memperlihatkan pertumbuhan vegetatif yang cukup baik tapi menghasilkan malai dan gabah yang sedikit. Walaupun salinitas tanah telah banyak berkurang, pertumbuhan dan produksi padi sawah di lahan terkena tsunami masih kurang. Beberapa tanah mempunyai pH yang tinggi dengan Ca dan Mg dapat tukar yang tinggi, sedangkan kandungan N, P dan K rendah. Pada tanah lainnya, Ca dan Mg dapat tukar dan pH rendah.

2. Tujuan Penelitian Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi keseimbangan hara di tanah ber pH tinggi (pH=7,2) yang terkena tsunami untuk mendapatkan tekhnik pengelolaan hara yang baik bagi peningkatan pertumbuhanb dan produksi padi sawah di lahan terkena tsunami.

3. Perlakuan Percobaan pot dilakukan di BB Padi Sukamandi dengan rancangan factorial. Menggunakan tanah terkena tsunami dari desa Tanjung, Lhoknga-Aceh Besar, dua varietas padi (Ciherang dan Mendawak) diperlakukan dengan 9 perlakuan hara, yaitu; tanpa pemupukan, pemupukan lengkap, dan perlakuan-perlakuan pemupukan lengkap tanpa N (-N), P (-P), K

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(-K), Cu (-Cu), Zn (-Zn), B (-B) atau tanpa Mn (-Mn). Tanah Sukamandi yang dipupuk sesuai rekomendasi juga digunakan sebagai pembanding.

4. Data dan Pengamatan Selama penelitian, data tinggi tanaman dan jumlah anakan diamati. Pada waktu panen dihitung hasil gabah dan komponen hasil.

Sekitar 10 hari setelah tanam gejala salinitas dan mal-nutrisi (khlorosis dan nekrosis) terlihat di daun pada beberapa perlakuan, tapi setelah 3 minggu tanaman dalam pot kembali baik. Perbedaan respons terlihat antara varietas terhadap perlakuan yang diberikan, namun pada umumnya pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman padi di tanah Tanjung cukup baik, sebanding dengan tanaman yang tumbuh di tanah berasal dari Sukamandi.

Tabel 1. Hasil gabah dan komponen hasil padi varietas Ciherang dan Mendawak, pada penelitian pot minus-one menggunakan tanah dari desa Tanjung-NAD, Sukamandi 2007.

Gabah per pot Faktor/ Perlakuan Hasil gabah * (g/pot)

Malai / pot Total Isi

Gabah hampa (%)

Bobot 1000 gabah (g)*

Varietas Ciherang 49,99 a 19,7 a 2308 a 2113 b 11,28 a 23,29 a Mendawak 55,14 b 25,5 b 2960 b 1951 a 33,84 b 25,49 b Pemupukan (-) 37,27 a 18,7 a 2080 ab 1467 a 27,88 b 23,81 a - N 43,47 ab 20,0 ab 1883 a 1721 ab 22,86 ab 23,80 a - P 53,48 c 22,0 ab 2737 bc 2070 bc 23,37 ab 24,55 ab - K 53,22 c 24,7 b 2679 bc 2067 bc 21,55 ab 24,32 ab - Zn 58,74 c 24,2 b 2868 c 2261 c 19,67 ab 24,56 ab - Cu 55,12 c 22,3 ab 2626 bc 2137 c 16,94 a 24,72 ab - B 52,01 bc 24,5 b 2883 c 2023 bc 27,64 b 24,07 ab - Mn 55,49 c 24,2 b 2791 bc 2153 c 21,45 ab 24,49 ab (+) 56,02 c 24,2 b 2716 bc 2157 c 19,87 ab 24,51 ab Tanah Sukamandi 60,87 c 21,5 ab 3075 c 2264 c 24,36 ab 25,03 b

Angka-angka selajur pada tiap faktor, diikuti oleh huruf yang sama, tidak berbeda nyata pada uji BNJ 5%. * pada kadar air 14%.

5. Interpretasi Hasil Tanah terkena tsunami dari desa Tanjung cukup produktif, sebanding dengan tanah dari Sukamandi. Gejala keracunan garam pada tanaman padi berupa pertumbuhan yang terhambat, berkurangnya anakan, ujung daun bewarna keputihan dan sering terlihat bagian daun yang khlorosis. Pengaruh merusak dari salinitas juga sering tergantung pada stadia pertumbuhan tanaman. Dalam penelitian ini, nampak bahwa tanaman padi lebih sensitif pada stadia pembungaan dan pembentukan biji.

Varietas Mendawak memberikan hasil gabah lebih tinggi karena malai dan gabah yang lebih banyak serta bobot 1000 biji lebih tinggi, walaupun sterilitas gabah lebih tinggi dibanding Ciherang. Lebih jauh, pengaruh perlakuan hara terlihat pada komponen-

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komponen hasil; (-K), (-Cu), (-Zn), (-B), (-Mn) dan pemupukan lengkap (+) memberikan jumlah malai yang tinggi, sehingga jumlah gabah juga tinggi. Tanpa penambahan P, K, Zn, Cu dan Mn di tanah ini, hasil gabah cukup tinggi, sebanding dengan pemupukan lengkap ataupun hasil gabah di tanah Sukamandi. Di pihak lain, jelas terlihat bahwa N harus diberikan sedangkan tanpa B (-B) kehampaan gabah meningkat, karena itu Boron sebaiknya diberikan ke tanah ini. Analisis detail dari data juga memperlihatkan bahwa respons varietas terhadap penambahan hara berbeda.

6. Saran ke Depan Hasil-hasil penelitian ini jelas memperlihatkan bahwa tanpa pemberian P, K, Zn, Cu dan Mn dalam paket pemupukan hasil gabah cukup tinggi. Namun, N harus ditambahkan sedangkan pemberian B dapat mengurangi kehampaan gabah. Nampaknya, unsur hara paling kritis di tanah ini adalah N, sedang unsur hara mikro adalah Cu dan B; Cu tidak perlu sedang B harus ditambahkan untuk mengurangi kehampaan gabah. Berhubung berbedanya respons varietas, direkomendasikan pengelolaan hara yang terpadu dan seimbang di tanah ini.

7. Tindak Lanjut Pencucian, perbaikan tanah dan mulsa, serta pemupukan dianggap sebagai komponen utama dalam rehabilitasi lahan pasca-tsunami. Namun, berhubung terbatasnya sistem drainase dan irigasi, kedua usaha ini tak mudah dilakukan dan memerlukan waktu yang lama, sebagaimana juga perlunya usaha terintegrasi. Karena itu, pengelolaan hara yang lebih baik dan adaptasi varietas nampaknya merupakan usaha utama untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanah terkena tsunami dalam waktu dekat.

8. Informasi Lebih Jauh Nama : Dr. Hasil Sembiring

Alamat : BB Padi, Jalan Raya 9, Sukamandi-Subang


Telepon : 0260 520157 Fax: 0260 520158


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8. Ringkasan Penelitian Pot – Padi Cot Seulamat

Lokasi Rumah Kaca BB Padi-Sukamandi, tanah dari Cot Seulamat-Samatiga, Aceh Barat

Waktu 1 Juli 1 – 6 October, 2007 Komoditas/Masalah Padi/Keseimbangan hara pascatsunami

-NV2 -PV2 -KV2 (+)V2

-NV1 -PV1 -KV1 (+)V1 Respon Mendawak terhadap pemupukan -N,

-P, and -K di tanah Cot Seulamat Respon Ciherang terhadap pemupukan -N, -P, and -K di tanah Cot Seulamat

1. Deskripsi Masalah Sebagian tanah terkena tsunami mempunyai pH yang rendah dengan Ca dan Mg dapat tukar yang rendah, disamping kandungan N, P, K dan unsur hara lainnya yang juga rendah. Pertanaman padi sawah pertama pascatsunami atas bantuan BRR memberikan hasil gabah sangat rendah yang disebabkan oleh sifat gambut lahan yang mempunyai pH rendah dan kandungan bahan organik tinggi dalam tanah. Rendahnya hasil ini berhubungan dengan sedikitnya jumlah malai dan kehampaan gabah yang tinggi. Nampaknya masalah unsur hara merupakan masalah utama sebagai pembatas terhadap hasil gabah yang tinggi di daerah ini.

