a smart, energy-efficient facility smart power, …...of energy and interconnects...

NREL and its industry partners will work together to overcome the challenges of integrating renewable energy into the electrical grid in a facility that is safe, efficient, and respectful to its surrounding environment. The ultra-efficient ESIF building design includes many energy conservation strategies:

•Reuseofdatacenterandlaboratorywasteenergy

•Electricalenergytransferbetweenlaboratories

•Underfloorairdistribution

•Activeradiantbeams

•Evaporative-basedcentralcooling

•Naturalventilationthroughoperablewindows

•Daylighting

The ESIF is designed in accordance with the U.S.GreenBuildingsCouncil’sstandardsandisexpected,ataminimum,toachieveLEEDGoldcertification.

More information about the ESIF can be found onNREL’swebsite: www.nrel.gov/eis/facilities_esif.html.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013DenverWestParkway,Golden,CO80401 303-275-3000•www.nrel.gov

NREL/BR-6A00-55237•May2012

Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 10% post consumer waste.

Unique Capabilites Hardware-in-the-Loop at Megawatt-scale Power

Megawatt-scale power-in-the-loop allows researchers and manufacturers to conduct integration tests at full power and actual load levels in real-time simulation and evaluate component and system performance before going to market.

High Performance Computing Data Center (HPCDC)

Petascale computing at the HPCDC enables unprecedented large-scale modeling and simulation of material properties, processes, and fully integrated systems that would otherwise be too expensive, too dangerous, or even impossible to study by direct experimentation.

Research Electrical Distribution Bus (REDB)

The ultimate power integration circuit, made up of two ACandtwoDCringbuses,connectsmultiplesourcesof energy and interconnects “plug-and-play” testing components in all the labs.

A Smart, Energy-Efficient Facility

Amegawatt-scalesystems integration R&D facility.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems

TheSCADAsystemmonitorsandcontrolsREDBoperations and safety and gathers real-time, high-resolution data for collaboration and visualization.

Data Analysis and Visualization

AnalysisandvisualizationcapabilitiesattheESIFgobeyond what is found in a typical utility operations center. Fully integrated with hardware-in-the-loop at power capabilities, an electrical distribution bus, a SCADAsystem,andpetascalecomputing,theESIFallows researchers and NREL partners to visualize complex systems simulations and operations in a completely virtual environment.

Participation from utilities, equipment manufacturers, renewable systems integrators, universities, and other national labs and related industriesinfullyutilizingESIF’scapabilitieswilldramatically accelerate the research required to transform the energy system to one that is cleaner, more secure, and more reliable.

Several options exist for partners interested in partnering with NREL on utility-scale projects focusedonsolvingtoday’sissuesrelatedtogridintegration of renewable energy and other efficiency technologies.

Please contact us to explore these collaborative opportunities.

Smart Power, Smart People Partnerships are Key

The Energy Systems Integration Facility provides NREL with the transformative capabilities needed to advancethenation’senergysystemintoacleaner,moreintelligentinfrastructure.Butwecan’tdoitalone.

The state-of-the-art facility, with its unprecedented integrated megawatt-scale testing and real-time simulationcapabilities,isdesignedtoallowNREL’sworld-renowned integration experts to work with a wide range of energy stakeholders to help develop, evaluate, and test their individual technologies before going to market greatly reducing the risks associated with early market penetration.

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OUTDOOR TEST AREA480V Low Voltage

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OUTDOOR TEST AREA13.2 kV Medium Voltage

1 Power Systems Integration

2 Smart Power

3 Energy Storage

4 Electrical Characterization

5 Energy Systems Integration

6 Thermal Storage Process and Components

7 Thermal Storage Materials

8 Optical Characterization

9 Energy Systems Fabrication

10 Manufacturing

11 Materials Characterization

12 Electrochemical Characterization

13 Energy Systems Sensor

14 Fuel Cell Development and Test

15 Energy Systems High Pressure Test

16 ESIF Control Room

17 Energy Integration Visualization Room

18 Secure Data Center

19 High Performance Computing Data Center

20 Insight Center Visualization Room

21 Insight Center Collaboration Room

Fuel Systems Laboratories

Thermal Systems Laboratories

Electrical Systems Laboratories

High Performance Computing, Data Analysis, and Visualization

The Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) is a unique new national asset for energy systems integration research, development, testing, and analysis. Located on the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory campus in Golden, Colorado, the 182,500 sq. ft. facility contains approximately 200 office and collaboration spaces, 15 state-of-the-art laboratories, and several outdoor test areas.

Uniquely equipped with megawatt-scale test capabilities; integrated electrical, thermal and fuel infrastructures; advanced data analysis and visualization capabilities; hardware-in-the-loop simulation; and a high performance computing data center, the ESIF stands in a class of its own.

NREL and its industry partners will work together to overcome the challenges of integrating renewable energy into the electrical grid in a facility that is safe, efficient, and respectful to its surrounding environment. The ultra-efficient ESIF building design includes many energy conservation strategies:

•Reuseofdatacenterandlaboratorywasteenergy

•Electricalenergytransferbetweenlaboratories

•Underfloorairdistribution

•Activeradiantbeams

•Evaporative-basedcentralcooling

•Naturalventilationthroughoperablewindows

•Daylighting

The ESIF is designed in accordance with the U.S.GreenBuildingsCouncil’sstandardsandisexpected,ataminimum,toachieveLEEDGoldcertification.

More information about the ESIF can be found onNREL’swebsite: www.nrel.gov/eis/facilities_esif.html.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013DenverWestParkway,Golden,CO80401 303-275-3000•www.nrel.gov

NREL/BR-6A00-55237•May2012


Unique Capabilites Hardware-in-the-Loop at Megawatt-scale Power

Megawatt-scale power-in-the-loop allows researchers and manufacturers to conduct integration tests at full power and actual load levels in real-time simulation and evaluate component and system performance before going to market.

High Performance Computing Data Center (HPCDC)

Petascale computing at the HPCDC enables unprecedented large-scale modeling and simulation of material properties, processes, and fully integrated systems that would otherwise be too expensive, too dangerous, or even impossible to study by direct experimentation.

Research Electrical Distribution Bus (REDB)

The ultimate power integration circuit, made up of two ACandtwoDCringbuses,connectsmultiplesourcesof energy and interconnects “plug-and-play” testing components in all the labs.

A Smart, Energy-Efficient Facility

Amegawatt-scalesystems integration R&D facility.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems

TheSCADAsystemmonitorsandcontrolsREDBoperations and safety and gathers real-time, high-resolution data for collaboration and visualization.

Data Analysis and Visualization

AnalysisandvisualizationcapabilitiesattheESIFgobeyond what is found in a typical utility operations center. Fully integrated with hardware-in-the-loop at power capabilities, an electrical distribution bus, a SCADAsystem,andpetascalecomputing,theESIFallows researchers and NREL partners to visualize complex systems simulations and operations in a completely virtual environment.

Participation from utilities, equipment manufacturers, renewable systems integrators, universities, and other national labs and related industriesinfullyutilizingESIF’scapabilitieswilldramatically accelerate the research required to transform the energy system to one that is cleaner, more secure, and more reliable.

Several options exist for partners interested in partnering with NREL on utility-scale projects focusedonsolvingtoday’sissuesrelatedtogridintegration of renewable energy and other efficiency technologies.

Please contact us to explore these collaborative opportunities.

Smart Power, Smart People Partnerships are Key

The Energy Systems Integration Facility provides NREL with the transformative capabilities needed to advancethenation’senergysystemintoacleaner,moreintelligentinfrastructure.Butwecan’tdoitalone.

The state-of-the-art facility, with its unprecedented integrated megawatt-scale testing and real-time simulationcapabilities,isdesignedtoallowNREL’sworld-renowned integration experts to work with a wide range of energy stakeholders to help develop, evaluate, and test their individual technologies before going to market greatly reducing the risks associated with early market penetration.

Transforming our Nation’s Energy SystemWith all the benefits associated with renewable energy, why hasn’t the grid already been modernized to accommodate these clean sources of energy? The short answer is: Megawatt-scale integration is hard to find.

Our nation’s existing power grid is crucial to our way of life and cannot be shut down, overhauled, and started back up again. Yet, critical to moving clean energy technologies onto the electrical grid is the ability to carry out research, development, and megawatt-scale testing of the complex integrated systems, devices, and concepts of future electric supply and demand systems. The Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) on the campus of the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colorado, will soon be the na-tion’s first facility that can conduct integrated megawatt-scale research and development of the components and strategies needed in order to safely move clean energy technologies onto the electrical grid “in-flight” at the speed and scale required to meet national goals.

A Unique Partnering FacilityThis state-of-the-art facility will enable NREL and industry to work together to develop and evaluate their individual technolo-gies on a controlled integrated energy system platform. Test-ing and optimization at megawatt scale will help reduce risks associated with early market penetration. Participation from utilities, equipment manufacturers, renewable systems integra-tors, universities, and other national labs and related industries that fully utilize ESIF’s capabilities will dramatically accelerate the research required to transform the energy system to one that is cleaner, more secure, and more reliable. Major electric system manufacturers and companies have already demonstrated inter-est in conducting their own research and development at the ESIF, once the facility is completed.

