a study of dairy project in two districts of rajasthan study of dairy project in two... · a study...

A Study of Dairy Project in Two Districts of Rajasthan

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Chapter Index Introduction & Premise Dholpur district Topography and climate The Communities in Dholpur Livelihood sources and the present status Interaction with SHG members Dausar district Topography and climate The Communities in Dholpur Livelihood sources and the present status Interaction with SHG members Major Observations and Comments

Acceptability of the program Increase in level of confidence Cattle Management: Belongingness to SHG Saheli Saghathan Utilization of Augmented Income Development of effective and efficient system of Paravets Marketing

CONCLUSIONS Project design Project results Balanced Development with PQLI Factor

Annexures


Introduction & Premise

DPIP Rajasthan – Bridging the gap thru innovation (A report on Dairy Development in Dholpur & Dausa)

PRADAN has been participating in DPIP Rajasthan in two districts Dholpur and Dausa through two decentralized Project Facilitating Teams (PFTs) of professionals. DPIP’s focus is poverty reduction through asset creation and undertaking income enhancement activities suitable to the area and the participating farmers.

DPIP provides subsidy to group of poor for undertaking income enhancement activities of their choices. In DPIP’s parlance these groups are called Common Interest Groups (CIGs). PRADAN organizes poor women in the villages into Self Help Groups (SHGs) as an organization strategy. These SHGs are facilitated to undertake saving and lending activities. When the SHGs are six months to one year old and have matured in dealing with savings and lending activity they are linked to bank. As well they are assisted with livelihood activities of their choices. These SHGs are treated as CIGs by DPIP who provides financial assistance to these groups. The emphasis of DPIP remains on developing individual and small group assets and skill training to the participating families. It is assumed the other issues e.g. support services including backward-forward linkages, attitudinal changes in people’s mindsets, etc. would happen on its own. To expand and sustain large-scale activity for poor people in areas where the economy has not developed, requires investment in creation of (or linkage with) common physical infrastructure which is suited to the context, institutional mechanisms to run them and development of manpower that is competent to provide support services on a sustainable basis. Unfortunately this has not been the focus of DPIP, and almost no resources have been allocated for this purpose. Similar is the situation relating to demonstration of possible alternate livelihood avenues to create confidence among poor families that they too are “capable”.

The Project objectives under the grant are:

• Development of comprehensive livelihood prototypes suited to the local context, building on the support available under DPIP for basic infrastructure at the family level,

• Demonstration of some new locally suitable livelihood avenues to build confidence of both the community and DPIP officials and Banks on the viability of the activity,

• Promotion of necessary institutional mechanisms for providing backup support to the livelihood activities as well as to for long-term sustainability.

• Advocacy with DPIP, Bank and related government department for adaptation and scaling of successful demonstrated livelihoods activities

Dairy Buffalo rearing in Dholpur and cow rearing in Dausa have been initiated under dairy activity, which includes inducting & rear improved breed of milch animals, adopting best management and rearing practices, vet services at door steps and support for marketing of milk.


Animal induction: Animal procurement season starts from August and continues till December. There fore most of the animal procurement have taken place in that period. However 131 women were assisted for procuring animals. Dausa team has helped the women members of CIGs to induct cows where as Dholpur team has helped to induct buffaloes. The purchasing conducted by CIG members (women in support of male folk) in technical support of government (dairy union) and PRADAN veterinary doctor and overall facilitation of our professionals. Rearing and Management practices: 37-orientation trainings and 5 Post induction trainings were conducted for the rearers. Improved practices includes proper feeding (green fodder, dry fodder, concentrate, mineral mixtures, UMB etc), watering (at least three times a day), and replacing place of feeding and staying, keeping in shade etc. Poor feeding and rearing practices lead for low production, repeat breeding, and cases of anoestrous. It takes time for the rearers to adopt proper them. Animal insurance: The project has introduced an informal ’insurance system’ like the goat rearing acting. Members pulled together Rs 100 per cow/buffalo per year and provide partial assistance to the rearers in case of animal casualty. The system is run and administered by their informal federation Saheli Sangathan. All the inducted animals have been “insured under the informal system. So far to the tune of Rs two Lakh has been collected and Rupees fifteen thousand have been disbursed to the affected rearers. Animal Heath care: Cases of inbreeding and anoestrous have been turned out to more causing the animal unproductive and is leading to losses to rearers. The project is planning for Artificial Insemination (AI) for cases of inbreeding since rearing of bull is difficult and costly. Pregnancy diagnoses of cows have helped rearers and have been carried out as a regular activity. Milk marketing: At Dausa the producers are selling milk to District Milk Cooperatives Union of Rajasthan Cooperative Dairy Federation (RCDF) as well as private buyers. In summer producers got good prices (up to Rs 12/ lit). Largely rearers getting reasonable prices where as some them are not. At Dholpur some of the dairy groups are helped with milk procurement through a hired vehicle and collected milk are poured in the RCDF’s chilling unit. This is a stopgap arrangement. The project has negotiating with Mother Dairy for procurement on a sustainable basis through promotion of milk Producers Company (PC). This arrangement has been in operation since December 2005. Similar arrangements came into being in Dausa the subsequent year. Veterinary support: Veterinary doctors along with paravets provided veterinary care to the animals. The Veterinary unit has been undertaking animal health check twice in month. Since rearers were not undertaking de-warming regularly the unit now started regular de-worming of animals, where rearers pay Rs 150 for each milch animal for a year. Rearers started paying costs of regular health check ups @ of Rs10 per month per cow/buffalo. The project has planned to provide AI facilities to the animals. AI training will be provided to the paravets, who will be equipped with required AI infrastructures.


At Dausa around 80 emergency cases for retention of placenta, dog bites, serious of diseases, H.S. FMD, blooding in urinating etc attended by the veterinary doctors. Dholpur district- its topography and climate: Dholpur is located on Agra- Gowalior highway 60 km from Agra. The Arravali ranges continue till Dholpur town. There are two main rivers Chambal and Parvati separated by Arravali hills. Presences of Arravali ranges affect the topography, demography, resources and livelihoods. Topography of Dholpur district project villages can be classified into three typologies:

1. The Chambal River is famous for its ravines. It separates Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Ravines move parallel

all along the Chambal River. The villages in the ravines are most difficult both in terms of access and living. The lands are highly undulating and erosion prone. Agriculture fields in the lower valley submerge in rainy season due to floods in Chambal River. The soil is sandy loam, productive and has sufficient depth. There are 10 target villages are from this region.

2. A plateau of Arravali hills, consists of hillocks, valleys, undulating stony terrain, with thin soil cover (0 to 2ft) locally called Daang. This Daang area is in upper catchments of the Chambal and the Parvati Rivers. This spreads across Dholpur, Bari and Baseri blocks in the range of 5-25km in width and spread. Most of the part comes under reserve forest, having good vegetation cover. The region is full of stones quarries that used for building construction. Stone mines are virtually everywhere. Connectivity is poor. 23 target villages are from this region.

3. The Parvati River region consists of middle and lower catchments of the Parvati (a local perennial River). It has good soil depth, productive, sandy, sandy loams soils; bore wells as we move far away from Daang area. The area is the mainly agricultural and buffalo rearing area of the district. Rest 96 villages are from this region.

The district falls under semiarid zone. The climate varies from very high temperate (up to 50 degree centigrade) in summer to coolest (up to 5 degree centigrade) in winter. The rainy season is from July to September. The districts receive 550-650 mm average annual rainfall. The Communities in Dholpur: Major communities are Gurjars, Thakurs, Meenas, Kushwahs, Jatavs, Brahmins, Goswamis, Mallahs, Muslims, Kohlis, and Dhobis etc. In general Thakurs, Brahmins (General), Gurjars (OBCs), and Meena (ST) are well of and dominating communities. The Mallahs, Kushwahs (OBCs about 10 % of total population) are poor and backward communities and spread in clusters across the district. Kohlis, Dhobis, Muslims and Jaatav etc (SCs and minor castes; about 25% of total population) are the poorest and the most socio economically vulnerable castes.

Livelihood sources and the present status in project villages in Dholpur district:

• Agriculture and livestock rearing are the main source of the livelihood of the people. Agriculture is dependent on the monsoon (rain fed agriculture), which is erratic and unpredictable.

• Parvati and Chambal river of Dholpur is causing high erosion with undulating land, which are neither levelled nor bunded properly resulting in low productivity.


• There are traditional rainwater-harvesting structures like paals/ taals. Those are either damaged or defunct due to lack of maintenance.

• Majority of farmers are marginal and small.

• Rearing of milch animal is the second largest livelihood.

• Wage labour is another source of livelihood for the landless and small farmers who go to near by cities, Bari and Dholpur. People migrate to Agra and Delhi for wage earning.

• Stone mining (both legal and illegal) is wide spread and employment is available in winters and summers.

Livelihood interventions scope:

• Promotion of SHGs with women

• Leveling of land and repair of the field bunds could be taken up in some areas.

• Promotion of horticulture and tree plantation and cultivation of fodder development