2. Tujuan Penelitian Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi keseimbangan unsur hara di tanah ber pH rendah (pH=4,7) setelah tsunami untuk mendapatkan cara pengelolaan hara yang lebih baik dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil padi sawah di tanah terkena tsunami.

3. Perlakuan Penelitian pot dilakukan di BB Padi – Sukamandi menggunakan tanah terkena tsunami dari desa Cot Seulamat – Samatiga, Aceh Barat. Dua varietas padi, Ciherang dan Mendawak diperlakukan dengan 9 perlakuan hara, yaitu; tanpa pemupukan (-), pemupukan lengkap (+), serta perlakuan-perlakuan pemupukan lengkap tanpa N (-N), P (-P), K (-K), Ca (-Ca),

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Mg (-Mg), B (-B) atau Zn (-Zn), dan tanah dari Sukamandi dengan pemupukan rekomendasi juga diikutkan sebagai pembanding.

4. Data dan Pengamatan Selama penelitian, data tinggi tanaman dan jumlah anakan, setelah 30 hari setelah tanam (HST), diamati tiap minggu. Pada waktu panen data hasil gabah dan komponen hasil dicatat. Pada 7 HST gejala salinitas dan mal-nutrisi (chlorosis and necrosis) terlihat pada daun, tapi setelah 3 minggu tanaman dalam pot kembali normal. Respons yang berbeda diperlihatkan oleh varietas terhadap perlakuan, tapi umumnya pertumbuhan tanaman baik.

Tabel 1. Komponen hasil dan hasil gabah varietas Ciherang and Mendawak, percobaan pot minus-one menggunakan tanah dari desa Cot Seulamat -NAD, Sukamandi 2007.

Gabah per pot Faktor/ Perlakuan

Hasil gabah * (g/pot)

Malai / pot Total Isi

Gabah hampa (%)

Bobot 1000 gabah (g)*

Varietas Ciherang 39,35 a 33,0 a 3156 a 1558 a 52,49 b 20,04 a Mendawak 54,11 b 34,7 a 3225 a 1895 b 43,03 a 24,50 b Pemupukan (-) 15,66 a 29,2 a 1941 a 362 a 80,04 c 18,59 a - N 41,10 c 30,2 ab 2725 ab 1511 bc 43,69 b 23,65 ab - P 41,20 c 28,5 a 2714 ab 1601 c 38,95 ab 22,31 ab - K 28,33 b 34,2 abc 3026 b 925 ab 70,56 c 18,52 a - Ca 54,66 de 38,8 c 3615 bc 2053 c 43,32 b 22,66 ab - Mg 58,15 e 38,3 c 3621 bc 2090 c 42,55 b 25,46 b - B 44,42 cd 34,0 abc 3282 bc 1718 c 48,02 b 21,41 ab - Cu 52,96 cde 34,7 abc 3486 bc 2002 c 42,70 b 23,04 ab (+) 51,38 cde 37,0 bc 3489 bc 1985 c 43,36 b 22,41 ab Sukamandi 79,44 f 33,7 abc 4006 c 3016 d 24,41 a 24,67 b

Angka-angka selajur pada tiap faktor, diikuti oleh huruf yang sama, tidak berbeda nyata pada uji BNJ 5%. * pada kadar air 14%.

Tidak terdapat perbedaan pertumbuhan anakan dan malai antara Ciherang dan Mendawak. Hasil gabah Mendawak (54,11 g/pot) lebih tinggi disbanding Ciherang (39,3 g/pot), yang disokong oleh lebih banyaknya jumlah gabah isi karena rendahnya kehampaan dan bobot 1000 biji yang lebih tinggi. Tanpa pemupukan di tanah Cot Seulamat jumlah malai dan gabah serta bobot 1000 biji adalah paling rendah, sedangkan kehampaan gabah paling tinggi (80,.04%). Akibatnya, hasil gabahnya hanya 30,48% dari pemupukan lengkap (15,66 vs 51,38 g/pot). Di pihak lain, tanah Sukamandi secara konsisten mempunyai anakan lebih banyak dibanding tanah Cot Seulamat; tanaman padi di tanah Sukamandi adalah lebih produktif, yang disebabkan oleh gabah yang lebih banyak, bobot 1000 biji lebih tinggi, dan kemampaan yang rendah, dibandingkan dengan pemupukan lengkap di tanah Cot Seulamat; memberikan hasil gabah 55 % lebih tinggi. Jumlah anakan dan malai pada perlakuan (-P) adalah paling rendah. Perlakuan (-Ca) dan (-Mg) memberikan malai paling banyak dibanding perlakuan lainnya, sedangkan (-B) hasilnya kurang karena jumlah malai yang

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rendah. Walaupun perlakuan (-K) memberikan hasil gabah yang nyata lebih tinggi dari tanpa pemupukan (-), tapi hanya 55,14% dari pemupukan lengkap (+) karena tingginya kehampaan gabah (70,56%) dan rendahnya bobot 1000 biji (18,52 g); gabah hampa dan bobot 1000 biji pada pemupukan lengkap, berturut-turut adalah 43,36% dan 22,41 g.

5. Interpretasi Hasil Gejala keracunan garam pada tanaman padi adalah terhambatnya pertumbuhan, berkurangnya anakan, ujung daun memutih dan sering terlihat bagian daun yang khlorosis dan necrosis; semua gejala tersebut terlihat kira-kira seminggu setelah tanam. Nampaknya, gejala-gejala ini berhubungan dengan rendah dan tidak seimbangnya hara yang tersedia dalam tanah. Sesuai dengan data hasil di atas, unsur hara paling membatasi dalam tanah adalah K diikuti oleh N dan P. Lebih jauh, tanah ini tidak memerlukan tambahan Ca, Mg atau Cu, dan penambahan B dapat meningkatkan jumlah malai.

6. Saran ke Depan Dengan melihat hasil yang didapat dari penelitian pot menggunakan tanah dari desa Tanjung-Lhoknga, jelas terlihat bahwa tanah yang berbeda mempunyai respons berbeda terhadap penambahan unsur hara. Karena itu, lokasi berbeda memerlukan perhatian sendiri-sendiri, karena perbedaan tekstur tanah, pH, tingkat salinitas, sebagaimana juga ketersediaan unsur hara makro dan mikro. Disamping perbaikan sistem drainase dan irigasi merupakan usaha utama untuk memperbaiki produktivitas tanah dan tanaman pasca tsunami, diperlukan pengelolaan hara yang optimum.

7. Tindak Lanjut Nampaknya tanah yang berbeda memerlukan perhatian spesifik pasca tsunami untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanah dan tanaman. Setelah didapatnya hasil-hasil penelitian ini, paket pengelolaan hara alternatif dapat dibuat, disarankan dan diimplementasikan ke tingkat petani, untuk mendapatkan cara pengelolaan hara tanaman terbaik.

8. Informasi Lebih Jauh Nama : Dr. Hasil Sembiring

Alamat : BB Padi, Jalan Raya 9, Sukamandi-Subang


Telepon : 0260 520157 Fax: 0260 520158


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9. Ringkasan Demonstrasi Pemupukan

Lokasi Cot Seulamat-Samatiga, Aceh Barat Waktu 14 Juni – 20 September, 2007 Komoditas/Masalah Padi / Demonstrasi Peningkatan Teknologi – pengelolaan

pemupukan

Tanaman padi baru ditanam untuk demonstrasi paket pemupukan

1. Deskripsi Masalah Pemupukan yang diberikan petani padi sawah terkena tsunami di Cot Seulamat adalah sekitar 100-100-100 kg Urea-SP36-KCl ha-1, diberikan satu kali sebelum pindah tanam, memberikan hasil gabah yang rendah. Berdasarkan hasil analisis tanah oleh ISRI (2007), dosis 100 kg/ha untuk Urea dan SP36 sebagai sumber N dan P dinilai cukup optimum, terutama karena kanduingan N dan P tanah tinggi. Namun, walau total K tinggi dalam tanah, ketersediaan hara ini rendah. Teknologi, khususnya pemupukan, yang sesuai harus dikembangkan di daerah ini untuk meningkatkan hasil gabah dan pendapatan petani.