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

The ESIF is expected to be the nation’s only megawatt-scale research and development facility.ESIF Snapshot•Cost:$135M•Squarefeet:182,500•Occupants:~200•Highperformancecomputer:one-halfpetaflopscale;plannedtobeexpandedtopetaflop

•State-of-the-artelectricsystemssimulationandvisualization

•ComponentandsystemstestingatMW-scalepower•Integrationoffunctioningsystemswithutilitysystemsimulationsforreal-time,real-powerevaluationofhighpenetrationscenarios

•Constructioncomplete:fall2012

Energy Integration Research FocusResearch and development conducted in the ESIF will aim to overcome the challenges of integrating renewable energy into the electrical grid. These application and technology chal-lenges span the entire electric power system — from generation to transmission, to distribution, and to end-use applications. Of particular focus are electric systems, buildings and facility systems, community power generation and microgrids, utility generation, thermal and hydrogen systems, energy efficient and advanced grid technologies, electricity system architectures, interoperability, and utility generation and grids that incorpo-rate renewable energy (solar, wind, hydrogen, and advanced vehicles).

Labs and EquipmentTo support these areas of research, the 182,500-sq. ft. ESIF will house approximately 200 scientists and engineers and a wide range of fully equipped, state-of-the-art laboratories and out-door test areas, including:

In addition, the ESIF will include other key service and support features, such as:•ResearchElectricalDistributionBus(REDB)•HighPerformanceComputingDataCenter(HPCDC)•Hardware-in-the-LoopPrototypingatMegawatt-scalePower•CollaborationandVisualizationRooms•HighBayControlRoom

•MaterialsCharacterization•ElectrochemicalCharacterization•EnergySystemsSensor•FuelCellDevelopmentandTest•EnergySystemsHighPressureTest

Outdoor test areas•13.2kV-mediumvoltage•480V-lowvoltage•Rooftoptestarea•EnergyStorage

Laboratories•PowerSystemsIntegration•SmartPower•EnergyStorage•ElectricalCharacterization•EnergySystemsIntegration•ThermalStorageProcess&Components•ThermalStorageMaterials•OpticalCharacterizationLab•EnergySystemsFabrication•Manufacturing

Illustrations courtesy of SmithGroup

Uniquely Tied TogetherIntegrated throughout the ESIF, the Research Electrical Distri-bution Bus (REDB) will function as the ultimate power integra-tion “circuit” capable of utilizing multiple AC and DC buses that connect multiple sources of energy and interconnecting laboratories and experiments to test and simulate equipment. Running parallel with the REDB is a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system that monitors and controls facility-based processes and gathers and disseminates real time data for collaboration and visualization.Parallel with the REDB are the thermal and fuel infrastructures built into the ESIF that all together provide a variety of electric-ity, thermal power, and fuel type connections.

Hardware-in-the-Loop at Power Hardware-in-the-loop simulation is not a new concept, but adding megawatt-scale power takes research to another level. Equipped with hardware-in-the loop simulators, the ESIF’s Smart Power Lab is the test lab for research and development of the power electronics components, circuits, and controls used in clean and sustainable energy integration. It will allow research-ers and manufacturers to conduct integration tests at full power and actual load levels in real-time simulation, and evaluate com-ponent and system performance before going to market.

High Performance Computing CapabilitiesIn addition to high-tech collaboration and visualization rooms, the ESIF will include a high-performance computing data center (HPCDC) that will serve the breadth of NREL, expanding the laboratory’s capabilities in modeling and simulation of renew-able energy technologies and their integration into the existing energy infrastructure. The one-half petaflop scale (planned to be expanded to petaflop scale) will enable large-scale modeling and simulation of material properties, processes and fully inte-grated systems that would be too expensive, or even impossible, to study by direct experimentation.Not only will the HPCDC house the fastest computing system dedicated to energy efficiency and renewable energy technolo-gies in the world, it will also be one of the most energy efficient data centers in the world, operating at a power usage effective-ness (PUE) rating of 1.06 or better.

EnergySystemsIntegrationFacility

National Renewable Energy Laboratory1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3305303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of EnergyOffice of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

NREL/FS-5500-51936 • August 2011


Walking the TalkThe Energy Systems Integration Facility will not only meet the nation’s crucial research objectives for integrating clean and sus-tainable energy technologies into the grid, but will do it in a way that is safe, efficient, and respectful to its surrounding environ-ment. The ESIF will be built in accordance with the U.S. Green Buildings Council’s standards and is expected, at minimum, to achieve LEED Gold Certification. Energy Conservation Strategies• Reuse of data center and High Bay laboratory waste energy to

maximize building/campus heating• Transferofelectricalenergy(viaREDB)fromexperiments

between laboratories for simultaneous use/reuse• Underfloorairdistributionforinteriorcoolingandventila-

tion; outside air economizer • Activeradiantbeamsprovideforperimetercoolingandheating• Evaporative-basedcentralcoolingmeetsASHRAE55ther-

mal comfort range • Naturalventilationmodewithoperablewindowsandventila-

tion shafts • Daylightingwithhighefficiencylighting(lightsoff10AMto

2 PM) • EnergyStarratedequipmentFor More Information More information about the ESIF can be found on NREL’s Web site: http://www.nrel.gov/eis/facilities_esif.html or by calling NREL’s Public Affairs Office at (303) 275-4084.

Office of the Future

TheESIFwilldemonstrateNREL’scommitmenttoasustainableenergyfuturewithitsenergy-savingworkplaceenvironmentandwillincludeenergyefficientfeaturessuchasnaturalventilationthroughoperablewindows,daylighting,openaircubicles,and‘chilledbeam’technology,tonameafew.



• Advancedfunctionalitytesting(i.e.,IEEE1547.8,IEEE2030capabilitytests)

• Electricalperformancetesting(efficiency,maximumpower)

• Safetytesting• Modelvalidationtesting• Longdurationreliabilitytesting

Partner with UsWorkwithNRELexpertsandtakeadvantageofthestate-of-the-artcapabilitiesattheESIFtomakeprogressonyourprojects,whichmayrangefromfundamentalresearchtoapplicationsengineering.PartnersattheESIF’sPowerSystemsIntegrationLaboratorymayinclude:• Manufacturersofdistributedgenerationandmicrogridsystemcomponents(e.g.,PVinverters,microgridswitches,batteries,generators)

• Utilities• Microgridandstand-alonepowersystemintegrators

• Certificationlaboratories• Governmentagencies• Universities• OtherNationallaboratories

Contact UsIfyouareinterestedinworkingwithNREL’sPowerSystemsIntegrationLaboratory,pleasecontact:

ESIF [email protected]

Power Systems Integration LaboratoryAtNREL’sPowerSystemsIntegrationLaboratoryintheEnergySystemsIntegrationFacility(ESIF),researchfocusesondevelopingandtestinglarge-scaledistributedenergysystemsforgrid-connected,stand-alone,andmicrogridapplications.Thelaboratorycanaccommodatelargepowersystemcomponentssuchasinvertersforphotovoltaic(PV)andwindsystems,dieselandnaturalgasgenerators,batterypacks,microgridinterconnectionswitchgear,andvehicles.CloselycoupledwiththeresearchelectricaldistributionbusattheESIF,thePowerSystemsIntegrationLaboratorywillofferpowertestingcapabilityofmegawatt-scaleDCandACpowersystems,aswellasadvancedhardware-in-the-loopandmodel-in-the-loopsimulationcapabilities.Thermalheatingandcoolingloopsandfuelalsoallowtestingofcombinedheating/coolingandpowersystems(CHP).

Photo from iStock/03364509. Illustration courtesy of SmithGroup.

15151

National Renewable Energy Laboratory15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of EnergyOffice of Energy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyOperated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

NREL/FS-5500-52841 • October 2011


Laboratory Specifications

• 8,600sq.ft.-spaceenoughforthree40ft.andthree20ft.ISOcontainers

• 30ft.highceilings• 30ft.highoverheadroll-updoors• Infloorcarbonmonoxideexhaustsystems• Dieselstoragetank• ACandDCpowersource• Serviceconnectionsinclude:

– Process cooling water– Process heating water– Research cooling water (chilled water)– Natural gas– Compressed Air– 480 / 277 Vac– 208 / 120 Vac– 240 Split-phase Vac

Application ScenariosHardware-in-the-loop experiments:• Developmentofcontrolalgorithmsforpowerelectronics

• Simulationofgridconditionsfordevelopmentandevaluationofpowersystemcomponentsandsystems

Power system integration:• Developmentandevaluationofoptimaldispatchalgorithms

• Developmentandevaluationofcommunicationinterfaces

Prototype testing:• Electricalinterconnectiontesting(i.e.,IEEE1547,UL1741typeoftests)

Major Laboratory Equipment

• Hardware-in-the-LoopSimulator

• Gridsimulator

• ACloadbanks

• BidirectionalDCsupplies

• ResearchChiller

• ResearchBoiler

• SCADADataCollectionandControlSystem

• PVSimulator

• Testingofadvancedappliances,homeautomation,HVAC,andenergymanagementsystems

• ResearchonvariousnewdistributionscenariossuchashouseholdDCsystems,Residentialscalegenerationandstorageintegratedwiththehomeenergymanagementssystems

