A SPEAKER’SGUIDEBOOK5TH EDITION

Chapter 1

Becoming a Public Speaker

WHY STUDY PUBLIC SPEAKING?

Gain real-life skills Advance your professional goals Enhance your career as a student Become an engaged citizen

So, this course really is all about you! If you have an i>clicker, which one of

these reasons do you consider to be most

valuable?

Gain Real-life Skills

Public speaking allows you to communicate your concerns with others and make your voice heard.

Skill in public speaking gives you an advantage in life, leading to greater confidence and satisfaction.

Preparing for public speaking helps you develop organizational skills that are applicable to other areas of life.

Advance Your Professional Goals

Research shows employers rank the following employee qualities most important:

1. Communication skills

2. Honesty/integrity

3. Interpersonal skills

4. Motivation/initiative

5. Strong work ethic

6. Teamwork skills

Enhance Your Career as a Student

Speech writing requires skills you use in other courses, including: Researching Writing and outlining Listening Reasoning Critical analysis

Speech delivery techniques also apply to other courses and disciplines

BECOME AN ENGAGED CITIZEN

Public speaking skills give you a way to enter the public conversation about social concerns.

You have an opportunity to effect change when you speak up and become an engaged citizen.

You will learn the “rules of engagement” for effective public discourse.

BECOME AN ENGAGED CITIZEN (cont.)

Use your i>clicker to select one of the following responses, then discuss.

A. I voted in the last election.

B. I did not vote because I was not eligible.

C. I forgot to vote.

D. I did not want to vote.

E. I do not think my vote matters.

THE CLASSICAL ROOTS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

Ancient Greece Developed rhetoric (oratory): practice of

public speaking Rhetoric was practiced in the agora: public

square or marketplace Rhetoric was used to settle civil disputes,

set public policy, and establish laws Rights were limited to free, property-

holding males

THE CLASSICAL ROOTS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING (cont.)

Ancient Rome Continued Greek tradition by meeting in

forum: public space in which people gathered to deliberate about issues of the day

Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric

Forensic oratory: legal speech used to persuade jurors

Deliberative oratory: speech given in legislative or political contexts

Epideictic oratory: speech delivered in special ceremonies

Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.)

Aristotle (Greece) divided speech preparation into the following five parts: Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery

Cicero (Rome) later renamed these five canons

Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.)

Invention: adapting speech information to audience to make your case Aristotle

Inventio: discovering your speech material Cicero

Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.)

Arrangement: organizing speech in ways that are best suited to topic and audience Aristotle

Dispositio: arranging material Cicero

Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.)

Style: the way speaker uses language to express speech ideas Aristotle

Elocutio: styling speech Cicero

Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.)

Memory: practicing speech until it can be artfully delivered Aristotle

Memoria: remembering various lines of argument to prove case Cicero

Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.)

Delivery: vocal and nonverbal behavior you use when speaking Aristotle

Pronounciatio: vocal and nonverbal delivery Cicero

PUBLIC SPEAKING & OTHER FORMS OF COMMUNICATION

Four categories of human communication include: Dyadic: communication between two

people (conversation) Small group: communication among small

number of people who can see and speak directly with one another (meeting)

PUBLIC SPEAKING & OTHER

FORMS OF COMMUNICATION (cont.)

Four categories of human communication include (cont.): Mass: communication between speaker

and large audience of unknown people (radio or television broadcast)

Public speaking: speaker delivers message with specific purpose to audience that is present during speech delivery Audience listens with limited interruption

Similarities between Public Speaking& Other Forms of Communication

You must speak to other people who are focused on you Small group

You must think about audience members’ interests, attitudes, and values Mass

You must try to make yourself understood; involve and respond to others; and take responsibility for your words Dyadic

Differences between Public Speaking& Other Forms of Communication

You have less opportunity for response or feedback from your listeners Speaker must interpret listeners’ verbal and

nonverbal cues

You are responsible for more of message content, which requires careful preparation

You must use more formal communication style

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

All communication involves the following elements: Source Receiver Message Channel Shared meaning Context, goals, outcome

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)

Source (sender): person who creates message Speaker transforms ideas and thoughts

into messages and sends them to receiver, or audience

Encoding: process of organizing message, choosing words and sentence structure, and verbalizing message

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)

Receiver (audience): recipient (individual or group) of source’s message Decoding: process of interpreting

message Audience members decode meaning of

message selectively, based on individual experiences and attitudes

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)

Receiver (cont.) Audience conveys feedback: response to

message Can be conveyed both verbally and

nonverbally, through gestures Indicates whether speaker’s message

has been understood

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)

Message: content of communication process—thoughts and ideas put into meaningful expressions Can be expressed both verbally (through

sentences and points of speech) and nonverbally (through eye contact and gestures)

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)

Channel: medium through which speaker sends message E.g., sound waves, air waves, electronic

transmission

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)

Channel (cont.) Noise: anything that interferes with

communication process between speaker and audience so that message cannot be understood Can derive from external sources in

environment or from internal psychological factors

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)

Shared meaning: mutual understanding of message between speaker and audience Lowest level of shared meaning exists

when speaker has merely caught audience’s attention

Higher degree of shared meaning is possible as message develops

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)

Context: anything that influences speaker, audience, occasion, and speech E.g., recent surrounding events, physical

setting, order and timing of speeches, and cultural orientation of audience members

Rhetorical situation: circumstances that call for public response Consideration of audience, occasion, and

overall speech situation when planning speech

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)

Context (cont.) Bearing rhetorical situation in mind

ensures that you keep audience-centered approach: each phase of speech preparation process is geared toward communicating meaningful message to audience

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)

Speech purpose: clearly defined goal for what you want audience to learn or do or believe as result of your speech

Constructive feedback: helps you assess speech’s effects and decide whether you have accomplished what you set out to do

LEARNING TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC

Public speaking is an acquired skill that improves with practice

Skills you already have that will help you: Conversational skills provide instinctive

adjustments to audience, topic, and occasion Composition skills help you research topic,

offer evidence, use effective transitions, and devise persuasive appeals

Become an Inclusive Speaker

Create sense of inclusion by addressing diverse audiences with sensitivity

Demonstrate respect for differences in culture: language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to next

Become an Inclusive Speaker (cont.)

Cultivate cultural intelligence: willingness to learn about other cultures and gradually reshape thinking and behavior in response to what you’ve learned

DISCUSSION:Do You Agree or Disagree?

“Anyone who forms a judgment on any point but cannot explain himself clearly might as well have never thought on the subject.”

–Pericles, Greek Philosopher

QUESTION

Knowing that you’ll soon be giving a speech, which one of the canons are you most concerned or nervous about?

A. Invention

B. Arrangement

C. Style

D. Memory

E. Delivery

KEY TERMS

oratory rhetoric agora forum public forum forensic oratory deliberative oratory

epideictic oratory canons of rhetoric invention arrangement style memory delivery

KEY TERMS (cont.)

dyadic communication

small group communication

mass communication public speaking source encoding

receiver decoding feedback message channel noise shared meaning rhetorical situation

KEY TERMS (cont.)

audience-centered perspective

speech purpose culture cultural intelligence