2. Tujuan Penelitian Tujuan diadakannya demonstrasi ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil padi sawah melalui peningkatan teknologi. Disamping itu, demonstrasi ini akan memperlihatkan kepada petani bagaimana teknologi dapat diimplementasikan dalam rangka meningkatkan hasil gabah padi sawah, dan juga peningkatan pendapatan.

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3. Teknologi yang Didemonstrasikan Demonstrasi dilaksanakan dengan 3 paket pemupukan:

I. Cara yang biasa dilakukan petani (masing-masing 100 kg ha-1 Urea-SP36-KCl yang diberikan satu kali sebelum pindah tanam).

II. Pemupukan Urea-SP36-KCl dengan dosis 100-100-150 kg ha-1; Urea diberikan 3 kali masing-masing sepertiga; sebelum tanam, umur 28 dan 42 hari setelah tanam (HST). Sedangkan KCl diberikan 2 kali masing-masing separonya pada 28 dan 42 HST.

III. Pemupukan Urea-SP36-KCl sama dengan paket II (100-100-150 kg per ha). Sebagai tambahan diberikan dolomit 2 t/ha Dolomit diberikan 6 hari sebelum pindah tanam, dan Na-borate (untuk menambah kandungan Boron dalam tanah) dengan takaran 28 kg Na2BB4O2.5H2O per ha).

Demonstrasi ini dilaksanakan pada luasan 2000 m2 untuk tiap paket teknologi. Perlakuan lainnya seperti irigasi dan drainase disamakan untuk ketiga paket yang didemonstrasikan. Jarak tanam 25x25 cm dengan 3 bibit per lubang tanam. Yang ditanam varietas Ciherang, pengontrolan hama-penyakit dilakukan secara teratur.

Catatan:

a) Lokasi demonstrasi meliputi 4 petani, pada masing-masing petani dicobakan paket teknologi tersebut di atas.

b) Ditanam varietas Ciherang untuk demonstrasi ini dengan benih bermutu.

4. Data dan Pengamatan Data pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman dikumpulkan selama demonstrasi untuk mengevaluasi dan menginterpretasi hasil yang didapatkan. Dalam ringkasan ini hanya disampaikan data hasil gabah dari tiap paket yang didemonstrasikan. Rata-rata paket pertama (I) memberikan hasil gabah sebesar 4.45 t/ha. Dalam paket II, dengan penambahan 50 kg/ha KCl, serta Urea dan KCl berturut-turut diberikan dalam 3 dan 2 kali pemberian hasil gabah rata-rata yang didapatkan sebesar 5,88 t/ha, 32% lebih tinggi dari paket I. Lebih jauh, paket III dengan penambahan dolomit dan boraks memberikan rata-rata hasil gabah 5.98 t/ha, hampir sama dengan paket II. Hasil ini sesuai dengan hasil penelitian pot menggunakan tanah dari tempat ini, yang menyimpulkan bahwa Ca dan Mg tak diperlukan dalam paket pemupukan.

5. Interpretasi Hasil

Walau mempunyai pH rendah tanah ini tidak respon terhadap penambahan dolomite (sumber Ca dan Mg) dalam pemupukan. Menambahkan dolomit dalam paket pemupukan hanya memberi tambahan hasil yang rendah (sekitar 100 kg/ha). Dengan lebih banyaknya Ca and Mg dalam larutan tanah mungkin mempunyai efek negative terhadap ketersediaan unsur hara yang lain.

6. Saran ke Depan Untuk pengembangan padi di daerah ini disarankan menggunakan benih bermutu dan teknologi yang sesuai untuk diterapkan. Pengelolaan pemupukan menggunakan paket II dapat direkomendasikan pada daerah ini.

7. Tindak Lanjut Hasil-hasil demonstrasi ini dapat digunakan petani di sekitar lokasi demonstrasi, sebagauimana juga di daerah lain terkena tsunami dengan sifat-sifat tanah yang identik. Dinas Pertanian setempat dapat memasukkan paket pemupukan ini ke dalam program

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pengembangan padi di lokasi yangbersangkutan, dan sebaiknya dapat mensosialisasikan paket pemupukan ini pada petani




Telepon : (0651) 7411232 Fax. : (0651) 7552077


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10. Nutrient management – Cot Seulamat

Location Cot Seulamat-Samatiga, Aceh Barat

Date Juni 14 – September 28, 2007

Crop Padi – nutrient management

1. Deskripsi Masalah Telah diketahui bahwa salinitas mempengaruhi pertumbuhan bibit padi dan mengurangi pertumbuhan tanaman. Salinitas juga mempengaruhi hasil gabah dan komponen-komponen hasil seperti jumlah anakan dan jumlah gabah. Pada kondisi salin sterilitas pollen meningkat, transportasi pati ke biji yang sedang tumbuh berkurang. Beberapa petani padi di Kabupaten Aceh Besar - NAD melaporkan terganggunya pertumbuhan dan kegagalan panen dari pertanaman padi musim pertama dan kedua. Pertanaman ketiga memperlihatkan pertumbuhan vegetatif yang cukup baik tapi mempunyai malai dan gabah yang sedikit dan kurang berkembang. Dari kunjungan lapang tim ACIAR, bulan September 2006, terlihat bahwa salinitas telah berkurang. Masalah utama bagi pengembangan selanjutnya setelah tsunami kemungkinan keseimbangan hara dalam tanah. Hara penting, N, P dan K harus diberikan sedangkan Ca dan Mg di tanah ber-pH tinggi perlu dicuci. Unsur mikro seperti Zn, Cu, Mo dan yang lainnya harus dievaluasi pada tiap pertanaman karena pada kondisi yang ekstrim unsur-unsur hara ini menjadi berlebihan atau kekurangan. Lebih jauh, lokasi yang berbeda memerlukan perhatian khusus karena perbedaan tekstur tanah dan pH, tingkat salinitas, sebagaimana juga ketersediaan unsur hara makro dan mikro. Dalam waktu mendatang evaluasi fungsi unsur hara mikro dalam pengisian biji dan kehampaan gabah memerlukan perhatian khusus. Studi mendetail melalui penelitian diperlukan untuk mengevaluasi status hara tanah pasca tsunami.

Pindah tanam (kiri) dan penampilan tanaman pada 33 HST (kanan) from field experiment plots

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2. Tujuan Penelitian Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui masalah nutrisi yang menjadi pembatas di Cot Seulamat, untuk maksud mengembangkan teknologi pengelolaan hara yang sesuai dan dapat meningkatkan hasil gabah dan pendapatan petani.

3. Perlakuan Penelitian menggunakan rancangan split plot dengan 3 ulangan dan luas plot adalah 6x5 m2. Main plot adalah varietas padi yaitu Ciherang and Mendawak. Sub plot terdiri dari 6 teknik pengelolaan hara sebagai berikut:

F. Cara petani; pemupukan dengan 100-100-100 kg Urea-SP36-KCl per ha, dan semuanya diberikan sebagai pupuk dasar.

G. Urea-SP36-KCl dengan dosis 100-100-150 kg per ha; Urea dalam 3 kali dan KCl dalam 2 kali pemberian, sedangkan semua SP36 diberikan sebelum tanam.

H. Urea-SP36-KCl sebanyak 100-100-150 kg per ha dengan waktu pemberian sama dengan perlakuan B. Disamping itu, 2 t/ha dolomit diberikan ke dalam tanah 7 hari sebelum tanam.

I. Urea-SP36-KCl sebanyak 100-100-150 kg per ha dengan waktu pemberian sama dengan perlakuan B. Disamping itu, Na-borate (sumber Boron) diberikan pada 28 dan 42 HST sebesar 28 kg Na2BB4O2.5H2O per ha.

