a social cognitive neuroscience approach to emotion regulation: implications for substance abuse...
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A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Approach A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Emotion Regulation: to Emotion Regulation:
Implications for Substance AbuseImplications for Substance Abuse
Kevin OchsnerKevin Ochsner
OLUMBIA NIVERSITYOLUMBIA NIVERSITYCC UUSSocial/ocial/CCognitive/ognitive/AAffective/ffective/NNeuroscience euroscience UUnitnit
Research supported by NIDA,Research supported by NIDA, NIH, NSFNIH, NSF
Our Research VillageOur Research Village
Stanford(past)
James GrossJames Gross Becky RayBecky Ray Elaine Elaine RobertsonRobertsonJohn GabrieliJohn Gabrieli Jeff CooperJeff Cooper
Columbia(present)
Tor WagerTor Wager
Ethan KrossEthan KrossBrent HughesBrent HughesMatthew Matthew DavidsonDavidsonHedy KoberHedy Kober
Walter MischelWalter MischelCarl HartCarl Hart
How could he have controlled his substance-abusing impulses?
1.1. Describe research that builds a model of the Describe research that builds a model of the brain bases of effective emotion regulationbrain bases of effective emotion regulation
2.2. Consider how this model might be translated to Consider how this model might be translated to help understand mechanisms of substance abuse help understand mechanisms of substance abuse & its treatment& its treatment
Affect Regulation & Substance AbuseAffect Regulation & Substance Abuse
If you are distressed by anything external, the pain is not due to the If you are distressed by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to your estimate of it; and this you have the power to thing itself, but to your estimate of it; and this you have the power to revoke at any moment.revoke at any moment.
-Marcus Aurelius-Marcus Aurelius
1. Mechanisms of Emotion Regulation1. Mechanisms of Emotion Regulation
If you are distressed by anything external, the pain is not due to the If you are distressed by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to thing itself, but to your estimate of ityour estimate of it; and this you have the power to ; and this you have the power to revoke at any moment.revoke at any moment.
-Marcus Aurelius-Marcus Aurelius
AversiveAversiveStimulus/Stimulus/
EventEvent
Appraise SignificanceSignificance
Emotional Emotional ResponseResponse
1. Mechanisms of Emotion Regulation1. Mechanisms of Emotion Regulation
If you are distressed by anything external, the pain is not due to the If you are distressed by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to your estimate of it; and this you have the thing itself, but to your estimate of it; and this you have the power topower to revokerevoke at any moment. at any moment.
-Marcus Aurelius-Marcus Aurelius
Aversive Aversive Stimulus/Stimulus/
EventEvent
Re-Re-appraise SignificanceSignificance
AlteredAltered ResponseResponse
1. Mechanisms of Emotion Regulation1. Mechanisms of Emotion Regulation
Instructional Instructional cuecue
2 secs2 secs 10 secs10 secs
Photo Photo periodperiod
Affect Affect ratingrating
Intertrial Intertrial intervalinterval
~4 secs~4 secs ~4-5 secs~4-5 secs
Typical Design for Studying Typical Design for Studying Re-Re-appraisalappraisal
RELAXRELAX
Strength ofStrength ofAffectAffectREAPPRAISE
orLOOK
weak strong
1 2 3 4 5
Think about image in way that Think about image in way that makes you feel less negative….makes you feel less negative….
Increase Negative Affect
Decrease Negative Affect
““He’s in pain, is weak of heart, may die soon….”….”
Think about image in a way that Think about image in a way that makes you feel more neg....makes you feel more neg....
““He’s just tired/annoyed, is hearty, will be right as rain….”….”