• Electricvehicleintegration• Hardware-in-the-loopmodelingforthecharacterizationofhouseholdloadsandgeneration

• Advancedmeteringtechnology,includingutilitygradesmartmetersandenergymetering

Partner with UsWorkwithNRELexpertsandtakeadvantageofthestate-of-the-artcapabilitiesatNREL’sEnergySystemsIntegrationFacilitytomakeprogressonyourprojects,whichmayrangefromfundamentalresearchtoapplicationsengineering.PartnersattheESIF’sSmartPowerLaboratorymayinclude:• Smartappliance,homeautomation,andenergymanagementsystemmanufacturers

• Homeautomationandenergymanagementsystemmanufacturers

• Powerelectronicsdevicevendors• Utilities• Stateenergycommissions• Certificationlaboratories• Universities• OtherNationallaboratories

Contact UsIfyouareinterestedinworkingwithNREL’sSmartPowerLaboratory,pleasecontact:


Smart Power LaboratoryResearchatNREL’sSmartPowerLaboratoryintheEnergySystemsIntegrationFacility(ESIF)focusesonthedevelopmentandintegrationofsmarttechnologiesincludingtheintegrationofdistributedandrenewableenergyresourcesthroughpowerelectronicsandsmartenergymanagementforbuildingapplications.The5,300sq.ft.laboratoryisdesignedtobehighlyflexibleandconfigurable,essentialforalargevarietyofsmartpowerapplicationsthatrangefromdevelopingadvancedinvertersandpowerconverterstotestingresidentialandcommercialscalemetersandcontroltechnologies.


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NREL/FS-5500-52842 • October 2011


• Hardware-in-the-loop.• ResearchElectricalDistributionBus(REDB)connectionstovariousACequipmentssuchasgridsimulators,loadbanks,windturbinesimulatorsandDCequipments,suchasDCsupply,PVpanels,batteries,andDCloadsthroughACandDCREDB.

• Multiplethree-phaseACREDB(250A,1600A)andDCREDB(250A,1600A)forrunningmultipleexperimentsinparallel.

• Threeseparateandenclosedpowerelectronicstestbayswithsound-abatementwallsforlongdurationtestingofpowerconverters.

• A96sq.ft.walk-infumehoodinoneofthepowerelectronicstestbaytotestearlyprototypesystemsthathavegreaterrisksoffailure.

• Instrumentandequipmentdevelopmentareaforbuildingprototypeconvertersandmonitoringequipments.

• Fourtestbayscapableofsupportingavarietyofhouseholdappliances.Eachbayrepresentstheloadofahouseandhasconnectionsfor120/240Voltelectricservice,water,andnaturalgas.

Application Scenarios• Developmentofpowerconvertersforintegrationofdistributedandrenewableenergyresources

• Developmentofadvancedcontrolsforsmartpowerelectronics

• Testingprototypeandcommerciallyavailablepowerconvertersforelectricalinterconnectionandperformance,advancedfunctionality,longdurationreliabilityandsafety

• Hardware-in-loopdevelopmentandtestingofpowerelectronicssystemsinsmartdistributiongridmodels


• Variousmechanicalutilitiesineachtestareassuchasprocesscoolingwater,processheatingwater,researchcoolingwater(chilledwater),dedicatedexhaust.

• Variousfacilitypoweroutletsineachtestareasuchasthree-phase480/277Vac,208/120Vac,240split-phaseVacand120Vsingle-phaseVac.

• InverterHIL

• Gridsimulator

• ACloadbanks


• ELGARGridSimulator

• ElectronicLoadbanks.

• ResearchChiller

• ResearchBoiler


• PVSimulator


• Powerconversionequipmentforenergystorage• Ultra-andsuper-capacitorsystems• DCsystems,suchascommercialmicrogrids

Partner with UsWorkwithNRELexpertsandtakeadvantageofthestate-of-the-artcapabilitiesattheESIFtomakeprogressonyourprojects,whichmayrangefromfundamentalresearchtoapplicationsengineering.PartnersattheESIF’sEnergyStorageLaboratorymayinclude:• Batterymanufacturers• Energystoragesystemintegratorsandinstallers• Vehiclechargingstationintegrators,vehiclemanufacturers

• Utilities• Certificationlaboratories• Governmentagencies• Universities• OtherNationallaboratories

Contact UsIfyouareinterestedinworkingwithNREL’sEnergyStorageLaboratory,pleasecontact:


Energy Storage LaboratoryAtNREL’sEnergyStorageLaboratoryintheEnergySystemsIntegrationFacility(ESIF),researchfocusesontheintegrationofenergystoragesystems(bothstationaryandvehicle-mounted)andinterconnectionwiththeutilitygrid.Focusingonbatterytechnologies,butalsohostingultra-capacitorsandotherelectricalenergystoragetechnologies,thelaboratorywillprovideallresourcesnecessarytodevelop,test,andproveenergystoragesystemperformanceandcompatibilitywithdistributedenergysystems.Thelaboratorywillalsoproviderobustvehicletestingcapability,includingadrive-inenvironmentalchamber,whichcanaccommodatecommercial-sizedhybrid,electric,biodiesel,ethanol,compressednaturalgas,andhydrogenfueledvehicles.TheEnergyStorageLaboratoryisdesignedtoensurepersonnelandequipmentsafetywhentestinghazardousbatterysystemsorotherenergystoragetechnologies.CloselycoupledwiththeresearchelectricaldistributionbusatESIF,theEnergyStorageLaboratorywilloffermegawatt-scalepowertestingcapabilityaswellasadvancedhardware-in-the-loopandmodel-in-the-loopsimulationcapabilities.


15153



NREL/FS-5500-52843 • October 2011


• Thislaboratoryprovides9,600sq.ft.ofspace• Environmentalchambers,bothmediumsizedforbatterypack,capacitor,andelectronicstesting,andaverylargedrive-inenvironmentalchamber

• Windturbinesimulator• Robustsafetydesigntohandleanykindofbatteryorenergystoragesystem

• REDBplug-inbusconnectionsforeasyconnectiontoanyESIFlaboratoryorresource

• Canaccommodate:– Floor space equivalent to up to two 20 ft.

ISO containers – Large commercial vehicles up to city-bus size– Large battery systems, power electronics

packages, and integrated system tests

Application ScenariosThe following types of tests:• Performance• Efficiency• Safety• Modelvalidation• LongdurationreliabilityPerformed on the following equipment types:• Vehiclebatteries(bothcharginganddischargingV2G)

• Stationarybatteries


• DCPowerTestingStation250kW,upto900Vdc

• Environmentalchamberlargeenoughtodrivevehiclesinto

• Electricalresearchbusconnections

• PVsimulatorpowersupply

• Processliquidsandgases(naturalgas,biodiesel,coolingwater,heatingwater,compressedair)

• Advanceddataacquisitionandmonitoringequipment

• TypicalMicrogridsystemcomponents

• Gridsimulator

• ACloadbanks


• ResearchChiller

• ResearchBoiler


• PVSimulator


Partner with UsWork with NREL experts and take advantage of the state-of-the-art capabilities at the ESIF to make progress on your projects, which may range from fundamental research to applications engineering. Partners at the ESIF’s Electrical Characterization Laboratory may include:• Equipmentmanufacturers• Universities• OtherNationallaboratories

Contact UsIf you are interested in working with NREL’s Energy Systems Integration Laboratory, please contact:

ESIF ManagerCarolyn [email protected]

Electrical Characterization LaboratoryElectrical Characterization Laboratory at NREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) focuses on the detailed electrical characterization of components and systems. This laboratory allows researchers to test theabilityofequipmenttowithstandhighvoltagesurgesandhighcurrentfaults,includingequipmentusingstandard and advanced fuels such as hydrogen.


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NREL/FS-5500-52844 • October 2011


The Electrical Characterization Laboratory is 1,500 sq.ft.withaseparatecontrolroomandexteriorentrance to the building. It is designed as a safe and secure environment that can survive destructive testingofequipment.Theseparatecontrolroomprovides a safe location for researchers with video links into the main test area. This room also has a separate ventilation system. The electrical service and testing area is designed to be Class 1, approved. The laboratory is outfitted with natural gas, hydrogen gas, nitrogen, and compressed air service. Facility liquidcoolingandliquidheatingloopsareprovidedforconnectiontoequipment.AnintegratedsafetyPLC(programmablelogiccontroller)andSCADA(supervisorycontrolsanddataacquisition)systemswithhigh-speeddataacquisitionandsecuredatastorage are present.

Application Scenarios

Equipmentthatinterconnectedtotheelectricpowergridisrequiredtomeetspecificsurgewithstandcapabilities. This type of application tests the ability ofelectricalequipmenttosurvivealightningstrikeon the main grid. These are often specified in IEEE standards such as IEEE Std. 1547. In addition, this lab provides a space for testing new, unproven, or potentiallyhazardousequipmentforrobustsafetyassessment prior to use in other labs at ESIF. The Electric Characterization Laboratory is in a location wherenew,possiblysensitiveorsecretequipmentcan be evaluated behind closed doors.