J. Urea-SP36-KCl sebanyak 100-100-150 kg per ha dengan waktu pemberian sama dengan perlakuan B. Disamping itu, 2 t/ha dolomit diberikan ke dalam tanah 7 hari sebelum tanam, dan juga Na-borate (sumber Boron) diberikan pada 28 dan 42 HST sebesar 28 kg Na2BB4O2.5H2O per ha.

4. Data dan Pengamatan Pengamatan secara visual menunjukkan bahwa kedua varietas yang diuji respons terhadap perlakuan. Umumnya, varietas Mendawak tumbuh lebih baik dari Ciherang.

Tabel 1. Beberapa sifat tanah sawah di Desa Cot Seulamat - Aceh Barat, kedalaman 0-20 cm.

Sifat Kimia dan fisika tanah Nilai analisis Metode analisis H2O 4.9 m Ekstrak 1 : 5

pH KCl 4.1 m Id

N total (%) 0.72 t Kjeldahl C (%) 16.4 st Walkley & Black C/N 23 t Perhitungan P2O5 (mg/100 g) 85 st HCl 25% K2O (mg/100 g) 41 t Id. P2O5 (ppm) 3.5 sr Bray I K2O (ppm) 64 r Morgan

Analisis di Balai Penelitian Tanah, Bogor (2007).

Kriteria penilaian sesuai dengan Hardjowigeno (2003): sr, r, t, st dan m berturut-turut berarti sangat rendah, rendah, tinggi, sangat tinggi dan masam.

Tanah tergolong asam dengan nilai pH 4.9. Kandungan C-organik sangat tinggi dan N total tinggi, memberikan nisbah C/N sebesar 23. Walaupun kandungan P total dan K total tanah

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berturut-turut sangat tinggi dan tinggi, ketersediaan kedua unsur hara ini termasuk rendah (Tabel 1).

Penampilan tanaman pada 96 HST lebih tinggi pada varietas Mendawak, tapi varietas Ciherang mempunyai malai lebih panjang dari Mendawak. Perlakuan pengelolaan unsur hara (perlakuan A-E) tidak mempengaruhi tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan maksimum (pada 46 HST) ataupun panjang malai (Tabel 2).

Tabel 2. Rata-rata pengamatan komponen pertumbuhan Ciherang dan Mendawak pada penelitian lapang padi sawah di Cot Seulamat, 2007.

Tinggi tanaman (cm) pada umur HST

Perlakuan/ Faktor

46 96

Jumlah anakan/ rumpun 46 HST

Panjang malai (cm)

Varietas Ciherang 71 a 97 a 20,4 a 24,0 b Mendawak 77 a 105 b 20,3 a 22,8 a Input A 75 a 98 a 20,8 a 23,2 a B 72 a 101 a 20,8 a 23,7 a C 74 a 102 a 19,6 a 23,6 a D 74 a 102 a 20,0 a 23,4 a E 74 a 101 a 20,5 a 23,2 a

Angka-angka pada tiap lajur dan faktor diikuti huruf yang sama, berarti tidak berbeda nyata pada uji HSD (honestly significant difference) 5%.

Varietas Mendawak nampaknya mempunyai malai/rumpun lebih banyak, jumlah gabah total dan gabah isi yang lebih tinggi, demikian juga bobot 1000 butir biji. Karena itu, varietas Mendawak berproduksi lebih tinggi dibanding Ciherang, walaupun tidak nyata secara statistik. Perlakuan E memberikan hasil gabah yang nyata lebih tinggi karena lebih banyaknya jumlah malai dan gabah. Penambahan dolomit saja (perlakuan C) atau Na-borate saja (perlakuan D) tidak meningkatkan hasil gabah secara nyata, tapi bila dikombinasikan (perlakuan E) terjadi peningkatan hasil yang nyata (Tabel 3). Nampaknya penambahan dolomit lebih efektif dari pada Na-borate untuk perbaikan tanah, karena rendahnya pH tanah.

5. Interpretasi Hasil Karena pH tanah rendah (4.9), ketersediaan P dan K dalam tanah rendah walaupun kandungan total kedua unsur hara ini tinggi. Disamping itu, kandungan unsur Na yang relatif tinggi dalam tanah mempengaruhi ketersediaan K bagi tanaman; serapan K oleh tanaman terhambat oleh adanya Na. Penambahan pemupukan K pada cara petani (sebanyak 50 kg KCl per ha) dan Na-borate sebanyak 28 kg Na2BB4O2.5H2O per ha tidak meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil gabah. Namun, pemberian 2 t/ha dolomite bersama 28 kg Na2B4B O2.5H2O per ha memberikan peningkatan hasil gabah yang nyata. Nampaknya dolomit untuk meningkatkan pH tanah dan penambahan borate merupakan faktor kunci untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dari tanah ini.

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Tabel 3. Rata-rata hasil gabah dan komponen hasil Ciherang dan Mendawak pada penelitian lapang padi sawah di Cot Seulamat, 2007.

Gabah per malai Perlakuan/ Faktor

Hasil* GKG (kg/ha)

Malai/rpn Total Isi

Kehampaan gabah (%)

Bobot 1000 biji (g)*

Varietas Ciherang 6514 a 11,8 a 128 a 120 a 6,33 a 25,19 a Mendawak 6781 a 12,4 a 147 a 133 a 9,68 a 27,75 b Input A 6480 ab 11,6 a 134 a 123 a 8,15 a 26,65 a B 6178 a 11,3 a 141 a 130 a 7,72 a 26,54 a C 6623 ab 11,7 a 141 a 129 a 8,24 a 26,28 a D 6314 a 13,6 a 132 a 120 a 8,72 a 26,66 a E 7644 b 12,4 a 139 a 129 a 7,19 a 26,23 a

Angka-angka pada tiap lajur dan faktor diikuti huruf yang sama, berarti tidak berbeda nyata pada uji HSD (honestly significant difference) 5%.

* kadar air 14%

6. Saran ke Depan Disarankan melakukan penelitian lapang dengan pemberian dolomit yang lebih tinggi dan penambahan borate untuk evaluasi lebih jauh dari produktivitas tanah.

7. Tindak Lanjut Hasil penelitian ini belum dapat menyimpulkan dengan baik, diperlukan penelitian lapang lainnya. Hasil-hasil penelitian pot, sebagaimana juga demonstrasi yang dilakukan pada tanah ini harus juga dipertimbangkan dalam mengevaluasi hasil penelitian lapang ini.




Telepon : (0651) 7411232 Fax. : (0651) 7552077

Website : http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/research/projects/06P302

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10a Ringkasan Demonstrasi Varietas

Lokasi Cot Seulamat-Samatiga, Aceh Barat Waktu 14 Juni – 28 September, 2007 Komoditas/Masalah Padi/Demonstrasi Varietas

1. Deskripsi Masalah Keracunan garam (salinitas) pada tanaman padi menyebabkan terhambatnya pertumbuhan, berkurangnya anakan, ujung daun keputihan dan sering adanya bagian daun yang mengalami khlorosis dan necrosis. Walaupun tanaman padi tergolong agak tahan terhadap salinitas, pada nilai EC (konduktivitas listrik) 6-10 dS m-1 hasil gabah bias berkurang sebesar 50%. Merupakan lahan gambut yang kerendahan untuk tanaman padi sawah, prasarana irigasi dan drainase di Aceh Barat kurang baik, sedangkan fasilitas ini sangat diperlukan untuk pencucian bahan-bahan beracun yang disebabkan oleh tsunami. Karena itu, varietas tahan kondisi salin merupakan prioritas dalam waktu dekat ini bagi pengembangan padi sawah pasca tsunami.

Dari beberapa uji adaptasi jelas terlihat bahwa beberapa varietas lebih teradaptasi terhadap salinitas dibanding yang lainnya.. Uji adaptasi yang telah dilakukan di NAD pada tanah terkena tsunami menunjukkan bahwa beberapa varietas yang berasal dari lahan pasang surut toleran terhadap salinitas pada fase vegetatif.