CommonCommonCoreCore
Goal- Goal- SpecificSpecific
Strategy- Strategy- SpecificSpecific
1. Why you reappraise
2. How you reappraise
Stimulus or Stimulus or Emotion- Emotion- SpecificSpecific
4. When you reappraise
Time Time SpecificSpecific
3. What you reappraise
Building the ModelBuilding the Model
CommonCommonCoreCore
Two goals:Two goals:Strategy- Strategy- SpecificSpecific
1. Why you reappraise
2. How you reappraise
Stimulus or Stimulus or Emotion- Emotion- SpecificSpecific
4. When you reappraise
Time Time SpecificSpecific
3. What you reappraise
Building the ModelBuilding the Model
NegativeNegativeAffectAffect
Increasing Increasing Neg Affect Neg Affect
((IncreaseIncrease > Look) > Look)
Lateral PFCLateral PFC
Decreasing Decreasing Neg Affect Neg Affect
((DecreaseDecrease > Look) > Look)
Common PFC regions for each reappraisal GoalCommon PFC regions for each reappraisal Goal
N = 23
Ochsner, Ray, Robertson, Cooper, Gabrieli & Gross (2004)Ochsner, Ray, Robertson, Cooper, Gabrieli & Gross (2004)
Amygdala modulated up or down in accord with reappraisal goalAmygdala modulated up or down in accord with reappraisal goal
0-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 11-12 13-14 15-16-.2
-.15
-.1
-.05
0
.05
.1
.15
.2
Look > Look > Decrease
Decrease
Look-neg
Look-neuPhotoPhoto10 secs10 secs
CueCue2sec2sec
% s
igna
l cha
nge
% s
igna
l cha
nge
Lag
-.25
-.15
-.05
.05
.15
.25
.35
PhotoPhoto10 secs10 secs
CueCue2sec2sec
% s
igna
l cha
nge
% s
igna
l cha
nge
Increase > Look > Look
Lag
Increase
Look-neu
Look-neg
Bilateral Activation for Decreasing Neg AffectBilateral Activation for Decreasing Neg AffectWager, Ochsner, Hughes & Davidson (Wager, Ochsner, Hughes & Davidson (in prep)in prep)
DecreaseDecrease > Look > Look
WM / Language / Response Selection regionsWM / Language / Response Selection regions
RightLeft
N = 34, optimized
Left Right
DecreaseDecrease > Look > Look
Bilateral Activation for Decreasing Neg AffectBilateral Activation for Decreasing Neg AffectWager, Ochsner, Hughes & Davidson (Wager, Ochsner, Hughes & Davidson (in prep)in prep)
Activity in many regions correlates withActivity in many regions correlates with Reappraisal SuccessReappraisal Success
N = 34, optimized
Left Right
DecreaseDecrease > Look > Look
Bilateral Activation for Decreasing Neg AffectBilateral Activation for Decreasing Neg AffectWager, Ochsner, Hughes & Davidson (Wager, Ochsner, Hughes & Davidson (in prep)in prep)
N = 34, optimized
Activity in many regions correlates withActivity in many regions correlates with Reappraisal SuccessReappraisal Success
Drop in Neg Affect
r = .63
Drop in Neg Affect
r = .49
Core Prefrontal-Amygdala interactions Core Prefrontal-Amygdala interactions Underlying the Cognitive Control of EmotionUnderlying the Cognitive Control of Emotion
(Ochsner, in press; Ochsner & Gross, 2004, 2005, in press; cf. Beer et al, 2004; Lieberman et al, 2005)(Ochsner, in press; Ochsner & Gross, 2004, 2005, in press; cf. Beer et al, 2004; Lieberman et al, 2005)
Medial
Lateral
Lateral PFCLateral PFC
Top-down Top-down implementation implementation
of cognitive of cognitive reappraisalsreappraisals
Monitor reappraisal
success
Anterior Anterior Cingulate Cingulate
CortexCortex
AmygdalaAmygdalaGenerate
initial response
PFC/ACC PFC/ACC - Amyg- Amyg
1. Why you reappraise
2. How you reappraise
4. When you reappraise
Goal- Goal- SpecificSpecific