• Develop animal husbandry sector

• Small scale Poultry farm as Jaipur, Gowalior and Agra have a large market

• Revival and creation of rainwater harvesting bodies paals / taals

• Agriculture intervention to improve crop productivity A. Organisation at the grassroots: Women from poor families are first organised into Self Help Group (SHGs). These groups are formed around affinity and the primary activity, which they are engaged in, is “Saving & Credit”. These groups also provide a platform for the poor women to come together, share problems and jointly plan for a better future. In due course these groups are transformed into platforms in which better livelihood options are discussed and intervention are launched. As in other project locations this remains PRADAN’s core strategy for intervention in Rajasthan. DPIP provided an opportunity for poor families to access significant volume of funds for livelihood interventions. To Views access these funds the teams have promoted Common Interest Group (CIGs). The members of these groups are primarily drawn from the SHGs, and are organised around interest in a particular livelihood activity. In many cases, CIG and the SHGs are synonymous, especially in Dausa and Dholpur, where all members of the SHG are interested in the same activity. Data in this case may help Interaction with SHG members The SHG visited in Bhilgawa is known as Laxmi Mahila Bachat Samiti. There are 19 members in the SHG who save Rs. 10/- per week. The SHG is 4 yrs old and it was started before the benefits of the DPIP reached them. The SHG has an outstanding loan of Rs. 1 lakh and currently cash in bank is Rs. 2247/- with cash is hand reported as Rs. 267/-. All members were benefited from the Programme who were given two buffaloes each. The total amount of first loan taken was Rs. 76,000/- which has been repaid. The members have gone in for second loan of Rs. 1,30,000/- of which Rs. 30,000/- have already been paid. The loan was taken from Saheli Sanghatan which was to the tune of Rs. 2,06,000/-. The members


expressed their solidarity and extreme faith on the Saheli Sanghatan and were very keen that the institution grow in strength. However on asking what else could be the function of Saheli Sanghatan, they were at a loss to express their views. Name of Village Name

of Panchayat

Name of the SHG

Numbers of members

Contribution amount per week

Year of starting

Cash Balance

Loan outstanding

Bank saving

Numbers of members benifited by way of loan

Total amount of 1st loan given

Amount recovered

Total amount of 2nd loan availed

Amount recovered

Total amount of loan received from Saheli Sangathan

Total amount of loan received from the bank

Bhilgawa Basai

-Samanta

Laxmi Mahila Bachat Samiti

19

Rs. 10 per week

2003 Rs. 267

Rs. 1,00,000

Rs. 2247

All members

Rs.76,000 Rs.76,000

Rs. 1,30,000

Rs. 30000

Rs. 2,06,000

Nil

Name of Village

Name of Panchayat

Name of the SHG

Numbers of members


Year of starting

Cash Balance

Loan outstanding

Bank saving-



Amount recovered


Amount recovered



Aari Nunhera Saraswati Mahila Bachat Samiti

16 Rs. 10 per week 2003 Rs. 125 Nil Rs. 138 All members Rs. 28,000 Rs.28,000 Rs.

1,20,000 Rs. 98,000 Nil Rs. 1,48,000

. There were 3 SHGs that we visited in Aari. The above table shows the details of one of the SHGs who also have named it as Laxmi Mahila Bachat Samiti. This SHG also has a total of 19 members contributing Rs. 10/- per week. Established in 2003 they have a cash balance of Rs. 70/- and a bank balance of Rs. 440/-. However the total number of members benefited from the SHGs is 15. The first loan taken by the SHG was Rs. 34,000/- which has been fully repaid. The second loan was taken to the tune of Rs. 1,28,000/- which has also been fully repaid. The entire loan of Rs. 1,62,000/- was taken from the bank and no loan was taken from Saheli Sanghatan. Out of the total of 19 members only 4 of them pour their milk for government dairy whereas rest of them give it to local Dudhiyas. The second SHG in Aari is named as Saraswati Mahila Bachat Samiti which has 16 members. This SHG was also started in 2003 and each member contribute Rs. 10/- per week. The cash balance in the cash book is Rs. 125/- and amount in bank is Rs. 138/-. The members took the first loan from the bank was tune to Rs. 28,000/- which was repaid and the members went in for the second loan of Rs. 1,20,000/- of which Rs. 98,000/- has been repaid. All the members were benefited from the loan. This SHG has received the maximum benefit from the dairy project as they pour their entire saleable milk in the government dairy. The third SHG visited in Aari was Mahadeo Mahila Bachat Samiti with 12 members. Established in 2003, the members have not been sincere enough in their repayment habit. While their first loan of Rs. 28,000/- has been repaid they are lagging behind the repayment of second loan of Rs. 1,20,000/- due to defaulting members. All the members give their saleable milk to the Dudhiyas. While it was known to the members that there was a vast price difference in per liter of milk given to the Dudhiyas which was Rs. 11 to 12 per liter as against a minimum of Rs. 16/- per liter in the government dairy. None of the


members were open enough as to why they wanted to continue to pour their milk to the Dudhiyas inspite of knowingly incoming such as loss.

Name of Village

Name of Panchayat

Name of the SHG

Numbers of members


Year of starting

Cash Balance

Loan outstanding

Bank saving-



Amount recovered


Amount recovered



Hanspura Nunhera

Vaishno Devi Mahila Bachat Samiti

10 Rs. 10 per week 2002 Rs. 227 Nil Rs.

2500 All members

Rs. 25,000 Rs.25,000 Rs.

1,00,000 Rs. 1,00,000 Nil Rs.

1,25,000

The SHG in Hanspura was one of the oldest SHG formed in the year 2002. The SHG is named as Vaishno Devi Mahila Bachat Samiti. We could not meet all the members of SHG as most of them were out of work with only available members to meet were 4. Total number of members in the SHG is 10 with a few members opting out of the SHG which earlier use to have 14 members. There is no outstanding loan from the first loan taken. They have a cash balance of Rs. 227/- and a bank saving of Rs. 2500/-. The SHG also went in for 2nd term loan of Rs. 1,00,000/- which also has been repaid. Thus all the members were benefited from a total amount of loan of Rs. 1,25,000/-. Discussing with the members of SHGs it was realized that there is an irregularity of meeting hence the savings and credit currently is not going on as desired. Also on enquiring it was felt that the meeting was not taking place since there was no anchor person from PRADAN to facilitate the same. The members give their milk to the local Dudhiyas.

Name of Village

Name of Panchayat

Name of the SHG

Numbers of members


Year of starting

Cash Balance

Loan outstanding

Bank saving-



Amount recovered


Amount recovered



Khirana Aligarh

Jai Devi Mahila Bachat Samiti

11 Rs. 10 per week 2003 Rs.

1910 Rs. 1,09,000

Rs. 3200

All members

Rs. 55,000 Rs.55,000 Rs.

1,70,000 Rs. 1,09,000 Nil Rs.

2,25,000

Village Khirana is located approximately 12 kms interior of the block headquarter ( ). We visited the SHG in the evening. In addition to the members from the SHG there were other villagers who actively participated in the meeting. There are two SHGs named as Jai Devi Mahila Bachat Samiti and Bhumia Baba Mahila Bachat Samiti. The former has a total of 11 members while the later has 19 members. Jai Devi Mahila Bachat Samiti was established in 2003 which makes a saving of Rs. 10/- per week per member. They have a cash balance of Rs. 1910/- and a bank savingof Rs. 3200/-. All the members benefited from the loan taken in two occasions, the first own for Rs. 55,000/- which has been repaid in full and the second for an amount of Rs. 1,70,000/- of which Rs. 1,09,000/- has been recovered. Bhumia Baba Mahila Bachat Samiti was established in 2004 who also make a saving of Rs. 10/- per week. The detail figures regarding this SHG was not available. However on asking the members present they did mentioned that first loan was taken from which all the members benefited. Members from both the SHGs as well as others present stated that they pour their milk in the milk collection


centre from where it goes in government dairy. None of them give their milk to the local Dudhiyas. Both the SHGs reported their meetings were very regular and held in most disciplined manner.

Name of Village

Name of Panchayat

Name of the SHG

Numbers of members


Year of starting

Cash Balance

Loan outstanding

Bank saving-



Amount recovered


Amount recovered



Khirana Aligarh

Bhumia Baba Mahila Bachat Samiti

19 Rs. 10 per week 2004 Rs. Rs. Rs. All

members Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Nil Rs.

Name of Village

Name of Panchayat

Name of the SHG

Numbers of members


Year of starting

Cash Balance

Loan outstanding

Bank saving-



Amount recovered


Amount recovered



Gadarpura

Kaila Devi Mahila Bachat Samiti

14 Rs. 10 per week 2003 Rs. Nil Rs. All

members Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

Gadarpura is located approximately 18 kms from Dholpur. We visited the village in morning hours at a time when most of the farmers are suppose to be in their farm. However due to lack of rainfall most of them were at home. Hence when we visited it did not take much time for both men and women to assemble in large number for the meeting. Due to traditional binding women in Rajasthan are not use to speaking in front of men folk. However they seem to be quite vocal during the discussion inspite of their men folks being present. The SHG is named as Kaila Devi Mahila Bachat Samiti having 14 members contributing Rs. 10/- per week and which was established in the year 2003. Discussions centered around the SHGs not getting loan from the bank due to some defaulting members. Most of the members present including some of the men stated that why other members should suffer when they were contributing and repaying their loan sincerely. They were unable to create any pressure on the erring member which was further de-motivating the other members.

Dausa The Dausa district is located in the eastern partition of the state of Rajasthan surrounded by Alwar district to the north, Bharatpur district to the northeast Karauli district to the east, Sawai Madhopur district to the south and Jaipur district to the west. The district with a total area of 3,404.67 sq. km extends from 250 33’N to 27*033’N’ latitude and 76009 E to 7705E longitude. The district has been named after it’s headquarter town, Dausa. Dausa has been carved out as a separate district on 10 th April 1991 buifurcating Jaipur district. As a result four tahsils viz. Baswa, Dausa, Lalsot and Sikrai are detached from Jaipur district to form this new district. On 15th August, 1992, the district has been reorganized adding one more tahsil Mahawa of Sawai Madhopur, Presently, the district has five sub- divisions and five panchayat samitis viz. Dausa, Lalsot, Bandikui, Sikrai and Mahawa and five tahsils namely Dausa, Lalsot, Baswa, Sikrai and Mahawa. The district has four municipalities and 225 gram panchayats and 1019 villages.


Topography and climate The districts forms part of East Rajasthan The Aravalli hill systems surround Dausa by Lalsot Toda Bhim and hills of Alwar district, having a relative height of over 200m. The district is drained by the non perennial rivers, namely Banganga and Morel.The Banganga has been impounded near Jamwa Ramgarh, which provides a major share of the drinking water supplies to the adjoining Jaipur city. Climate of the Dausa district is hot and dry with mean maximum temperature of 40 C and mean minimum temperature of 9C. The districts receive 450-550 mm average annual rainfall spread from July to September. The Communities in Dausa Major communities in these districts are Meena (ST), Gurjars, Naths/Goswami, Kumbhars, Nai (OBC), Berwa, Koli, Raigar, Dhanak (SC), and Brahamins, Rajputs/ Thakurs, Baniya, Muslims, Sardars (Gen) etc. Almost all major castes are found in clusters of villages, where as poor castes like SCs are spread more or less equally.