2. Tujuan Demonstrasi Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk mendemonstrasikan ke petani bahwa terdapat perbedaan varietas-varietas padi dalam hal adaptabilitasnya di tanah terkena tsunami. Lebih jauh, demonstrasi ini juga dimaksudkan untuk mencari varietas padi yang lebih beradaptasi di daerah ini.

3. Teknologi yang didemonstrasikan Enam varietas padi ditanam bersebelahan, masing-masing seluas 15x5 m2. Keenam varietas diperlakukan sama, semua teknik budidaya diberikan sama kepada varietas-varietas ini.

Penampilan tanaman pada 33 HST dari demonstrasi adaptasi varietas. Varietas Mendawak terlihat lebih baik dari Ciherang dan varietas lain

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Pemupukan dengan Urea-SP36-KCl diberikan sebesar 100-100-150 kg per ha; Urea dalam tiga kali pemberian dan KCl dalam 2 kali pemberian. Disamping itu, 2 t/ha dolomit and 28 kg Na2BB4O2.5H2O per ha ditambahkan. Jarak tanam adalah 25x25 cm, 3 bibit per lubang tanam. Varietas tersebut adalah; Ciherang, Intani 2, PTB (BP 360), Mekongga, Banyuasin dan Mendawak.

4. Data dan Pengamatan Parameter pertumbuhan dan hasil dikumpulkan selama kegiatan; tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan, gabah total, gabah isi dan gabah hampa, bobot 1000 biji, dan hasil gabah. Data pertumbuhan dan hasil ini ditampilkan pada tabel di bawah.

Tabel 1. Data pertumbuhan dan hasil enam varietas padi sawah, Cot Seulamat 2007. Varietas Data pertumbuhan

dan hasil Ciherang Intani-2 BP-360 Mekongga Banyuasin MendawakAnakan/rpn pada 46 HST

19.0 13.8 17.0 13,6 19,2 18.8

Tinggi tanaman panen (cm) 98. 114 96 95 100 104 Panjang malai (cm) 24 26 26 24 21 23 Gabah total/malai 144 229 198 140 149 165 Gabah isi/malai 131 186 185 134 119 145 BGabah hampa/malai 13 43 13 6 30 20 Bobot 1000 biji 27.85 28.79 28.83 28.36 27.27 30.79 Hasil gabah (t/ha), KA 14% 3.84 5.76 4.48 4.69 4,91 5,33

5. Interpretasi Hasil Pada umumnya, pertumbuhan vegetatif varietas-varietas cukup baik, terutama varietas Mendawak. Teknologi yang dicobakan dalam demonstrasi ini nampaknya sesuai dengan kondisi setempat, sehingga memberikan pertumbuhan tanaman lebih baik. Walaupun Ciherang direkomendasikan untuk padi sawah, varietas ini menghasilkan gabah paling rendah (3.8 t/ha). Intani-2, suatu varietas hibrida, memberikan hasil gabah 5.76 t/ha di tanah ini, diikuti oleh Mendawak 5.33 t/ha. Jumlah gabah isi yang lebih banyak dan bobot 1000 biji yang tinggi berperan dalam tingginya hasil kedua varietas ini.

6. Saran ke Depan Bagi pengembangan padi sawah di daerah ini, varietas Ciherang tidak direkomendasikan. Intani-2 dan Mendawak sangat direkomendasikan. Karena Intani-2 adalah hibrida (petani tidak dapat menerima karena harga benihnya mahal), Mendawak dan Banyuasin yang merupakan varietas padi lahan pasang surut akan teradaptasi baik di daerah ini dan akan memberikan hasil gabah yang tinggi.

7. Tindak Lanjut

Kegiatan ini sebaiknya ditindak-lanjuti oleh Dinas Pertanian setempat bekerja sama dengan BPTP-NAD, untuk maksud adaptasinya ke petani yang lebih banyak dan daerah lebih luas pada musim tanam selanjutnya.

8. Informasi Lebih Jauh

Nama : T. Iskandar and Chairunas

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Telepon : (0651) 7411232 Fax. : (0651) 7552077


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11. Ringkasan Demonstrasi Padi Nias Selatan Lokasi Botohilitano, Nanowa dan Dihilinifaoso - Nias Selatan Waktu 10 Oktober, 2005 – 28 Februari, 2006

10 September, 2006 – 8 January, 2007 9 Oktober, 2007 – 25 Februari, 2008

Komoditas/Masalah Padi / Peningkatan Produksi

Lahan padi sawah terkena tsunami, sebelum tanam

Varietas padi Banyuasin, sebelum panen

1. Masalah Penanaman padi di Nias Selatan masih dalam kondisi semi-tradisional. Berhubung posisi geografis daerah ini, terpisah dari pulau Sumatera, komunikasi dan teransportasi jarang dan membatasi pengembangan pertanian di daerah ini. Infrastruktur irigasi tidak ada dan padi sawah diairi secara alam (tadah hujan). Varietas padi unggul dengan produktivitas yang tinggi dan benih berkualitas jarang dijumpai. Disamping itu, pupuk-pupuk tidak tersedia. Akibatnya, hasil tanaman padi di daerah ini adalah rendah. Gempa bumi dan tsunami telah merusak daerah penanaman padi sawah sehingga peningkatan produksi padi di daerah ini bertambah sukar.

2. Tujuan Demonstrasi Kegiatan yang dilakukan pada dua lokasi di daerah ini bertujuan untuk mendemonstrasi-kan paket teknologi khusus bagi padi sawah pada tanah yang terkena tsunami. Kegiatan ini mendorong petani-petani untuk meningkatkan produksi padi sawahnya melalui adopsi teknologi spesifik lokasi dan varietas unggul padi sawah (pengelolaan tanamanm terpadu) di tanah terkena tsunami. Tujuan akhir kegiatan-kegiatan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan produktivitas lahan dan tanaman padi sawah.

3. Teknologi yang didemonstrasikan Beberapa komponen teknologi maju, yaitu; penambahan pupuk N berdasarkan pembacaan BWD, sedangkan pemupukan P dan K didasarkan pada hasil analisis tanah, jumlah bibit yang sedikit (1-2 bibit) per rumpun dan varietas unggul padi dengan potensi hasil tinggi (Ciherang, Banyuasin dan Kapuas), serta sistem tanam legowo 4:1 disusun menjadi pengelolaan tanaman terpadu (PTT) dan didemonstrasikan di Botohilitano selama musim

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hujan 2005/06. Cara petani dengan tanam biasa (tegel) jarak tanam 25x25 cm digunakan sebagai pembanding.

Di Nanowa, Ciherang, Cilosari, Sunggal, Banyuasin, Kapuas dan suatu varietas padi lokal (Sabuso) ditanam selama musim hujan 2006/07 dengan pendekatan PTT, yaitu bibit muda berumur 15 hari 1-2 bibit per rumpun, cara tanam legowo 4:1, dan pemupukan sebesar 200-150-150 kg Urea-SP36-KCl per ha. Jerami padi panen sebelumnya yang sudah dikomposkan diberikan ke tanah sebanyak lebih kurang 2 t/ha

Pendekatan PTT pada padi sawah juga didemonstrasikan di Dihilinifaoso selama musim hujan 2007/08 menggunakan varietas Cibogo, Ciherang and Mekongga. Komponen PTT yang didemonstrasikan adalah bibit muda berumur 15 hari, 1-2 bibit/rumpun, cara tanam legowo 4:1 dan pemupukan sebesar 200-150-150 kg Urea-SP36-KCl per ha. Kompos jerami dari panen sebelumnya diberikan ke tanah sekitar 2 t/ha. Dalam ketiga demonstrasi ini dilaksanakan pengendalian hama terpadu.

4. Data dan Pengamatan Selama pertumbuhan tanaman diamati data agronomi, yaitu tinggi tanaman pada 80 hari setelah tanam (HST), jumlah anakan maksimum per rumpun (pada 50 HST), 50% pembungaan tanaman, jumlah anakan produktif per rumpun (pada 85 HST). Pada waktu panen (125 HST), kompoonen hasil dan hasil gabah ditentukan.