Strategy- Strategy- SpecificSpecific
Stimulus or Stimulus or Emotion- Emotion- SpecificSpecific
Time Time SpecificSpecific
3. What you reappraise
Building the ModelBuilding the Model
PFC/ACC PFC/ACC - Amyg- Amyg
DMPFCDMPFC
Right LPFC Right LPFC
1. Why you reappraise
2. How you reappraise
4. When you reappraise
Stimulus or Stimulus or Emotion- Emotion- SpecificSpecific
Time Time SpecificSpecific
Strategy- Strategy- SpecificSpecific
3. What you reappraise
Ochsner et al, Ochsner et al, 2002, 2004;2002, 2004;
Wager, Ochsner Wager, Ochsner et al, et al, in prepin prep
Building the ModelBuilding the Model
PFC/ACC PFC/ACC - Amyg- Amyg
DMPFCDMPFC
Right LPFC Right LPFC
1. Why you reappraise
2. How you reappraise
4. When you reappraise
Stimulus or Stimulus or Emotion- Emotion- SpecificSpecific
Time Time SpecificSpecific
3. What you reappraise
Ochsner et al, Ochsner et al, 20042004
Building the ModelBuilding the Model
Medial PFC Medial PFC for self-for self-
focused stratsfocused strats
Ochsner et al, Ochsner et al, 2002, 2004;2002, 2004;
Wager, Ochsner Wager, Ochsner et al, et al, in prepin prep
PFC/ACC PFC/ACC - Amyg- Amyg
DMPFCDMPFC
Right LPFC Right LPFC
1. Why you reappraise
2. How you reappraise
4. When you reappraise
Time Time SpecificSpecific
3. What you reappraise
Ochsner et al, Ochsner et al, 20042004
Kross & Kross & Ochsner Ochsner in prepin prep
Building the ModelBuilding the Model
Left PFC for Left PFC for memories, like memories, like
imagesimages
Medial PFC Medial PFC for self-for self-
focused stratsfocused strats
Ochsner et al, Ochsner et al, 2002, 2004;2002, 2004;
Wager, Ochsner Wager, Ochsner et al, et al, in prepin prep
PFC/ACC PFC/ACC - Amyg- Amyg
DMPFCDMPFC
Right LPFC Right LPFC
1. Why you reappraise
2. How you reappraise
4. When you reappraise
Pre-appraisal = Pre-appraisal = LPFC, like LPFC, like
ReappReapp
Left PFC for Left PFC for memories, like memories, like
imagesimages3. What you reappraise
Ochsner et al, Ochsner et al, 20042004
Kross & Kross & Ochsner Ochsner in prepin prep
Wager, Ochsner Wager, Ochsner et al, et al, in prepin prep
Building the ModelBuilding the Model
Medial PFC Medial PFC for self-for self-
focused stratsfocused strats
Ochsner et al, Ochsner et al, 2002, 2004;2002, 2004;
Wager, Ochsner Wager, Ochsner et al, et al, in prepin prep
PFC/ACC PFC/ACC - Amyg- Amyg
DMPFCDMPFC
Right LPFC Right LPFC
1. Why you reappraise
2. How you reappraise
4. When you reappraise
Building the ModelBuilding the Model
Pre-appraisal = Pre-appraisal = LPFC, like LPFC, like
ReappReapp
5. Who reappraises
3. What you reappraise
Ochsner et al, Ochsner et al, 20042004
Kross & Kross & Ochsner Ochsner in prepin prep
Wager, Ochsner Wager, Ochsner et al, et al, in prepin prep
Ray, Ochsner et Ray, Ochsner et al, al, 20062006
Left PFC for Left PFC for memories, like memories, like
imagesimages
Medial PFC Medial PFC for self-for self-
focused stratsfocused strats
Ochsner et al, Ochsner et al, 2002, 2004;2002, 2004;
Wager, Ochsner Wager, Ochsner et al, in prepet al, in prep
2. Translating the Model2. Translating the Model
Craving, Craving, Drug UseDrug Use
Cooling Cooling ReappraisalsReappraisals
PFC/ACC
Amyg/Striatum
Arousing Arousing AppraisalsAppraisals
Aversive Aversive need states, need states,
drugs or drugs or related cuesrelated cues
How does affect regulation play a role in substance abuse?How does affect regulation play a role in substance abuse?