Livelihood sources and the present status Rural people interested in milk production and have some traditional skills in rearing milch animals. This is seen as a source of cash income at home. Most the animals reared are of local breed and the productivity of these animals is very low. Over and above, the current practices of rearing and management of the animals, have a lot of scope for improvement. The current practices lead to sub-optimal productivity and adversely affects the longevity of the animals. During the post-monsoon period, most families are unable to provide proper quality fodder and the milk production drops dramatically or stops completely. Practice of cultivating green fodder or an organized market for green fodder is non-existent in the area Dairy Programme at a Glance: PRADAN Dausa Particulars Total as

on June 30, 07

Plan for FY 07-08

Villages 35

Families 567

Groups formed 63

Approved gps from DPIP 62

No of gps (executing) with sanctioned project 50

Fund released to No of gps (First Phase) 48 2

Amount of fund released (Rs Lakh) 113.53 65

People`s contribution 28.38 12.8

Investment made (Rs Lakhs) 134.36 65

No of gps inducted first phase cows 45 5

No first phase cows inducted 479 45

No of groups inducted IInd buffalo 23 24

No second buffaloes inducted 243 250

No gps for Animal management trainings 45 0

Post induction training 14 0

Paravets 7 0


The Dausa dairy Programme spreads over 35 villages who are working with 567 families. The total number of group formed is 63 out of which 62 are under the DPIP Programme. 48 groups received fund during the first phase. The dairy project of Dausa has inducted a mixed group of providing one cow and one buffalo to each family. This was done keeping in view that the period of milking in cow is longer than that of buffaloes. Also due to the pattern of milking of buffalo being similar it becomes difficult for a family to get income round the year. The method of mixed induction of the animals seems to have caught all amongst the members. The total amount released in the Dausa dairy project was Rs. 113.53 lakhs excluding the people’s contribution of Rs. 28.38 lakhs. During the first phase 45 groups were formed where 479 cows were inducted. In second phase there were 23 groups formed with 243 buffaloes being inducted. Animal management training was provided to 45 groups and 14 post induction training were conducted. Altogether 7 paravets have been trained who are currently available for services to the villagers.

Analysis of Breeding Status up to March 31, 07

Total Cows inducted (Nos) 334

Cases of next calving (Nos) 16

Pregnant (Nos) 139

Freshly inducted (Nos) 84

Repeat breeding (Nos) 58

% age of repeat breeding 17.4

Anoestrous cases (Nos) 37

% age of repeat breeding 11.1 The statistics on the analysis of breeding show that there were altogether 334 cows were inducted of which 139 were pregnant and 16 were ready for calving. There were 17.4 percent of the cows who had to go for repeat breeding.

AI Analysis Cows Buffaloes Total A.Is. Succeeded Repeated Total A.Is. Succeeded Repeated

Total till March, 07 244 192 52 16 13 3

%age success 78.69 81.25

From April 07 to June 07 116 11

Total till March, 07 360 149 27 The success rate of A.I. is given in the table above. Out of 244 A.I. done 192 were successful with repeat of 52, which makes it 78.69 % success rate. The success rate of buffalo was found to be even higher that is 13 out of 16 A.Is were successful with 3 repeats thus making it 81.25% success rate. Interaction with SHG members 1 2 3 4 Group jagdish sanker Bajrang mataji Formed on 20/05/2005 21/08/2003 18/08/2003 18/08/2004 members 12 10 10 10 Activity goatry goatry Dairy Dairy Panchayat maheswaran kalan bapi Boroda Boroda


Bank Loan nil 100000 nil 32000 repaid 54000 no outstanding The SHGs that we visited were named as Jagdish Mahila Bachat Samiti, Shankar Mahila Bachat Samiti, Bajrang Mahila Bachat Samiti and Mataji Mahila Bachat Samiti. Jagdish Mahila Bachat Samiti is amongst the recent ones, which is just about 2 years old. It has 12 members who were rearing goats. There was no loan taken by the group. The entire group is comprised on landless labourers who live in extreme poverty. All of them have to go for daily wage earning in the nearby areas or sometimes ever further when wage earning is not possible in the nearby area. Shankar Mahila Bachat Samiti has 10 members who engage themselves in goat rearing. A very vibrant and disciplined group, they had their regular SHG meeting on the day of our visit. The group which was established in 2003 had taken a loan of Rs. 1,00,000/- of which Rs. 54,000/- has been repaid. Bajrang Mahila Bachat Samiti was established in 2003 which has 10 members are engaged in dairy activity. Although the SHG is 4 years old they have not gone in for any loan. The milk is given to the local Dudhiyas as they have no mechanism for milk collection or giving the same to the government dairy. The SHG was also found to be stuck in their internal conflict with two of their internal members which was primarily on caste reasons. The village seemed well off since all the houses were PUCCKA and made out of concrete. Mataji Mahila Bachat Samiti was established in 2004 and has 10 members. They are engaged in dairy activity. The SHG has taken a loan of Rs. 32,000/- which was repaid.


1. Major Observations and Comments

Acceptability of the program In most of the cases the strong impression gathered was extremely positive with families willing to consider dairy as their prime livelihood activities. With current level of selling of milk where a member is able to sell an average of 6 to 7 liters per day and earn Rs. 14 per liter depending upon the fat content. This makes an average income of Rs. 2520/- per family. However due to not having sufficient number of cattle there is an uneven distribution of income through out the year. Never the less the acceptability of the Programme is very high taking the future into consideration. There are a few members who still needs further inputs of training in terms of management of their cattle which currently is poor hence remain de-motivated.

Increase in level of confidence The members can be distinctly divided into two groups – one those who sell their milk to Dudhiyas and second, those who sell it to the Government dairy. In both the cases the confidence level of the members were high. In the first case the members get much lesser price as compared to second. Yet they felt more at home with the Dudhiyas as they function as ATM for them and are available during all emergencies. On probing this issue further though reluctant to share, they stated that getting emergency cash from the Dudhiyas was very easy. They also felt that recovery pattern was less stressing for them since all they had to do was pledging their milk for future. This kind of comfort level was not available if they gave their milk to mother dairy and those of them who gave their milk to Dudhiyas preferred to continue their relationship with them . Having the cattle ensured that the Dudhiyas interest continue to remain intact. However the members were well aware that the Dudhiyas exploit them and give them much lower rate then the Government dairy. It is possible that there may be a few other phenomena not outwardly visible, could come out in a detailed socio cultural study that is influencing the family economy. In the second case, the members’ first reaction was that they were able to get out of the clutches of Dudhiyas and feel more independent in selling their milk to the dairy. On an average they were able to get a rate of Rs. 16/- per liter and the higher end up to Rs. 23/- per liter. With the better management of the money, many of them were able to get additional cattle, which helped them to maintain a basic level of income through out the year. In Dausa, the induction of one cow and one buffalo has caught up well and the members have been able to see the benefit of such combination. The milching period of cow being longer helps balance the level of income distribution.


Cattle Management: While in Dausa the issue of fodder did not crop up so vividly, in Dholpur this was expressed as one of the major problems. The availability of the fodder was articulated as one of the areas where they expect further support from PRADAN. However in Dausa the overall management in terms of shed as well as feeder did not seem as organized as it was noticed in Dholpur. This is in spite the fact that the overall economic status of the family in Dausa was better then that of in Dholpur. While discussing with the members in Dholpur it was felt that the intensity of animal care was very high and each member was talking very passionately about their own cattle. In case of Dausa the knowledge of commercializing was better and it seemed that they wanted to weigh the animal care with the output they were getting from selling the milk.

Belongingness to SHG There was no doubt that the importance of coming together was understood by each and every member of the group. There was very good sense of discipline of the member regarding the attendance in the meeting and also imposition of fine in case of both latecomers and absentees. Everyone identified themselves with their respective SHGs and also had sense of pride. Most of them have actively benefited from the credit and savings by way of loan during their period of emergency. In addition the meeting in the SHG also provides for outlet for the women by sharing each other’s domestic problems. While we were attending a regular meeting of the SHG in Dausa, one of the interesting observations needs to be illustrated here. One of the members had taken loan of Rs. 1900/- from the SHG, which was to be returned in a month’s time with the agreed interest of 2% per month. The member was able to return upto Rs. 1300/- from the principal amount in addition to the requisite interest of Rs. 38/- which she was suppose to pay. The non-payment of the principal amount by the due date attracted heavy penalty of Rs. 10/- per hundred per month. Thus her penalty for additional non-payment of Rs. 600/- was summing up to Rs. 60/-, which she was willing to pay. Immediately there were 4 other women who came to her rescue and paid the additional Rs. 600/- with an understanding that she would be returning this money to them during the next weeks meeting. Thus she was saved of paying the penalty for her loan. This mutual understanding and willingness to support one another ensure the cohesiveness of the group which ultimately translates into a village of mutual cooperation.

Saheli Saghathan Saheli Saghathan which is the federation of all SHGs have different method of operation in Dausa and Dholpur. While there is an elected president of the Saheli Saghathan in Dholpur, in Dausa they have kept it open with a committee, which is called a Karyakarini. Both are functioning very well. However in case of Dholpur some amount of fatigue was observed with the president. This was not so in Dausa.


A specific visit was given to Kamleshbai, president of Saheli Sanghatan who lives in Aari Panchayat. She has been the president of the Sanghatan since last one year. When asked about the background of Saheli Sanghatan including its formation, she pleaded her ignorance about the same. As far as the role of members in Saheli Sanghatan was concern, 4 points were mentioned;

1) Matters related to loan 2) Insurance 3) Repayment and 4) Claim for dead animals

There are 25 members in the Sanghatan, which meets 20th of every month. When asked about the functioning of the Sanghatan, she stated that it was operating very well under the guidance of PRADAN, though she would like little more explaining to be done to the members by the PRADAN staff while facilitating the meeting and specially not take their signatures in blank cheques. She also stated that the Sanghatan would feel very insecure without PRADAN. She further said that if there were a few educated members within the Sanghatan then the Sanghatan could become more independent. 2. A small meeting was organized with a few other Saheli Sanghatan members. They were Anardevi from Umari village, who has been member of Saheli Sanghatan for last one year, Munnibai from Hansai village, member for last two years and Reshambai from Puravlawati, who was also the member of Sanghatan for last two years. This group meets on 25th of every month in Bari. Conversation and discussions are centered around insurance, loan, repayment, claims and sometimes matters of some common interest to village women. They stated that generally problems are discussed at cluster level and then finally put to Sanghatan meeting. As far the history goes PRADAN initiated the idea of federation by clustering the SHGs and then promoted two members from each cluster to become as the federation members. They also mentioned that the cluster meetings are taken seriously and any member absent has to pay a fine of Rs. 100/- per meeting. All of them unanimously felt very secured even if PRADAN withdraws the facilitation from Sanghatan. They were also prepared to pay someone who is educated and is able to facilitate the meetings and do the paper work. All of them were also very confident of bank linkage after suitable training to the members of Saheli Sanghatan. It seemed that they were looking for a little more handholding on organization and management aspect from PRADAN. Contrary to the President, other members expressed more robust confidence in them as well as in Sangathan.