Tabel 1. Data agronomis dari demonstrasi PTT di Botohilitano 2005 dan Nanowa 2006.

Cara tanam/ Varietas

Tinggi tanaman (cm)

Anakan maksimum/ rumpun

Anakan produktif/ rumpun

Umur 50% berbunga

Bobot 1000 biji (g)

Hasil gabah (t ha-1)

Botohilitano 2005/06 Cara Petani Ciherang 89.8 22.6 10.5 - - 3.02 Banyuasin 103.0 19.4 12.4 - - 3.44 Kapuas 104.4 23.7 11.0 - - 3.57 PTT Ciherang 99.2 17.9 9.3 - - 6.10 Banyuasin 104.3 18.9 11.2 - - 6.80 Kapuas 107.4 19.9 10. 6 - - 7.10 Nanowa 2006/07 PTT Banyuasin 110.8 22.4 10.6 50-88 24.2 5.2 Ciherang 107.0 26.4 17.2 42-81 26.2 6.7 Cilosari 108.8 15.8 10.6 47-82 25.0 5.8 Kapuas 107.4 21.4 12.2 48-84 25.6 5.9 Sunggal 100.4 24.0 15.4 48-85 25.9 6.1 Sabuso * 93.2 11.6 7.3 65-97 19.1 3.7 Dihilinifaoso 2007/08 PTT Cibogo 86.4 15.8 10.6 - 26.6 4.0 Ciherang 91.0 22.0 13.6 - 27.3 6.7 Mekongga 89.0 16.8 13.8 - 26.6 6.2

* varietas lokal - tak ada data

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5. Interpretasi Hasil Hasil-hasil kedua pengujian jelas memperlihatkan bahwa produksi padi di Nias dapat ditingkatkan. Di Botohilitano pada musim hujan 2005/06, cara petani dengan menggunakan varietas unggul seperti Ciherang, Banyuasin dan Kapuas memberikan hasil gabah berturut-turut sebesar 3.02; 3.44 and 3.57 t ha-1. Namun, ketiga varietas ini yang ditanam menggunakan pendekatan PTT memberikan hasil berturut-turut 6.10; 6.80 dan 7.10 t ha-1. Dalam pengujian lain pada musim hujan 2006/07 di Nanowa, cara PTT juga memberikan hasil gabah yang tinggi, berkisar antara 5.2 - 6.7 t ha-1. Pada waktu yang sama, Sabuso (varietas local) hanya memberikan hasil gabah sebesar 3.7 t ha-1 (Tabel 1). Varietas Banyuasin berproduksi lebih tinggi dari Ciherang di Botohilitano, tapi tidak di Nanowa. Dalam tahun 2005 pengaruh salinitas yang disebabkan oleh tsunami masih lebih tinggi dibanding efek salinitas dalam tahun 2006, karena pada 2006 lebih banyak garam-garam berbahaya yang sudah tercuci dibanding tahun 2005. Akibatnya, varietas Banyuasin yang merupakan varietas padi sawah yang teradaptasi di lahan pasang surut, tumbuh lebih baik dan berproduksi lebih tinggi dari Ciherang dalam tahun 2005. Hasil gabah Cibogo, Ciherang dan Mekongga di Dihilinifaoso dalam tahun 2007 berturut-turut sebesar 4,0; 6,7 dan 6,2 t ha-1. Hasil gabah varietas Ciherang tahun 2006 di Nanowa dan tahun 2007 di Dihilinifaoso sama-sama 6,7 t/ha. Cibogo dan Mekongga adalah varieties padi baru di Nias Selatan yang mempunyai potensi untuk dikembangkan. Pengujian-pengujian ini memperlihatkan diperlukannya varietas unggul berproduksi tinggi dan teknologi maju melalui pengelolaan tanaman terpadu (PTT), untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanah dan tanaman padi di Nias pasca tsunami.

6. Saran ke Depan Kedua demonstrasi ini sebaiknya diuji pada daerah lebih luas yang meliputi lebih banyak petani, pada beberapa lokasi. Petani dan petugas Dinas Pertanian sebaiknya melaksanakan demonstrasi lapang yang bersifat partisipatif bagi pendekatan PTT padi sawah, untuk maksud mempercepat disseminasi. Disamping itu, Dinas Pertanian agar dapat mendistribusikan benih berkualitas dari varietas padi sawah unggul berpotensi hasil yang tinggi.

7. Tindak Lanjut Pemerintah lokal, melalui Dinas Pertanian, harus meningkatkan semua sektor pertanian pasca tsunami. Pembangunan sumberdaya manusia melalui pelatihan petani dan petugas lapang (PPL), perbaikan fasilitas irigasi, pengadaan benih dan penyediaan pupuk, serta peralatan/mesin pertanian akan mempercepat pengembangan tanaman padi di Nias. BPTP Sumut akan selalu siap membantu dan berpartisipasi dalam hal teknologi, menyokong pemerintah lokal.

8. Informasi Lebih Jauh Nama : Ir. Lukas Sebayang

Alamat : Jl. Jend. A.H. Nasution 1b Medan 20143

Email : [email protected]; [email protected]

Telepon : +62 61 77067208 ; mobile phone 08163165113

Fax : +62 61 7861020

Website : http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/research/projects/06P302

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12 Ringkasan Hasil Survei EM-38 pada 21 Lokasi

Durasi Waktu Augustus 2005 – Januari 2007 Komoditas/Masalah Perkembangan salinitas pada waktu dan kedalaman

tertentu.

Vertical measurement

1. Permasalahan Areal pertanian yang di genangi oleh air laut saat tsunami mengakibatkan tingginya salinitas untuk banyak jenis tanaman dan meluasnya keragaman salinisasi di lahan pertanian di NAD. Masalah unsur hara tanah dan respon tanaman pada lahan terkena tsunami juga sangat beragam. Pengenalan lahan bergaram dan respon tanaman akan membantu petani untuk menggunakan sumberdaya dan membantu mengarahkan para peneliti untuk mengetahui opsi manajemen untuk mengatasi masalah proses produksi tanaman.

EM38 field survey

Horizontal measurement (right)

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2. Tujuan Survei Lapangan Untuk mengkaji tingkat perubahan salinitas dan respon berbagai tanaman setelah tsunami di provinsi NAD.

3. Teknologi yang digunakan Survei dilaksanakan dengan metoda Induksi Elctromagnetic (EM-38) untuk mengukur tingkat salinitas tanah, pH dan EC meter.

4. Hasil Pengamatan

• Pengamatan di wilayah pantai timur provinsi NAD sebanyak 21 lokasi (site) (Bireuen, Pidie, Aceh Besar, dan Banda Aceh) monitoring dilakukan berdasarkan informasi dari BPTP, Dinas Pertanian dan PPL.

• Pengkajian tanaman : pada setiap lokasi (20 site), tanaman telah dikaji secara visual berdasarkan penampilannya, dan telah diklasifikasikan areal-areal yang pertumbuhan tanamannya tidak bagus, sedang (menengah) dan bagus.

• Telah membuat transek pengukuran sepanjang 100 m pada areal tersebut untuk pengukuran salinitas.

• Pengukuran salinitas tanah di lapangan ‘apparent electrical conductivity’ (ECa) dilakukan dengan interval waktu empat bulan sekali (tiga kali setahun) mulai bulan Agustus 2005 sampai dengan bulan Januari 2007. Pembacaan EM38 secara rebah (EMh) sensitive pada kedalaman 0-35 cm and pembacaan secara tegak (EMv) sensitive pada kedalaman 35 -150 cm pengukuran dilakukan dengan jarak antar titik dalam transek yaitu 5 meter.

• Sejarah lokasi diambil dari petani meliputi hasil panen sebelum dan setelah tsunami; lama tergenang oleh air tsunami, kedalaman air dan informasi pengelolaan tanaman.