• HighCurrentSurgeTester

• HighVoltageSurgeTester


• Reliabilityanddurabilitytrackingandprediction• Equipmentmodelingandvalidationtesting• Internalcombustionorturbinetechnologyforelectricityproduction

• Safetyandcodecompliance

Partner with UsWorkwithNRELexpertsandtakeadvantageofthestate-of-the-artcapabilitiesattheESIFtomakeprogressonyourprojects,whichmayrangefromfundamentalresearchtoapplicationsengineering.PartnersattheESIF’sEnergySystemsIntegrationLaboratorymayinclude:• Hydrogenequipmentmanufacturers• AutomobileOEM’s• Systemdevelopers,integrators,andinstallers• Vehiclerefuelingequipmentmanufacturers• High-pressurehydrogencomponentmanufacturers• Certificationlaboratories• Governmentagencies• Universities• OtherNationallaboratories

Contact UsIfyouareinterestedinworkingwithNREL’sEnergySystemsIntegrationLaboratory,pleasecontact:


Energy Systems Integration LaboratoryTheEnergySystemsIntegrationLaboratoryatNREL’sEnergySystemsIntegrationFacility(ESIF)providesaflexible,renewable-readyplatformforresearch,development,andtestingofstate-of-the-arthydrogen-basedandotherenergystoragesystems.Themainfocusofthelaboratoryisassessmentofthetechnicalreadiness,performancecharacterization,andresearchtohelpindustrymovethesesystemstowardsoptimalrenewable-basedproductionandefficientutilizationofhydrogen.ResearchconductedintheEnergySystemsIntegrationLaboratorywilladvanceengineeringknowledgeandmarketdeploymentofhydrogentechnologiestosupportagrowingneedforversatiledistributedelectricitygeneration,applicationsinmicrogrids,energystorageforrenewablesintegration,andhomeandstation-basedhydrogenvehiclefueling.


15155



NREL/FS-5500-52845 • October 2011


Thislaboratoryprovidesover3,000sq.ft.ofmonitoredClassI,Division2approvedtestspace,a600sq.ft.controlroom,anelectricalroom,andaseparategasanalysisarea.Featuresofthelaboratoryinclude:• Largetestbaystoaccommodatevarioussizedelectrolyzers,fuelcellsandrelatedsystems

• Combustiblegasmonitoring• Automatedmonitoringandcontrolsystems• Liquidandaircooling,nitrogen,naturalgas,andelectricalpowersupplyoptions

• Twohighpressuretestingbaysfullyratedfortestingsystemsto15,000psig

• Alargeadjacentoutdoortestingareaforhydrogenstorage,compression,orotherlargeequipment

Application ScenariosResearch activities are targeted to improve the technical readiness of the following:• Lowandhightemperatureelectrolyzers,reformersandfuelcells

• Mechanicalandelectrochemicalcompressionsystems

• Hydrogenstorage• Hydrogenvehiclerefueling• Internalcombustionorturbinetechnologyforelectricityproduction.

Examples of experiments include: • Close-anddirect-couplingofrenewableenergysources(PVandwind)toelectrolyzers

• Performanceandefficiencyvalidationofelectrolyzers,fuelcells,andcompressors


• Highaccuracyhydrogenmassflowsystemsforimprovedefficiencymonitoring

• PEMelectrolyzer

• Alkalineelectrolyzer

• Fuelcell

• H2highpressurecompressor

• ACandDCelectricalresearchbussconnections

• Advanceddataacquisitionandmonitoringequipment

• GasChromatograph

• IonChromatograph


Partner with UsWork with NREL experts and take advantage of the state-of-the-art capabilities at the ESIF to make progress on your projects, which may range from fundamental research to applications engineering. Partners at the ESIF’s Thermal Systems Process and Components Laboratory may include:• CSPtechnologydevelopers• Utilities• Certificationlaboratories• Governmentagencies• Universities• OtherNationallaboratories

Contact UsIf you are interested in working with NREL’s Thermal Systems Process and Components Laboratory, please contact:


Thermal Systems Process and Components LaboratoryThe focus of the Thermal Systems Process and Components Laboratory at NREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) is to research, develop, test, and evaluate new techniques for thermal energy storage systems that are relevant to utility-scale concentrating solar power plants. The laboratory holds test systems that can provide heat transfer fluids for the evaluation of heat exchangers and thermal energy storage devices. The existing system provides molten salt at temperatures up to 800°C. This unit is charged with nitrate salt rated to 600°C, but is capable of handling other heat transfer fluid compositions. Three additional test bays are available for future deployment of alternative heat transfer fluids such as hot air, carbon dioxide, or steam systems.


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NREL/FS-5500-52846 • October 2011


The 950 sq. ft. laboratory features four test bays, each capable of supporting a 30kW test system. OnebayresidesinsideinaHEPA-ratedenclosureso articles containing nanofluids can be tested. Outsidecoolingairisavailablefromaroof-mounted blower and hot air can be exhausted through the ceiling.

The laboratory contains 30kW test systems designed to provide hot heat transfer fluid to pilot-scale thermal energy storage systems. Storage systems can be cycled through multiple charge and discharge cycles to evaluate performance and storage efficiency.

Application ScenariosThe Thermal Systems Process and Components Laboratory performs pilot-scale thermal energy storage system testing through multiple charge and discharge cycles to evaluate heat exchanger performance and storage efficiency. The laboratory equipment can also be utilized to test instrument and sensor compatibility with hot heat transfer fluids.

Future applications in the laboratory may include the evaluation of thermal energy storage systems designed to operate with supercritical heat transfer fluids such as steam or carbon dioxide. These tests will require the installation of test systems capable of providing supercritical fluids at temperatures up to 700°C.


• Four10ft.X10ft.testbays for evaluation of 30kW thermal systems

• Customtestsystemtoprovide hot salt or molten metal heat transfer fluid to the test device

• LabViewcomputerinterface for unit control and data acquisition

• Thermalenergystorageprocess test loops

• Outdoorairfeedandexhaust for system cooling

• HEPA-ratedenclosurefor testing systems containing nanomaterials


Partner with UsWork with NREL experts and take advantage of the state-of-the-art capabilities at the ESIF to make progress on your projects, which may range from fundamental research to applications engineering. Partners at the ESIF’s Thermal Storage Materials Laboratory may include:• CSPtechnologydevelopers• Utilities• Certificationlaboratories• Governmentagencies• Universities• OtherNationallaboratories

Contact UsIf you are interested in working with NREL’s Thermal Storage Materials Laboratory, please contact:


Thermal Storage Materials LaboratoryThe Thermal Storage Materials Laboratory at NREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) investigates materials that can be used as high-temperature heat transfer fluids or thermal energy storage media inconcentratingsolarpower(CSP)plants.Researchobjectivesincludethediscoveryandevaluationofcandidatefluidsandphase-changematerials(PCM)toserveasthermalenergystoragemediainthetemperaturerangeof300°Cto800°C.Knowledgeofthermophysicalpropertiessuchasmeltingpoint,heatof fusion, density, viscosity, thermal stability are essential for understanding how candidate materials could bedeployedinCSPplants.


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NREL/FS-5500-52847 • October 2011


Within the 950 sq. ft. laboratory samples can be evaluated for melting point, heat capacity, heat of fusion, viscosity, density, thermal stability, and other physical properties using state-of-the-art analytical equipment. The laboratory contains a controlled-environment glovebox for preparation of materials that are sensitive to moisture, oxygen, or trace gases such as carbon dioxide. The lab glovebox and fumehoodhaveHEPAfiltrationtoallowtestingofnanofluids and nanomaterial containing samples.

Instrumentation in the laboratory can determine the thermophysical properties of materials at temperaturesupto1,200°C.

Application ScenariosThe laboratory runs high-temperature instruments for the analysis of thermophysical properties. Small samples of candidate materials are prepared and characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and other specialized analytical methods.

Instrumentation capabilities are being expanded to allowforanalysisofsamplesupto1,200°C.Highertemperature operation is one method to increase the efficiencyandlowerthecostofCSPsystems.


• Differentialscanningcalorimeter(to1,200°C)

• Thermalgravimetricanalyzer(to1,100°C)

• High-temperaturerheometer(to1,100°C)

• Densitometer

• GloveboxwithHEPAfiltration

• Analyticalbalancesand general chemistry supplies

• Controlledatmospherefurnace(to1,100°C)


Partner with UsWork with NREL experts and take advantage of the state-of-the-art capabilities at the ESIF to make progress on your projects, which may range from fundamental research to applications engineering. Partners at the ESIF’s Optical Characterization Laboratory may include:• CSPmanufacturers• Utilities• Certificationlaboratories• Governmentagencies• Universities• OtherNationallaboratories

Contact UsIf you are interested in working with NREL’s Optical Characterization Laboratory, please contact:


Optical Characterization LaboratoryThe Optical Characterization Laboratory at NREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) conducts optical characterization of large solar concentration devices. Concentration solar power (CSP) mirror panels and concentrating solar systems are tested with an emphasis is on measurement of parabolic trough mirror panels.


158



NREL/FS-5500-52848 • October 2011


The Optical Characterization Laboratory provides state-of-the-art characterization and testing capabilities for assessing the optical surface quality and optical performance for various CSP technologies including parabolic troughs, linear Fresnel, dishes, and heliostats.