0.00

500000.00

1000000.00

1500000.00

2000000.00

2500000.00

3000000.00

3500000.00

Am

ount

in B

ank

Years in Comparison

Three years Comparitive fund position of Saheli Sangathan - DHolpur

Cash In Bank 267209.00 272157.00 1940623.00

Total 397563.00 1056509.00 3358131.00

2004 - 05 2005 - 06 2006 - 07

From the above table it can be inferred that the funds status of the Saheli Sanghatan has been in incremental order with more and more members joining in. The total fund in the year 2004-05 recorded as Rs. 3,97,563/- with cash in bank being Rs. 2,67,209/-. Similarly in the year 2005-06 record shows a substantial increase in the income side of the balance sheet which is Rs. 10,56,509/- and 2006-07 it is further increased to Rs. 33,58,131/-.

0.00

200000.00

400000.00

600000.00

800000.00

1000000.00

1200000.00

Am

ount

(in

Rs.

)

Year

Saheli Rahat Kosh

Saheli Rahat Kosh 326755.00 427,974.00 1,122,053.00

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

Looking at the position of Saheli Rahat Kosh, the year 2004-05 realized an deposit of Rs. 3,26,755/- which increased to Rs. 4.27,974/- in 2005-06 and Rs. 11,22,053/- in 2006-07.


Insurance Claim

304475

138550

50025

2006-07 2005-06 2004-05

From the above table, the insurance claim shows Rs. 50,025/- in 2004-05, which increased to Rs. 1,38,550/- in 2005-06 and Rs. 3,04,475/- in 2006-07. Thus the three figures distinctly indicate the increase in membership of the Saheli Sanghatan, which is gaining from strength to strength. One of the major challenges that PRADAN may have to proactively be prepared is that of the different dynamics of human factors, the varied conflicts that can arise, the issue of leadership challenges and methods to resolve it at twin organizational level – one at the level of PRADAN as a facilitating organization and the other at the level of Saheli Sanghatan. The other issue that may crop up is the political economy of such an organization, which would have strength of both money as well as captive mass base. Dynamics will also need to be kept in mind at the cluster level, the middle tier, which is the framework of the democratic fabric of the Saheli Sanghatan.

Utilization of Augmented Income In both the places i.e. Dausa and Dholpur, members were not open enough to discuss with us regarding their expenditure pattern. Probing further it was realized that in Dausa a large number of members have expended lavishly for the purpose of marriage. For example one of the members in Sindoli stated that they used 10 barrels of ghee during their daughter’s marriage citing the similar example who had used even more quantity to feed the entire village. The culture of dowry is another griping factor in Dausa. Families feel pressurized due to this system. While in Dholpur the competition for spending as a status symbol was not felt as strong as in Dausa. Non of the members except one mentioned that she gives utmost priority of her income for the education of her son who was studying in Jaipur. Health followed as second reason for spending next to marriages. There were hardly any member who stated that the amount was utilized for the payment of loan. Every family continues to be on debt that ranged from Rs. 50,000/- to Rs. 3,50,000/-. Asking on this, almost all of them (both in Dausa and Dholpur) felt that it was very difficult for them to get out of the loan and will be


continue to remain during next generation as well. While in the meeting there were a few teenager boys who stood by and listened to the discussion in Dausa. They shared that in a few occasions earlier the money-lender would pressurize their parents for the repayment of loan (which was taken by their parent’s grandfather) by threatening to capture their cattle. This erupted into physical violence in the village and as youngsters they came together to beat up the money-lender.

Development of effective and efficient system of Paravets A meeting was held in Dausa with the paravets to discuss on their functioning and role in the villages. Three distinct points were mentioned.

a) Their presence has eased the villagers from any minor emergency veterinary care. The villagers could call them and seek the medicine etc. which other wise was difficult due to non-availability of vet doctors.

b) The second area mentioned was that of timely vaccination which did the villagers now understand as proper preventive measure.

c) There was a constant tussle between the paravets and the Government animal husbandry staff at the block levels who took them as threat to their income and were constantly spreading misinformation.

In Dholpur the format was changed from meeting to self-responding on the following three questions:

1. What is the benefit of becoming a Para vet, personally to you? 2. What is the benefit of becoming Para vet for the villages? 3. What is the role of a Para vet in animal rearing?

The paravets were requested to respond the three questions without consulting each other. The responses are mentioned below which has been translated in to English from the original Hindi which they had to respond. Gopali, khirata wadi, passed 10th

1. We were trained through PRADAN at Udaipur for 3 months. Also we received training by AIPD, Baif in

Alwar dist. regarding the vaccination of animals & treatment. While doing this we received stipend from PRADAN. We vaccinated the animals on time and also undertook De worming. With the help of the packets received in the Paravet kit, we distributed the mixture to group. We are the members of the animal rearing group. So we imparted the knowledge received by us to others in the group/ PRADAN and the doctors at Dhaulpur taught us to do AI and de worming.

2. The benefits of our becoming paravets for the group are as mentioned here. The villagers who are rearing animals get timely advice on de worming. The paravets can provide timely vaccination to the animals in the village. Whenever an animal falls sick and we get the news, we see to it that the animal is


treated promptly. In case we find it difficult, we phone up the PRADAN doctor; who come to do the treatment.

3. The role of the paravet in animal rearing is that he can help in Artificial insemination process can be undertaken to improve the quality of the animals. The villages having animals can get advice on good animal rearing practices, nutritional food, illnesses of animals etc. So the animals do not fall sick often.

Kuwarsingh Bhagora, passed 10th

1. Being a paravet, I can go talk to various people in the village. I have got a livelihood option which augments

my income. 2. The benefits of my becoming a para vet for the village are many such as now the villages do not have to call

other person from other village for the vaccination of the animals. If any animal is facing any health problems they can come to me immediately. If any one’s buffalo dies then I advice that they should cremate her after digging a deep hole. The villages get advice on de worming from time to time. If any one’s buffalo is sick and a para vet gives some immediate treatment the animal can survive and later on can be shown to other doctor.

3. The role of a para vet in animal rearing is as mentioned here. We did not have any vet. In our village so we had always to go to minimum 3-4 km to call a vet, who would then come to see the animal & treat them. Now that we have para vet in the village, we do not have to take the animals to another village. The paravets can do the artificial insemination which can improve the quality. Also the paravets keep advising for vaccination and de worming from time to time.

Munshilal, Nagala Bhaderia. Passed 10th

1. The doctors from other villages used to come which is not required anymore. There is a livelihood opportunity for all of us paravets. And also there is a good income by becoming a para vet. We do not have to go here and there in search of work and we get new information

2. The doctors from other villages used to come which is not required anymore. Earlier buffalos used to die before even the doctor arrives. Now it does not happen. The villagers benefit in number of ways such as they would get new improved variety of quality animals etc. & thus progress.

3. Villagers who own poultry or other animals will be able to get more information say regarding the prevention and control of various illnesses related to animals. The villagers would also understand the benefits of animal rearing and this would lead to overall progress of the village & the country.

Prtamsingh Bhilgawa, passed 10th

1. The benefits of being a para vet are multifarious. We gain a good knowledge regarding animal rearing. We

can offer treatment to sick buffalos. Treating our animals well will help in better future by not having to lend money from people.


2. The benefits of being a para vet for the villagers are many such as they can go to call the vet even at night whenever the buffalo is sick. The milk production will increase. The can pay the para vet after the treatment is over. The vaccination of the animals would be done timely.

3. Young farmers would be able to do better work, thanks to the paravets. They could progress in good poultry, fishery, goat rearing etc. they would have to save water properly as if they are saving money! They can educate their children properly and do other works related to progress of the village such as schools, nalas in the villages etc.

Suresh, Hanspura, passed 10th

1. Benefits of being a para vet are great. One treatment gives a equivalent to labour money. We learnt giving injections. When we were not paravets, we had to wait to get labour work and then also work the entire day. Being a para vet has given us a lot of knowledge regarding the animals, their illness and treatments. Now we do not have to run around here & there.

2. Earlier the para vet from other villages would ask for fees in advance. Now the treatment is done promptly. Earlier saving a sick animal was very difficult. Now we know how to improve the quality of animals. The villagers would benefit from better quality of buffaloes & better milk production.

3. If we continue doing this work, we would understand better and in future would be able to give better treatment. If the quality of animals improves then the animals in our country would be better. With such support to poor people they can come up in life and would not have to face the hardships of poverty. We should work better in future.

Jawaharsing, Gadhicharola, passed 10th

1. We benefited from becoming a para vet because we got knowledge about AI & PD. we also understood how to do

first aid and initial treatments for animals. We started getting some money. It also helped us to increase the relationship with the villagers. We also understood regarding nutrition during the training.

2. The villagers do not get hassled any more. We can tell the villagers regarding good nutrition to the villagers. The de worming is done on time. The quality of animals will improve and the milk production will also improve.

3. The paravets have helped increase the milk production in the village. Earlier there used to be sale of 8-9 litres of milk; now it is 18-19 litters. The villagers are getting the services of paravets in their own villages. The farmers are thinking that if the milk production increases like this, then he should go in for animal rearing only.

Omkar Singh, Bhugma ka nagala, Passed 10th 1. Being a paravet definitely augmented our income. We met up good people and learnt about animal rearing. We

also learnt about how to increase the milk production from our animals. 2. Being paravets in the village itself, the villagers get the services on time such as de worming, vaccination, artificial

insemination etc. they also get proper first aid and nutritional advice.


3. Animal rearing is a good livelihood option. The villagers should get the advice on mixing calcium which will help increase the milk production of the animals. The advice on artificial insemination would be helpful in producing good quality animals. Timely vaccination, de worming and treatment would be helpful to the villagers.

Rajaram, gadarpura,failed 10th 1. Earlier I had no work; I used to be at home only. Now that I have become a para vet, I should be getting some

income. They have taught us some work and given knowledge. Later on as we keep working the knowledge will grow and so will the income.

2. Being paravets has helped the villagers, because they get prompt treatment for their sick animals. Otherwise earlier they had to go to other places for treatment. Sometimes they would get the doctor, so the treatment was done but sometimes if they do not get the doctor, the animal would become sicker. & some times die. Also they would have to spend more money. Now because the treatment is done promptly, they have to spend less money. The role of a para vet in animal rearing is that if the number of animal grows then the business of the para vet would grow. They would be able to advice regarding the good nutrition which will help in keeping good health and hence the animals will not fall sick frequently. This scheme is very good to make paravets in villages. If this would not have been there we would not have been paravets. This scheme is made for poverty eradication.