5. Hasil

1

1 1

2 23

3 3

4 4

5

5

5

5a

5a5a6

6

6

7

77

8 889 9

9

1010

10

1111

11

12 1212

1313

131414

14

1515

15

1616

16

17

1717

1818 18

19 19

1920 20

20

2121

21

2

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0



Ave

rage

EM

hor

izon

tal (

dS/m

)

Gambar 2. rata-rata EMh meliputi 20 lokasi berdasarkan waktu. Nomor menunjukkan lokasi dan perbedaan warna menunjukkan urutan waktu pengukuran.

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1

1 1

2 23

3 3

44

5

55

5a

5a5a6

6

6

77 7

8 889 9

910 1010

11

1111

1212 12

13 13

13

1414

14

1515 1516 16

16

1717 17

1818

18

19

191920 20

20

21

21

21

2

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0



Ave

rage

EM

ver

tical

(dS/

m)

Gambar 2. rata-rata EMv meliputi 20 lokasi berdasarkan waktu. Nomor menunjukkan lokasi dan perbedaan warna menunjukkan urutan waktu pengukuran.

Tingkat salinitas tanah pada 20 lokasi sangat bervariasi tergantung pada :

• Lamanya tergenang : salinitas tanah lebih tinggi pada areal yang tergenang oleh air tsunami lebih lama.

• Tekstur tanah : pada tanah bertekstur berat (liat) (low saturated hydraulic conductivity) lebih salin (asin) di banding pada tanah yang bertekstur ringan (remah) (high saturated hydraulic conductivity).

• Ketersediaan sarana drainase (saluran pembuang) : salinitas tanah lebih tinggi pada areal yang tidak drainase.

• Ketersediaan air irigasi : salinitast tanah tidak akan menjad masalah pada areal yang diairi sejak tsunami.

Pada areal yang salin setelah tsunami, tingkat salinitas pada permukaan tanah (kedalaman 0-35 cm) lebih tinggi daripada lapisan lebih dalam (35-150 cm) (EMh>EMv).

• Tingkat salinitas tanah pada kebanyakan lokasi telah kembali pada tingkat normal (rendah) pada penghujung tahun 2006.

• Oleh karena itu, lokasi yang tidak ada irigasi dan drainase masih sangat salin untuk pertumbuhan tanaman.

• Penampilan tanaman : o Apabila tersedia air irigasi, pertumbuhan vegetative tanaman padi tidak

tertekan, tapi dapat menurunkan hasil panen hingga 60 % karena bulir/butir tidak terisi.

o Kacang tanah dan kedelai yang ditanam pada areal terkena oleh air pasang telah banyak dipengaruhi oleh salinitas.

o Pada tanaman sayuran yang berbiaya produksi yang tinggi (bernilai ekonomi tinggi) seperti cabai, bawang merh dan melon tidak terlalu dipengaruhi oleh tingkat pengairan (pencucian garam).

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6. Kesimpulan

• Tingginya variasi nilai salinitas pada setiap lokasi setelah tsunami disarankan perlunya penanganan khusus untuk rehabilitasi tanah.

• Proses salinisasi tanah yang digenangi oleh air laut waktu kejadian tsunami di Aceh dapat di cuci keluar apabila ada pengairan/curah hujan dan saluran drainase yang cukup di tempat.

• Meningkatnya salinitas tanah setelah tsunami menyebabkan untuk hara tanah tidak seimbang, menimbulkan penampilan dan hasil panen tanaman tidak baik pada kebanyakan lokasi

• Apabila air irigasi telah tersedia, pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman padi tidak tertekan, tapi hasil panen dapat menurun sampai 60% karena bulir tidak terisi sempurna.

• Kacang tanah dan kedelai yang tumbuh pada lahan terkena air pasang tidak tampil bagus.

7. Saran untuk kerja dan implikasi lebih lanjut

Informasi diambil dari kegiatan ini mengacu kepada :

hindari penanaman pada lahan yang masih terlalu salin untuk banyak jenis tanaman tentukan kebutuhan percobaan untuk meperbaiki produksi padi dan tanaman

palawija.

8. Tindak lanjut survei

• Mengembalikan drainase dan sarana irigasi akan menjadi prioritas rehabilitasi lahan terkena tsunami untuk meningkatkan pencucian garam

• Berikut ini, masalah produksi tanaman bisa dikelola dengan mengedepankan masalah pengelolaan unsur hara.

9. personal contact untuk informasi lebih lanjut

Nama : T. Iskandar and Irhas A. Md

BPTP NAD, Jalan P. Nyak Makam No.27, Lampineung, Banda Aceh

Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Phone : (0651) 7411232 Fax. : (0651) 7552077


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13. Kacang Baro Geunteut

Location Baro Geunteut, Lhoong, Aceh Besar Date Tanam 2 December 2007 – Panen 2 March 2008

Crop/issue of interest Kacang tanah / Demonstrasi pupuk organik dan an-organik

1. Masalah Produktivitas kacang tanah di lahan kering yang terkena tsunami di kecamatan Lhoong, kabupaten Aceh Besar masih rendah (1.0 – 1.1 ton/ha). Hal ini disebabkan berbagai faktor seperti kesuburan tanah yang rendah terutama rendahnya kandungan bahan organik tanah, dan kurangnya teknologi produksi yang lebih baik. Petani tidak menggunakan pupuk ataupun inokulan untuk nodulasi. Setelah terkena tsunami, karena masalah tanah hasil biji makin rendah.

2. Tujuan Demonstrasi Mendemonstrasikan peningkatan produktivitas lahan dan hasil biji kacang tanah dengan menggunakan teknologi yang sesuai seperti penambahan bahan organik tanah dan pemupukan (pupuk kandang, abu sekam dan nodular/rhizobium).

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3. Perlakuan yang diuji Dalam demonstrasi ini ditanam kacang tanah varietas lokal dengan jarak tanam 20 cm x 30 cm, 2 biji per lubang tanam. Pemupukan, pemberian bahan organik dan inokulasi diuji dalam kegiatan ini dan disusun dalam 5 paket pengujian sebagai berikut:

A = Tanpa pemupukan (cara petani)

B = Pupuk anorganik ( 50 kg/ha Urea + 150 kg/ha SP-36 + 100 kg/ha KCl)

C = Pupuk anorganik ( 25 kg/ha Urea + 75 kg/ha SP-36 + 50 kg/ha KCl) + abu sekam (300 kg/ha) penutup lobang tanam + Nodular 200 g/ha

D = Pupuk kandang sapi 4 ton/ha + abu sekam (1 ton/ha) + Nodular 200 g/ha

E = Pupuk kandang sapi 2 ton/ha + (25 kg/ha Urea + 75 kg/ha SP36 + 50 kg/ha KCl) +abu sekam (300 kg/ha) + Nodular 200 g/ha

Setiap paket teknologi di atas ditanam pada 3 areal seluas 4x8 m2.

4. Data dan Pengamatan Pertumbuhan cabang tanaman, komponen hasil dan hasil biji kacang tanah di kecamatan Lhoong, kabupaten Aceh Besar diamati dalam demonstrasi ini, dan nilai rata-ratanya ditampilkan dalam Tabel 1 dan Tabel 2.

Tabel 1. Jumlah cabang tanaman kacang tanah rata-rata per tanaman pada demonstrasi penggunaan pupuk anorganik dan organik, desa Baro Geunteut 2008. Paket Jumlah cabang rata-rata per tanaman Pemupukan 15 hst 30 hst 45 hst 75 hst A 6,95 10,05 12,45 11,23 B 7,30 10,70 12,90 11,53 C 8,05 11,80 12,75 11,95 D 7,85 10,85 11,40 11,70 E 8,15 11,25 12,15 11,68

hst = hari sesudah tanam

Tabel 2. Rata-rata Komponen hasil, hasil biji kacang tanah dan bobot segar tanaman saat panen pada plot demonstrasi menggunakan pupuk inorganik dan organik, Desa Baro Geunteut 2008.