Application Scenarios• Opticaltestingofpanelsandsystems• WeatheringofpanelsIn the near-future, capabilities beyond troughs will be implemented and will address linear Fresnel, dish, and heliostat options. In addition, structural analysis and testing will be added to support detailed design of CSP concentrator systems.


• VSHOT(VideoScanningHartmanOpticalTester)

• SOFAST(SandiaOpticalFringeAnalysisSlopeTool)

• WeatherChamber

• LargeThermalCyclingChamber (future)


Partner with UsWork with NREL experts and take advantage of the state-of-the-art capabilities at the ESIF to make progress on your projects, which may range from fundamental research to applications engineering. Partners at the ESIF’s Energy Systems Fabrication Laboratory may include:• MEAmanufacturers• Fuelcellsandelectrochemicalcellsmanufacturers• Certificationlaboratories• Universities• OtherNationallaboratories

Contact UsIf you are interested in working with NREL’s Energy Systems Fabrication Laboratory, please contact:


Energy Systems Fabrication LaboratoryThe Energy Systems Fabrication Laboratory at NREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) manufactures components for fuel cells and electrochemical cells using a variety of manufacturing techniques.Fabricatedcomponentsincludecatalysts,thin-filmandgasdiffusionelectrodes,and membraneelectrodeassemblies(MEAs).ThelaboratorysupportsNREL’sfuelcellandelectrochemical cell related research.


9 15



NREL/FS-5500-52849 • October 2011


• CurrentfabricationofMEAsupto50cm2 electrode area

• PlannedfabricationofMEAsupto400cm2 electrode area

• Availabilityofvariouscoatingtechniquessuchashandpainting, knife spreading, and spray coating forcatalystcoatedmembranes(CCM)andgasdiffusionelectrode(GDE)fabrication

• Individuallyadjustedinkformulationforeachfabrication method and application

• Protocolsforreproduciblemanufacturingandmaterial preparation

• Wetchemicalsynthesisandfabricationofmaterials and device components

Application ScenariosThe main focus of the laboratory is to provide support for fuel cell research that is performed in adjacent laboratories. The laboratory enables NREL to manufacture fuel cells in-house using, for example, experimental catalyst developed at NREL. ItfurtherenablesthecreationofMEAscontainingartificialdefectsrequiredforthesystematicstudyofperformanceandlifetimeeffectsandtheevaluationof in-house and externally developed quality control diagnostics for high volume production of fuel cell. Experiments performed in the laboratory focus mainly on the development of alternative fuel cell manufacturing methods.


• Ultrasonicandairbrushspray systems

• 12tonhotpress;futureplanned 50 ton hot press

• Highprecisionbalances

• Ballmill

• Vacuumhotplatesandgel dryer

• Hotplates

• Ultrasonicator

• Ultrasonicbath

• Stirplates

• Convectionoven

• Fumehood


Partner with UsWork with NREL experts and take advantage of the state-of-the-art capabilities at the ESIF to make progress on your projects, which may range from fundamental research to applications engineering. Partners at the ESIF’s Manufacturing Laboratory may include:• Manufacturersofcellsandcellcomponentsforlow

and high temperature fuel cells • Manufacturersofotherrenewableenergy

technologies using and/or exploring roll-to-roll processing

• Manufacturersordevelopersofqualitycontroldevices

• Manufacturersofcontinuousprocessingequipment• Certificationlaboratories• Universities• OtherNationallaboratories

Contact UsIf you are interested in working with NREL’s Manufacturing Laboratory, please contact:


Manufacturing LaboratoryThe Manufacturing Laboratory at NREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) focuses on developing methods and technologies that will assist manufacturers of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, as well as other renewable energy technologies, to scale up their manufacturing capabilities to volumes that meet DOEandindustrytargets.Specifically,themanufacturingactivityiscurrentlyfocusedondevelopingandvalidatingqualitycontroltechniquestoassistmanufacturersoflowtemperatureandhightemperaturefuelcellsinthetransitionfromlowtohighvolumeproductionmethodsforcellsandstacks.Capabilitiesincludeinitial proof-of-concept studies through prototype system development and in-line validation. Existing diagnosticcapabilitiesaddressawiderangeofmaterials,includingpolymerfilms,carbonandcatalystcoatings,carbonfiberpapersandwovens,andmulti-layerassembliesofthesematerials,aswellasceramic-basedmaterialsinpre-orpost-firedforms.


10 15



NREL/FS-5500-52850 • October 2011


This laboratory includes continuous web processing (roll-to-roll)equipmentandvariousdiagnosticmeasurement platforms. The lab will be used for internal development, evaluation of commercial diagnostics, and as a flexible development platform (user facility) for industry partner R&D.

Application ScenariosWork leading to the development of non-contact, non-destructivetechniquestomeasurecriticaldimensional and functional properties of fuel cell and othermaterials,andvalidationofthosetechniqueson the continuous processing line. This work will be supported by materials provided by our partners.

Lookingforward,theequipmentinthelaboratoryissetuptobemodifiedandextendedtoprovideprocessing capabilities such as coating, casting, and deposition of functional layers, as well as associated processes such as drying or curing. In addition, continuous processes are used for components of organicandthinfilmphotovoltaics(PV)aswellas battery technologies, so synergies with these important areas will be explored.


• Continuous processing line

- Suitable for 6” - 18” wide webs

- Oneto100footperminute line speed

- 0.5 – 5.0 pounds per lineal inch tension range

• Infrareddiagnosticplatform:

- IR camera detector with various optics

- Variousexcitationstrategies

- Sample hardware for various static measurements

- Benchtop roller prototype

- Commercialdataacquisitionandprocessing software

• Opticaldiagnosticplatform:

- Variousdetectors,sources, and lenses

- In-house developed dataacquisitionandprocessing software

- Motion stage

• Thicknessmeasurement:

- Dual laser thickness instrument

- Ultra-lowforcepneumatic caliper


Partner with UsWork with NREL experts and take advantage of the state-of-the-art capabilities at the ESIF to make progress on your projects, which may range from fundamental research to applications engineering. Partners at the ESIF’s Materials Characterization Laboratory may include:• PEMFCindustry• Certificationlaboratories• Universities• OtherNationallaboratories

Contact UsIf you are interested in working with NREL’s Materials Characterization Laboratory, please contact:


Materials Characterization LaboratoryThe Materials Characterization Laboratory at NREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) research focus is the physical and photoelectrochemical characterization of novel materials. In this laboratory unknown samples are characterized by identifying and quantifying molecular species present through the implementation of a suite of analytical instrumentation and techniques. This leads to the ability to deconvolute decomposition routes and elucidate reaction mechanisms of materials through thermal and evolved gas analysis. This aids in the synthesis of next generation materials that are tailored to optimize stability and performance.

Thesetechniquesandnextgenerationmaterialswillhavemanyapplications.Oneparticularfocusisthestable and conductive tetherable cations for use as membrane materials in anion exchange membrane fuel cells. Another is to understand the leachant contaminants derived from balance of plant materials usedinprotonexchangemembranefuelcellvehicles.Onceidentifiedandquantified,theseorganicand ionic species are dosed as contaminants into ex/in-situ fuel cell tests, to determine the effect on durability and performance.

This laboratory also acts in support of fuel cell catalysis, manufacturing, and other related projects.


11 15



NREL/FS-5500-52851 • October 2011


• Integrationofanarrayofanalyticalinstrumentation to perform novel evolved gas analysis experimentation.

• Awiderangeofanalytescanbesafelytested and evolved with the expert operators and ventilated instrument enclosures.

Application ScenariosThe Materials Characterization Laboratory will cover multiple analytical operations, with the overall goal of troubleshooting synthetic materials or process streams to improve performance. Having novel evolved gas analysis and other analytical capabilities; this laboratory provides a viable location to analyze small batch samples, whereas setting up these types of capabilities and expertise would be cost and time prohibitive for most institutions.

Experiments that can be performed include:

• Evolvedgasanalysis• Heterogeneouscatalysis• Tracelevelcontaminantsanalysis• Catalystcharacterization• Kineticsandstability• Hyphenatedtechniques• Isotopicanalysisforelucidatingreaction

mechanisms and decoupling chemical reactions


• Gaschromatographymass spectrometer with liquids, headspace, and SPME autosampler and direct insertion probe

• Thermogravimetricanalyzer

• ThermaldesorbertoperformTG-GCMStypeexperiments

• Fouriertransforminfraredspectrometer with ATR, DRIFTS, and gas cell accessories to sample liquids, powders, solids, and gases

• Totalorganiccontentanalyzers with autosamplers (5% and <50ppm sensitivities)

• Evolvedgasanalysissoftware and accessories toproperlyemployEGAtechniques

• MobileMSandGCresidual gas analyzer


• Determinationoffundamentalelectrochemicalparameters

• Estimationofelectrocatalystutilization

Partner with UsWorkwithNRELexpertsandtakeadvantageofthestate-of-the-artcapabilitiesattheESIFtomakeprogressonyourprojects,whichmayrangefromfundamentalresearchtoapplicationsengineering.PartnersattheESIF’sElectrochemicalCharacterizationLaboratorymayinclude:• PEMFCindustry• Certificationlaboratories• Automotivefuelcellindustry• Fuelcellcomponentsuppliers• U.S.andforeignUniversities• OtherNationallaboratories

Contact UsIfyouareinterestedinworkingwithNREL’sElectrochemicalCharacterizationLaboratory,pleasecontact:


Electrochemical Characterization LaboratoryTheresearchfocusattheElectrochemicalCharacterizationLaboratoryatNREL’sEnergySystemsIntegrationFacility(ESIF)isevaluatingtheelectrochemicalpropertiesofnovelmaterialssynthesizedbyvarioustechniquesandunderstandinganddelineatingthereactionmechanismstoprovidepracticalsolutionstoPEMFCscommercializationissuesofcost,performanceanddurability.Itisalsoinvolvedinthedevelopmentofnewtoolsandtechniquesforelectrochemicalcharacterization.