Specific visit was also given to meet the paravet in their villages. Jawharsingh lives in Ghadikachola, which has 64 SHG members. Most of them have received 2 animals under the DPIP programme. Jawharsingh covers 7 to 8 villages. He is trained in Artificial Insemination (AI) but unable to perform the same due to not having AI kit. There are approx. 900 – 1000 animals in the village itself and he feels he can earn enough within the village. He feels that he can earn upto Rs. 5000/- per month if he has the AI kit as well, however currently his average earning is Rs. 125/- per day. . A visit was given to Bithakapura in Nunhera Panchayat to meet Suresh who is the paravet in the village. The total no. of members in the SHG under the DPIP programmes was 11, who received 2 buffaloes each. The village transact visit reveal that animal management practice was not proper in this village as their shades were extremely unhygienic with no proper drainage channel. Suresh did not have training in AI and PD. He gave a weekly visit to village with average 3 cases per day. Talking with him did not reveal much enthusiasm on his work. . Omkarsingh hails from the village Nagala Bhuma from Ratanpur Panchayat of Baseri block. His family owns 8 animals with 30 litres of milk per day which is given to the mother dairy. A very active paravet does approx. 6 AI’s, 2 PD’s and 8 to 10 treatment. This fetches him an average amount of Rs. 200/- to 250/- per day. Being in heavy demand within and surrounding villages he is unable to meet the demand due to not having a motorcycle, which he plans to buy soon. Extremely entrepreneuring, he is a live example of the importance of intermediary function in the village where there is an

absence of full vet care.


Marketing –. At Dausa the producers are selling milk to District Milk Cooperatives Union of Rajasthan

Cooperative Dairy Federation (RCDF) as well as private buyers. During the lean period also members got good prices (up to Rs 14/ lit). The rearers are getting reasonable prices wherever it is linked to Govt. dairy in comparison to Dudhiyas who procure milk at a much lower rate. At Dholpur a system has been developed to collect milk of the dairy groups and further helped with milk procurement through a hired vehicle and the collected milk is poured in the installed chilling unit put up through SRTT fund. The project has negotiated with Mother Dairy for procurement on a sustainable basis. The arrangement is running successfully. However the foremost challenge still remains regarding bringing the majority members in the group to pour their milk in Govt. dairy. Their dependence on local Dudhiyas for emergency cash for consumption needs to be reduced which should be strategized in the project design stage. Otherwise the members will have very little chance to come out of the debt trap.


CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions have been derived based on the assessment of the project design and project outcomes. Project design The project design including its objectives is very well formulated because it is able to target the main issues that need to be resolved in the project site such as augmenting income through sustainable livelihood activities. These are the major issues concerning the local people as well as the region that has been prioritized by this project. The funds for the implementation of the project are adequate and the efficiency of the project leaders and members in managing, coordinating and facilitating the activities are commendable because they are able to reach the targets and intended beneficiaries. Even the inputs from external stakeholders, such as banks the bata of bank linkage can come handy in this case are fully extended to ensure the success of the project. Although there are some activities that are not successfully implemented, the overall assessment of the project design is that it was excellently devised in the context of the DPIP project design. The application of this design may not necessarily work in other places due to reasons such as cultural as well as intensity of community politics, but the lessons learned can be shared and may be adapted to suit needs in respective localities. Project results The activities of this project are well planned that every aspect of the objectives were addressed. However the baseline survey should have included indicators to assess the average family debt so that a pilot action research could have been initiated to understand ways & means of multi intervention package needed to address this complex phenomena. The processes are very good because it provides all the important details needed to identify and prioritize the issues in the area. The add on activities many of which remains invisible are very significant in the understanding and learning process of the local people regarding the their capacities, interests, intra community dynamics and the extent of need. The local businesses and their engagement in other activities of the villages are very significant as well because these provided them with alternative and/or additional sources of income to sustain their daily needs. More importantly, the dissemination of information through support level training along with basic materials on veterinary care to local people is a great way to keep them updated with and alert.

Balanced Development with PQLI Factor The model developed and implemented by PRADAN can be termed as unilateral income augmenting model rather than a balanced model of development with sufficient emphasis on Physical Quality of Life Index factor. The impression gathered was through some of the basic questions asked to the SHG members across Dholpur and Dausa was that, whether they discussed anything else other than savings and credits to which, the answer was “No”. This leads to the eternal interrogation of the parameters and indicators of women’s empowerment. As on one hand there was a clear indication of income being augmented in the family, on the other hand young girls being made to sit hungry and traumatized in daylight sun including nights for praying to the rain god – An accepted norm found in several parts of Dholpur. However, this is not in the case of male child. Looking at the general demographic pattern there seems to be massive gender gap in literacy, which continues to drop from primary to secondary education. The nutritional level of the girl child remains to be visibly poor as compare to the male counterpart. To effectively enhance the women’s status and address the gender issue, PRADAN


needs to work on empowerment indicators that are both qualitative as well as quantitative. The feeling gathered through various interactions with PRADAN staff was that “social indicators may be important but it is not within our parameter of work.” As a Social Planner, I find it hard to accept as to how does one address poverty without integrating other facets of development. It must be appreciated that there is also a “backward and forward linkage to Livelihood” that cannot be ignored if the objective is poverty alleviation which is a sum total of composite indicators.


Annexure I

Chart showing Percentage & Types of Occupation

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Name of Village

Cult ivat ors Agr icult urist s Household Indust r ies Ot her workers

Percentage-wise cultivation is the most popular occupation, followed by other work. Baroli and Bhilgawan are the two villages where visit was undertaken, show the cultivation as the prime occupation of the women whereas Aari, Khirana and Hanspura have other work as the prime occupation. The villages Kundal and Mahsara Kalan in Dausa district also have household industry as an occupation of women.

An analysis of the work pattern of women can be seen from the graph below. As it is inferred, the largest category is of the non-working population. This is followed by the marginal workers. The village Bhilgawan has the lowest main working category amongst females which is in the Dhaulpur district and Baroli in Dausa district has the highest main working


Chart showing Percentage & Types of Occupation

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Name of Village

Cultivators Agriculturists Household Industries Other workers

Other workers 58 58.5 3.6 2 2 4.5 36.2 69.6 17.9 6.2 8.7

Household Industries 1.9 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 1 16.7 9 0.6

Agriculturists 1.1 6.5 21.7 4.6 2 2.6 10.2 1.3 14.4 10.7 6

Cultivators 39 34.9 74.4 93.4 96.1 92.9 53.7 28.1 51.1 74.2 84.7

Aari Khirana/ Aligarh Bapi Baroli Bhilgawan Boroda Gadarpura Hanspura Kundal Mahsarakalan Sindoli

Comparing the gender-wise share of work participation which is depicted in the chart below it can be noted that the non-working category is dominated by the female followed by the marginal workers. The village Bhilgawan in Dhaulpur district and Mahsara Kalan in Dhaulpur district have the highest number of non-working female population. Baroli in Dausa district has the best status of women as main workers. In Baroli, the percentage of women is more as far as main work is concerned as against their male counterparts. Bhilgawan shows the lowest main work participation of females which is in the Dhaulpur district.


Gender-wise Comparison of Share of Work participation

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Aari

Khira

na/

Aliga

rhBa

piBa

roliB

hilga

wanB

orod

aGad

arpu

raHans

puraK

unda

lMahs

arak

alanSind

oli

Participation %age

MainWorkers

MarginalWorkers

NonWorkers

.

Genderwise Category of Work Partiipation(Dausa)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Bapi

Baro

liBo

roda

Kund

alM

ahsa

raka

lanS

indo

li

Main Workers Marginal Workers Non Workers

Baroli has the best position of women in the working category which is approximately 52% as compared to their male counterparts which is approximately 48%. The average main work participation of females is 682 and males is 700. Similarly the average non-workers amongst females is 42.7% and males is 50.8%.

To discuss the status of Dausa district, Mahsara Kalan has the highest percentage of non-working female population which is approximately 85%. This is followed by Boroda and Bapi, which are 66% and 64% respectively. Baroli has the lowest number of working population


Genderwise Work Participation (Dholpur)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Aari

Khira

na/ A

ligar

hBh

ilgaw

anGa

darp

ura

Hans

pura

%age of Work

NonWorkers

MarginalWorkers

MainWorkers

.

Work Participation Rate

43.6, 8%63.4, 13%

41, 8%

53, 10%

27.8, 5%39, 7%61.8, 12%

58.2, 11%

53.2, 10%

30.7, 6%53.3, 10%

Aari Khirana/ Aligarh Bapi BaroliBhilgawan Boroda Gadarpura HanspuraKundal Mahsarakalan Sindoli

The pie-chart below depicts the work participation rate of all the villages visited. Khirana in Dholpur district, which comes under Bari block, shows the highest work participation rate of 63.4% followed by Gadarpura in the same district, which is 61.8%. Bhilgawan has the least work participation rate of 27.8% in the same district followed by Mahsara Kalan in Dausa district, which is 30.7%. Both Kundal and Baroli in Dausa district have the same work participation rate of 53.2%. the average work participation rate of the villages visited comes to 47.72% which means the work participation rate can be enhanced through multiple livelihood options. Also from the occupational pattern seen in the tables above, the largest number of people continue to remain farm labourers. With an average of approximately 40% of the males as main workers and less than 25% of the females makes it an extremely grim development scenario. There is also a very high rate of people seeking outside employment proves that alternate employment possibilities need to be harnessed so that income is augmented appropriately.

The status of Dhaulpur district depicts that Bhilgawan has the highest non-working population amongst women which is followed by Aari. Khirana has the largest marginal worker population amongst females which is followed by Hanspura. In Gadarpura the work participation amongst men and women is somewhat balanced


Group Village No of Members

Attendance (in %)

No Of Meetings so far

Expected Monthly savings per member (Rs.)this month

Saving This Month

Expected Savings till this month

Actual Savings till this month

Amount of internal lending till last month

Laxmi MBS Bhanoli 16 92 109 640 640 17440 17440 9600

Hanuman Bajoli 11 84 108 440 450 11880 11870 7600Shiv Shanker Bhanoli 13 95 24 520 520 3120 3120 2500

Laxmi MBS Badoli 12 83 101 480 450 12120 12070 6500

Balaji Badoli 11 91 127 440 410 13970 13760 4000

Shiv Shanker Badoli 12 98 20 480 480 2400 2400 1500

Laxmi MBS Badoli 13 98 18 520 520 2340 2340 1600

Chottmata Badoli 12 99 18 480 480 2160 2160 1400

Sagas Baba Sangrampura 10 75 104 400 440 10400 10120 0

Laxmi MBS Sangrampura 11 91 102 440 440 11220 10676 700

Guru nanak Badoli 10 90 105 400 400 10500 10470 600

Diya Mata Sangrampura 10 92 104 400 400 10400 10400 6000

141 91 78 470 5630 107950 106826 42000

From the table below, it can be inferred that the average savings of a month is Rs.470/- per member with the total savings in the month of April 07 recorded as Rs.5630/-. The expected savings from April 06 to March 07 was Rs. 107950/- and the actual savings was Rs. 106826/- . the total amount of internal lending done by the Cluster was Rs. 42000/- till March 07.