Paket Hasil biji Jumlah

polong isi Jumlah polong

hampa Bobot

100 biji Bobot segar

tanaman Pemupukan (ton/ha) tanaman tanaman (grams) (g/tanaman) A 1,53 17,10 13,40 35,13 76,25 B 1,62 19,10 11,22 35,99 137,50 C 1,81 20,65 8,19 36,05 157,50 D 1,77 21,83 8,82 36,37 167,50

E 1,97 21,78 7,32 35,96 165,00

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5. Interpretasi Hasil Dari tabel-tabel di atas nampaknya semua perlakuan yang diuji (B, C, D and E) berpenampilan lebih baik dibanding cara petani (perlakuan A). Jelas terlihat dalam Tabel 1 bahwa jumlah cabang per tanaman tidak dipengaruhi oleh perlakuan. Pengaruh perlakuan lebih terlihat pada penampilan pertumbuhan dan komponen hasil tanaman lainnya.

Semua perlakuan yang dicobakan meningkatkan pertumbuhan vegetatif, jumlah polong isi per tanaman, berat biji (g/100 biji) dan hasil biji dibandingkan cara petani (A). Perlakuan E (pupuk kandang sapi 2 t/ha dicampur dengan pupuk an-organik {Urea 25 kg + SP36 75 kg + KCl 50 kg}/ha + abu sekam 300 kg/ha di atas lubang tanam + Nodular 200 gram/ha) memberikan hasil biji tertinggi (1,97 ton/ha), 28% lebih tinggi dari cara petani (Perlakuan A, tanpa pemupukan).

Takaran pupuk an-organik yang lebih tinggi pada perlakuan B (dua kali lipat dari perlakuan C, D dan E) ternyata tidak memberikan hasil biji yang lebih tinggi dibanding perlakuan lainnya. Biaya dari input tinggi ini harus dipertimbangkan dalam hubungannya dengan tambahan hasil biji yang didapatkan.

Perlakuan dengan pemberian pupuk kandang sapi (D dan E) memberikan jumlah polong isi per tanaman serta berat segar tanaman tertinggi saat panen.

6. Saran ke Depan Untuk meningkatkan produksi kacang tanah pada lahan kering terkena tsunami di kecamatan Lhoong, direkomendasikan untuk memberikan kombinasi pupuk kandang sapi 2 t/ha, dosis rendah pupuk an-organik dan abu sekam di atas lobang tanam. Selanjutnya, evaluasi lapang dari varietas-varietas kacang tanah yang baru dapat menunjukkan tipe tanaman yang sesuai untuk daerah ini.

7. Tindak Lanjut Petugas lapang dan petani harus disokong untuk bisa mendapatkan varietas kacang tanah baru dan mengevaluasinya di lapang (perlu dijalin hubungan dengan Balai Penelitian Kacang-kacangan). Juga diperlukan bantuan dalam mendapatkan inokulan strain khusus untuk kacang tanah, dan pelatihan dalam pengelolaan bahan organik serta uji tanah untuk menentukan biaya pemupukan yang paling ekonomis dalam meningkatkan hasil biji kacang tanah.

8. Informasi Lebih Jauh

Nama : T. Iskandar and Chairunas



Telepon : (0651) 7411232 Fax. : (0651) 7552077


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14. Kedelai Blang Kubu

Location Blang Kubu, Peudada, Bireuen Date 6th December 2007 – 6th March 2008 Crop - issue of interest Kedelai

1. Masalah The productivity of soybean on tsunami-affected dry land in the district of Bireuen remains low (1.2 – 1.3 ton.ha-1). This is due to several factors such as poor quality seed (mixed varieties with low germination rates < 80%), bad drainage, and low soil fertility.

Sebelum tanam kedelai, petani sudah menanam pisang tetapi pertumbuhan tanaman kurang bagus, banyak tanaman yang mati. Kedelai ditanam sebagai pengganti tanaman pisang (petani tetap mempertahankan tanaman pisang 20% dari populasi semula).

2. Tujuan Demonstrasi Demonstrate improvements for land preparation and soybean crop productivity on tsunami-affected dry land using minimum tillage preparation, improved varieties, quality seed, balanced fertiliser and better drainage and weed control.

This site was previously planted to bananas with limited success. 20% of the banana plants were retained whilst cropping soybean.

Minimum tillage methods have been used in this area for many years on soils with lighter textures.

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Salah satu teknologi yang didemokan adalah pengolahan tanah minimum, karena lebih cepat dan biaya lebih ringan dibanding olah tanah sempurna, tekstur tanah di lokasi pengkajian adalah lempung berpasir. Minimun tillage yang dimaksudkan adalah, lahan tidak diolah, tetapi disemprot dengan herbisida (Paracol dan Gramoxon), dibuat saluran lebar 30 cm, dalam 20 cm, jarak 5 m. Pada umur 3 dan 6 minggu setelah tanam dilakukan penyiangan dengan cangkul. Tidak dilakukan pembunbunan.

Penggunaan herbisida tanpa olah tanah sudah dilakukan petani sejak lama, terutama pada lahan kering, pada jenis tanah bertektur ringan sampai sedang.


• Variety Anjasmoro (large seeded type)

• Minium tillage and improved drainage: Land prepared by spraying weeds with herbicide 15 days prior to planting. The site is sandy loam. No tillage of the soil was conducted prior to planting, with manual tillage at 3 and 6 weeks after planting for weed control and no mounding of the soybean plants. Drainage channels were constructed 30 cm wide and 20 cm deep at 5 metre intervals across the field. 12 rows of plants were established in each 5 metre bed between the channels.

• Seeds were planted using a dibber resulting in minimal soil disturbance. Plant spacing 30 x 40 cm, 2-3 seed/hole, covered with rice ash at a rate of 500kg/ha.

• Fertiliser was applied at planting, 5 – 7.5 cm beside the hole (rate: 50 kg/ha Urea + 100 kg/ha SP36 + 100 kg/ha KCl).

• Pest and disease control used at this site.

Pest control summary Spray (active)

Target pest/disease Rate used Approx Cost/ha (Rp/ha)

Benlate Hama polong 1ml/liter 200,000 Decis (deltamethrin) hama daun dan

polong 0.5 ml/liter 150,000

4. Data dan Pengamatan Tabel 1. Average observation data on soybean growth in Peudada, Bireuen.

Variety Anjasmoro Local (comparison)

Plant height (cm) 42-80 No. of branches/plant 6-7 No. of pods/plant 52-84 Empty pods 3-9% 100 grain weight (g) 15.43 Yield (t/ha) 2.54 – 3.1 1.3 Days to harvest (dap) 85 - 90 90

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5. Interpretasi Hasil

• The minimum tillage system, new variety Anjasmoro, improved drainage and fertiliser and weed management achieved good results at this site.

• The yield of the demonstrated technology was up to 3.1t/ha compared to the current practices which achieve yields around 1.3t/ha.

The farmer was particularly impressed by the Anjasmoro variety compared with his local varieties because:

- improved yields (>2.5 tonnes/ha)

- bright yellow seed colour is more attractive and preferred by consumers

- bigger seed size

- slightly faster period to harvest

- stronger pod is harder to crack after maturing, reducing harvest loss.

The farmers understand the need to use quality seed.

Petani di kecamatan Peudada sangat mendukung kegiatan demonstrasi ini. Petani telah menyadari bahwa untuk menperoleh hasil kedelai yang tinggi dibutuhkan benih unggul bermutu (daya kecambah >90%), pemberian bahan organik (abu jerami/sisa tanaman), pemupukan yang tepat (waktu, cara, dosis, jenis). Disamping itu pengolahan tanah minimum (penggunaan herbisida secara tepat) telah dapat mengatasi masalah biaya dan kekurangan tenaga kerja.

6. Saran ke Depan

• Further demonstrations of this system could be used for Farmer to Farmer visits.

• Include local varieties for comparison in all demonstrations

• Cost:Benefit analysis of this type of demonstration will help convince farmers of the value of investing small amounts in purchasing good seed, using a combination of organic and inorganic fertiliser and using inoculant with every crop.

• The cost:benefit of minimum tillage methods (spray costs versus labour costs) needs to be presented.

7. Tindak Lanjut

8. Informasi Lebih Jauh Nama: Chairunas



Phone: (0651) 7411232 Fax: (0651) 7552077


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a summary of field trials in nangroe aceh darusalaam 2005-2008

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