12 15



NREL/FS-5500-52852 • October 2011


Thelaboratoryisequippedwithstate-of-the-artinstrumentationthatpermitsthesynthesis,electrodepreparationandcomprehensiveelectrochemicalcharacterizationofnovelelectrocatalystsandsupportsforPEMFCs.Gasmanifoldingtospecificworkstationsallowsdifferentreactionstobeprobed.

Thelaboratoryisalsoequippedwithpotentiostats,electrochemicalhalf-cells,wet-chemicalsynthesisset-upsandelectrodepreparationcapabilitiesthatprovidesacomprehensivecharacterizationofmaterialsandinterfacesespeciallythoserelatedtofuelcelltechnology.

ChemicalhoodsandHEPAfiltersarepresentinthelabtoallowworkwithnanoparticles.

Application ScenariosThelaboratoryconcentratesonthedevelopmentandcharacterizationofnewmaterialsforPEMFCssuchaselectrocatalysts,catalystsupportsintermsofelectrochemicalactivity,electrochemicalsurfaceareaandcorrosion/durability.Theimpactofimpuritiesand/orcontaminantsonthecatalystactivityisalsounderstudy.

Experiments that can be performed include:

• Determinationandbenchmarkingofnovelelectrocatalystactivity

• Determinationofelectrochemicalsurfacearea• Determinationofelectrocatalystandsupportcorrosionresistanceanddurability

• Synthesisandcharacterizationofnovelelectrocatalyst


• Conductivitymeasurementstation

• Ovens

• Explosionproofrefrigerators


Application Scenarios• Testingandanalyzingsensorsareoverarangeofcontrolledandmonitoredenvironmentalconditions.

• Testingtheimpactofinterferantsandpoisons.• Evaluatingthelifespanofsensorswithseparatededicatedlifetestfixtures.

•Testingofhydrogensensorsforprocessapplications,includingresponsesunderhighhydrogenconcentrations.

Partner with UsWorkwithNRELexpertsandtakeadvantageofthestate-of-the-artcapabilitiesattheESIFtomakeprogressonyourprojects,whichmayrangefromfundamentalresearchtoapplicationsengineering.PartnersattheESIF’sEnergySystemsSensorLaboratorymayinclude:• Hydrogensensormanufacturers• Codesandstandardsdevelopmentorganizations• Certificationlaboratories• Governmentagencies• Universities• OtherNationallaboratories

Contact UsIfyouareinterestedinworkingwithNREL’sEnergySystemsSensorLaboratory,pleasecontact:


Energy Systems Sensor LaboratoryThemissionoftheEnergySystemsSensorLaboratoryatNREL’sEnergySystemsIntegrationFacility(ESIF)istoresearch,develop,test,andevaluatetheperformanceofcommercialanddevelopinghydrogensensortechnologiestosupporttheneedsoftheemerginghydrogeninfrastructure.Sensorperformancemetricsanalogoustonationalandinternationalstandardsarequantified.Informationgainedfromthesensortestingisprovidedtothesensormanufacturerstoaidinsensordevelopment,toenduserstoguidesensorselectionanddeployment,andtocommitteestosupportthedevelopmentofcodesandstandards.Thelaboratoryalsoprovidessupporttoend-users,includingassessmentoftechnologiesforapplications,informationondeployment.


13 15



NREL/FS-5500-52853 • October 2011


ThelaboratoryconsistsofasophisticatedsensortestingapparatusdevelopedatNREL.Thesystemisfullyautomatedforaround-the-clockoperationwithremotecontrolandmonitoringcapabilitiesviatheinternet.Standardtestingprotocolshavebeendeveloped,butcanbeadjustedbaseduponindividualneeds.

AdvancedcapabilitiesoftheEnergySystemsSensorLaboratoryinclude:

• Paralleltestingofmultiplesensors• Sub-ambienttoelevatedtemperatureextremes(ca.-40°Cto+80°C;anexpandedhigherrangeispossible)

• Sub-ambienttoelevatedpressure(0.6to1.2Bar,butanexpandedrangeispossible)

• Activehumiditycontrol• Accuratecontrolofgasparameterswithsixprecisiondigitalmassflowmetersoperatinginparallel

• Testconditions(T,P,RHandflow)monitoredwithtraceableprobes

• Gascompositioncontinuouslyverifiedbymassspectrometricanalysistoprovidenearreal-timeanalysisofthetestgas

• Evaluationscarriedoutinthesensorchamber,whichisolatesthetestsensorfromtheexternalenvironment

• LabVIEWbasedDAQsystemforsensordataloggingandsystemcontrol

• Responsetimeapparatusdevelopedtodeterminesensorresponseandrecoverytimeuponexposuretounsafeconditions.


• SSTLsensortestapparatus(designedandbuiltbyNREL)

• NationalInstrumentsDataAcquisitionSystem

• LabVIEW2011

• Gasparameterscontrolledbyprecisiondigitalmassflowcontrollers

• Pressurecontrolledbyaprecisiondigitalpressurecontroller

• RelativeHumiditycontrolledbyHPLCpumpinterfacedtoacustombuiltvaporizer

• Temperaturecontrolledviaacirculatingcooler

• Gasflowmonitoredbyacertifiedprecisiondigitalmassflowmeter

• Pressuremonitoredbyacertifieddigitalpressuretransducer

• Relativehumidityandtemperaturemonitoredbyacertifiedtransmitter

• QuadrupoleMassSpectrometer


Partner with UsWork with NREL experts and take advantage of the state-of-the-art capabilities at the ESIF to make progress on your projects, which may range from fundamental research to applications engineering. Partners at the ESIF’s Fuel Cell Development and Test Laboratory may include:• Fuelcellandfuelcellcomponentmanufacturers• Certificationlaboratories• Governmentagencies• Universities• OtherNationallaboratories

Contact UsIf you are interested in working with NREL’s Fuel Cell Development and Test Laboratory, please contact:


Fuel Cell Development and Test LaboratoryNREL’s state-of-the-art Fuel Cell Development and Test Laboratory in the Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) supports NREL’s fuel cell research and development projects through in-situ fuel cell testing. Current projects include various catalyst development projects, a system contaminant project, and the manufacturing project. Testing capabilities include but are not limited to single cell fuel cells and fuel cell stacks.


14 15



NREL/FS-5500-52854 • October 2011


• >_10teststandsoffering25-250Arange• Comprehensivehostofstate-of-the-artfuelcell

diagnostics• TestingcapabilitiesforPEMFC,DMFC,PAFC(PBI),AEMFC,andSOFC

• Spatialtestingcapabilitiesusing121-channel50cm2 segmented cell system or multi-channel potentiostat

• Hostofcalibrationequipment• CalibrationstandardsinaccordancewithorexceedingUSFCCstandards

Application ScenariosDiagnostics will include, but are not limited to: • VIperformanceevaluation• Linearsweepvoltammetryfor- H2-andMeOH-crossoverlimitingcurrent

determination,- Anodepolarization,and- H2-pumpexperiments

• CyclicvoltammetryforelectrochemicallyactivePtsurface area determination

• ACimpedancespectroscopy• Highfrequencyresistancedetermination• Over-potentialseparation• Start/stop• Contaminanteffects• Defecteffects• Load,RH,ortemperaturecycling• Durability• Acceleratedstresstests



• Single cell fuel cell test stations

- ForPEMFCssized 5–100cm2

- Automatedbackpressure control

- Variousflowconfigurations

- Fully calibrated

- Script execution

- Remote access

• Segmentedcellfuelcelltest station

- 50cm2

- 121segments,0.41 cm2 each

- 121-channelloadunit

- Script execution

• Autolabpotentiostat/galvanostat

• Solartronmulti-channelpotentiostat/galvanostat

• CalibrationEquipment

- BiosMetLabML-800Flowmeter

- Vaisala&ViaspaceHumiditySensors

- Traceable Temperature Sensors and Pressure Gauges

• Planned:

- Massspectroscopy/Gaschromatography

- Fullsizefuelcellstacktest station

- Additionalsinglecellfuel cell test stations

Partner with UsWork with NREL experts and take advantage of the state-of-the-art capabilities at the ESIF to make progress on your projects, which may range from fundamental research to applications engineering. Partners at the ESIF’s Energy Systems High Pressure Test Laboratory may include:• Highpressuretestingcomponentmanufacturers• Codesandstandardsdevelopmentorganizations• Certificationlaboratories• Governmentagencies• Universities• OtherNationallaboratories

Contact UsIf you are interested in working with NREL’s Energy Systems High Pressure Test Laboratory, please contact:


Energy Systems High Pressure Test LaboratoryThe purpose of the Energy Systems High Pressure Test Laboratory at NREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) is to provide space where high pressure hydrogen components can be safely tested. High pressure hydrogen storage is an integral part of energy storage technology for use in fuel cell and in other distributedenergyscenariosdesignedtoeffectivelyutilizethevariabilityinherentwithrenewableenergysources. The high pressure storage laboratory is co-located with energy storage activities such as ultra-capacitors, super conducting magnetic flywheel and mechanical energy storage systems laboratories for an integrated approach to system development and demonstration.