A visit was undertaken in the Tonk district which also is a DPIP district. SRIJAN is the nodal NGO as a DPIP partner. The visit was made to observe the activities of a cluster know as ‘Parvati Sankul’. This cluster has 12 SHGs spread over four villages. It has altogether 141 members with an average membership of about 12 per SHG. With an average attendance of 91% all the members took active part in the cluster meeting. In addition to the savings that they make in their own SHGs, they also contribute for savings in the cluster. Thus, there is a bank account both at the SHG as well as the cluster level. The transaction in terms of lending rules has been made differently in SHG and Cluster. While in the SHG lending rules, a member can repay in installments, in the Cluster, the repayment must be done in the next meeting, which is in a month’s time. All the members in the Cluster and within the SHGs are members of the Milk Federation. There are several milk collection centers where milk is poured and fat testing is done. Further, the milk is collected by Mother Dairy and in some cases by the State dairy. All the members have been inducted with buffaloes which is the preferred milch animal in the area as compared to cows. The cow’s milk though larger in quantity, is not preferred due to its low fat content.


SRIJAN as an organisation has an excellent rapport with the villagers. As an organization it has a well-established

trust amongst the members of the SHG. The main emphasis given by SRIJAN was towards forward linkages, which has been achieved substantially well. Almost all the SHGs and their members are linked with the main federation and the influence of local ‘dudhiayas’ has been significantly reduced. However SRIJAN’s backward linkages is weak as compared to that of PRADAN. This includes the vet care, which continues to remain grim in the district. The district of Tonk is comparatively an area of moderate rainfall within Rajasthan hence fodder in general did not seem to be a problem. Training programmes on vet care management are well-established phenomena which was evident from our visit to various households where improved animal sheds were visible. With a professional team, SRIJAN is able to well-establish the scientific veterinary care in the villages.

Group Village No of Members

Amount of Internal Lending this Month

Total internal lending

Bank Balance (Saving A/C)

Cumulative internal Lending

Laxmi MBS Bhanoli 16 4900 14500 1000 80000

Hanuman Bajoli 11 1500 9100 700 52000

Shiv Shanker Bhanoli 13 500 3000 0 6500

Laxmi MBS Badoli 12 3100 9600 400 47350

Balaji Badoli 11 7550 11550 400 85850

Shiv Shanker Badoli 12 0 1500 0 1800

Laxmi MBS Badoli 13 200 1800 0 2000

Chottmata Badoli 12 100 1500 0 1800

Sagas Baba Sangrampura 10 5000 5000 1200 22150

Laxmi MBS Sangrampura 11 5370 6070 900 34640

Guru nanak Badoli 10 5100 5700 400 42600

Diya Mata Sangrampura 10 2000 8000 400 35000

141 35320 77320 5400 411690

From the table below, it is understood that in the month of April 07there was a total internal lending of Rs. 35320/-. The bank balance of the all the SHGs put together was Rs. 5400/-. The cumulative lending of the Cluster shows a figure of Rs. 411690/- since inception. The highest amount of transaction has been recorded with Balaji Mahila Bachat Samiti from Badoli village with Rs. 85850. this is remarkable given that the number of members in this SHG is only 11. Similarly in the same village, Shiv Shankar Mahila Bachat Samiti which has 12 members shows a cumulative lending of Rs. 1800/-


Annexure II Profile of the villages visited : A total number of 12 villages were visited in two districts. In addition to FGD with the members of SHG, a transect walk was taken in each of these villages to gather a general impression. Secondary data was the main source for analyzing and building profile of each of the villages visited. Three main components was looked into while profiling:

i) What is the general demography? ii) What is the comparative literacy level and gender gap? Qualify and substantiate the need for the demography iii) Gender wise how is the work participation compared?

Aari General Demography

'Total Population'

'Total Population 06Years'

'Total SC Population'

'Total Literates'

'Number of Household' Sex ratio

'Sex ratio 0-6 Years'

'Literacy Rate'

1478 344 186 789 256 796 1012 69.6 Ari, which is also a Panchayat is a village under Dholpur block. The total population of the village is 1478 with 0 to 6 population being 344. There is a total of 186 SC population with no tribal population in the village. There are a total of 789 people reported literate with male literacy being 576 and female being 213. The general sex ratio is 796 whereas the sex ratio for 0 to 6 is 1012. The female literacy is 44% and the village has 66% as male literacy. The village has shown an improvement in gender indicator with high male female child sex ratio.

Aari General Demography (Male and Female)

'Male Population'

'Female Population'

'Female Population 06Years'

'Female SC Population'

'Female Literates'

'Male Population 06Years'

'Male SC Population'

'Male Literates'

823 655 173 76 213 171 110 576

Aari General Occupational Statistics

'Total Working Population'

'Percentage Main Worker'

'Percentage Marginal Worker'

'Percentage Non Worker'

'Percentage Cultivators'

'Percentage Agriculturals'

Percentage Household Industries

'Percentage Other workers'

'Work Participation Rate'

645 25.9 17.7 56.4 51.8 2.3 2.8 43.1 43.6 Ari has a total of 645 as working population with 25.9% as main worker and 17.7 % as marginal worker. The non-worker is 56.4% which means that the livelihood load per family is very high as against the income. There are 51.8 % of the working population are the cultivators and 43.1% are other workers. There is only 2.3% are agriculturist with an average of 43.6% work participation rate.

Aari Occupational Statistics (Gender-wise)

Working Population'

'Percentage (Main Worker)'

'Percentage(Marginal Worker)'

'Percentage (Non Worker)'

'Percentage (Cultivators)'

Percentage (Agriculturalist)

Percentage (Household Industries)

'Percentage (Other workers')

'Male 376 37.9 7.8 54.3 60.9 3.2 3.5 32.4

Female 269 10.8 30.2 58.9 39 1.1 1.9 58


The male working population is 37.9% with 7.8% as marginal worker. 60.9% are cultivators and as high as 54.3% are non workers. Contrastingly from the table below it can be inferred that 30.2% of the female working population are the marginal workers and only 10.8% are main workers. The non working population amongst female are 58.9%. Most of the women are other workers followed by 39% as cultivators.

Aligarh General Demography 'Total Population'



'Total Literates'

'Number of Household'

Sex ratio

'Sex ratio 06 Years'

'Literacy Rate'

2093 467 188 895 262 870 914 55The village Khirana is a part of Aligarh Panchayat. It is a hamlet within the Panchayat who come under the purview of the DPIP project. Khirana is not a designated Census village hence the Census detail could not be gathered. However the characteristics of the Panchayat village that is Aligarh has a total population of 2093 and has a 0 to 6 population of 467. With an average literacy rate of 55% the village has 262 households. Out of a total of 895 literate in the village 617 are male and 278 are female this makes 71% male literacy rate and only 37% as female literate. Thus there is a 34% gender gap in the village. The village has an average sex ratio of 870 with marginally improved rate of 914 in the 0 to 6 population.

Aligarh General Demography (Male / Female)

Sex Population' Population 06Years'

SC Population' Literates'

Male 1119 244 102 617Female 974 223 86 278

Aligarh General Occupational Statistics

Aligarh has a work participation of 63.4% with 1326 people as working population. However 22.2% are main workers with higher share of 41.2% as marginal workers. Most of the population are cultivators and only 8.1% as agriculturist. There is negligible amount of household industries which has less than 1% of the share of the work. From the table below it can be seen that as high as 25.5% of the working male population are marginal workers and 28.4% belong to other workers category. The difference of non workers between male and female is only 3.7% with female being marginally higher than men that is 38.6%. Aligarh Occupational Statistics (Gender-wise)


'Percentage (Marginal Worker)'



Percentage Agriculturalist'

Percentage (Household Industries)'

Percentage (Other workers)'

Male 39.6 25.5 34.9 61.8 9.3 0.4 28.4

Female 2.2 59.2 38.6 34.9 6.5 0 58.5







'Percentage Household Industries'



1326 22.2 41.2 36.6 49.7 8.1 0.2 42 63.4


Bapi General Demography (Male / Female)

Total Population'

Total Population 06Years'


'Total ST Population'

'Total Literates'


Sex ratio

'Sex ratio 06Years'

'Literacy Rate'

2815 568 245 163 1172 429 857 925 52.2 Bapi is a village Panchayat located in Dhausa block in Dhausa district. It is substantially big village with a total population of 2815. There is a small tribal population of 163 people and SC population of 245. Together they constitute 14.5% of the total population. The literacy rate of the village is 52.2% in 429 households. The male literacy rate is 72% with 880 being the absolute literate figure. As against the male literacy of 72% the female literacy is only 28.46% thus making a clear gender gap of 43.54%. The general sex ratio is 857 however the 0 to 6 sex ratio is 925 which shows marginal futuristic improvement.

Bapi General Demography (Male / Female)

' Population' 'Male Population 0-6Years'


'Male ST Population'

'Male Literates'

Male 1516 295 130 79 880

Female 1299 273 115 84 292 Out of a total of 2815, the working population constitute to 1153, which makes a work participation rate of 41%. The non working population is 59% that gives a large scope of increased livelihood options. Cultivators dominate the type of occupation with 52.5% followed by Other workers which is 33.1%. Agriculturals account to 13.9% and a very small population of 0.5% is also engaged in household industries in Bapi.

Bapi General Occupational Statistics

Name 'Total Working Population'

Percentage Main Worker'

Percentage Marginal Worker'

Percentage Non Worker'

Percentage Cultivators'

Percentage Agricultural'

'Percentage (Household Industries)'



Bapi 1153 37.4 3.5 59 52.5 13.9 0.5 33.1 41 The male population who dominate the percentage of main workers which is 44% and only 1.1% are marginal workers. However, as far as the type of occupation, most of them are engaged in other works followed by 37.4% engaged as cultivators.