2. Translating the Model2. Translating the Model
Aversive Aversive need states, need states,
drugs or drugs or related cuesrelated cues
Craving, Craving, Drug UseDrug Use
Cooling Cooling ReappraisalsReappraisals
PFC/ACC
Amyg/Striatum
Arousing Arousing AppraisalsAppraisals Craving, Craving,
Drug UseDrug UseAmyg/Striatum
Non-arousing Non-arousing AppraisalsAppraisals
How does affect regulation play a role in substance abuse?How does affect regulation play a role in substance abuse?
2. Translating the Model2. Translating the Model
Cooling Cooling ReappraisalsReappraisals
PFC/ACC
Craving, Craving, Drug UseDrug UseAmyg/Striatum
Arousing Arousing AppraisalsAppraisals
Aversive Aversive need states, need states,
drugs or drugs or related cuesrelated cues
How does affect regulation play a role in substance abuse?How does affect regulation play a role in substance abuse?
2. Translating the Model2. Translating the Model
Cooling Cooling ReappraisalsReappraisals
PFC/ACC
Craving, Craving, Drug UseDrug UseAmyg/Striatum
Arousing Arousing AppraisalsAppraisals
Aversive Aversive need states, need states,
drugs or drugs or related cuesrelated cues
How does affect regulation play a role in substance abuse?How does affect regulation play a role in substance abuse?
How does affect regulation play a role in substance abuse?How does affect regulation play a role in substance abuse?
2. Translating the Model2. Translating the Model
Craving, Craving, Drug UseDrug Use
Cooling Cooling ReappraisalsReappraisals
PFC/ACC
Amyg/Striatum
Arousing Arousing AppraisalsAppraisals
1.1. Drugs and drug cues “turn on” affective circuits (e.g. Breiter et al.; Drugs and drug cues “turn on” affective circuits (e.g. Breiter et al.; Grant Grant et al.;et al.; Volkow et al.Volkow et al.))
2.2. Long term use may damage control circuits (e.g. London et al.; Nordahl Long term use may damage control circuits (e.g. London et al.; Nordahl et al.)et al.)
3.3. Drug users have self-regulatory deficitsDrug users have self-regulatory deficits• Childhood deficits predispose towards drug use (e.g. Mischel et al.) Childhood deficits predispose towards drug use (e.g. Mischel et al.) • Deficits in lab tasks following drug useDeficits in lab tasks following drug use (e.g. Garavan & Stout)(e.g. Garavan & Stout)
Aversive Aversive need states, need states,
drugs or drugs or related cuesrelated cues
The Translational FutureThe Translational FutureA 2-step, translational social cognitive neuroscience approach to A 2-step, translational social cognitive neuroscience approach to emotion regulation may be useful for understanding substance emotion regulation may be useful for understanding substance abuse……abuse……
Q:Q: But will it be successful?But will it be successful?
A:A: Yes. Yes. 1.1. Extant work has characterized cognitive and structural Extant work has characterized cognitive and structural
neural deficits, but has not examined socioemotional neural deficits, but has not examined socioemotional functions and the ability to regulate functions and the ability to regulate per se, per se, which is which is central to treatmentcentral to treatment
2.2. Can show how specific regulatory mechanisms are Can show how specific regulatory mechanisms are dysfunctional – or effective dysfunctional – or effective –– which may be useful for which may be useful for designing treatments that target themdesigning treatments that target them
3.3. The same 2-step process already has been successful in The same 2-step process already has been successful in applying Cog Neuro models of memory and attention to applying Cog Neuro models of memory and attention to Mood Disorders, Schizophrenia, and substance abuseMood Disorders, Schizophrenia, and substance abuse
If you are If you are distresseddistressed by anything external, the by anything external, the painpain is not due to the is not due to the thing itself, but to your thing itself, but to your estimateestimate of it; and this you have the power to of it; and this you have the power to revokerevoke at any moment. at any moment.
- Marcus Aurelius- Marcus Aurelius
If you If you desiredesire anything external, the anything external, the urgeurge is not due to the thing itself, is not due to the thing itself, but to your but to your estimateestimate of it; and this you have the power to of it; and this you have the power to revokerevoke at any at any moment.moment.
- Marcus Aurelius - Marcus Aurelius