Hazardsassociatedwithhydrogenstorageatpressuresupto10,000psiincludeoxygendisplacement,combustion,explosion,andpressurizationofroomairduetofastreleaseandphysicalhazardsassociatedwith burst failure modes. A critical understanding of component failure modes is essential in developing reliable,robustdesignsthatwillminimizefailureriskbeyondtheendofservicelife.Developmentoftestprotocol for accelerated life testing to accurately scale to real world operating conditions is essential for developing regulations, codes and standards required for safe operation.

NREL works closely with industry partners in providing support of advanced hydrogen technologies. Innovativeapproachestoproductdesignwillacceleratecommercializationintonewmarkets.NRELworkswithallphasesoftheproductdesignlifecyclefromearlyprototypedevelopmenttofinalcertificationtesting.


15 15



NREL/FS-5500-52855 • October 2011


The walls of the Energy Systems High Pressure Test Laboratory are built from concrete, capable of sustaining an overpressure condition or in the case of a component failure during test, and can act as secondary containment. Remote data and remote cameras are used for test observation, providing the added safety mechanisms needed tosafelyperformhighpressurizedtests.

Application ScenariosHigh pressure tests are performed on hydrogen components, primarily for the validation of developing new codes and standards for high pressure hydrogen applications. The following types of tests can be performed: • Performance• Componentandsystemlevelefficiency• Strengthofmaterialsandhydrogencompatibility• Safetydemonstration• Modelvalidation• Lifecyclereliability


• Highpressuresystemscapable of cyclic loading andfastfill

• Hydrogenstorageandrecovery capability for extended life testing

• Automatedoperatingsystems with safety interlocks

• Pressureratedpumps,compressors and control system components

• Secondarycontainmentvessels for end of life testing

• Hydraulicpressurizationcapability for proof testing

• Advanceddataacquisition and monitoring equipment


Innovative Cooling DesignTraditional data centers circulate mechanically cooled air (typically 50°F) under pressurized raised floors up through grated floor tiles in front of the compute racks in an attempt to keep vital computer chips from going above 150°F. The new ESIF data center will take advantage of the fact that liquid has approximately 1000 times the cooling capacity of air and pumps circulating liquid cooling are much more efficient than fans circulating air. The primary means for keeping the HPC systems in the data center from overheating is a liquid-cooled approach—warm liquid, that is.

The working fluid will start at approximately 75°F. It will circulate through heat exchangers in the HPC system to efficiently capture waste heat from the HPC system. The liquid will be heated to 95°F or warmer by the HPC system and be utilized as the primary source of heating for laboratory and office spaces in the ESIF. Provisions have been made to export heat beyond the ESIF to the rest of the campus. Data center waste heat will even be circulated through piping under walkways to keep pedestrian areas free of dangerous ice and snow in cold months. Reuse of the data center waste heat also saves water cooling tower water. Data center waste heat not needed by the building can be rejected via efficient evaporative cooling towers serving the HPC data center.

High Performance Computing Data CenterThe new high performance computing (HPC) data center in NREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) is designed to be one of the most energy efficient data centers in the world, featuring warm water liquid cooling and waste heat capture and re-use. It’s HPC capabilities will support the breadth of research at NREL, leading to increased efficiency and lower costs for important technologies including solar photovoltaics, wind energy, energy storage, electric vehicles, and the large-scale integration of renewables with the Smart Grid.

With state-of-the-art computational modeling and predictive simulation capabilities, the HPC data center will reduce the risks and uncertainty that are often barriers to industry adopting new and innovative technologies, thereby accelerating the transformation or our nation’s energy system.

Energy Efficient SupercomputingInitially, the HPC data center will house a petascale computing capability (one million billion calculations per second) and provide room for future systems that enable large-scale modeling and simulation of novel materials, biological and chemical processes, and fully integrated systems that would be too expensive, or even impossible, to study by direct experimentation. Not only will NREL’s data center house the fastest HPC system in the world dedicated to advancing energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies, it will also be one of the most energy efficient data centers in the world, operating at a power usage effectiveness (PUE) rating of 1.06 or better.

A 2006 study conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimated that data centers account for about 2% of all electricity consumed in the U.S. alone—roughly equivalent to the energy used by the entire airline industry. What’s more, the industry is in the midst of the biggest build-out of new data center capacity in its history, therefore, improving energy efficiency in data center designs is critically important. NREL’s HPC data center in the ESIF will be a showcase data center facility demonstrating best-in-class technologies for a holistic, integrated approach to energy efficient high performance computing.

The ESIF HPC data center

is approximately 10,000

sf2 of uninterrupted, usable

machine room space and

is designed to be ultra

energy efficient, capturing

both the critical bytes of

information for scientific

research as well as the heat

generated by powering

multi-megawatts of HPC

equipment, then used to

heat office and laboratory

space in the new facility.

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy,Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

19

Partner with UsWork with NREL experts and take advantage of the state-of-the-art capabilities at the ESIF to make progress on your innovative research in computational science, mathematics, and scientific computing.

Partners at the ESIF’s High Performance Computing Data Center may include:• Researchersandscientists• Visualizationsoftwaredevelopers• Energymanufacturersandinvestors• Utilities• Governmentagencies• Universities• OtherNationallaboratories

Contact UsIf you are interested in working with NREL’s High Performance Data Computing Center, please contact:

Steven W. Hammond, Director Computational Science Center [email protected] 303-275-4121

Innovative Building DesignThe top floor has approximately 10,000 sf2 of uninterrupted, usable machine room space to house HPC and related equipment. The data center ceiling height is 11 feet, with return openings as required for any residual data center heat not captured to the hydronic cooling system. Return air chases on the north and south direct warm air from the ceiling plenum above down to the main fan wall air-handling units below. The middle floor is the mechanical space for pumps and power distribution. The lowest level is a pump room that allows the ESIF to connect to central heating and cooling services as needed for backup or to supply heat to other parts of the NREL campus.

Tour corridors with large viewing window areas are on all three floors. All major components of the mechanical and electrical system will be color coded to identify the role they play in this energy efficient infrastructure and will be viewable from the tour routes. The stacked nature of the data center provides for a very compact design resulting in short run lengths for both electrical and plumbing components. Data center efficiency will be highlighted with LED monitors at the viewing windows reporting instantaneous, season, and cumulative values for PUE and energy re-use.



NREL/FS-5500-55423 • August 2012


The Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) will be one of the only megawatt-scale test facilities in the United States that integrates electricity, thermal, and fuel systems with high performance modeling and simulation capabilities.

NREL scientists and engineers at the ESIF will research and test integrated energy systems, devices, and concepts for electric supply and demand systems.

For more information on the ESIF and to take an online tour of the laboratories of the ESIF, visit www.nrel.gov/esi/esif.html.

Cross section view into the ESIF HPC data center. Illustration from SmithGroupJJR

INFORMATION CIRCULATION COLLABORATION

ELECTRICAL

DATA CENTER

MECHANICAL

SUPPORT

INSIGHT CENTER

CONFERENCING

EMPLOYEE LOUNGE

Illustration from SmithGroupJJR

Top front page photo from iStock/03364509. Illustration from SmithGroupJJR

products (CDPs) that show the status and progress of the technology without identifying individual companies or revealing proprietary information.

Since 2004 NREL has produced around 200 CDPs for these hydrogen and fuel cell technology validation projects:

• HydrogenFuelCellVehicleandInfrastructureLearning Demonstration

• EarlyFuelCellMarketDemonstrations

• FuelCellTechnologyStatus

ViewpublishedCDPsonlineatwww.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj_tech_validation.html.

Partner with UsWorkwithNRELexpertsandtakeadvantageofthestate-of-the-artcapabilitiesattheESIFtomakeprogress on your projects, which may range from fundamental research to applications engineering. PartnersattheESIF’sSecureDataCenterinclude:

• Governmentagencies

• Vehiclemanufacturers

• Transitagencies

• Hydrogensuppliers

• Fuelcelldevelopers

• Hydrogenandfuelcellorganizations

Contact UsIfyouareinterestedinworkingwithNREL’sSecureData Center, please contact:

NREL’s Technology Validation [email protected]


NRELpartnerssubmitoperational,maintenance,safety,andcostdatatotheSDConaregularbasis,typicallyeverythreemonths.NREL’sTechnologyValidationTeamusesaninternalnetworkofservers,storage,computers,backupsystems,andsoftwareto efficiently process raw data, complete quarterly analysis, and digest large amounts of time series dataforvisualization.