Bapi Occupational Statistics (Gender-wise)

'Working Population'






'Percentage (Household Industries)'


Male 684 44 1.1 54.9 37.4 8.5 0.7 53.4

Female 469 29.8 6.3 63.9 74.4 21.7 0.2 3.6 Female on the other hand has a high percentage of non workers which is 63.9% with a dominating occupation pattern as cultivators which is 74.4%. 21.7% of the women are agriculturals and only 3.6% of the women are engaged in other works.


Baroli General Demography

'Total Population'




'Total Literates'


Sex ratio

'Sex ratio 06Years'

'Literacy Rate'

2776 540 162 1181 1079 414 886 862 48.3 Baroli is a village Panchayat in Dhausa block. The village has a total population of 2776 with a male population of 1472 and female population of 1304. It is a village dominated by Scheduled Tribes having a population of 1181 which constitute to 42.5% of the total population. With an average low literacy rate of only 48.3% the number of literates are 1079. The male literacy rate 70.9% whereas the female literacy rate is 22.77%. This brings a huge gender gap of 48.2% in the literacy level. The average sex ratio is 886. However, the 0 to 6 sex ratio is 862 which is even lower than the average. A point to be noted here that inspite of having a tribal domination of over 40% of the population, the sex ratio is very low which is a matter of concern.

Baroli General Demography (Male / Female)

‘Male Population’

‘Male Population 06Years’

‘Male SC Population’

‘Male ST Population’

‘Male Literates’

Male 1472 290 95 600 839

Female 1304 250 67 581 240 As far as the work pattern is concerned the table below depicts that the total working population of the village is 1471 with 49.8% as main workers and only 3.2 workers as marginal workers. The village also has a high percentage i.e. 47% as non workers making a work participation rate of 53%. Cultivators dominate the occupation being 80.9% and only 14.2% are engaged in other works. A small 4.4% of the population have agricultural land.

Baroli General Occupational Statistics







Percentage Household Industries'



1471 49.8 3.2 47 80.9 4.4 0.5 14.2 53

Baroli Occupational Statistics (Gender-wise)

' Working Population'


'Percentage( Marginal Worker)'


'Percentage ( Cultivators)'

'Percentage (Agricultural)'


'Percentage (Other workers)'

Male 724 47.6 1.6 50.8 68 4.3 1 26.8

'Female 747 52.3 5 42.7 93.4 4.6 0 2 Comparing the occupation by gender, the women have the larger share of men work with 52.3% as against men who are 47.6%. As high as 50.8% of the male are non workers as compared to 42.7% of the women. While 93.4% women are cultivators and 4.6% are agriculturists, 68% of the male are cultivators and 4.3% are agriculturists. A large number of male i.e. 26.8% are engaged in other works as compare to only 2% of the female.


Bhilgawan General Demography

'Total Population'

'Total Population 0-6 Years'

'Total Literates' Sex ratio 'Sex ratio

0-6 Years''Literacy Rate'

1054 246 393 875 922 48.6

Bhilgawan is a village under the district of Dholpur which approximately 15 kms from the district headquarters. It has a total population of 1054 and a literacy rate of 48.6%. While the average sex ratio is 875, there is an enhancement in the 0 to 6 sex ratio 922. The male literacy rate is 66.9% whereas the female literacy rate is 30% which makes a clear gender gap of 36.9%. Bhilgawan General Demography (Sex-wise)

Bhilgawan General Occupational statistics


'Total Main Worker'

'Total Marginal Worker'

'Total Non Worker'





Percentage Household Industries'

Percentage Other workers'


293 236 57 761 5.4 72.2 74.1 1.4 0 24.6 27.8 Bhilgawan has a abysmally low work participation rate of only 27.8%. With a total working population of 293 there are 761 persons as non workers. Majority of them are main workers and the dominating occupation is cultivation which is 74.1%. There is a small population having land holding which is 1.4% as agriculturists. 24.6% are engaged in other works, the village as no household industries.

Working Population'

'Non Workers'


'Percentage( Marginal Worker)'

'Percentage( Non Worker)'


'Percentage Agricultural'



'Male 242 320 40.4 2.7 56.9 69.4 1.2 0 29.3

'Female 51 441 1.8 8.5 89.6 96.1 2 0 2 40% of the male are main workers with only 2.7% as marginal workers. While 56.9% of the male are non workers, as high as 89.6% women do not have any work. The women who are engaged in work, high percentage of them (96.1%) are engaged as cultivators. Only 2% of the women are engaged in other works as compared to their male counterparts which is 29.3%. Boroda General Demography

'Total Population'




'Total Literates'


Sex ratio

'Sex ratio 06Years'

'Literacy Rate'

1562 310 180 1144 673 217 945 1081 53.8 Boroda under Dhausa block is approximately 40 kms from the district town. It has a total population of 1562 with high tribal domination of 1144 which makes 73.2% of the total population. The average sex ratio is 945 with a much better 0 to 6 sex ratio which is 1081. 53.8% of the population are literate. However, in the table below it’s also clearly seen that there is a big

'Female Population'

'Female Population 06Years'

'Female Literates'

Male 562 128 292

Female 492 118 101


gender gap in literacy that is only 162 out of 759 women are literate as compare to 511 out of 803 male population. Thus the literacy gap is 51% which is extremely high.

Boroda General Demography (Sex-wise)

Name 'Male Population'




'Male Literates'

Male 803 149 97 586 511

Female 759 161 83 558 162 With a work participation rate of 39% there are altogether 609 people engaged in active work. 36.2% are main workers and 2.8% are marginal workers.

Boroda General Occupational Statistics










609 36.2 2.8 61 75.4 3.3 0.5 20.9 39 As high as 61% of the population are non workers putting a heavy load on the family income. 75.4% population are engaged as cultivators and 20.9% are engaged in other works. Most of the women are engaged in cultivation work i.e. 92.9% and only 4.5% are engaged in other works as compare to 61.8% of the male are engaged as cultivators and as high as 33.5% are engaged in other works. The male dominate the share of main workers with 41.6% as compare to 30.4% of female who are main workers. 57.3% of the male population and 65% of the female respectively are not engaged in any work. There is a small percentage of male which is approximately 1% are engaged in household industries.

Boroda General Occupational Statistics (Gender wise)

Name 'Male Working Population'

'Percentage (Male Worker)'

'Percentage (Male Marginal Worker)'

'Percentage (Male Non Worker)'



Percentage male (Household Industries)'

'Percentage (Male Other workers)'

Male 343 41.6 1.1 57.3 61.8 3.8 0.9 33.5

Female 266 30.4 4.6 65 92.9 2.6 0 4.5 Dhaulpur block has both rural and urban population with rural population being 69439 and the urban population being 25319. the overall work participation rate is 33.2% with rural share being 37% and the urban rate being 25.9%. as such the district scenario of the working population is very low and the scope for multiple livelihood options can be explored. As per the table below, the average occupation of the block is that of cultivators with only 7.3% of the population possessing land. Dhaulpur General Occupational Statistics

Tru 'Total Working Population'







Total 94758 25.1 8.1 66.8 43.9 7.3 33.2

Rural 69439 26.9 10.1 63 58.5 9.1 37

Urban 25319 21.6 4.3 74.1 3.9 2.2 25.9


The gender wise comparison shows that the male has 40.3% share of the main work as compared to the female who has only 7%. On the other hand 11.4% of the females are marginal workers as compared to 5.3% as their male counterparts. Comparing the rural urban population 42% of the male are main workers as compared to 37% in the rural areas, whereas the marginal workers are equally distributed as 5.3% in both rural and urban areas.

Dhaulpur General Occupational Statistics (Male)

'Male Working Population'

'Percentage(Male Worker)'

'Percentage (Male Marginal Worker)'

'Percentage (Male Non Worker)'

'Percentage (Male Cultivators)'

Percentage(Male Agricultural)'

Total 70713 40.3 5.3 54.4 46.6 6.2 Rural 48521 42 5.3 52.7 66 8.2 Urban 22192 37 5.3 57.7 4.1 1.9

Though the percentage ofr female main workers is 7% on an average, it shows marginal variation in the urban areas i.e. 8.7% as compared to 3.8% in the rural areas. The non-working population is 54.4% amongst the males as compared to 81.5% amongst females. In the rural areas of the block, the census recorded 93.1% of the women as non-workers as compared to 57.7% of the male counterpart.

Dhaulpur General Occupational Statistics (Female)

Name 'Female Working Population'

'Percentage Female(Main Worker)'

'Percentage Female(Marginal Worker)'

'Percentage Female(Non Worker)'

'Percentage Female Cultivators'

Percentage Female Agricultural'

Total 24045 7 11.4 81.5 36.1 10.3 Rural 20918 8.7 15.9 75.4 41.1 11.2 Urban 3127 3.8 3.1 93.1 2.3 4.5

The general demography of dhaulpur block shows a total population of 2,85,224 with the rural population being 1,87,429 and urban as 97,795. the total number of households are 41,445 . the overall sex ratio is 841 with rural sex ratio being 829 and urban being 864. the 0-6 sex ratio is 863 which shows marginal improvement as compared to the current situation. In any case, the overall sex ratio of the district is lower than both state as well the national average. The overall literacy rate is 61.7% with rural being 57% and urban being 70%. 17.4% of the population is scheduled caste and 0.3% of the population belongs to scheduled tribe.

Dhaulpur General Demography

Name Tru 'Total Population'


'Total Literates'


Sex ratio

'Sexratio 06Years'

'Sex ratio SC'

'Sex ratio ST'

'Percentage SC'

'Percentage ST'

'Literacy Rate'

Dhaulpur Total 285224 61934 137735 41445 841 857 863 717 17.4 0.3 61.7

Dhaulpur Rural 187429 44037 81787 26570 829 870 854 917 18.5 0.1 57

Dhaulpur Urban 97795 17897 55948 14875 864 826 883 657 15.4 0.5 70 Dhaulpur has a total of 154941 as male population and 130283 as female population. 92209 of the male population is literate,which is 75.83%. the total female literate population is 45526 which is 44.76%. this makes a clear gender gap of 31.07% in literacy.


Dhaulpur General Demography (Sex-wise)

Tru 'Male Population'


'Male Literates'

'Female Population'

'Female Population 06Years' 'Female Literates'

Total 154941 33351 92209 130283 28583 45526

Rural 102475 23549 58166 84954 20488 23621

Urban 52466 9802 34043 45329 8095 21905 Gadarpura is a small village which is approximately 18 kms. from the district town. The total population of the village is 642 with 88 households. The 0-6 population is 175. a total of 93 belong to scheduled caste and 215 are scheduled tribes. Thus the village is dominated by the backward communities. The average sex ratio is 911 with 0-6 population being 966. the average literacy rate is 47.5% with male literacy being 63.15% and female literacy rate being 30% which makes a gender gap of 33.15%. Gadarpura General Demography

Name 'Total Population'




'Total Literates'

'Number of Household' Sex ratio 'Sex ratio

06Years' 'Literacy Rate'

Gadarpura 642 175 93 215 222 88 911 966 47.5 Gadarpura General Demography (Sex-wise)

The total working population of Gadarpura is 397 which is 61.8%. 38.3% are main workers and 23.5% are marginal workers. Amongst the working population, 56.4% are cultivators and only 5.5% have agricultural land. There is no household industry in this village. With a work participation rate of 61.8%, 38% of the total occupation belongs to the other category.

Gadarpura General Occupational Statistics 'Total Working Population'








397 38.3 23.5 38.2 56.4 5.5 38 61.846.1% of the main working category belongs to male population as compared to 29.7% as female. There is considerably high marginal workers amongst males as well, which is 19.3% as compared to 28.1% females. The table below depicts that 58.6% are cultivators amongst males and 53.7% of the females are engaged in cultivation. 1.8% of the males and 10.2% of the females are agriculturists. As high as 39.5% of the males and 36.2% of the females are engaged in other work.

Gadarpura General Occupational Statistics (Gender wise)

Working Population'

'Percentage(Main Worker)'

Percentage(Marginal Worker)'

Percentage(Non Worker)'




Male 220 46.1 19.3 34.5 58.6 1.8 39.5

Female 177 29.7 28.1 42.2 53.7 10.2 36.2

Population' Population 06Years'

'SC Population'

ST Population' Literates'

Male 336 89 52 113 156

Female 306 86 41 102 66


Nunhera has a total population of 1556 which is a Panchayat village. The 0-6 population is 351 with a sex ratio of 738 and average sex ratio of 801. The 0-6 sex ratio seems to be abysmally low and the trend seems to be declining from the current ratio. A matter which needs to be immediately looked into. A total of 696 people belong to scheduled caste which is 44.73%.

Nunhera/Hanspura General Demography (Sex-wise)




'Total Literates'



Nunhera 1556 351 696 743 270 801 738 61.7 The total male population is 864 of which 202 belong to the 0-6 age group. The literacy rate amongst males is 80.36%. the total women population is 692 with 149 in the 0-6 age group. The total number of literate women in the village is 211 which is 38.85%. thus there is a huge literacy gap of 41.51%.

Nunhera/Hanspura General Demography (Sex-wise)

Population' Population 06Years'

SC Population' Literates'

Male 864 202 385 532

Female 692 149 311 211 Nunhera shows a total working population of 905 with a work participation rate of 58.2%. Thus, 41.8% is non-working population. Only 1.8% are engaged as agriculturists and 45% are cultivators. There is a small population of 1.7% which is engaged in household industries and as high as 51.5% are engaged in other activities.

Nunhera/Hanspura General Occupational Statistics










905 31.6 26.5 41.8 45.1 1.8 1.7 51.5 58.2 The total male working population is 507 out of which 42.6% are main workers and 16.1% are marginal workers. The primary occupation continues to be cultivation which is 58.4% followed by other work which is 37.3%. Both agriculturists as well as household industry have a share of less than 3%.

Nunhera/Hanspura General Occupational Statistics (Gender wise)




'Percentage(Non Worker)'




Percentage(Male Other workers)'

Male 507 42.6 16.1 41.3 58.4 2.2 2.2 37.3

Female 398 17.9 39.6 42.5 28.1 1.3 1 69.6 The total female working population is 398 with main working population as 17.9% and 39.6% as marginal workers.69.6% of the women is engaged in other work followed by 28.1% as cultivators. Less than 2%of the population is engaged as agriculturists and household industriesNunhera shows a total working population of 905 with a work participation rate of


58.2%. Thus, 41.8% is non-working population. Only 1.8% are engaged as agriculturists and 45% are cultivators. There is a small population of 1.7% which is engaged in household industries and as high as 51.5% are engaged in other activities.

Nunhera/Hanspura General Occupational Statistics










905 31.6 26.5 41.8 45.1 1.8 1.7 51.5 58.2 The total male working population is 507 out of which 42.6% are main workers and 16.1% are marginal workers. The primary occupation continues to be cultivation which is 58.4% followed by other work which is 37.3%. Both agriculturists as well as household industry have a share of less than 3%.

Nunhera/Hanspura General Occupational Statistics (Gender wise)




'Percentage(Non Worker)'




Percentage(Male Other workers)'

Male 507 42.6 16.1 41.3 58.4 2.2 2.2 37.3

Female 398 17.9 39.6 42.5 28.1 1.3 1 69.6 The total female working population is 398 with main working population as 17.9% and 39.6% as marginal workers.69.6% of the women is engaged in other work followed by 28.1% as cultivators. Less than 2%of the population is engaged as agriculturists and household industries

Kundal is a village Panchayat from the district of Dausa and falls within the jurisdiction of Dausa block. It is amongst the very large villages and has a population of 4222 with the 0-6 population being 781. with a literacy rate of 64.7% more than one third of the population belongs to the backward community. The village has 571 households which means that the average family size is 7.39 per household.

Kundal General Demography





'Total Literates'



Kundal 4222 781 1240 383 2225 571 894 891 64.7 The village has a male population of 2229 and female population of 1993. The literacy rate of males is 84.25% and the female literacy rate is 42.76% making a gap of 41.49% in the literacy rate.

Kundal General Demography(Sex-wise)

'Male Population'

Population 06Years'

SC Population'

ST Population' Literates'

Male 2229 413 632 210 1530

Female 1993 368 608 173 695 Kundal has a total working population of 2247 with 37.8% as main workers and 15.4% as marginal workers. The village also has a large population of 46.8% as non-workers. With a work participation rate of 53.2% cultivation is the primary occupation followed by other work. The village also has 17.8% of the working population engaged in household industries.


Kundal General Occupational Statistics








Percentage Other workers'


Kundal 2247 37.8 15.4 46.8 47.8 8.4 17.8 26 53.2 The male has a share of 53.5% of the working force whereas and 46.5% of the women are engaged as active workforce. 45.9% of the males are main workers as compared to 28.9% of the females are in the category of main workforce. There is a higher percentage of women, i.e. 51.1% engaged in cultivation in comparison to 44.9% male. One-third of the male population is engaged in other work whereas less than 20% of the women are in the similar activities. Kundal General Occupational Statistics (Gender-wise)









Male 1203 45.9 8.1 46 44.9 3.2 18.8 33.1

Female 1044 28.9 23.5 47.6 51.1 14.4 16.7 17.9 Mahsara kalan is approximately 12 kms. from the district town of Dausa. The village has a total population of 2437 with a 0-6 population of 423. almost one-third of the population belongs to the backward classes. The average sex ratio is 908 with 0-6 sex ratio being 995. both the figures are above the state average with 0-6 ratio being higher than national as well as state average. The average literacy rate is 60.3%. Mahsara Kalan General Demography

Name

'Total Population'




'Total Literates'

'Number of Household' Sexratio 'Sexratio


Mahsara Kalan 2437 423 402 341 1214 350 908 995 60.3 The village has a male population of 1277 and female population of 1160. the male literacy rate is 77.18% as compared to the female literacy rate which is 41.3%. thus the gender gap in literacy is 35.88%.

Mahsara Kalan General Demography (Sex-Wise)

'Population' ' Population

06Years' 'SC Population'

ST Population' Literates

Male 1277 212 211 176 822

Female 1160 211 191 165 392 With a work participation rate of 30.7% the total working population is 748. thus the village has as high as 69.3% as non-working population. Amongst those who work 24.7% belong to the main working category and 5.9% are marginal workers. Cultivation is the primary occupation followed by other work which is 38.4%. a small population of 3.6% are engaged in household industries. Mahsara Kalan General Occupational Statistics











Mahsara Kalan 748 24.7 5.9 69.3 54 4 3.6 38.4 30.7 Out of the total of 748 working population, 570 are male and 178 are female workers. Only 7.1% of the female workforce is main workforce with as high as 84.7% of the women being non-workers. While 74.2% of the women are engaged as cultivators, 47.7% of the males are engaged in the same activities. Only 1.9% of the male working population is engaged in the household industries as compared to 9% female. 48.4% of the male population is engaged in other work as compared to 6.2% of the female. Mahsara Kalan General Occupational Statistics (Gender-wise)



Percentage (Marginal Worker)'






Male 570 40.8 3.8 55.4 47.7 1.9 1.9 48.4

Female 178 7.1 8.3 84.7 74.2 10.7 9 6.2 Sindoli is a village under Dausa block which is approximately 40 kms. away from the district headquarters. With a total number of households of 423 the village has a population of 3144 with 0-6 population being 651. it is a tribal dominated village with one third of the population being tribals. Together with the scheduled caste population the village has more than 50% from the backward communities. With an average sex ratio of 954 the 0-6 sex ratio is 1009. 53.4% of the population is literate as per the census of 2001. Sindoli General Demography





'Total Literates'



Sindoli 3144 651 590 1025 1331 423 954 1009 53.4 Sindoli has a male population of 1609 and a female population of 1535. 75.71% of the males are literate as compared to 29.63% females. There is a clear gender gap of 46.08%. also this means that more than 70% of the women are still illiterate. Sindoli General Demography (Sex-wise)

'Male Population'




'Male Literates'

Male 1609 324 311 521 973

Female 1535 327 279 504 358

With a work participation rate of 53.3% the village has 1675 number of people in the working force. 25.4% of the people are main workers and 27.9% are marginal workers. 46.7% of the expected workforce is a non-worker. Cultivation is the primary source of income with 77.3% of the population engaged in the activity followed by 17.1% engaged in other activities. Sindoli General Occupational Statistics (Gender-wise) Name 'Total

Working Population'







'WorkParticipation Rate'

Sindoli 1675 25.4 27.9 46.7 77.3 4.8 17.1 53.3


Sindoli has a male working population of 823 and female working population of 852. Hence the work participation rate of women in the village is higher than that of the men. However, 44.3% of the males are main workers as compared to 5.6% female workers. 48.9% of the males are non-workers as compared to 44.5% female. Only 8.7% of the women are engaged in other work as compared to 25.8% of their male counterparts

Sindoli General Occupational Statistics (Gender-wise) 'Total Working

Population' 'Percentage (Main Worker)'




Male 823 44.3 6.8 48.9 25.8

Female 852 5.6 49.9 44.5 8.7

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