Application ScenariosSDC analysts currently generate results for durability,reliability,maintenance,costs,operation,utilization,range,efficiency,safety,andendusertrendsusingtheNRELFleetAnalysisToolkit(NRELFAT).NRELFAThasprocessingandanalysiscapabilitiesforavarietyofapplications,including:

• Fuelcell,hybrid,andplug-inelectricvehicles

• Fuelcellbuses

• Materialhandlingequipment(forklifts)

• Laboratorydata

• Backuppower

• Stationarypower

• Fuelinginfrastructure

WhiletherawdataaresecuredbyNRELtoprotectcommercially sensitive and proprietary information, individualizeddataanalysisresultsareprovidedasdetailed data products (DDPs) to the partners who supplied the data.

Individualsystem,fleet,andsiteanalysisresultsareaggregatedintopublicresultscalledcompositedata


• Securelabspacewith24/7controlledbadgeaccess

• Internalservernetworkfor storing and processing data

• Secureconferenceroomforcollaboration

• Dedicatedcomputerprocessing

• Databackupsystem

• MATLAB

National Renewable Energy Laboratory15013DenverWestParkway,Golden,CO80401303-275-3000•www.nrel.govPrinted with a renewable-source ink on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 10% post consumer waste.

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of EnergyOffice of Energy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyOperated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLCNREL/FS-5500-55596 • August 2012


18

Secure Data CenterTheSecureDataCenter(SDC)atNREL’sEnergySystemsIntegrationFacility(ESIF)playsacrucialroleinNREL’sindependent,third-partyanalysisandvalidationofproprietarytechnologiesinreal-worldoperation.TheSDCisdesignedforsecuremanagement,storage,andprocessingofproprietarydatafromindustry.Accesstotheoff-networkSDCislimitedtoNREL’sTechnologyValidationTeam,whichanalyzesdetailed data and reports on technology status, progress, and technical challenges.

http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj_tech_validation.html

http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj_tech_validation.html

mailto:techval%40nrel.gov?subject=

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

17

Major Laboratory Equipment• 6ft.x23ft.visualizationscreenwith3D-capableprojectionsystem,10x1080presolution,andopticalglass

• ConnectiontoSCADAsystem

• Secureconnectionstopartnernetworks

• High-performanceresearcherworkstation

• Standalonecomputerconnections

FullyintegratedthroughouttheESIFareanelectricaldistributionbusandamonitoringandcontrolsystem.ThemonitoringandcontrolsystemtransfersinformationfromexperimentsbeingperformedintheESIFlabstoacentralcomputer,andresearchersandNRELpartnerscanviewthisdatainrealtime.

Uniquely ConnectedTheResearchElectricalDistributionBus(REDB)functionsastheultimatepowerintegration“circuit”,andiscapableofutilizingmultipleACandDCbusestoconnectmultiplesourcesofenergy.IntegratedthroughouttheESIF,theREDBinterconnectslaboratoriesandexperimentstoallowtestingandsimulationofequipmentandtechnologiesthatspantheentireelectricpowersystemfromgenerationtotransmission,distribution,andend-useapplications.

ParallelwiththeREDBareflexiblethermalandfuelinfrastructurebuiltintotheESIFthat,whencombinedwiththeREDB,provideavarietyofelectricity,thermalpower,andfueltypeconnections.

Viewable TestingTheSupervisoryControlandDataAcquisition(SCADA)systemattheESIFmonitorsandcontrolsresearchfacility-basedprocesses,andgathersanddisseminatesreal-timedata.InadditiontoservingasthecomputercontrolsystemfortheREDB,theSCADAalsoprovideshigh-resolutiondataoutputfromexperimentsintheESIFforcollaborationandvisualizationintheEnergyIntegrationVisualizationRoom.Thedatafromtheexperimentisstreamedtosecureservers,soifautilityisworkingwiththelabthatinformationcanremainwiththeresearcherandtheirpartner.It’seasilycompartmentalizedsothatanexperimenthasitsownpowersystemanddata..

The Display WallThedisplaywallintheEnergyIntegrationVisualizationRoomismadeupof10projectors,eachwith1080presolution,blendedtogethertoformonelargehigh-resolutiondisplay.Thedisplayispoweredbyahigh-performanceworkstation,videowallprocessor,andaprojectorimageblendingsystem.Theresultisa6ft.x23ft.opticalglassvisualizationscreenwithacombined

TheSCADAsystemprovideshigh-resolutiondataoutputfromexperimentsintheESIFforcollaborationandvisualizationintheEnergyIntegrationVisualizationRoom.Illustration by Christina Chase/NREL

SYSTEMLABORATORIESELECTRIC|FUEL|THERMAL

ENERGY INTEGRATIONVISUALIZATION ROOM

RESEARCHELECTRICALDISTRIBUTIONBUS

SCADASYSTEM

EXPERIMENTATIONDATA

Energy Integration Visualization RoomIntheEnergyIntegrationVisualizationRoomatNREL’sEnergySystemIntegrationFacility(ESIF),researchersandpartnerscanvisualizeexperimentsbeingperformedintheelectricity,thermal,andfuellabsaswellasdisplayinformationfromexternaldemonstrationsitesandlarge-scalesimulationruns.Withitslargesizeandexceptionalquality,theEnergyIntegrationVisualizationRoomprovidesahigh-resolutionexperiencethatallowsresearchersfromalldisciplinesofscienceandengineeringtovisualizehighlycomplex,large-scalesystemsandoperationsinacompletelyvirtualenvironment.



NREL/FS-5500-55882 • August 2012


TheEnergySystems

IntegrationFacility(ESIF)

willbeoneoftheonly

megawatt-scaletest

facilitiesintheUnitedStates

thatintegrateselectricity,

thermal,andfuelsystems

withhighperformance

modelingandsimulation

capabilities.

NRELscientistsand

engineersattheESIFwill

researchandtestintegrated

energysystems,devices,

andconceptsforelectric

supplyanddemandsystems.

Illustration from SmithGroupJJR

resolutionof9600px2160p.Thesizeandresolutionofthedisplayallowsforcrisp,clearviewing—evenwhenzoominginonsmalldetails.

Theroomisalsoequippedwithapermanent,high-performanceresearcherworkstationplusconnectionsforadditionalcomputersfortestingexperimentalsoftwareprograms.

Training EnvironmentTheEnergyIntegrationVisualizationCenter,withitshigh-performanceworkstationanddisplaywall,servesasanidealsoftwaretestingenvironment.Softwaredeveloperscantesttheirvisualizationsoftwaretodevelopnewelectricaldataapplicationsthatenableamoreintelligentelectricgrid,andutilityproviderscanusetheroomtosimulateatransmissionanddistributioncontrolcenterfortrainingpurposes.

Virtual ConnectionsNRELisalsoworkingtomakevirtualconnectionsbetweentheESIFandotherlaboratoriesacrossthecountryinanefforttoshareexpertise.Forexample,partnerscanconnecttotheESIFfromaremotelaboratoryandtakeadvantageofthebuilding’sequipmentandtestingcapabilities.Theroomalsoaccommodatesvideoconferencesandremoteviewingofexperimentaldataandvideofeeds.Thesecapabilitieswillnotonlyhelpremotedeveloperscompletedevelopmentinaconsiderablyshortertimeframe,butbysharingknowledgeandexpertiseacrossthenation,itwillhelptoidentifyoptionalutilitysolutions—withgreatercertaintyandconfidence—beforemajorcapitalinvestmentsaremade.

Application ScenariosImagineusingavisualizationroomwhere:

• AutilitycanseetheimpactofitsintegratedsolarenergysystemsinanearbytownusingNREL’sdatavisualizationsoftwarelayeredwithliveenergyusagedata.

• Innovatorsandresearcherscancollaborateontheeffectivenessofagrid-connectedenergystoragedevicebywatchinglivestreamingdataandvideofeedsfromanexperimentbeingconductedinoneoftheESIFlaboratories.

• NRELandaremotepartnerlaboratorycanconductalivejointexperimentwhereoneportion,suchasasimulatedelectricaldistributionsystemconnectedtoapowerelectronicconverter,islocatedatESIFandtheother

portion,suchasahomewithsmartappliancesandaresidentialenergystoragedevice,islocatedatthepartnerlaboratory.

Withitsrealtimedatastream,state-of-the-arttechnology,largesize,andexceptionalresolution,theEnergyIntegrationVisualizationRoomattheESIFprovidesahigh-resolutionexperiencethatisunequaledinsimilarlaboratories.

Partner with UsWorkwithNRELexpertsandtakeadvantageofthecapabilitiesattheESIFtomakeprogressonyourprojects,whichmayrangefromfundamentalresearchtoapplicationsengineering.

PartnersattheESIF’sEnergyIntegrationVisualizationRoommayinclude:

• Researchersandscientists

• Visualizationsoftwaredevelopers

• Energymanufacturersandinvestors

• Utilities

• Universities

• Othernationallaboratories

Contact UsIfyouareinterestedinworkingwithNREL’sEnergyIntegrationVisualizationRoom,pleasecontact:

Carolyn Elam, ESIF [email protected]

Photo cover, iStock/03364509

Cover illustration courtesy of SmithGroupJJR

Researchersexaminetheimpactsofhighpenetration

PVondistributioncircuits.Photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL/PIX 19335

a smart, energy-efficient facility smart power, …...of energy and interconnects...

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